Modeling Tick-Borne Zoonoses with Multi-Host and Multi-Vector Transmission Dynamics

Modeling Tick-Borne Zoonoses with Multi-Host and Multi-Vector Transmission Dynamics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Modeling Tick-Borne Zoonoses with Multi-Host and Multi-Vector Transmission Dynamics Faraji Mohamed Tiraga, Tosin Samuel Osikoya, Kayode Oshinubi, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6850129/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tick-borne zoonotic diseases pose a growing threat to public health, especially in regions where ecological and climatic conditions favor tick proliferation and pathogen persistence. This study presents a novel compartmental model that captures the complex interactions between humans, animals, and tick vectors in the transmission of a tick-borne disease. The model incorporates five distinct transmission pathways: tick-to-human, animal-to-animal, animal-to-tick, tick-to-animal, and non-viraemic (co-feeding) transmission among ticks. Additional biological features include transovarial transmission in ticks and permanent immunity in recovered animal hosts, while human hosts can be re-infected and infected ticks are assumed to remain infectious for their short lifespan. We derive analytical expressions for the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) and determine conditions for disease persistence and eradication. Through scenario-based simulations, we explore the influence of ecological and behavioral parameters—such as host interactions and contact behavior—on disease spread. Our results underscore the importance of targeting both vector and host populations in integrated control strategies and provide a flexible framework adaptable to a variety of tick-borne disease systems. Tick-borne diseases deterministic model Scenario analysis Tick-host interactions mathematical epidemiology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6850129","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491034714,"identity":"b7a95fc0-9ede-4579-9f25-023df784ddb1","order_by":0,"name":"Faraji Mohamed Tiraga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dodoma","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Faraji","middleName":"Mohamed","lastName":"Tiraga","suffix":""},{"id":491034715,"identity":"6ea7434f-ab1a-413b-bce2-1edfde805194","order_by":1,"name":"Tosin Samuel Osikoya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Munich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tosin","middleName":"Samuel","lastName":"Osikoya","suffix":""},{"id":491034716,"identity":"666ff67d-49d7-490c-989e-a65a18f40cc6","order_by":2,"name":"Kayode Oshinubi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHoYDDAwHeCTYG4AcAwtStPAcAGmRIE4LEBxgkJBIADGI0MLPf/bg4cK2OzKSM59f3fCjQIKBv707Aa8WyRl5CYdntj3jkZbOKbvZA3SYxJmzG/BqMbjBY3CYt+0wj5x0ThqQLQH0Ti4BLefPQLVInkm7+YcoLQdyIFqkJdiP3SbKFskZQC08557xSPbksN2WMZDgIegXfv4zxp95yu7YSxw//uzmmz82cvztvfi1IAEeAzBJrHIQYH9AiupRMApGwSgYQQAAmrlHGBzm/QYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Black in Mathematics Association","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kayode","middleName":"","lastName":"Oshinubi","suffix":""},{"id":491034717,"identity":"9e8c26df-d7df-4df1-a0a7-2845e076255d","order_by":3,"name":"Sefinat Bola Jaiyeola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Hikmah University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sefinat","middleName":"Bola","lastName":"Jaiyeola","suffix":""},{"id":491034718,"identity":"160b0ef5-e497-4551-98b0-3ec058516c64","order_by":4,"name":"Michael Ojodomo Okone","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas A\u0026M University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"Ojodomo","lastName":"Okone","suffix":""},{"id":491034719,"identity":"50e1aa9a-91a0-43a4-b231-a4092b1e2d57","order_by":5,"name":"Nebeolisa Ernest Onwuneme","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of L'Aquila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nebeolisa","middleName":"Ernest","lastName":"Onwuneme","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-09 03:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6850129/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6850129/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87688637,"identity":"62b77db9-2e5e-4c88-90ce-c63853c421bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-28 03:34:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":544263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tickbornedisease12.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6850129/v1_covered_c9c1a3db-7dc0-4077-9998-5274d87ed22c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eModeling Tick-Borne Zoonoses with Multi-Host and Multi-Vector Transmission Dynamics\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tick-borne diseases, deterministic model, Scenario analysis, Tick-host interactions, mathematical epidemiology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6850129/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6850129/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Tick-borne zoonotic diseases pose a growing threat to public health, especially in regions where ecological and climatic conditions favor tick proliferation and pathogen persistence. 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