Mindfulness, grit, and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda: The mediating role of subjective entrepreneurial success

Mindfulness, grit, and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda: The mediating role of subjective entrepreneurial success | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mindfulness, grit, and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda: The mediating role of subjective entrepreneurial success Martin Mabunda Baluku, Richard Balikoowa, Simon Kizito This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Entrepreneurs face numerous risks and challenging situations in their work that dwindle their psychological well-being. However, entrepreneurs tend to be happier, partly as a result of their psychological attributes and satisfaction that comes from attaining entrepreneurial goals. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether refugee entrepreneurs in precarious living and economic conditions could be happy and what psychological factors could contribute to their success and happiness. In this study, we consider the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on the entrepreneurial success, happiness, and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs in a low-income country. We conducted a survey of 214 refugee entrepreneurs in three large refugee settlements in Uganda and tested our assumptions using a moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS Macro. Our results indicate that subjective entrepreneurial success was strongly related to the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. Whereas mindfulness had significant direct effects on subjective entrepreneurial success, grit did not. However, they had strong interactive effects on subjective entrepreneurial success. Although grit did not influence the direct relationship between mindfulness and happiness or psychological well-being, the results indicated that grit moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on these outcomes via subjective entrepreneurial success. The moderation analysis indicates that mindfulness is crucial for entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs with low levels of grit. The results suggest that enhancing refugee entrepreneurs’ practice of mindfulness and grit may be essential for achieving entrepreneurial success and positive psychological outcomes. Grit happiness mindfulness refugees psychological well-being subjective entrepreneurial success Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) focuses on promoting health and well-being for all people. Integral to this goal is achieving mental health, living a happy life, and maintaining psychological well-being. These psychological outcomes are vital for a fulfilling life and flourishing (Wiklund et al., 2019 ), impacting both work capability and the goals individuals pursue in their careers. Therefore, such personal goals are critical to the motivations for individuals to start entrepreneurial ventures (Wiklund et al., 2019 ). Whereas these subjective outcomes are critical to the motivation and flourishing of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship scholars tend to emphasize objectively verifiable and firm-level outcomes. Lack of attention to the personal interests and processes the individual entrepreneur undertakes implies that the knowledge about some critical questions about entrepreneurs’ mental health and wellbeing, such as the antecedents and outcomes, is quite unclear (Stephan, 2018 ). The present study focuses particularly on refugee entrepreneurs in a low-income country. This context presents additional challenges for refugee entrepreneurs beyond the work of entrepreneurship, which can threaten their happiness and well-being. The well-being outcomes of refugees in such contexts are constrained by socio-economic challenges such as inadequate housing and food (Alemi et al., 2020 ; Barua & Karia, 2020 ; Bhattacharjee & Corbett, 2023 ), low earnings (Lundborg & Skedinger, 2016 ), and generally limited access to social amenities and lowered likelihoods of meeting basic needs (Baluku et al., 2023 ; Leter & Gatwal, 2020). Refugee settlements and residences in non-settlement settings are often overcrowded, which is linked to psychological health problems (Baluku, 2023 ; Mangrio & Zdravkovic, 2018 ). These socio-economic challenges are in addition to the traumatic events experienced before and during migration. Therefore, it is not surprising that mental health problems are highly prevalent among refugee populations (Blackmore et al., 2020 ; Giacco et al., 2018 ; Patanè et al., 2022 ), an indication of low levels of happiness. This context also has implications for entrepreneurial behavior. Refugee entrepreneurs often conduct their business activities within the refugee settlements or in equally poor neighborhoods. This indicates a limited market, limited capital, and limited opportunities for innovations and growth. These constraints to doing business affect not only the financial outcomes but also the psychological health of the entrepreneur. The present study investigates the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on the subjective success of refugee entrepreneurs, and consequently, on their happiness and psychological well-being. Mindfulness represents the awareness that results from purposeful, non-judgmental attention to the present moment or immediate experiences (Bishop et al., 2004 ; Kabat-Zinn, 1994 , 2003a ). The attention in mindfulness is directed towards present-moment internal states, such as thoughts and emotions, as well as the current surroundings, facilitating psychological health and growth (Langer, 1989 ; Roche et al., 2014 ; Weinstein & Ryan, 2011 ). Mindfulness interventions have been used in the treatment of stress and pain (Biegel et al., 2009 ; Jain & Singh, 2016 ; McCracken & Velleman, 2010 ) and strengthening individual psychological strength for boosting psychological wellness (Biswal & Srivastava, 2022 ; Roche et al., 2014 ). However, there is limited application of mindfulness in understanding the psychological strengths and well-being of entrepreneurs. Moreover, the qualities and outcomes of mindfulness suggest that it could be an essential element in resilience and coping for refugees living in precarious conditions (Baluku et al., 2023 ). This study demonstrates that mindfulness has a significant impact on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, as it is crucial to subjective entrepreneurial success. Subjective success is a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of entrepreneurial success. While financial outcomes and other objective measures of success are crucial for the growth and continuity of a business, entrepreneurs also strive to achieve non-monetary goals (Baron et al., 2016 ; Hmieleski & Corbett, 2008 ; Wach et al., 2016 ). For individuals in underprivileged situations, entrepreneurship is pursued as a pathway to emancipation and empowerment (Haugh & Talwar, 2016 ; Jennings et al., 2016 ; Pergelova & Mandakovic, 2024 ; Ratten, 2020 ), or as a means to achieve autonomy at work and in personal life (Otto et al., 2020 ; van Gelderen, 2016 ; van Gelderen & Jansen, 2006 ). These subjective drivers of entrepreneurial behavior align with the motives for refugee entrepreneurship as stated in the existing literature. Refugee entrepreneurship is viewed not only as a means to earn an income but also as essential for achieving self-reliance, well-being, and career success while contributing to the host economy (Meister & Mauer, 2019 ; Newman et al., 2024 ; Skran, 2020 ). Even considering refugee entrepreneurship or minority entrepreneurship more broadly from a social disadvantage perspective (Hussain et al., 2024 ; Maalaoui, 2021 ; Maalaoui et al., 2020 ; Newman et al., 2024 ), it also highlights entrepreneurship as a vehicle for emancipation and empowerment. Hence, achieving these outcomes signifies success that is important to the individual entrepreneur and should translate into happiness and psychological well-being. While mindfulness may be essential to the success, happiness, and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, this is not necessarily the case for every refugee entrepreneur. The precarious living conditions and unfamiliar business environment in which refugee entrepreneurs operate require the deployment of several personal qualities and resources. We particularly focus on the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit as a powerful combination of attributes that could steer success and positive psychological outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. Grit represents the qualities of passion for long-term goals, perseverance, and consistency of effort (Duckworth et al., 2007 ). These qualities make grit an important antecedent of entrepreneurial behavior and success (Lawrence & Krueger, 2022 ; Mooradian et al., 2016 ). However, it has been noted that grit literature is predominantly focused on its development among children, thereby limiting its application to adult populations (Schimschal et al., 2021 ) and also curtailing its application to goal-oriented domains, such as entrepreneurship. Not surprisingly, given the importance of the qualities that comprise grit, research on entrepreneurial grit is still in its early stages (Kwapisz et al., 2022 ). Consequently, grit is largely absent from the literature on refugee entrepreneurship, yet the precarious living conditions and challenges faced in the business environment necessitate high levels of perseverance in pursuit of the business's long-term goals. (M. Wolfe, 2021 ) suggests that grit may be more crucial for individuals who are likely to face adversity in their entrepreneurial journeys. Similar to what could be the case for refugee entrepreneurs, Olarewaju and Muhumuza ( 2024 ) demonstrate that grit is one of the resources that enables migrant entrepreneurs to maneuver the enormous challenges they face in their entrepreneurial careers. Moreover, entrepreneurial grit research has predominantly focused on its contribution to the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, the establishment phase, and entrepreneurial performance but has hardly explored its relation to non-financial success. However, limited available evidence also suggests that grit is essential for non-financial outcomes, including personal fulfillment, workplace relationships, and societal impact (Kaes et al., 2025 ). Whereas grit is a known predictor of well-being outcomes (Lee et al., 2023; Salles et al., 2014 ; Vainio & Daukantaitė, 2016 ), its impact on well-being may vary across different groups due to situational factors (Quinn et al., 2024 ). We also presume that certain personal attributes may influence the role of grit. We demonstrate in this paper that a combination of mindfulness and grit is essential for subjective entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs, thereby enhancing their happiness and psychological well-being. In the subsequent section, we review the literature backing our assumptions. The Role of Mindfulness in the Entrepreneurial Process and Outcomes Mindfulness is considered a vital personal resource that supports self-regulation and overall well-being. As described by Brown et al. ( 2007 ), mindfulness draws an individual’s attention to what the present moment offers. Kabat-Zinn ( 2003b ) views mindfulness as the awareness of present-moment experiences achieved through attention to these experiences as they unfold. This attention in mindfulness is characterized by being purposeful, open, receptive, nonjudgmental, and focused on the present moment (Brown & Ryan, 2003 ; Kabat-Zinn, 2003b ). The attention described in mindfulness leads to acceptance and compassion for the present moment (R. Baer et al., 2020; Siegel et al., 2009), with a focus on both one’s inner and outer environments (Roche et al., 2014 ). Consequently, mindfulness refers to the awareness of one’s thoughts, emotions, physiological sensations, and the environment at the present moment (R. Baer et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021 a) without being evaluative of these experiences (Brown & Ryan, 2003 ). Thus, a mindful individual notices the experiences without relying on automatic mental processes, resulting in a deliberate response rather than a reflexive reaction to the situation (Glomb et al., 2011 ; Roche et al., 2014 ). This process enables individuals to focus on the issues at hand without being distracted by past adverse events or potential future concerns. The self-focused attention and awareness involved in mindfulness enhances vital qualities of the entrepreneurship mindset and behavior, including enhanced psychological functioning, self-regulation, and self-control (Baer, 2009 ). Consequently, mindfulness can be essential to the entrepreneurial process and the attainment of entrepreneurial outcomes. First, mindfulness is associated with the ability to translate entrepreneurial intentions into behavior (Abdul Waheed et al., 2024 ; Baluku, 2024 ). Mindful entrepreneurs are more likely to be aware of and utilize their entrepreneurial abilities and capacities, thereby enhancing entrepreneurial behaviors and outcomes (Baluku, 2024 ; Baluku et al., 2025 ). Whereas the study by van Gelderen et al. (2019) revealed that mindfulness facilitates awareness of the likely risk of business, thereby discouraging entrepreneurial action, it also facilitates sustained action on the other hand. This way, mindfulness facilitates persistence and resilience (Aránega et al., 2023 ) as well as multiple startup or innovative efforts that may increase venture performance and sometimes give rise to habitual entrepreneurship (Rerup, 2005 ). Relatedly, mindfulness has been found to improve alertness to, identification and evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Gordon & Schaller, 2014 ; Kelly & Dorian, 2017 ; Moder et al., 2023 ), and the innovative capacity (Ratanavanich & Charoensukmongkol, 2024 ) which are not only essential for the business creation stage but also crucial for growing the venture and achieving higher performance. Refugee entrepreneurs operate in an unfamiliar business environment and sometimes in precarious conditions, working with limited resources and facing numerous challenges that require adaptability and improvisational behavior. Such behaviors have been linked to mindfulness and are likely to lead to higher performance and lower stress among entrepreneurs during economically challenging periods (Charoensukmongkol, 2019 ). Whereas we propose that the effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being are transmitted through subjective entrepreneurial success, previous research has already examined the link between mindfulness and these well-being outcomes, albeit in the non-entrepreneurial context. Existing research indicates that mindfulness is a resource associated with reduced exhaustion among entrepreneurs (Murnieks et al., 2020 ), which may result from its impact on stress management and coping. Mindfulness is conceptualized as a resource that buffers against psychological distress and lowers the risk of developing mental health problems (Enkema et al., 2020 ; Tran et al., 2022 ). Consequently, mindfulness facilitates well-being outcomes, including psychological health, happiness, and quality of life (Baer et al., 2006 ; Baluku et al., 2023 ; Brown et al., 2007 ). In refugees and other vulnerable populations, mindfulness interventions have been found to stress, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity, and other mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression (Aizik-Reebs et al., 2021 ; Sousa et al., 2021 ; Van der Gucht et al., 2019 ). Consequently, mindfulness promotes happiness and psychological well-being in the general refugee populations (Amundsen et al., 2020 ; Baluku et al., 2023 ). In this regard, we assume that mindfulness has a direct, positive impact on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. happiness We particularly test the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 Mindfulness is positively related to subjective entrepreneurial success Hypothesis 2 Mindfulness is positively related to entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being Hypothesis 3 Subjective entrepreneurial success mediates the association of mindfulness with entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being Grit and Entrepreneurial Outcomes Achievement motivation and goal setting are two core concepts that have received considerable attention in entrepreneurship research. However, grit may be the personality characteristic that best explains individual differences in commitment to attaining goals (M. T. Wolfe & Patel, 2016 ). Grit is a personality concept that represents the ability to persevere and the passion for long-term goals, accompanied by enduring effort in adverse situations to attain challenging goals (Duckworth et al., 2007 ; Mueller et al., 2017 ; Schimschal et al., 2021 ). Grit is particularly associated with, but distinct from, the trait of conscientiousness (Credé et al., 2017 ; Schimschal et al., 2021 ). Self-efficacy, mindfulness, metacognition, and optimism are additional factors associated with the development of grit (Agrawal et al., 2022 ; Schimschal et al., 2021 ). It is conceived that grit inspires superior performance and success more than talent (Schimschal et al., 2021 ). This assumption has been predominantly tested in academic settings and in certain professions. The positive qualities associated with grit are not only essential for achieving goals but also directly and indirectly relevant to well-being outcomes. In the present study, we propose that grit moderates the direct and indirect effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ well-being outcomes via subjective entrepreneurial success. Concerning entrepreneurial outcomes, grit is not only essential to the challenging phase of establishing a business but also associated with entrepreneurial persistence and performance (Bittencourt et al., 2025 ; Mooradian et al., 2016 ; Nambisan & Baron, 2013 ). Entrepreneurs face numerous challenges in their daily work. Hence, their work is highly stressful. Grit is associated with building character and hardiness (Mooradian et al., 2016 ) that are essential for facing challenges and building the resilience required to achieve long-term success. The high level of resilience and persistence gritty entrepreneurs exhibit during challenging times boosts the likelihood of success (Bittencourt et al., 2025 ). A similar observation has been made regarding non-financial success, especially relating to business impact on society, workplace relationships, and personal fulfilment (Kaes et al., 2025 ). In this direct, we postulate that grit is associated with entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being. The association between grit and the well-being outcomes for entrepreneurs may happen in two ways. First, grit is directly related to well-being. As a measure of fortitude, grit is conceived as a buffer resource against mental health challenges, hence protecting well-being (Al-Zain BDS et al., 2022 ; Quinn et al., 2024 ). Relevant to the purpose of the current study, which aims to demonstrate the role of mindfulness and grit in subjective entrepreneurial outcomes, grit is believed to drive the motivation to attain self-development goals. However, the attainment of these goals boosts well-being (Weisskirch, 2019 ). Empirical literature shows that grit is predictive of the different forms of well-being, including psychological well-being (Tang & Zhu, 2023 ; Vainio & Daukantaitė, 2016 ), life satisfaction (Jin & Kim, 2017 ; Vainio & Daukantaitė, 2016 ), and happiness (Datu et al., 2021 ; Weisskirch, 2019 ). However, (Datu et al. ( 2021 ) showed that the aspects of grit may relate differently to happiness. Second, the impact of grit on entrepreneurial success can boost the happiness and psychological well-being of entrepreneurs. Although entrepreneurship is a stressful occupation, it is associated with greater health and well-being (Ryff, 2019 ). Attaining entrepreneurial success has been found to generate happiness and improve psychological well-being (Dijkhuizen et al., 2018 ; Sherman et al., 2016 ), especially if the indicators of success are intrinsically defined (Carree & Verheul, 2012 ; Sherman et al., 2016 ). This is in line with the self-determination proposition that satisfaction of intrinsic goals results in greater eudaimonic well-being (Ryan et al., 2008 ). In this study, we investigate the combined effects of grit and mindfulness on subjective entrepreneurial success, which is expected to lead to increased happiness and psychological well-being. Hypothesis 4 Grit is positively related to (a) subjective entrepreneurial success, (b) entrepreneurs’ happiness, and (c) entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being. Hypothesis 5 Grit moderates the direct effects of mindfulness on (a) subjective entrepreneurial success and entrepreneurs’ (b) happiness and (c) psychological well-being. Hypothesis 6 Grit moderates the indirect effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being through subjective entrepreneurial success. Insert Fig. 1 around here Methods Study Context and Participants A field survey was conducted among South Sudanese and Somali refugees in Uganda. The survey was primarily conducted in the Bidibidi and Kiryandongo refugee settlements, as well as among South Sudanese and Somali refugees residing in the suburbs of Kampala Capital City. In rural settlements such as Bidibidi and Kiryandongo, refugees engage in business to supplement the limited aid from humanitarian support organizations; however, refugees living outside gazetted settlements survive through their efforts, mainly through small business and entrepreneurship (Bukuluki et al., 2020 ). In both rural settlements and urban refugee areas, living conditions are characterized by congestion and poor housing. However, in urban settings, refugees often live close to members of the host community, unlike in rural settlements, which tend to be located in secluded areas. These contextual issues may have implications for the well-being and happiness of refugees. The group administration of the field survey questionnaire was employed to collect data. This involved meetings of small groups of participants, ranging from 10 to 20 people, which enabled us to recruit a large sample despite the challenging circumstances in the rural refugee settlements and the difficulties in accessing refugees in the urban context. The process was supported by zone leaders within the refugee settlements and the settlement managers who helped in identifying participants and bring them to the meeting places. Before completing the questionnaire, the research team informed participants of the study's aims and their rights and benefits. In addition to enabling them to make informed decisions about participating, this information is also necessary for minimizing common method bias associated with such approaches to data collection (Fuller et al., 2016 ; Podsakoff et al., 2003 ). To further minimize the self-report bias, participants were informed that there are no right and wrong answers (De Clercq et al., 2021 ). To enable a large number of refugees to participate in this study, we translated the questionnaire to Sudanese Arabic and Somali, the most commonly spoken languages in the target settlements. To ensure an accurate translation, we applied the back translation procedures specified by Brislin (1970). Overall, the sample consisted of 214 refugee business owners, comprising 65.9% males and 34.1% females. The majority were from rural settlements (68.2%). Concerning the country of origin, 66.8% were from South Sudan. The average age of the participants was 34.17 years (SD = 9.89, Minimum = 17 years, Maximum = 76 years). Participants had lived in Uganda for an average of 6.2 years (SD = 5.63, Minimum = 1 year, Maximum = 30). Historically, refugees hosted in less developed countries are considered to be those with low education since the educated ones tend to find their way to developed countries (Mulumba, 2014 ). It is, therefore, not surprising that a considerable number of participants reported that they had never attended school or completed primary education (36%). Only 12.6% of the participants reported having completed high school or obtained a higher education level (technical college or university education). Most of the participants reported low levels of education; 26.1% had either not attended school at all or had not completed primary education. Only 8.6% reported having tertiary education (university or other tertiary institutions). Regarding entrepreneurial experience, a considerable number of participants (49.1%) reported being involved in business in their home countries prior to migration. Measures Mindfulness. we used the short version of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011 ). The questionnaire comprises 21 items, each measured on a 5-point rating scale (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree). A sample item is “When I have distressing thoughts or images, I feel calm soon after.” The questionnaire showed very high reliability (α = .91). Grit . We used the Short Girt Scale (GRIT-S) developed by (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009 ). The scale assesses the two dimensions of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. The scale comprised eight items, rated on a 5-point scale (1 = not at all, 5 = absolutely). A sample item is “I finish whatever I begin.” The scale showed acceptable internal consistency (α = .72). Subjective entrepreneurial success . We used the Subjective Entrepreneurial Success-Importance Scale developed by (Wach et al., 2016 )The scale measures different aspects of subjective success, including business performance, workplace relationships, personal fulfillment, community impact, and personal financial rewards. The scale consists of twelve items that were rated on a 5-point scale (1 = not satisfied, 5 = very satisfied). A sample item is “how satisfied are you regarding … Social contribution of your business to the community” The questionnaire showed very high internal consistency (α = .94). Happiness. We used items from the vitality questionnaire(Jones et al., 2013 ) to assess the happiness of refugee entrepreneurs. The vitality questionnaire measures the co-occurrence of positive psychological constructs. Particularly, the questionnaire assesses happiness, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, gratitude, and internalization of problems. Happiness in the vitality questionnaire is measured using three items. A sample item is “In general, I consider myself as …” (1 = not a happy person, 5 = a very happy person, α = .70). Psychological well-being . We used Ryff’s psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989 ; Ryff & Keyes, 1995 )The Ryff psychological well-being scale generally assesses the six aspects of psychological well-being. We used the shortest version, which comprises eighteen items. A sample item is “For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth” (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree, α = .87). Analytic Strategy The present study tests the moderated mediation model for the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on refugee entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being through subjective entrepreneurial success. A moderated mediation regression analysis was conducted in PROCESS Macro Model 8 to test our hypotheses. This model computes the direct, indirect, and interactive effects simultaneously. In the regression analysis, we included sex, age, location of the refugee settlement (whether rural or urban), educational, and prior business experience as covariates, given that background variables tend to be correlated to well-being outcomes (Alexander et al., 2021 ; Nguyen et al., 2024 ), and impact entrepreneurial success (Hopp & Sonderegger, 2015 ; Merrett & Gruidl, 2000 ). Results Table 1 presents the means, standard deviations, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients, and the correlations among the study variables. Regarding the effects of the covariates, educational attainment was marginally positively correlated with subjective entrepreneurial success ( B = .078, p = .043). On the other hand, the type of settlement was negatively correlated with happiness ( B = − .592, p < .001) and psychological well-being ( B = − .154, p = .006), indicating that refugee entrepreneurs in the rural settlements were happier and reported higher psychological well-being than their counterparts in the urban settlements. Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlations among the variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Sex a 2. Age − .02 3. Type of settlement b .36 *** − .20 ** 4. Educational attainment .31 *** − .29 *** .34 *** 5. In business before − .03 .17 * − .19 * .01 6. Mindfulness − .01 .02 − .10 − .20 ** − .20 ** 7. Grit − .02 − .03 − .04 − .18 ** − .06 .65 ** 8. Subjective success .04 − .07 − .16 * − .09 − .18 * .55 *** .36 *** 9. Happiness − .15 * .09 − .30 *** − .07 − .01 .14 * .05 .27 *** 10. PWB − .01 − .01 − .21 ** − .16 * − .12 .83 *** .63 *** .69 *** .28 *** Mean 34.17 3.68 3.46 3.66 3.13 3.75 SD 9.89 .74 .74 .99 1.11 .71 α .91 .72 .94 .70 .87 * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001 a Female = 1, Male = 2; b Rural = 1, Urban = 2; N = 214; PWB = Psychological well-being Insert Table 1 around here As shown in Table 2 , mindfulness predicted subjective entrepreneurial success ( B = .852, p < .001, 95% CI [.671, 1.033]). However, the direct effects on the well-being outcomes were significant for psychological well-being ( B = .550, p < .001, 95% CI [.452, .648]) but not for happiness. These results support hypotheses 1 and 2b. Hypothesis three concerns the mediation effects of subjective entrepreneurial success in the relationship between mindfulness and well-being outcomes. The results in Table 2 show that subjective entrepreneurial success was positively associated with both outcomes: happiness ( B = .327, p = .002, 95% CI [.126, .528]) and psychological well-being ( B = .219, p < .001, 95% CI [.156, .281]). The significant index of moderated mediation suggests that subjective entrepreneurial success mediated the effects of mindfulness on happiness ( B = − .290, 95% CI [-.486, − .117]) and psychological well-being ( B = − .194, 95% CI [-.272, − .126]). These mediation effects are confirmed by the Sobel test results for happiness ( z = 3.030, SE = .092, p = .003) and psychological well-being ( z = 5.792, SE = .032, p < .001). Therefore, hypotheses 3a and 3b are supported. Table 2 Results of the moderated mediation regression analysis for the effects of mindfulness and grit Predictors Subjective entrepreneurial success Happiness Psychological well-being B SE 95% CIs p B SE 95% CIs p B SE 95% CIs p LL UL LL UL LL UL Sex a .062 .114 − .164 .288 .589 − .212 .167 − .542 .118 .206 .027 .052 − .075 .130 .600 Age .001 .005 − .010 .012 .880 .009 .008 − .007 .024 .275 − .001 .003 − .005 .004 .841 Type of settlement b − .195 .121 − .433 .043 .108 − .592 .178 − .942 − .241 < .001 − .154 .055 − .263 − .045 .006 Educational attainment .078 .038 .002 .153 .043 .053 .056 − .058 .164 .344 .021 .017 − .014 .055 .239 Prior business experience − .168 .103 − .371 .035 .104 − .052 .151 − .350 .246 .733 .062 .047 − .030 .155 .186 Mindfulness .852 .092 .671 1.033 < .001 − .047 .160 − .363 .269 .770 .550 .050 .452 .648 < .001 Grit .154 .088 − .020 .327 .083 − .076 .130 − .332 .180 .550 .155 .040 .076 .234 < .001 Subjective entrepreneurial success .327 .102 .126 .528 .002 .219 .032 .156 .281 < .001 Mindfulness x Grit − .886 .104 -1.092 − .681 < .001 .140 .178 − .210 .490 .431 − .046 .055 − .155 .063 .404 R 2 statistics R 2 = .508, F (8, 205) = 26.424, p = < .001 R 2 = .161, F (9, 204) = 4.356, p = .000 R 2 = .801, F (9, 204) = 90.944, p = < .001 ∆R 2 statistics ∆R 2 = .173, F (1, 205) = 72.072, p = < .001 ∆R 2 = .003, F (1, 204) = .623, p = .431 ∆R 2 = .001, F (1, 204) = .698, p = .404 Conditional direct effects at levels of grit B SE 95% CIs p B SE 95% CIs p B SE 95% CIs p LL UL LL UL LL UL Low grit (mean − 1 SD) 1.511 .133 1.248 1.774 < .001 − .151 .249 − .641 .339 .545 .584 .077 .432 .736 < .001 Moderate grit (mean) .852 .092 .671 1.033 < .001 − .047 .160 − .363 .269 .770 .550 .050 .452 .648 < .001 High grit (mean + 1 SD) .194 .106 − .015 .402 .068 .057 .156 − .250 .364 .714 .516 .048 .421 .611 < .001 Conditional indirect effects at levels of grit B Boot SE Boot 95% CIs B Boot SE Boot 95% CIs LL UL LL UL Low grit (mean − 1 SD) .494 .149 .206 .805 .330 .055 .229 .446 Moderate grit (mean) .279 .084 .117 .455 .186 .032 .127 .254 High grit (mean + 1 SD) .063 .037 .002 .147 .042 .022 − .002 .087 Index of moderated mediation B Boot SE Boot 95% CIs B Boot SE Boot 95% CIs LL UL LL UL Index − .290 .092 − .486 − .117 − .194 .037 − .272 − .126 a Female = 1, Male = 2; b Rural = 1, Urban = 2; N = 214; B = Unstandardized effects Hypotheses 4–6 concern the direct and conditional effects of grit on subjective entrepreneurial success and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. The results in Table 2 show that grit was positively associated with only psychological well-being ( B = .155, p < .001, 95% CI [.076, .234]). Therefore, hypotheses 4a and 4b are not supported, while hypothesis 4 c is supported. The interactive effects visualized in Figs. 3 and 4 as well as the conditional direct effects in Table 2 reveal that there are small differences in the effects of mindfulness on happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs at the different levels of grit. However, the moderation effects were significant only for subjective entrepreneurial success ( B = − .886, p < .001, 95% CI [-1.092, − .681]). These interactive effects on entrepreneurial success are visualized in Fig. 2 . Therefore, hypothesis 5 a is supported, while hypotheses 5b and 5c are not supported. Nonetheless, the results in Table 2 further show that grit moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on both well-being outcomes, supporting hypotheses 6a and 6b, as reflected in the significant indices of moderated mediation. The conditional indirect effects show that mindfulness had substantially higher effects on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs at the low levels of grit. Insert Table 2 around here Insert Figs. 2 – 4 around here Discussion The forced migration process that refugees go through disrupts many aspects of life, including social and economic realities, causing a significant impact on well-being. Integrating refugees into the host community’s socioeconomic setup remains critical to the well-being of refugees. In recent years, there has been increased attention to refugee entrepreneurship as a viable pathway to the successful socioeconomic integration of refugees, while promoting their overall well-being. Thus, refugees engage in entrepreneurship for reasons beyond attaining financial outcomes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the non-economic factors facilitating the attainment of non-financial outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. Using survey data from 214 refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda, we found that mindfulness and grit are two positive psychological attributes that combine to determine subjective entrepreneurial success, consequently resulting in happiness and psychological well-being. These results highlight the role of positive psychological attributes in entrepreneurial success and well-being and reveal the importance of achieving non-financial business outcomes in strengthening the well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. Our results suggest that mindfulness and grit may predict subjective entrepreneurial success. Extant research shows the importance of these psychological attributes to general entrepreneurial success(Mooradian et al., 2016 ; Mueller et al., 2017 ; Sauer & Kohls, 2011 ) and specifically to objective measures of entrepreneurial success such as firm performance, growth, and financial outcomes (Bittencourt et al., 2025 ; Charoensukmongkol, 2019 ; Rerup, 2005 ). The present study demonstrates that these effects extend to subjective measures of entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs. These attributes have also been found to be important to people’s success in various domains, including academics, sports, and work (Firth et al., 2019 ; Kroon et al., 2015 ; Lee, 2017 ; Tebourski et al., 2022 ). Hence, mindfulness and grit may not only be important for successful integration into the economic space through entrepreneurship, but also necessary for successful integration in various socioeconomic aspects of life. Both mindfulness and grit had significant direct effects on the psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, but not on their overall happiness. Mindfulness is a known protective resource that boosts mental health and well-being (Enkema et al., 2020 ; Tran et al., 2022 ). Similarly, our findings reinforce existing literature highlighting that gritty individuals are likely to experience higher levels of well-being and low levels of psychological distress (He et al., 2023 ; Lan & Zhang, 2019 ; Salles et al., 2014 ). Our findings suggest that both mindfulness and grit are essential to the psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The practice of mindfulness enables individuals to focus non-judgmentally on their present-moment experiences, which results in more effective emotional regulation and reduced distress. This is essential for refugees, most of whom tend to have traumatic experiences that would otherwise hinder focus on the present, resulting in greater distress. In addition, from an entrepreneurial perspective, the practice of mindfulness is likely to enable refugee entrepreneurs to handle the daily tasks and stressors of running a business more adaptively, thereby enhancing their psychological well-being. The qualities of perseverance and passion for long-term goals make grit an essential concept in understanding resilience and achieving goals, and consequently, important for overall well-being. Thus, gritty refugee entrepreneurs are likely to have higher resilience and business goals achievement, improving not only their entrepreneurial success but also their well-being. Subjective entrepreneurial success was associated with both well-being outcomes. Individuals engage in entrepreneurship for various reasons, which, if fulfilled, contribute not only to the evaluation of success but also to the happiness and well-being of entrepreneurs. Engagement in entrepreneurial activities is associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and consequently, psychological well-being (Shir et al., 2019 ; Tisu et al., 2023 ). For refugees, engagement in entrepreneurial activities may be driven by a lack of employment opportunities, the desire to earn income for survival and self-reliance, and the need for economic participation or to contribute to the host community (Lång et al., 2024 ; Nascimento & Pureza, 2024 ; Newman et al., 2024 ). Satisfying these needs is an indicator of a refugee entrepreneur’s success, and it also contributes to their overall happiness and well-being. Our results further reveal that subjective entrepreneurial success mediated the effect of mindfulness on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The effects of mindfulness on the happiness of refugee entrepreneurs appear to be fully mediated by subjective entrepreneurial success, suggesting that mindfulness activates happiness among refugee entrepreneurs through its impact on subjective entrepreneurial success. Grit moderates the effects of mindfulness on subjective entrepreneurial success, as well as the indirect effects of mindfulness on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. Therefore, grit is not only a determinant of entrepreneurial success and well-being variables but also an important factor that conditions the effects of mindfulness on success and well-being. These findings suggest that possessing high levels of mindfulness and grit is beneficial for the perception of success and, consequently, for the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. It is important to note from the results that mindfulness tends to have more substantial indirect effects on both happiness and psychological well-being (via entrepreneurial success) at lower levels of grit. Hence, mindfulness plays a significant role in success and well-being outcomes when refugee entrepreneurs are not gritty. Similarly, grit may be essential for success when refugee entrepreneurs lack strong levels of mindfulness. Overcoming the daily distress of living conditions in resource-constrained refugee settlements and the challenges associated with doing business requires mental strengths and resilience, including mindfulness (He et al., 2023 ; Roche et al., 2014 ) and grit (He et al., 2023 ; Lan & Zhang, 2019 ). Our findings have some implications for practice . First, the results offer valuable insights into the role of subjective entrepreneurial success in the happiness and psychological wellbeing of refugee entrepreneurs. While it is essential to focus on objective success, as it is important for the sustainability and growth of entrepreneurial activities, it is also crucial to pay attention to subjective outcomes (Baron et al., 2016 ), as they determine the passion with which the entrepreneur performs business activities, resilience, and persistence. The subjective outcomes define the reasons underlying the efforts of refugee entrepreneurs, and their attainment is essential to their happiness and wellbeing. Therefore, refugee entrepreneurship promotion intervention should focus not only on the objective but also subjective outcomes as measures of success. Second, the findings reveal that the combination of mindfulness and grit substantially enhances entrepreneurial success, thereby fostering happiness and psychological well-being. Mindfulness helps refugee entrepreneurs focus on their entrepreneurial goals, experience lower stress, boosts improvisational behavior, and enhances their satisfaction with the business (Aránega et al., 2023 ; Charoensukmongkol, 2019 ; Kelly, 2023 ). Grit enables entrepreneurs to remain focused on their objectives and persevere in the face of challenges (Bittencourt et al., 2025 b; Mueller et al., 2017 ; M. Wolfe, 2021 ). This synergy of positive attributes enables refugee entrepreneurs not only to navigate the challenges of doing business in unfamiliar host settings but also to achieve their goals, thereby boosting success, happiness, and overall well-being. Refugee training programmes, therefore, need to incorporate modules that foster mindfulness and grit. Several mindfulness-based interventions have been developed (Creswell, 2017 ; Kabat-Zinn, 2003b ; Zhang et al., 2021 ; Zoogman et al., 2015 ) that can be integrated in training of refugee entrepreneurs. These will not only boost their mental health and psychological functioning, but also their entrepreneurial performance. Similarly, grit can be improved through specific interventions. Strategies that build soft skills, such as resilience and self-efficacy, are also employed to develop grit (Calo et al., 2024 ; Hwang & Nam, 2021 ; Zappala-Piemme et al., 2023 ). Additionally, individuals and organizations offering coaching and mentorship opportunities for refugee entrepreneurs should guide them in developing mindfulness practices and cultivating a strong sense of resilience. The study had some limitations that should be considered when using our results. The generalizability of our results is challenged by the limited scope of refugees involved in the study. The study primarily focused on the population of refugee entrepreneurs from South Sudan and Somalia. Whereas the majority of refugees hosted in Uganda are from these two countries, Uganda also hosts a substantial population of refugees from other neighboring countries. Given that cultural and contextual factors influence both entrepreneurial process success (Dileo & García Pereiro, 2018 ; Patel & Selvaraj, 2015 ; Schulte-Holthaus, 2019 ) as well as happiness and well-being (Grossi et al., 2012 ; Stewart & Townley, 2019 ), future studies could focus on a broader population of refugee entrepreneurs and consider a wider range of contexts. For contextual variations, cross-country studies could be useful to generate robust findings that can be used for policy and interventions for refugees from or living in differing contexts. Second, the study uses data collected using self-report measures, hence common methods bias and social desirability cannot be ruled out (Fuller et al., 2016 ; McDonald, 2008 ; Miller, 2012 ). Given that mindfulness and grit can be improved using certain interventions, experimental methods could be useful to investigate their impact on refugee entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial outcomes. Third, the context of the study is resource-constrained settlements in a low-income country. Some of the settlements are in secluded rural districts. Hence, the majority of the participants were refugees owning small businesses. Whereas may be serving the purposes for which they are established, mostly survival needs, future research could provide more robust findings by including population of refugees living in less precarious conditions and owning larger businesses. The current results may best be applied to refugee entrepreneurs operating in economically constrained environments. Conclusion This paper highlights the significance of mindfulness and grit in fostering successful refugee entrepreneurship within resource-constrained refugee settlements in a low-income country. The existing literature indicates that each of these positive psychological attributes is crucial to the entrepreneurial process and to achieving entrepreneurial success. However, without considering the context of refugee entrepreneurs in precarious economic conditions, the understanding of how to apply these concepts in promoting refugee entrepreneurship may be limited. In addition, the current study highlights the combined effects of grit and mindfulness as attributes that guide focus on entrepreneurial goals, resilience, and persistence in attaining these goals, thereby fostering entrepreneurial success. In this study, we focus particularly on the subjective success, and consequently, the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The results indicate that the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit substantially explained entrepreneurial success. Particularly, mindfulness is crucial for subjective entrepreneurial success for refugee entrepreneurs with low levels of grit. In addition, grit also moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on happiness and psychological wellbeing via subjective entrepreneurial success. Overall, the findings suggest that enhancing grit and practicing mindfulness among refugee entrepreneurs can boost entrepreneurial success and improve psychological outcomes of entrepreneurial engagement. Declarations COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS Conflict of Interest The author declares no conflict of interest. Funding The study was supported by the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (Mak-RIF) - RIF1/CHUSS/003 Ethical Approval Statement The study received ethical clearance from the Makerere University Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Clearance No. MAKSS REC 03.20.393). The ethical issues were addressed in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Data Availability Data used for this paper is available on zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16395695 Consent to Participate Participants were presented with consent forms to sign. The consent forms included details of the study, its purpose, selection criteria, risks and benefits involved, confidentiality and voluntariness of participation, compensation information, and information regarding ethical clearance. Participants were requested to sign under the following statement: I have read the above information or had it read to me. I have received answers to the questions I have asked. I consent to participate in this research. I am at least ……. years of age. Clinical Trial Not applicable Human Ethics Participant privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, and protection were maintained following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Author Contribution M.M.B. conceptualized the study and developed the manuscript. 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British Medical Bulletin , 138 (1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldab005 Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T., & Miller, L. (2015). Mindfulness Interventions with Youth: A Meta-Analysis. Mindfulness , 6 (2), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0260-4 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7200833","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":494857958,"identity":"0f9e19fe-b65d-4376-9e14-0ffea22937fb","order_by":0,"name":"Martin Mabunda Baluku","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBBBiZ2BmYKhgYJAgQgNjA1gLM0jLGWK1MMC0MLYRoUW3/ezzBw93MOTxN/MYG/PO2yYv2cD88ANjWy1OLWZn0g0bEs8wFEsc5jFO5t1223A2A5uxBGPbcdxaDqQxNiS2MSQ2ALUcBmphnAcUBLrwGG4t559BtMwHa5lz234eA/s3/FpuQG3ZAHZYw+3E2Qw8IFtq8Gh5xjgjsU2i2PAwW7HhnGO3k2c28xRLJJw7gMdhaQwff7bZ5Mkdb94s8abmtu2M4+0bP3woq8OpBQqQIwMYo8BoOkxICyYgaMsoGAWjYBSMHAAAxF1StSeYF3MAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martin","middleName":"Mabunda","lastName":"Baluku","suffix":""},{"id":494857959,"identity":"e2f3e743-2db1-407a-83e3-a744a1ebf8d1","order_by":1,"name":"Richard Balikoowa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"","lastName":"Balikoowa","suffix":""},{"id":494857960,"identity":"fb48cb2d-58a6-4ec9-8cf7-4d3100610af4","order_by":2,"name":"Simon Kizito","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"","lastName":"Kizito","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-24 03:08:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88353830,"identity":"b714c2cb-65c3-4bef-b236-57467d2f63ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 14:50:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHypothesized conceptual model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7200833/v1/3bfb601cf2af764023920269.jpeg"},{"id":88355190,"identity":"5f652468-452e-4de4-9347-c27a4b7c20eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 15:06:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteractive effects of mindfulness and grit on subjective entrepreneurial success\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7200833/v1/7c75d29f7022534de205ee7d.jpeg"},{"id":88354708,"identity":"305c37b0-1aef-4c08-b91c-a65067a3d729","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 14:58:19","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteractive effects of mindfulness and grit on happiness\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7200833/v1/27d207f0cfa3f91e229efb41.png"},{"id":88353840,"identity":"196cb7b6-4ece-45f3-97ca-e1e15690c57d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 14:50:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteractive effects of mindfulness and grit on psychological well-being\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7200833/v1/108a8be1d2827d97a4912c48.png"},{"id":88356060,"identity":"a2e97965-c6a5-4891-b0a6-76adbdf5a3f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-05 15:14:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1405823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7200833/v1/d3af100a-0d6a-4bef-a90d-6f8ee42613a7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mindfulness, grit, and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda: The mediating role of subjective entrepreneurial success","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) focuses on promoting health and well-being for all people. Integral to this goal is achieving mental health, living a happy life, and maintaining psychological well-being. These psychological outcomes are vital for a fulfilling life and flourishing (Wiklund et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), impacting both work capability and the goals individuals pursue in their careers. Therefore, such personal goals are critical to the motivations for individuals to start entrepreneurial ventures (Wiklund et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas these subjective outcomes are critical to the motivation and flourishing of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship scholars tend to emphasize objectively verifiable and firm-level outcomes. Lack of attention to the personal interests and processes the individual entrepreneur undertakes implies that the knowledge about some critical questions about entrepreneurs’ mental health and wellbeing, such as the antecedents and outcomes, is quite unclear (Stephan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study focuses particularly on refugee entrepreneurs in a low-income country. This context presents additional challenges for refugee entrepreneurs beyond the work of entrepreneurship, which can threaten their happiness and well-being. The well-being outcomes of refugees in such contexts are constrained by socio-economic challenges such as inadequate housing and food (Alemi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Barua \u0026amp; Karia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Bhattacharjee \u0026amp; Corbett, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), low earnings (Lundborg \u0026amp; Skedinger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), and generally limited access to social amenities and lowered likelihoods of meeting basic needs (Baluku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Leter \u0026amp; Gatwal, 2020). Refugee settlements and residences in non-settlement settings are often overcrowded, which is linked to psychological health problems (Baluku, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Mangrio \u0026amp; Zdravkovic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These socio-economic challenges are in addition to the traumatic events experienced before and during migration. Therefore, it is not surprising that mental health problems are highly prevalent among refugee populations (Blackmore et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Giacco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Patanè et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), an indication of low levels of happiness. This context also has implications for entrepreneurial behavior. Refugee entrepreneurs often conduct their business activities within the refugee settlements or in equally poor neighborhoods. This indicates a limited market, limited capital, and limited opportunities for innovations and growth. These constraints to doing business affect not only the financial outcomes but also the psychological health of the entrepreneur.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigates the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on the subjective success of refugee entrepreneurs, and consequently, on their happiness and psychological well-being. Mindfulness represents the awareness that results from purposeful, non-judgmental attention to the present moment or immediate experiences (Bishop et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Kabat-Zinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003a\u003c/span\u003e). The attention in mindfulness is directed towards present-moment internal states, such as thoughts and emotions, as well as the current surroundings, facilitating psychological health and growth (Langer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Roche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Weinstein \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Mindfulness interventions have been used in the treatment of stress and pain (Biegel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Jain \u0026amp; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; McCracken \u0026amp; Velleman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and strengthening individual psychological strength for boosting psychological wellness (Biswal \u0026amp; Srivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Roche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). However, there is limited application of mindfulness in understanding the psychological strengths and well-being of entrepreneurs. Moreover, the qualities and outcomes of mindfulness suggest that it could be an essential element in resilience and coping for refugees living in precarious conditions (Baluku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This study demonstrates that mindfulness has a significant impact on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, as it is crucial to subjective entrepreneurial success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective success is a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of entrepreneurial success. While financial outcomes and other objective measures of success are crucial for the growth and continuity of a business, entrepreneurs also strive to achieve non-monetary goals (Baron et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hmieleski \u0026amp; Corbett, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Wach et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For individuals in underprivileged situations, entrepreneurship is pursued as a pathway to emancipation and empowerment (Haugh \u0026amp; Talwar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Jennings et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Pergelova \u0026amp; Mandakovic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ratten, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), or as a means to achieve autonomy at work and in personal life (Otto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; van Gelderen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; van Gelderen \u0026amp; Jansen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). These subjective drivers of entrepreneurial behavior align with the motives for refugee entrepreneurship as stated in the existing literature. Refugee entrepreneurship is viewed not only as a means to earn an income but also as essential for achieving self-reliance, well-being, and career success while contributing to the host economy (Meister \u0026amp; Mauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Newman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Skran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Even considering refugee entrepreneurship or minority entrepreneurship more broadly from a social disadvantage perspective (Hussain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Maalaoui, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Maalaoui et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Newman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), it also highlights entrepreneurship as a vehicle for emancipation and empowerment. Hence, achieving these outcomes signifies success that is important to the individual entrepreneur and should translate into happiness and psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile mindfulness may be essential to the success, happiness, and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, this is not necessarily the case for every refugee entrepreneur. The precarious living conditions and unfamiliar business environment in which refugee entrepreneurs operate require the deployment of several personal qualities and resources. We particularly focus on the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit as a powerful combination of attributes that could steer success and positive psychological outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. Grit represents the qualities of passion for long-term goals, perseverance, and consistency of effort (Duckworth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These qualities make grit an important antecedent of entrepreneurial behavior and success (Lawrence \u0026amp; Krueger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mooradian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). However, it has been noted that grit literature is predominantly focused on its development among children, thereby limiting its application to adult populations (Schimschal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and also curtailing its application to goal-oriented domains, such as entrepreneurship. Not surprisingly, given the importance of the qualities that comprise grit, research on entrepreneurial grit is still in its early stages (Kwapisz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, grit is largely absent from the literature on refugee entrepreneurship, yet the precarious living conditions and challenges faced in the business environment necessitate high levels of perseverance in pursuit of the business's long-term goals. (M. Wolfe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that grit may be more crucial for individuals who are likely to face adversity in their entrepreneurial journeys. Similar to what could be the case for refugee entrepreneurs, Olarewaju and Muhumuza (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrate that grit is one of the resources that enables migrant entrepreneurs to maneuver the enormous challenges they face in their entrepreneurial careers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, entrepreneurial grit research has predominantly focused on its contribution to the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, the establishment phase, and entrepreneurial performance but has hardly explored its relation to non-financial success. However, limited available evidence also suggests that grit is essential for non-financial outcomes, including personal fulfillment, workplace relationships, and societal impact (Kaes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas grit is a known predictor of well-being outcomes (Lee et al., 2023; Salles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Vainio \u0026amp; Daukantaitė, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), its impact on well-being may vary across different groups due to situational factors (Quinn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). We also presume that certain personal attributes may influence the role of grit. We demonstrate in this paper that a combination of mindfulness and grit is essential for subjective entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs, thereby enhancing their happiness and psychological well-being. In the subsequent section, we review the literature backing our assumptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Role of Mindfulness in the Entrepreneurial Process and Outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness is considered a vital personal resource that supports self-regulation and overall well-being. As described by Brown et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), mindfulness draws an individual’s attention to what the present moment offers. Kabat-Zinn (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003b\u003c/span\u003e) views mindfulness as the awareness of present-moment experiences achieved through attention to these experiences as they unfold. This attention in mindfulness is characterized by being purposeful, open, receptive, nonjudgmental, and focused on the present moment (Brown \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Kabat-Zinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003b\u003c/span\u003e). The attention described in mindfulness leads to acceptance and compassion for the present moment (R. Baer et al., 2020; Siegel et al., 2009), with a focus on both one’s inner and outer environments (Roche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, mindfulness refers to the awareness of one’s thoughts, emotions, physiological sensations, and the environment at the present moment (R. Baer et al., 2020; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003ea) without being evaluative of these experiences (Brown \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, a mindful individual notices the experiences without relying on automatic mental processes, resulting in a deliberate response rather than a reflexive reaction to the situation (Glomb et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Roche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This process enables individuals to focus on the issues at hand without being distracted by past adverse events or potential future concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe self-focused attention and awareness involved in mindfulness enhances vital qualities of the entrepreneurship mindset and behavior, including enhanced psychological functioning, self-regulation, and self-control (Baer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, mindfulness can be essential to the entrepreneurial process and the attainment of entrepreneurial outcomes. First, mindfulness is associated with the ability to translate entrepreneurial intentions into behavior (Abdul Waheed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Baluku, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Mindful entrepreneurs are more likely to be aware of and utilize their entrepreneurial abilities and capacities, thereby enhancing entrepreneurial behaviors and outcomes (Baluku, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Baluku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas the study by van Gelderen et al. (2019) revealed that mindfulness facilitates awareness of the likely risk of business, thereby discouraging entrepreneurial action, it also facilitates sustained action on the other hand. This way, mindfulness facilitates persistence and resilience (Aránega et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) as well as multiple startup or innovative efforts that may increase venture performance and sometimes give rise to habitual entrepreneurship (Rerup, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Relatedly, mindfulness has been found to improve alertness to, identification and evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities (Gordon \u0026amp; Schaller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kelly \u0026amp; Dorian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Moder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and the innovative capacity (Ratanavanich \u0026amp; Charoensukmongkol, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) which are not only essential for the business creation stage but also crucial for growing the venture and achieving higher performance. Refugee entrepreneurs operate in an unfamiliar business environment and sometimes in precarious conditions, working with limited resources and facing numerous challenges that require adaptability and improvisational behavior. Such behaviors have been linked to mindfulness and are likely to lead to higher performance and lower stress among entrepreneurs during economically challenging periods (Charoensukmongkol, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhereas we propose that the effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being are transmitted through subjective entrepreneurial success, previous research has already examined the link between mindfulness and these well-being outcomes, albeit in the non-entrepreneurial context. Existing research indicates that mindfulness is a resource associated with reduced exhaustion among entrepreneurs (Murnieks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which may result from its impact on stress management and coping. Mindfulness is conceptualized as a resource that buffers against psychological distress and lowers the risk of developing mental health problems (Enkema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, mindfulness facilitates well-being outcomes, including psychological health, happiness, and quality of life (Baer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Baluku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Brown et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In refugees and other vulnerable populations, mindfulness interventions have been found to stress, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity, and other mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression (Aizik-Reebs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Van der Gucht et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, mindfulness promotes happiness and psychological well-being in the general refugee populations (Amundsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Baluku et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, we assume that mindfulness has a direct, positive impact on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. happiness\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe particularly test the following hypotheses:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness is positively related to subjective entrepreneurial success\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness is positively related to entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective entrepreneurial success mediates the association of mindfulness with entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrit and Entrepreneurial Outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAchievement motivation and goal setting are two core concepts that have received considerable attention in entrepreneurship research. However, grit may be the personality characteristic that best explains individual differences in commitment to attaining goals (M. T. Wolfe \u0026amp; Patel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR125\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Grit is a personality concept that represents the ability to persevere and the passion for long-term goals, accompanied by enduring effort in adverse situations to attain challenging goals (Duckworth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Mueller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Schimschal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Grit is particularly associated with, but distinct from, the trait of conscientiousness (Credé et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Schimschal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Self-efficacy, mindfulness, metacognition, and optimism are additional factors associated with the development of grit (Agrawal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Schimschal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It is conceived that grit inspires superior performance and success more than talent (Schimschal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This assumption has been predominantly tested in academic settings and in certain professions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe positive qualities associated with grit are not only essential for achieving goals but also directly and indirectly relevant to well-being outcomes. In the present study, we propose that grit moderates the direct and indirect effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ well-being outcomes via subjective entrepreneurial success. Concerning entrepreneurial outcomes, grit is not only essential to the challenging phase of establishing a business but also associated with entrepreneurial persistence and performance (Bittencourt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Mooradian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Nambisan \u0026amp; Baron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Entrepreneurs face numerous challenges in their daily work. Hence, their work is highly stressful. Grit is associated with building character and hardiness (Mooradian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) that are essential for facing challenges and building the resilience required to achieve long-term success. The high level of resilience and persistence gritty entrepreneurs exhibit during challenging times boosts the likelihood of success (Bittencourt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). A similar observation has been made regarding non-financial success, especially relating to business impact on society, workplace relationships, and personal fulfilment (Kaes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In this direct, we postulate that grit is associated with entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe association between grit and the well-being outcomes for entrepreneurs may happen in two ways. First, grit is directly related to well-being. As a measure of fortitude, grit is conceived as a buffer resource against mental health challenges, hence protecting well-being (Al-Zain BDS et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Quinn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Relevant to the purpose of the current study, which aims to demonstrate the role of mindfulness and grit in subjective entrepreneurial outcomes, grit is believed to drive the motivation to attain self-development goals. However, the attainment of these goals boosts well-being (Weisskirch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Empirical literature shows that grit is predictive of the different forms of well-being, including psychological well-being (Tang \u0026amp; Zhu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Vainio \u0026amp; Daukantaitė, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), life satisfaction (Jin \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Vainio \u0026amp; Daukantaitė, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), and happiness (Datu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Weisskirch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, (Datu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the aspects of grit may relate differently to happiness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, the impact of grit on entrepreneurial success can boost the happiness and psychological well-being of entrepreneurs. Although entrepreneurship is a stressful occupation, it is associated with greater health and well-being (Ryff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Attaining entrepreneurial success has been found to generate happiness and improve psychological well-being (Dijkhuizen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Sherman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), especially if the indicators of success are intrinsically defined (Carree \u0026amp; Verheul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Sherman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This is in line with the self-determination proposition that satisfaction of intrinsic goals results in greater eudaimonic well-being (Ryan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we investigate the combined effects of grit and mindfulness on subjective entrepreneurial success, which is expected to lead to increased happiness and psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrit is positively related to (a) subjective entrepreneurial success, (b) entrepreneurs’ happiness, and (c) entrepreneurs’ psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrit moderates the direct effects of mindfulness on (a) subjective entrepreneurial success and entrepreneurs’ (b) happiness and (c) psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrit moderates the indirect effects of mindfulness on entrepreneurs’ (a) happiness and (b) psychological well-being through subjective entrepreneurial success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInsert\u003c/em\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003earound here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Context and Participants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA field survey was conducted among South Sudanese and Somali refugees in Uganda. The survey was primarily conducted in the Bidibidi and Kiryandongo refugee settlements, as well as among South Sudanese and Somali refugees residing in the suburbs of Kampala Capital City. In rural settlements such as Bidibidi and Kiryandongo, refugees engage in business to supplement the limited aid from humanitarian support organizations; however, refugees living outside gazetted settlements survive through their efforts, mainly through small business and entrepreneurship (Bukuluki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In both rural settlements and urban refugee areas, living conditions are characterized by congestion and poor housing. However, in urban settings, refugees often live close to members of the host community, unlike in rural settlements, which tend to be located in secluded areas. These contextual issues may have implications for the well-being and happiness of refugees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe group administration of the field survey questionnaire was employed to collect data. This involved meetings of small groups of participants, ranging from 10 to 20 people, which enabled us to recruit a large sample despite the challenging circumstances in the rural refugee settlements and the difficulties in accessing refugees in the urban context. The process was supported by zone leaders within the refugee settlements and the settlement managers who helped in identifying participants and bring them to the meeting places. Before completing the questionnaire, the research team informed participants of the study's aims and their rights and benefits. In addition to enabling them to make informed decisions about participating, this information is also necessary for minimizing common method bias associated with such approaches to data collection (Fuller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Podsakoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). To further minimize the self-report bias, participants were informed that there are no right and wrong answers (De Clercq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To enable a large number of refugees to participate in this study, we translated the questionnaire to Sudanese Arabic and Somali, the most commonly spoken languages in the target settlements. To ensure an accurate translation, we applied the back translation procedures specified by Brislin (1970).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the sample consisted of 214 refugee business owners, comprising 65.9% males and 34.1% females. The majority were from rural settlements (68.2%). Concerning the country of origin, 66.8% were from South Sudan. The average age of the participants was 34.17 years (SD = 9.89, Minimum = 17 years, Maximum = 76 years). Participants had lived in Uganda for an average of 6.2 years (SD = 5.63, Minimum = 1 year, Maximum = 30). Historically, refugees hosted in less developed countries are considered to be those with low education since the educated ones tend to find their way to developed countries (Mulumba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). It is, therefore, not surprising that a considerable number of participants reported that they had never attended school or completed primary education (36%). Only 12.6% of the participants reported having completed high school or obtained a higher education level (technical college or university education). Most of the participants reported low levels of education; 26.1% had either not attended school at all or had not completed primary education. Only 8.6% reported having tertiary education (university or other tertiary institutions). Regarding entrepreneurial experience, a considerable number of participants (49.1%) reported being involved in business in their home countries prior to migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeasures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMindfulness.\u003c/b\u003e we used the short version of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Bohlmeijer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaire comprises 21 items, each measured on a 5-point rating scale (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree). A sample item is “When I have distressing thoughts or images, I feel calm soon after.” The questionnaire showed very high reliability (α = .91).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrit\u003c/b\u003e. We used the Short Girt Scale (GRIT-S) developed by (Duckworth \u0026amp; Quinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The scale assesses the two dimensions of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. The scale comprised eight items, rated on a 5-point scale (1 = not at all, 5 = absolutely). A sample item is “I finish whatever I begin.” The scale showed acceptable internal consistency (α = .72).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubjective entrepreneurial success\u003c/b\u003e. We used the Subjective Entrepreneurial Success-Importance Scale developed by (Wach et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)The scale measures different aspects of subjective success, including business performance, workplace relationships, personal fulfillment, community impact, and personal financial rewards. The scale consists of twelve items that were rated on a 5-point scale (1 = not satisfied, 5 = very satisfied). A sample item is “how satisfied are you regarding … Social contribution of your business to the community” The questionnaire showed very high internal consistency (α = .94).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHappiness.\u003c/b\u003e We used items from the vitality questionnaire(Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) to assess the happiness of refugee entrepreneurs. The vitality questionnaire measures the co-occurrence of positive psychological constructs. Particularly, the questionnaire assesses happiness, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, gratitude, and internalization of problems. Happiness in the vitality questionnaire is measured using three items. A sample item is “In general, I consider myself as …” (1 = not a happy person, 5 = a very happy person, α = .70).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePsychological well-being\u003c/b\u003e. We used Ryff’s psychological well-being scale (Ryff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Ryff \u0026amp; Keyes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e)The Ryff psychological well-being scale generally assesses the six aspects of psychological well-being. We used the shortest version, which comprises eighteen items. A sample item is “For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth” (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree, α = .87).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalytic Strategy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study tests the moderated mediation model for the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on refugee entrepreneurs’ happiness and psychological well-being through subjective entrepreneurial success. A moderated mediation regression analysis was conducted in PROCESS Macro Model 8 to test our hypotheses. This model computes the direct, indirect, and interactive effects simultaneously. In the regression analysis, we included sex, age, location of the refugee settlement (whether rural or urban), educational, and prior business experience as covariates, given that background variables tend to be correlated to well-being outcomes (Alexander et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nguyen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and impact entrepreneurial success (Hopp \u0026amp; Sonderegger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Merrett \u0026amp; Gruidl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the means, standard deviations, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha coefficients, and the correlations among the study variables. Regarding the effects of the covariates, educational attainment was marginally positively correlated with subjective entrepreneurial success (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.078, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.043). On the other hand, the type of settlement was negatively correlated with happiness (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.592, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.154, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.006), indicating that refugee entrepreneurs in the rural settlements were happier and reported higher psychological well-being than their counterparts in the urban settlements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics and correlations among the variables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Sex\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Type of settlement\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.36\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Educational attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.29\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.34\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. In business before\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.19\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Mindfulness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Grit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.18\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.65\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Subjective success\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.18\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.55\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.36\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Happiness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.30\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. PWB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.21\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.83\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.63\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.69\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.28\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eFemale = 1, Male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eRural = 1, Urban\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214; PWB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Psychological well-being\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInsert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003earound here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, mindfulness predicted subjective entrepreneurial success (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.852, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [.671, 1.033]). However, the direct effects on the well-being outcomes were significant for psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.550, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [.452, .648]) but not for happiness. These results support hypotheses 1 and 2b. Hypothesis three concerns the mediation effects of subjective entrepreneurial success in the relationship between mindfulness and well-being outcomes. The results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that subjective entrepreneurial success was positively associated with both outcomes: happiness (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.327, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [.126, .528]) and psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.219, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [.156, .281]). The significant index of moderated mediation suggests that subjective entrepreneurial success mediated the effects of mindfulness on happiness (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.290, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [-.486, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.117]) and psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.194, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [-.272, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.126]). These mediation effects are confirmed by the Sobel test results for happiness (\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.030, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.092, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003) and psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.792, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.032, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Therefore, hypotheses 3a and 3b are supported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of the moderated mediation regression analysis for the effects of mindfulness and grit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"18\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredictors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective entrepreneurial success\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHappiness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.600\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of settlement\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational attainment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrior business experience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.350\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective entrepreneurial success\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness x Grit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.886\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.681\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.508, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(8, 205)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.424, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.161, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(9, 204)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.356, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.801, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(9, 204)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90.944, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.173, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 205)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72.072, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 204)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.623, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e∆R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 204)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.698, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConditional direct effects at levels of grit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow grit (mean \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.641\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.545\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate grit (mean)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh grit (mean\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.364\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.714\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.611\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConditional indirect effects at levels of grit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoot SE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoot 95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoot SE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoot 95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow grit (mean \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.805\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate grit (mean)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh grit (mean\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndex of moderated mediation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoot SE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoot 95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoot SE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoot 95% CIs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"18\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eFemale = 1, Male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eRural = 1, Urban\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;214; \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Unstandardized effects\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypotheses 4\u0026ndash;6 concern the direct and conditional effects of grit on subjective entrepreneurial success and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. The results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that grit was positively associated with only psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.155, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [.076, .234]). Therefore, hypotheses 4a and 4b are not supported, while hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec is supported. The interactive effects visualized in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e as well as the conditional direct effects in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e reveal that there are small differences in the effects of mindfulness on happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs at the different levels of grit. However, the moderation effects were significant only for subjective entrepreneurial success (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.886, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, \u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e [-1.092, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.681]). These interactive effects on entrepreneurial success are visualized in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Therefore, hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea is supported, while hypotheses 5b and 5c are not supported. Nonetheless, the results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e further show that grit moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on both well-being outcomes, supporting hypotheses 6a and 6b, as reflected in the significant indices of moderated mediation. The conditional indirect effects show that mindfulness had substantially higher effects on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs at the low levels of grit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInsert\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003earound here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInsert\u003c/em\u003e Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003earound here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe forced migration process that refugees go through disrupts many aspects of life, including social and economic realities, causing a significant impact on well-being. Integrating refugees into the host community\u0026rsquo;s socioeconomic setup remains critical to the well-being of refugees. In recent years, there has been increased attention to refugee entrepreneurship as a viable pathway to the successful socioeconomic integration of refugees, while promoting their overall well-being. Thus, refugees engage in entrepreneurship for reasons beyond attaining financial outcomes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the non-economic factors facilitating the attainment of non-financial outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs. Using survey data from 214 refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda, we found that mindfulness and grit are two positive psychological attributes that combine to determine subjective entrepreneurial success, consequently resulting in happiness and psychological well-being. These results highlight the role of positive psychological attributes in entrepreneurial success and well-being and reveal the importance of achieving non-financial business outcomes in strengthening the well-being of refugee entrepreneurs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur results suggest that mindfulness and grit may predict subjective entrepreneurial success. Extant research shows the importance of these psychological attributes to general entrepreneurial success(Mooradian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Mueller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Sauer \u0026amp; Kohls, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and specifically to objective measures of entrepreneurial success such as firm performance, growth, and financial outcomes (Bittencourt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Charoensukmongkol, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rerup, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The present study demonstrates that these effects extend to subjective measures of entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs. These attributes have also been found to be important to people\u0026rsquo;s success in various domains, including academics, sports, and work (Firth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kroon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Tebourski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, mindfulness and grit may not only be important for successful integration into the economic space through entrepreneurship, but also necessary for successful integration in various socioeconomic aspects of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth mindfulness and grit had significant direct effects on the psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs, but not on their overall happiness. Mindfulness is a known protective resource that boosts mental health and well-being (Enkema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, our findings reinforce existing literature highlighting that gritty individuals are likely to experience higher levels of well-being and low levels of psychological distress (He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Lan \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Salles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings suggest that both mindfulness and grit are essential to the psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The practice of mindfulness enables individuals to focus non-judgmentally on their present-moment experiences, which results in more effective emotional regulation and reduced distress. This is essential for refugees, most of whom tend to have traumatic experiences that would otherwise hinder focus on the present, resulting in greater distress. In addition, from an entrepreneurial perspective, the practice of mindfulness is likely to enable refugee entrepreneurs to handle the daily tasks and stressors of running a business more adaptively, thereby enhancing their psychological well-being. The qualities of perseverance and passion for long-term goals make grit an essential concept in understanding resilience and achieving goals, and consequently, important for overall well-being. Thus, gritty refugee entrepreneurs are likely to have higher resilience and business goals achievement, improving not only their entrepreneurial success but also their well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective entrepreneurial success was associated with both well-being outcomes. Individuals engage in entrepreneurship for various reasons, which, if fulfilled, contribute not only to the evaluation of success but also to the happiness and well-being of entrepreneurs. Engagement in entrepreneurial activities is associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and consequently, psychological well-being (Shir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tisu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). For refugees, engagement in entrepreneurial activities may be driven by a lack of employment opportunities, the desire to earn income for survival and self-reliance, and the need for economic participation or to contribute to the host community (L\u0026aring;ng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Nascimento \u0026amp; Pureza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Newman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Satisfying these needs is an indicator of a refugee entrepreneur\u0026rsquo;s success, and it also contributes to their overall happiness and well-being. Our results further reveal that subjective entrepreneurial success mediated the effect of mindfulness on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The effects of mindfulness on the happiness of refugee entrepreneurs appear to be fully mediated by subjective entrepreneurial success, suggesting that mindfulness activates happiness among refugee entrepreneurs through its impact on subjective entrepreneurial success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrit moderates the effects of mindfulness on subjective entrepreneurial success, as well as the indirect effects of mindfulness on the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. Therefore, grit is not only a determinant of entrepreneurial success and well-being variables but also an important factor that conditions the effects of mindfulness on success and well-being. These findings suggest that possessing high levels of mindfulness and grit is beneficial for the perception of success and, consequently, for the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. It is important to note from the results that mindfulness tends to have more substantial indirect effects on both happiness and psychological well-being (via entrepreneurial success) at lower levels of grit. Hence, mindfulness plays a significant role in success and well-being outcomes when refugee entrepreneurs are not gritty. Similarly, grit may be essential for success when refugee entrepreneurs lack strong levels of mindfulness. Overcoming the daily distress of living conditions in resource-constrained refugee settlements and the challenges associated with doing business requires mental strengths and resilience, including mindfulness (He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Roche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and grit (He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Lan \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings have some \u003cb\u003eimplications for practice\u003c/b\u003e. First, the results offer valuable insights into the role of subjective entrepreneurial success in the happiness and psychological wellbeing of refugee entrepreneurs. While it is essential to focus on objective success, as it is important for the sustainability and growth of entrepreneurial activities, it is also crucial to pay attention to subjective outcomes (Baron et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), as they determine the passion with which the entrepreneur performs business activities, resilience, and persistence. The subjective outcomes define the reasons underlying the efforts of refugee entrepreneurs, and their attainment is essential to their happiness and wellbeing. Therefore, refugee entrepreneurship promotion intervention should focus not only on the objective but also subjective outcomes as measures of success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, the findings reveal that the combination of mindfulness and grit substantially enhances entrepreneurial success, thereby fostering happiness and psychological well-being. Mindfulness helps refugee entrepreneurs focus on their entrepreneurial goals, experience lower stress, boosts improvisational behavior, and enhances their satisfaction with the business (Ar\u0026aacute;nega et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Charoensukmongkol, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kelly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Grit enables entrepreneurs to remain focused on their objectives and persevere in the face of challenges (Bittencourt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003eb; Mueller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; M. Wolfe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This synergy of positive attributes enables refugee entrepreneurs not only to navigate the challenges of doing business in unfamiliar host settings but also to achieve their goals, thereby boosting success, happiness, and overall well-being. Refugee training programmes, therefore, need to incorporate modules that foster mindfulness and grit. Several mindfulness-based interventions have been developed (Creswell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kabat-Zinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003b\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zoogman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR128\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) that can be integrated in training of refugee entrepreneurs. These will not only boost their mental health and psychological functioning, but also their entrepreneurial performance. Similarly, grit can be improved through specific interventions. Strategies that build soft skills, such as resilience and self-efficacy, are also employed to develop grit (Calo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hwang \u0026amp; Nam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zappala-Piemme et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, individuals and organizations offering coaching and mentorship opportunities for refugee entrepreneurs should guide them in developing mindfulness practices and cultivating a strong sense of resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study had some \u003cb\u003elimitations\u003c/b\u003e that should be considered when using our results. The generalizability of our results is challenged by the limited scope of refugees involved in the study. The study primarily focused on the population of refugee entrepreneurs from South Sudan and Somalia. Whereas the majority of refugees hosted in Uganda are from these two countries, Uganda also hosts a substantial population of refugees from other neighboring countries. Given that cultural and contextual factors influence both entrepreneurial process success (Dileo \u0026amp; Garc\u0026iacute;a Pereiro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Patel \u0026amp; Selvaraj, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Schulte-Holthaus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) as well as happiness and well-being (Grossi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Stewart \u0026amp; Townley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), future studies could focus on a broader population of refugee entrepreneurs and consider a wider range of contexts. For contextual variations, cross-country studies could be useful to generate robust findings that can be used for policy and interventions for refugees from or living in differing contexts. Second, the study uses data collected using self-report measures, hence common methods bias and social desirability cannot be ruled out (Fuller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; McDonald, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Given that mindfulness and grit can be improved using certain interventions, experimental methods could be useful to investigate their impact on refugee entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial outcomes. Third, the context of the study is resource-constrained settlements in a low-income country. Some of the settlements are in secluded rural districts. Hence, the majority of the participants were refugees owning small businesses. Whereas may be serving the purposes for which they are established, mostly survival needs, future research could provide more robust findings by including population of refugees living in less precarious conditions and owning larger businesses. The current results may best be applied to refugee entrepreneurs operating in economically constrained environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper highlights the significance of mindfulness and grit in fostering successful refugee entrepreneurship within resource-constrained refugee settlements in a low-income country. The existing literature indicates that each of these positive psychological attributes is crucial to the entrepreneurial process and to achieving entrepreneurial success. However, without considering the context of refugee entrepreneurs in precarious economic conditions, the understanding of how to apply these concepts in promoting refugee entrepreneurship may be limited. In addition, the current study highlights the combined effects of grit and mindfulness as attributes that guide focus on entrepreneurial goals, resilience, and persistence in attaining these goals, thereby fostering entrepreneurial success. In this study, we focus particularly on the subjective success, and consequently, the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. The results indicate that the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit substantially explained entrepreneurial success. Particularly, mindfulness is crucial for subjective entrepreneurial success for refugee entrepreneurs with low levels of grit. In addition, grit also moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on happiness and psychological wellbeing via subjective entrepreneurial success. Overall, the findings suggest that enhancing grit and practicing mindfulness among refugee entrepreneurs can boost entrepreneurial success and improve psychological outcomes of entrepreneurial engagement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was supported by the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund (Mak-RIF) - RIF1/CHUSS/003\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical Approval Statement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study received ethical clearance from the Makerere University Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Clearance No. MAKSS REC 03.20.393). The ethical issues were addressed in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData used for this paper is available on zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16395695\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were presented with consent forms to sign. The consent forms included details of the study, its purpose, selection criteria, risks and benefits involved, confidentiality and voluntariness of participation, compensation information, and information regarding ethical clearance. Participants were requested to sign under the following statement:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI have read the above information or had it read to me. I have received answers to the questions I have asked. I consent to participate in this research. I am at least \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Trial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHuman Ethics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, and protection were maintained following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.M.B. conceptualized the study and developed the manuscript. R.B. participated in data collection and analysis. S.K. edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdul Waheed, K., Laeequddin, M., \u0026amp; Sahay, V. (2024). Bridging the gap between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior: examining the role of mindfulness. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Small Business and Enterprise Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(1), 109\u0026ndash;124. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-03-2023-0132/FULL/PDF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1108/JSBED-03-2023-0132/FULL/PDF\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgrawal, D., Chukkali, S., \u0026amp; Singh, S. (2022). 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Mindfulness Interventions with Youth: A Meta-Analysis. \u003cem\u003eMindfulness\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 290\u0026ndash;302. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0260-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s12671-013-0260-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Grit, happiness, mindfulness, refugees, psychological well-being, subjective entrepreneurial success","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEntrepreneurs face numerous risks and challenging situations in their work that dwindle their psychological well-being. However, entrepreneurs tend to be happier, partly as a result of their psychological attributes and satisfaction that comes from attaining entrepreneurial goals. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether refugee entrepreneurs in precarious living and economic conditions could be happy and what psychological factors could contribute to their success and happiness. In this study, we consider the interactive effects of mindfulness and grit on the entrepreneurial success, happiness, and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs in a low-income country. We conducted a survey of 214 refugee entrepreneurs in three large refugee settlements in Uganda and tested our assumptions using a moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS Macro. Our results indicate that subjective entrepreneurial success was strongly related to the happiness and psychological well-being of refugee entrepreneurs. Whereas mindfulness had significant direct effects on subjective entrepreneurial success, grit did not. However, they had strong interactive effects on subjective entrepreneurial success. Although grit did not influence the direct relationship between mindfulness and happiness or psychological well-being, the results indicated that grit moderated the indirect effects of mindfulness on these outcomes via subjective entrepreneurial success. The moderation analysis indicates that mindfulness is crucial for entrepreneurial success among refugee entrepreneurs with low levels of grit. The results suggest that enhancing refugee entrepreneurs\u0026rsquo; practice of mindfulness and grit may be essential for achieving entrepreneurial success and positive psychological outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mindfulness, grit, and well-being outcomes among refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda: The mediating role of subjective entrepreneurial success","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-05 14:50:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7200833/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2971b052-ab17-476f-af4c-b90d836ed7b5","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-05T14:50:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-05 14:50:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7200833","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7200833","identity":"rs-7200833","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}