The effects of broadband elicitor duration on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and a psychoacoustic measure of gain reduction

The effects of broadband elicitor duration on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and a psychoacoustic measure of gain reduction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effects of broadband elicitor duration on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and a psychoacoustic measure of gain reduction William B. Salloom, Hari Bharadwaj, Elizabeth A. Strickland This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Purpose: Measures of the human medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) typically rely on long duration (>100 ms) or continuously presented broadband elicitors. MOCR gain reduction measured by otoacoustic emissions (OAE) exhibits multiple time constants, including in the hundreds of milliseconds, when elicited by broadband noise. Psychoacoustic studies of gain reduction have largely adopted these elicitor characteristics, but less is known about how broadband elicitor duration affects auditory perception. Additionally, the literature on the relationship between psychoacoustic and OAE measures of gain reduction has yielded mixed results, which is counterintuitive if both measures reflect the same mechanism. In this study, the effects of ipsilateral broadband elicitor duration were evaluated using forward masking psychoacoustic and transient-evoked OAE (TEOAE) paradigms in individuals with normal hearing (N = 19; m = 7, f = 12). Methods: Ipsilateral pink broadband noise was used as the elicitor in both experiments, presented at 50 dB SPL (50-800 ms) for the psychoacoustic measures and 50 dB FPL (50-400 ms) for the TEOAE measures. Gain reduction was quantified as the change in signal threshold (2 kHz) and the change in TEOAE level (1/3 rd -octave band centered at 2 kHz) with and without the presence of the elicitor. Results: The average time constants for psychoacoustic and TEOAE gain reduction were similarly short (<100 ms), with near-maximal effects observed for elicitor durations of 200 ms. However, individual comparisons of TEOAE and psychoacoustic gain reduction revealed mixed results. Potential factors contributing to this discrepancy are discussed. Conclusion: The human MOCR reduces cochlear gain on relatively short time scales (<100 ms) with ipsilateral broadband elicitors. Psychoacoustics Otoacoustic Emissions Medial Olivocochlear Reflex Auditory Masking Cochlea Gain Reduction Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFile1SupplementaryFigure1.png Supplementary File 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Schematic of gain reduction effects induced by the elicitor for each listening condition, illustrated using cochlear IO functions. Solid lines represent responses to the behavioral signal (denoted by bold S) or the TEOAE probe (denoted by bold P) within a cochlear filter centered at or near the signal/probe frequency. Responses with gain reduction are indicated by dashed lines positioned directly beneath the corresponding solid lines. A double-headed yellow arrow on the y-axis represents the threshold signal-to-masker ratio, which is assumed to remain constant across conditions. Psychoacoustic conditions are shown in panels A and B, which depict the off-frequency and on-frequency conditions, respectively, while panel C illustrates the no-masker condition. Panel D represents the TEOAE condition. The psychoacoustic signal and OAE probe are fixed on the lower linear portion of the IO function. The psychoacoustic conditions represent the horizontal displacement on the IO function while the OAE condition represents the vertical displacement on the IO function. Absolute thresholds are indicated by gray dashed horizontal lines in each panel. SupplementaryFile2SupplementaryTable1.pdf Supplementary File 2 TABLE S1. Individual subjects’ signal, masker, and masked thresholds for the conditions tested in the current study. Quiet thresholds served as the baseline threshold for the masker absent task and were used to determine the on- and off-frequency masker levels that shifted the signal by 5 dB. These on- and off-frequency masker levels were then fixed, and the signal thresholds for both on- and off-frequency conditions are reported here (i.e., the masker present baseline). Note that each subject’s on- and off-frequency masked signal thresholds were always within 3 dB of one another, indicating equivalent masking of the signal. Each subject’s gain estimate at the signal frequency was calculated by taking the difference in masked threshold between the off-frequency and on-frequency masked conditions when the signal was fixed at 5 dB SL. SupplementaryFile3SupplementaryFigure2.pdf Supplementary File 3 Supplementary Figure 2. TEOAE-induced phase shifts (ΔTEOAE p ) as a function of elicitor duration. Individual subject data are shown as open circles connected by thin colored lines, while the average across subjects is shown by a thick purple line. Error bars on the averaged data reflect the standard error of the mean (SEM). Elicitor duration is plotted on the x-axis, and ΔTEOAEp (in degrees) is plotted on the y-axis. A negative phase shift indicates a phase lag, while a positive shift indicates a phase lead. A linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to examine whether elicitor duration predicted changes in ΔTEOAE p , the elicitor-induced phase shift in the TEOAE waveform. The model was specified as ΔTEOAE p ~ Elicitor Duration + (1 | Subject), with ΔTEOAE p as the dependent variable and Elicitor Duration entered as a categorical fixed effect with four levels (50, 100, 200, and 400 ms). A random intercept was included to account for subject-level variability. Prior to model fitting, two subjects (S5 and S7) were removed using a “leave-one-out” and “leave-two-out” strategy based on their influence on residuals and violation of interquartile range criteria across conditions. The final analysis included 17 subjects ( n = 17). An ANOVA on the fixed effects (Type II Wald F-tests with Kenward-Roger degrees of freedom) revealed that elicitor duration failed to reach statistical significance, F (3, 48) = 2.41, p = 0.078. However, the variance associated with the random effect of subject (σ² = 2.76) exceeded the residual variance (σ² = 2.44), indicating substantial individual variability beyond within-subject error. See sections in the paper for interquartile range inclusion (Experiment 1) and LMM statistical parameterization (Comparisons of physiological and psychoacoustic measures of gain reduction). Although the fixed effect of elicitor duration was not statistically significant, the averaged ΔTEOAE p data showed a small, monotonic trend toward increasing phase lead with longer elicitor durations, ranging from approximately ~0.7° at 50 ms to ~2.3° at 400 ms. This group-level trend was relatively subtle and remained consistent with and without the excluded outliers. However, individual responses varied considerably, with some subjects exhibiting little or no change in phase, while others showed clear phase lags or leads. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6753082","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":465196588,"identity":"4e278b4c-d898-4ea8-9d89-337ccea43bd5","order_by":0,"name":"William B. 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Strickland","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0118-764X","institution":"Purdue University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elizabeth","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Strickland","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-26 17:57:20","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89063855,"identity":"98bf33b7-755c-4e48-ac69-6cc664df3d5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 10:08:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1628127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"JARO2025Salloommanuscriptresearchsqv2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6753082/v2_covered_3f0827fd-48f7-4413-89d3-f668c7900c61.pdf"},{"id":88925364,"identity":"05fd52b8-6382-49fa-80f2-855cbf24ea8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 18:43:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":117796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary File 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Figure 1. Schematic of gain reduction effects induced by the elicitor for each listening condition, illustrated using cochlear IO functions. Solid lines represent responses to the behavioral signal (denoted by bold S) or the TEOAE probe (denoted by bold P) within a cochlear filter centered at or near the signal/probe frequency. Responses with gain reduction are indicated by dashed lines positioned directly beneath the corresponding solid lines. A double-headed yellow arrow on the y-axis represents the threshold signal-to-masker ratio, which is assumed to remain constant across conditions. Psychoacoustic conditions are shown in panels A and B, which depict the off-frequency and on-frequency conditions, respectively, while panel C illustrates the no-masker condition. Panel D represents the TEOAE condition. The psychoacoustic signal and OAE probe are fixed on the lower linear portion of the IO function. \u0026nbsp;The psychoacoustic conditions represent the horizontal displacement on the IO function while the OAE condition represents the vertical displacement on the IO function. Absolute thresholds are indicated by gray dashed horizontal lines in each panel.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile1SupplementaryFigure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6753082/v2/af16ecd76fb8ecbc6c559104.png"},{"id":88925523,"identity":"25071e5f-7642-4a19-a4d9-503e9333b579","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 18:51:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":32590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary File 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTABLE S1. Individual subjects’ signal, masker, and masked thresholds for the conditions tested in the current study. Quiet thresholds served as the baseline threshold for the masker absent task and were used to determine the on- and off-frequency masker levels that shifted the signal by 5 dB. These on- and off-frequency masker levels were then fixed, and the signal thresholds for both on- and off-frequency conditions are reported here (i.e., the masker present baseline). Note that each subject’s on- and off-frequency masked signal thresholds were always within 3 dB of one another, indicating equivalent masking of the signal. Each subject’s gain estimate at the signal frequency was calculated by taking the difference in masked threshold between the off-frequency and on-frequency masked conditions when the signal was fixed at 5 dB SL.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile2SupplementaryTable1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6753082/v2/1525cb927409b7281fcf44bd.pdf"},{"id":88925361,"identity":"5278fa3c-b1cf-479e-bb25-b29d3e0e09fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 18:43:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":61982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary File 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Figure 2. TEOAE-induced phase shifts (ΔTEOAE\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e) as a function of elicitor duration. Individual subject data are shown as open circles connected by thin colored lines, while the average across subjects is shown by a thick purple line. Error bars on the averaged data reflect the standard error of the mean (SEM). Elicitor duration is plotted on the x-axis, and ΔTEOAEp (in degrees) is plotted on the y-axis. A negative phase shift indicates a phase lag, while a positive shift indicates a phase lead. A linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to examine whether elicitor duration predicted changes in ΔTEOAE\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e, the elicitor-induced phase shift in the TEOAE waveform. The model was specified as ΔTEOAE\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e ~ Elicitor Duration + (1 | Subject), with ΔTEOAE\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e as the dependent variable and \u003cem\u003eElicitor Duration\u003c/em\u003e entered as a categorical fixed effect with four levels (50, 100, 200, and 400 ms). A random intercept was included to account for subject-level variability. Prior to model fitting, two subjects (S5 and S7) were removed using a “leave-one-out” and “leave-two-out” strategy based on their influence on residuals and violation of interquartile range criteria across conditions. The final analysis included 17 subjects (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 17). An ANOVA on the fixed effects (Type II Wald F-tests with Kenward-Roger degrees of freedom) revealed that elicitor duration failed to reach statistical significance, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 48) = 2.41, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.078. However, the variance associated with the random effect of subject (σ² = 2.76) exceeded the residual variance (σ² = 2.44), indicating substantial individual variability beyond within-subject error. See sections in the paper for interquartile range inclusion (Experiment 1) and LMM statistical parameterization (Comparisons of physiological and psychoacoustic measures of gain reduction). Although the fixed effect of elicitor duration was not statistically significant, the averaged ΔTEOAE\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e data showed a small, monotonic trend toward increasing phase lead with longer elicitor durations, ranging from approximately ~0.7° at 50 ms to ~2.3° at 400 ms. This group-level trend was relatively subtle and remained consistent with and without the excluded outliers. However, individual responses varied considerably, with some subjects exhibiting little or no change in phase, while others showed clear phase lags or leads.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile3SupplementaryFigure2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6753082/v2/57d35ac40843b970364c795e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"The effects of broadband elicitor duration on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and a psychoacoustic measure of gain reduction","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"37ac646f-1ee0-4d12-be3a-8e2b66327168","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"T32-DC016853","order_by":0},{"identity":"7b4ed1df-9aec-4632-a40e-c515e00ecce8","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"R01-DC008327","order_by":1},{"identity":"1fa3d3f1-97f4-49aa-9a29-97f9523bc846","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"R01-DC015989","order_by":2},{"identity":"4db548fc-514f-4576-beb4-b65995785708","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"T32-DC00975","order_by":3},{"identity":"0e2e2955-d6b1-42aa-9605-c9f735a9038a","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"R01-DC00368","order_by":4},{"identity":"5e06a928-4479-4fd3-81a2-c85836944905","identifier":"10.13039/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","awardNumber":"F32-DC021862","order_by":5}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Purdue University West Lafayette","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Psychoacoustics, Otoacoustic Emissions, Medial Olivocochlear Reflex, Auditory Masking, Cochlea, Gain Reduction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePurpose: Measures of the human medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) typically rely on long duration (\u0026gt;100 ms) or continuously presented broadband elicitors. MOCR gain reduction measured by otoacoustic emissions (OAE) exhibits multiple time constants, including in the hundreds of milliseconds, when elicited by broadband noise. Psychoacoustic studies of gain reduction have largely adopted these elicitor characteristics, but less is known about how broadband elicitor duration affects auditory perception. Additionally, the literature on the relationship between psychoacoustic and OAE measures of gain reduction has yielded mixed results, which is counterintuitive if both measures reflect the same mechanism. In this study, the effects of ipsilateral broadband elicitor duration were evaluated using forward masking psychoacoustic and transient-evoked OAE (TEOAE) paradigms in individuals with normal hearing (N = 19; m = 7, f = 12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods: Ipsilateral pink broadband noise was used as the elicitor in both experiments, presented at 50 dB SPL (50-800 ms) for the psychoacoustic measures and 50 dB FPL (50-400 ms) for the TEOAE measures. Gain reduction was quantified as the change in signal threshold (2 kHz) and the change in TEOAE level (1/3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e-octave band centered at 2 kHz) with and without the presence of the elicitor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: The average time constants for psychoacoustic and TEOAE gain reduction were similarly short (\u0026lt;100 ms), with near-maximal effects observed for elicitor durations of 200 ms. However, individual comparisons of TEOAE and psychoacoustic gain reduction revealed mixed results. Potential factors contributing to this discrepancy are discussed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion: The human MOCR reduces cochlear gain on relatively short time scales (\u0026lt;100 ms) with ipsilateral broadband elicitors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effects of broadband elicitor duration on transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions and a psychoacoustic measure of gain reduction","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-08-12 18:43:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":2}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-02 11:06:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6753082/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f451a08-aea5-4ea6-8563-40c8e3686063","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T11:06:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 18:43:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-6753082","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6753082","identity":"rs-6753082","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}