Influence of Support System on Country Bean Production during summer season

Influence of Support System on Country Bean Production during summer season | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of Support System on Country Bean Production during summer season Rabeya Khatun, Md. Shahidul Islam, Biswojit Debnath, Borna Das Poly, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Country bean ( Lablab purpureus L.) is a valuable leguminous vegetable crop with nutritional and economic significance in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study was to evaluate the performance of three photo-insensitive country bean genotypes, namely Sikribi Sheem-1 (V1), Sikribi Sheem-2 (V2) and SB003 (V3), which were grown under three different support systems called horizontal trellis (S1), vertical trellis (staking, S2) and sloped trellis (A-shaped trellis, S3). The results showed that internode length varied significantly among treatments, with Sikribi Sheem-1 under vertical trellis (17.57 cm) exhibiting the greatest length, indicating increased canopy spread and photosynthetic efficiency. However, other vegetative features showed insignificant variation. Flowering occurred earliest in Sikribi Sheem-1 under an A-shaped frame (40.00 days) and latest under a horizontal trellis (45.67 days). Genotype support interaction significantly influenced pod number per plant and pod yield. The highest values were recorded in Sikribi Sheem-1 under vertical trellis (288.83 pods per plant and 1.34 kg per plant), whereas SB003 under staking and A-shaped frame produced the longest pods (9.93 and 9.80 cm) and highest dry matter (22.30%). Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among pod yield, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, and pod morphology, highlighting the critical factors for high productivity. Then, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) split growth, physiological, and yield-contributing traits into distinct groups, explaining 62.8% of total variation, whereas heatmap clustering illustrated co-association patterns among traits and treatments. These findings demonstrate that Sikribi Sheem-1 with vertical trellis or staking is the most effective combination for optimizing plant architecture, enhancing assimilate partitioning, improving canopy efficiency, and providing an effective, low-cost strategy to maximize yield and pod quality of climbing country bean under summer cultivation. Support system Trellis system Country Bean Fiber contents (%) Dry matter (%) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The popular name of country bean ( Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) is lablab bean or dolichos bean. We Bengalis called it "Sheem". It belongs to the family Fabaceae and to the subfamily Papilionoideae (Naeem et al., 2023 ). Green pods and seeds are excellent sources of protein. Among other legume vegetables in Bangladesh and worldwide, country bean ranked first (Suborna et al., 2024 ). It is a self-pollinating crop, and its chromosome numbers are 2n = 20, 22, and 24. It has numerous synonyms, including Dolichos bean, hyacinth bean, lablab bean, Indian bean, faba bean, and labia bean (Nisha et al., 2021 ). Due to its photosensitivity, it is cultivated during the winter season in Bangladesh (Shibli et al., 2021 ). It is the third-most widely grown vegetable in Bangladesh's central and southwest regions, after taro and eggplant. In Bangladesh, green pods are primarily available during the winter season (Rahman et al., 2022 ). As a nutritious crop, they are equally essential in the summer season. Researchers made an effort and succeeded in developing photo-insensitive country bean genotypes that will meet consumer demand during the summer season (Kumar, 2023 ). There are specific photo- and thermo-insensitive country bean varieties best suited for summer, developed by the Olericulture division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. To develop suitable country bean varieties for monsoon cultivation, the BRAC Agricultural Research & Development Center (BARDC) launched a summer country bean development project in 2002. So far, five lines of summer country beans have been established: Borsha, Usha, Broad purple fruit, Broad green fruit, and Maya (Rakibuzzaman et al., 2024 ; Pathy et al., 2025 ). These lines are becoming increasingly popular in Bangladesh's commercial agricultural areas due to their resistance to heat and viruses. These seasonal constraints also led to the development of photo-insensitive country bean genotypes named Sikribi Sheem-1 and Sikribi Sheem-2 (Emon et al., 2025 ). Country beans are common annual and perennial leguminous vegetables in Bangladesh and worldwide, with traits such as twining, creeping, or bushy growth. In Bangladesh, dried seeds are favored as a pulse, whereas green pods are still consumed as vegetables (Punniyamoorthy et al., 2025). The crop plays a significant role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation, contributing to soil fertility and sustainable agriculture. In addition, it has potential medicinal value and may be utilized in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Country bean contains about 20–28% protein, including essential amino acids. It is a versatile crop with twining, creeping, or bushy growth habits and is widely cultivated as both an annual and a perennial vegetable in Bangladesh and worldwide (Khan et al., 2018 ; Shahrajabian et al., 2022 ). Vine begins to lodge when it reaches a length of more than 30 cm. For this reason, researchers recommend setting out support from early on (Savita, 2023 ). Branch growth and yield are decreased considerably in the absence of support. That is why bamboos are used as a support, such as bamboo matcha (trellis) and plant branches (Basak et al., 2021 ). To be considered a sound plant support system, it must meet the following criteria. It should be robust enough to withstand the plant's weight until harvest and be able to utilize as much light, space, and moisture as possible. Crop yields can be increased several times when prefabricated plant supports, such as trellises and stakes, are used. For more precise information, further research on these genotypes with different support systems, such as trellis, staking, slop trellis, ring trellis, etc., should be conducted (Ghislain et al., 2019 ; Ferraro-Fanning, A., 2023 ). There is insufficient information to understand the impact of varying support structures on the increase in country bean yield. To increase bean production per unit area, the support system may need to be standardized. Based on the above perspective, the present study was designed to assess the growth, yield, and physiological traits of summer country bean genotypes and to examine the influence of different support systems on these traits. Materials and Methods Experimental Site and Duration The research work was conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Sylhet-3100, Sylhet, Bangladesh, which is under the Agro-ecological Zone − 20: Northern and Eastern piedmont Plain (Tsuda, 2012 ). The experiment was conducted from April to October, 2023. The soil was loamy, well-drained, with a pH of 6.5–6.8 (FAO & UNDP, 2001), 1.2% organic matter, and nutrient content determined by standard soil analysis methods (Hossain, 2009). The site is located in the North-Eastern part of Bangladesh, lying between 23°57' to 25°13′ North latitude and 90°56′ to 92°21′ East latitude (Rahman et al., 2020 ). Plant Materials and Treatments The three country bean genotypes used in the experiment were Sikribi Sheem-1, Sikribi Sheem-2, and SB003. The planting material, country bean seeds, was collected from the Department of Horticulture lab of Sylhet Agricultural University. Three support systems were evaluated: (i) horizontal trellis (Net), (ii) vertical trellis/staking (Bamboo head), and (iii) A-shaped frame (sloped trellis). The experiment was laid out in a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Twenty-seven plots were made for the experiment with an area of 23 m × 8m (184 m²). The unit plot size was 2m × 2m, and each plot was used as a bed. A double row and four pits characterized each bed. The plant-to-plant distance was 1 m, and the row-to-row distance was 1m (Fig. 1 ). A 50 cm drain was laid out between the beds within each block to drain out the excess water. A 50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm pit was dug 10 days prior to seed sowing. Cow dung, MoP, TSP and Zn were applied in the pit seven days prior to seeding. The pit was arranged 10 cm above the soil surface to facilitate adequate drainage. On April 15, 2023, the four seeds of Sikribi Sheem-1, Sikribi Sheem-2, and SB003 of each genotype were directly sown in each pit. To encourage healthy seed germination, watering was performed shortly after sowing. In each pit, only healthy plants were permitted to develop after the seedlings were established. So, each plot carried four plants. Data collection and Statistical Analysis Vine length (cm), terminal leaflet length and breadth (cm), petiole length (cm), and internode length (cm) were measured at 30–45 DAS using a measuring tape. Data collection involved obtaining SPAD readings from a SPAD meter at three distinct sites on a single leaf, then recording the average value for each plant. Days to first flowering and days to first harvest were recorded from sowing until the appearance of the first flower and first mature pod, respectively. Number of pods per plant, individual pod weight (g), pod yield per plant (kg), pod length and breadth (cm) were recorded at physiological maturity. Fiber contents (%) and dry matter content were also measured. Data were analyzed using R software (v4.4.3), and LSD was used to correct mean differences and variations at the 1% and 5% levels of significance for interpretation of the results. The analysis was done using a computer. The nutritional attribute parameters were analyzed using simple statistical measures and discussed based on the estimated results. Tables were prepared using Microsoft Excel. Estimation of physiological attributes Fiber contents (%) To determine the dry matter content of all three genotypes, fresh pods were taken randomly from each plot. Then 50 g pods were weighed and sliced into small pieces with a sharp knife for proper drying. They were placed in a paper envelope, dried in an electric oven at 72°C, and kept until a constant dry weight was attained (3 days). The pod's dry weight was estimated after proper drying. Then it was converted to percent dry matter. The formula given below- Fiber content (%) = \(\:\frac{\text{D}\text{r}\text{i}\text{e}\text{d}\:\text{f}\text{i}\text{b}\text{r}\text{e}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{d}\text{s}}{\text{F}\text{r}\text{e}\text{s}\text{h}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{d}\text{s}}\times\:100\) Dry matter content (%) To determine the dry matter content of all three genotypes, fresh pods were taken randomly from each plot. Then 50 g pods were weighed and sliced into small pieces with a sharp knife for proper drying. They were placed in a paper envelope, dried in an electric oven at 72°C, and kept until a constant dry weight was attained (3 days). The pod's dry weight was estimated after proper drying. Then it was converted to percent dry matter. The formula given below- Dry matter (%) = \(\:\frac{\text{D}\text{r}\text{y}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{d}\text{s}\:}{\text{F}\text{r}\text{e}\text{s}\text{h}\:\text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{d}\text{s}}\times\:100\) Results Effect of Different Support Systems on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Country Bean Most morphological and physiological results did not show significant differences, but there were significant differences between the genotype and support system (Table 1 ). Comparatively, genotype SB003 achieved the greatest height (293.33 cm) when supported by a horizontal trellis, compared to 239.00 cm with a vertical trellis or staking. The comparatively shortest terminal leaflet length (11.95 cm) was observed in Sikribi Sheem-1 when supported by a horizontal trellis, and the longest (13.73 cm) was noted in SB003 carried by an A-shaped frame (sloped trellis). Even though terminal leaflet breadth did not show substantial differences, comparatively broadest leaflets (14.06 cm) were found in SB003 with an A-shaped frame. In contrast, the narrowest (11.33 cm) was observed in Sikribi Sheem-2, which used a horizontal trellis. Petiole length did not exhibit significant variation, varying from 8.37 cm in Sikribi Sheem-1 to 11.99 cm in Sikribi Sheem-2, both cultivated within an A-shaped frame. Internode length displayed significant differences, with the longest internodes observed in SB003 grown on a horizontal trellis (17.79 cm) and Sikribi Sheem-1 utilizing a vertical trellis (17.57 cm). The number of branches per plant did not show significant variation. Comparatively, Sikribi Sheem-1 with vertical trellis produced the highest number (11.42), SB003 with the same support had the lowest (6.50). The comparatively highest SPAD value (46.55) was obtained from Sikribi Sheem-2 under a horizontal trellis, while Sikribi Sheem-1 under the A-shaped frame showed the lowest (39.71). Table 1 Effect of different support system on morphological and physiological characteristics of country bean Variety Vine length (Cm) Terminal leaflet length (cm) Terminal leaflet breadth (cm) Petiole length (cm) Internode length (cm) Branch per plant SPAD Value at 45 DAS V1S1 244.30 11.95 12.15 8.83 13.18bc 11.00 39.93 V1S2 264.33 12.31 12.59 8.76 17.57a 11.42 40.65 V1S3 250.42 12.05 11.92 8.37 14.89abc 9.58 39.71 V2S1 253.00 12.42 11.33 10.60 12.54c 8.43 46.55 V2S2 255.33 12.92 11.87 11.61 13.45bc 8.20 44.06 V2S3 275.00 12.23 10.92 11.99 14.83abc 7.17 43.80 V3S1 293.33 12.23 11.46 8.80 17.79a 8.93 42.18 V3S2 239.00 12.30 11.59 8.55 16.75ab 6.50 41.92 V3S3 247.00 13.73 14.06 9.33 16.14abc 9.17 40.01 CV (%) 8.52 6.62 8.79 10.16 8.5 20.46 1.42 P value 0.05 0.23 0.05 0.5 < 0.01 0.3 0.31 V1 = Sikribi Sheem-1, V2 = Sikribi Sheem-2, V3 = SB003; S1 = Horizontal Trellis, S2 = Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3 = A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis). Effect of Different Support Systems on Yield Characteristics of Country Bean The reproductive and yield attributes of country bean were significantly influenced by the interaction effects across genotype and support system (Table 2 ). There was a notable difference in time to flowering between Sikribi Sheem-1 under a horizontal trellis (45.67 days) and the same genotype supported by an A-shaped frame (sloped trellis) (40.00 days). There was a minor variation in harvesting time: Sikribi Sheem-1 with an A-shaped frame had the earliest harvesting time (75.33 DAS). In comparison, the latest harvesting (77.00 DAS) occurred in Sikribi Sheem-2 with a horizontal trellis, Sikribi Sheem-2 with an A-shaped frame, and SB003 with an A-shaped frame. On a vertical trellis, Sikribi Sheem-1 produced the highest pod count (288.83 pods per plant), whereas on staking, SB003 produced the fewest (148.67 pods per plant). In the genotype–support interaction, individual pod weight did not differ significantly; however, the heaviest pods (5.21 g) were recorded in SB003 with an A-shaped frame, and the lightest (3.50 g) in Sikribi Sheem-2 under a horizontal trellis. Pod yield per plant showed a statistically significant variation. Sikribi Sheem-1 grown on a vertical trellis attained the highest yield (1.34 kg per plant), indicating that appropriate support structure and genotype selection can significantly influence productivity in country bean. Table 2 Effect of different support system on yield characteristics of country bean Variety Days to flower Days to harvest No. of pods/plant Individual pod weight (g) Pod Yield/Plant (kg) Pod yield (t/ha) V1S1 45.67 76.67 246.17b 4.75 1.10ab 10.86ab V1S2 42.00 76.00 288.83a 4.62 1.34a 13.14a V1S3 40.00 75.33 230.00bc 4.61 1.05bc 10.37bc V2S1 42.67 77.00 162.33d 3.50 0.56e 5.53e V2S2 42.67 76.33 152.00d 3.77 0.57e 5.63e V2S3 43.67 77.00 179.33cd 3.68 0.65e 6.42e V3S1 43.00 76.00 168.33d 4.95 0.83cd 8.20cd V3S2 43.33 76.00 148.67d 5.08 0.75de 7.41de V3S3 42.67 77.00 175.42d 5.21 0.91bc 8.99bc CV (%) 8.00 7.27 12.97 15.85 4.9 6.5 P value 0.52 1.00 0.03 0.98 < 0.05 < 0.05 V1 = Sikribi Sheem-1, V2 = Sikribi Sheem-2, V3 = SB003; S1 = Horizontal Trellis, S2 = Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3 = A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis) Effect of Different Support Systems on fruits Characteristics of Country Bean The interaction between variety and support system significantly affected pod length, but pod breadth, fiber content, and dry matter percentage remained statistically unaffected across treatments (Table 3 ). A highly significant difference was observed for pod length, with SB003 producing the longest pods under both staking and vertical trellis (9.93 cm) and the A-shaped frame (9.80 cm); by contrast, other combinations yielded comparatively shorter pods. Despite this, the pod breadth was not significantly affected by the interaction, ranging from 2.29 cm in Sikribi Sheem-2, utilizing a horizontal trellis, to 2.85 cm in Sikribi Sheem-1 with the same support. In addition, the fiber content of green pods showed no significant variation, with a slight range from 0.40% in Sikribi Sheem-1 with an A-shaped frame to 1.07% in Sikribi Sheem-2 with a horizontal trellis. The dry matter content also remained statistically similar across treatments, ranging from 9.43% to 22.30%, with the highest recorded in SB003, supported by an A-shaped frame, and the lowest in Sikribi Sheem-1 under a horizontal trellis. Table 3 Effect of different support system on fruit and fruit physiological characteristics of country bean Variety Pod length (cm) Pod breadth (cm) Fibre of green pod (%) Dry matter of pod (%) V1S1 9.41ab 2.85 0.65 9.43 V1S2 8.87abc 2.73 0.52 9.90 V1S3 9.27ab 2.78 0.40 9.63 V2S1 7.30d 2.29 1.07 11.07 V2S2 8.03cd 2.56 1.06 10.72 V2S3 7.69cd 2.34 0.94 10.89 V3S1 8.44bcd 2.38 1.03 12.30 V3S2 9.93a 2.49 0.95 10.85 V3S3 9.80a 2.48 0.90 10.04 CV (%) 4.98 2.36 13.25 5.3 P value < 0.01 0.12 0.73 0.42 V1 = Sikribi Sheem-1, V2 = Sikribi Sheem-2, V3 = SB003; S1 = Horizontal Trellis, S2 = Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3 = A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis) The Traits Association The correlation coefficients for morpho-physiological and yield traits of lablab bean across different genotypes and support systems were presented in Fig. 2 . They represent the relationships among different morpho-physiological and yield-contributing traits of lablab bean across different genotypes and support systems. The Correlation coefficients ranged from − 0.82 to 0.92, indicating a wide range of relationships among the attributes considered. A very strong and highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.92***) was observed between the number of pods per plant (NPP) and pod yield per plant (PYP), followed by pod length (POL) and individual pod weight (IPW), with r = 0.90***. Similarly, Branch per plant (BPP), Terminal leaflet length (TLL), individual pod weight (IPW) and SPAD showed positive associations with pod breadth (PB), Terminal leaflet breadth (TLB), internode length (IL), and petiole length (PEL), indicating that yield development is strictly connected with pod morphological characters. In contrast, phenological traits such as days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) showed weak, non-significant correlations with most physiological and yield parameters, suggesting that flowering time had limited direct influence on yield. However, negative and significant relationships were noted between SPAD value and pod yield per plant (PYP) and individual pod weight (IPW) (r = − 0.82**), as well as between SPAD and pod length (POL, r= -0.85) and also between SPAD and pod breadth (r = − 0.75**), indicating that extreme vegetative progress or late maturity may defeat chlorophyll buildup or photosynthetic productivity. A principal component analysis (PCA) biplot showed the correlation circle for growth, physiological, and yield-related traits of Lablab purpureus under different support systems during the summer season. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 46.7% and 16.1% of the total variation, respectively (Fig. 3 ). They clearly separated the traits into individual groups based on their relationships. Traits located close together indicate strong positive correlations, whereas those located on opposite sides represent negative relationships. Traits such as SPAD, petiole length (PEL), dry matter (DM), and fiber (FB) were strongly and positively correlated with PC1, indicating their significant contribution to overall plant performance and photosynthetic capacity. Conversely, yield-contributing parameters such as number of pods per plant (NPP), pod breadth (PB), pod yield per plant (PYP), and branch per plant (BPP) were situated on the opposite side of the circle, showing strong intercorrelations among themselves but contrasting with phenological traits. This indicates that higher yield performance is primarily driven by pod morphology and branching traits rather than by early phenological development. Growth attributes including internode length (IL), terminal leaf breadth (TLB), and terminal leaf length (TLL) contributed moderately to PC2, indicating their variability across variety. Meanwhile, days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) were located near the center, indicating weak association with the principal components and minimal influence on trait variance. Clustered heatmap illustrating the standardized distribution of growth, physiological, and yield-related traits of Lablab purpureus as influenced by different support systems during the summer season (Fig. 4 ). The hierarchical dendrograms display similar patterns among both traits (columns) and treatments (rows). Green shades indicate positive correlations, while negative correlations are indicated by red shades, with color intensity proportional to the magnitude of deviation from the mean (scale bar at right). Different clusters were formed among traits, with parameters such as individual weight (IPW), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod yield per plant (PYP), and number of branches per plant (BPP) showing strong association, reflecting their strong influence on yield performance. In contrast, physiological traits like SPAD value, vine length (VL), and phenological traits (days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH)) clustered together, suggesting that various responses of growth and yield components under varying support conditions. Discussions Overall, the present findings highlight the critical role of improved genotype support system interactions in maximizing canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield stability in summer-grown Lablab purpureus . Responsive genotypes such as Sikribi Sheem-1, when integrated with vertical and A-shaped trellises, enhanced canopy light interception, assimilate translocation, and pod development, leading to superior yield performance without compromising pod quality. The integrative use of correlation, PCA, and heatmap analyses revealed that pod morphology, branching ability, and dry matter accumulation are the principal traits of yield, while phenological adaptability plays a relatively minor role. These findings form a foundation for developing genotype-specific strategies to enhance the productivity and sustainability of Lablab purpureus in tropical summers. Significant variation was observed among Lablab purpureus genotypes and support systems for most growth- and yield-related traits, indicating strong genotype × environment interactions under summer conditions (Digrado et al., 2023 ; Janusauskaite, 2025 ). Trellis structure and genotype adaptability jointly influenced canopy architecture, light interception, and assimilate partitioning, which are critical for optimizing production. Vine length showed moderate variability, with horizontal trellises promoting maximum growth. Lateral canopy expansion improved light penetration and photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing apical dominance and internode elongation (Wang et al., 2023 ). Morphological traits, including terminal leaflet dimensions and petiole length, varied across supports, indicating structural stability (Barua, 2014). Larger leaflets of SB003 under A-shaped trellises exhibited improved photosynthetic activity (Donati and Flanagan, 2016 ). Vertical supports increased internode length and branching, enhancing assimilate accumulation; Sikribi Sheem-1 performed best under vertical trellises (Akter et al., 2018 ; Emon et al., 2025 ). Phenological traits were influenced by trellis structure. A-shaped trellises accelerated flowering and maturity, likely due to favorable microclimatic conditions, whereas horizontal trellises delayed flowering due to shading and reduced aeration (Yu et al., 2022 ). Yield traits were strongly affected by genotype–support interactions. Vertical trellises enhanced pod number and yield, reflecting improved light exposure, flower retention, and assimilate partitioning (Clark et al., 2017). Pod length varied significantly, whereas pod breadth, fibre content, and dry matter were largely genotype-dependent (Huang and Hong, 2025 ). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships among pod number, pod yield, pod length, and individual pod weight, indicating that pod morphology and number are key yield determinants (Subarna et al., 2024). Branching and leaf traits also positively correlated with pod traits, highlighting the role of vigorous vegetative growth in yield formation. Phenological traits had limited influence on yield under high-temperature conditions (Khatun et al., 2022 ). A strong negative correlation between SPAD values and yield traits (r = − 0.82**) suggested that excessive vegetative growth may limit reproductive efficiency (Tariq et al., 2017 ; Moniruzzaman et al., 2020). PCA explained 62.8% of total variation, separating traits into physiological, morphological, and yield-related clusters (Subla et al., 2024). SPAD, petiole length, fibre content, and dry matter loaded positively on PC1, while yield traits loaded negatively, indicating inverse relationships. Growth traits contributed moderately to PC2, whereas DTF and DTH had minimal contribution (Khalid et al., 2023 ). Heatmap analysis supported these patterns, showing clustering of yield traits and separate grouping of phenological and physiological traits, reflecting trellis-induced microclimatic effects (Saha and Biswas, 2020 ; Islam et al., 2024 ). Overall, optimized genotype support combinations enhanced canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield stability. Sikribi Sheem-1, grown on vertical or A-shaped trellises, exhibited superior light interception, assimilate translocation, and pod development. Pod morphology, branching, and dry matter accumulation were primary yield determinants, while phenological adaptability played a minor role. These findings provide a basis for genotype-specific strategies to improve the productivity and sustainability of Lablab purpureus in tropical summer conditions. Conclusion Among several country bean genotypes, this study assessed how various support systems affect morpho-physiological and yield-related traits, with support systems primarily affecting pod morphology. Among these genotypes, Sikribi Sheem-1 consistently produced the highest number of pods per plant and overall yield under vertical trellis, indicating strong adaptability and better reproductive efficacy. However, SB003 showed the highest individual pod weight and yield under a sloped trellis, highlighting genotype-specific responses to support systems. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among the number of pods per plant, the number of branches per plant, and yield, while PCA and heatmap analyses further demonstrated the clustering and interdependence of growth, physiology, and yield characters between genotypes and support systems. These findings confirm that pod morphology, branching capacity and dry matter accumulation are the key functional determinants of overall productivity, whereas phenological traits have a limited effect. However, V1-Sikribi Sheem-1 grown under S2-vertical trellis or staking displayed the most promising combination among the treated genotypes during the summer season. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), Bangladesh, for their financial support and contribution to the field and laboratory experiments. Author contributions M.S.I. and B.D. formulated research ideas, goals and guided all the phases of methodology. M.S.I. and R.K. designed methods, R.K., B.D.P., M.P. and A.A.K., conducted field and lab experiments, analyzed data and wrote manuscript. A.A.K. review and editing the manuscript. Funding No funding was received for the publication of this article. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publications Not applicable Clinical trial Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Akter T, Islam MS, Nath D, Ferdousi J, Rob M (2018) Morphological variation and yield performance of photo-insensitive lablab bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] genotypes under Sylhet region. Asian Res J Agric 7(4):1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARJA/2017/38783 Barua H, Rahman MH, Patwary MA, Alam MZ, Nahar S (2014) Variations in growth and yield of indigenous hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) genotypes. The Agriculturists 12(2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21724 Basak M, Dutta S, Biswas S, Chakraborty S, Sarkar A, Rahaman T, Dey S, Biswas P, Das M (2021) Genomic insights into growth and development of bamboos: what have we learnt and what more to discover? Trees 35(6):1771–1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02197-6 Clark JC, Raizada MN (2017) Climbing legumes: an underutilized resource with significant potential to intensify farming on terrace walls (FTW) for smallholder farmers. Biorxiv 184952. https://doi.org/10.1101/184952 Digrado A, Ainsworth EA, Change G (2023) Modifying canopy architecture to optimize photosynthesis in crops. In: Understanding and improving crop photosynthesis. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 159–200. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003287179 Donati D, Flanagan MF (2016) Physical-layer network coded QAM with trellis shaping for the two-way relay channel. In: 50th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, pp 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869035 Emon EH, Islam MS, Ferdousi J, Debnath B, Rakibuzzaman M (2025) Morphological and Phytochemical Variation in Photo-Insensitive Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Genotypes. Turkish J Agric-Food Sci Technol 13(10):3040–3047. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i10.3040-3047.8095 FAO, UNDP (2001) Food and Agriculture Organization. Production Yearbook, Rome, Italy 50:122. https://www.fao.org/4/i3138e/i3138e.pdf Ferraro-Fanning A (2023) The sustainable homestead: Create a thriving permaculture ecosystem with your garden, animals, and land. Cool Springs Press. https://www.quarto.com/books/9780760380482/the-sustainable-homestead?Utm_source=chatgpt.com Ghislain B, Alméras T, Prunier J, Clair B (2019) Contributions of bark and tension wood and role of the G-layer lignification in the gravitropic movements of 21 tropical tree species. Ann For Sci 76(4):107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0899-7 Huang W, Hong Z (2025) Plant density and vertical trellis configuration affect cucumber pollination efficiency and marketable yield. Plant Gene Trait 16. https://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt/article/html/4138?Utm_source=chatgpt.com Islam MR, Hossain J, Huda MS, Azam MG, Hossain MF, Aktar-Uz-Zaman M, Moula MS, Ahmed NU, Hossain MJ, Sabagh AE, Islam MS (2024) Assessment of drought tolerance in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] through phenology, growth, protein yield, and cluster heatmap analysis. Philipp Agric Sci 107(4):366–378. https://doi.org/10.62550/AT12008023 Janusauskaite D (2025) Comparison of physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties under different nutritional conditions and their relationship with meteorological parameters. Plants 14(13):2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132020 Khalid MA, Ali Z, Tahir MH, Ghaffar A, Ahmad J (2023) Genetic effects of GA-responsive dwarfing gene Rht13 on plant height, peduncle length, internodal length and grain yield of wheat under drought stress. Genes 14(3):699. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030699 Khan AU, Choudhury MA, Islam MS, Maleque MA (2018) Abundance and fluctuation patterns of insect pests in country bean. J Sylhet Agric Univ 5(2):167–172. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3926025 Khatun R, Uddin MI, Uddin MM, Howlader MTH, Haque MS (2022) Analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits related to yield in country bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) genotypes. Heliyon 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11631 Kumar N (2023) Advances in pulses production technologies: a holistic approach for new millennium. In: Advances in crop production and climate change. CRC Press, pp 111–141. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003281948 Moniruzzaman M, Hasan J, Ahmed NU, Firoz ZA, Quamruzzaman AK (2010) Effect of date of planting and spacing on the yield attributes and yield of different varieties of country bean [Lablab purpureus L. (Sweet)]. Bangladesh J Agric Res 35(2):205–210. https://worldveg.tind.io/record/44412/ Naeem M, Shabbir A, Aftab T, Khan MMA (2023) Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L.)—An untapped resilient protein reservoir. In: Neglected and Underutilized Crops. pp 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00018-1 Nisha US, Khan MS, Prodhan MD, Meftaul IM, Begum N, Parven A, Shahriar S, Juraimi AS, Hakim MA (2021) Quantification of pesticide residues in fresh vegetables available in local markets for human consumption and the associated health risks. Agronomy 11(9):1804. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091804 Pathy TL, Rao AM, Krishna TV, Tripathi K, Ramesh S, Rahul NA, Honnannavar PB (2025) Characterising cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) mini-core set for flowering responses to various photoperiod and temperature regimes. Genet Resour Crop Evol 72(4):4393–4413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02211-z Punniyamoorthy D, Jegadeesan S (2025) Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Breeding. In: Fundamentals of Legume Breeding: A Text for Students and Practitioners. Springer Nature Singapore, pp 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7838-9_10 Rahman M, Islam AF, Hasan M, Uddin M (2020) Growth and yield performance of okra genotypes in acidic soil at Sylhet region, Bangladesh. Arch Agric Environ Sci 5(3):283–291. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/335017249.pdf Rahman MM, Dash CK, Rahman MM, Hasan MM, Hannan A, Dev S, Mondal MF (2022) Farmers’ perceptions and knowledge of country bean (Lablab purpureus L.) insect pests, and diseases, and their management practices, in Bangladesh. Sustainability 14(20):13591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013591 Rakibuzzaman M, Ahmed SR, Hafiz MB, Debnath B, Khan MH, Ahmed R, Islam MS (2024) Phytochemical and nutritional variation of country beans (Lablab purpureus) involving parents and hybrids. J Sylhet Agric Univ 11(2):53–62. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsau.v11i2.82733 Saha C, Biswas S (2020) Influence of different training levels on growth and production efficiency of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. Var. Grossum) under poly house condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. https://doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2020.v16.i3.1380 Savita (2023) Production technology of underutilized vegetables of Leguminosae family. In: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetable Crops. Springer International Publshing, Cham, pp 25–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15385-3_3 Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Chengh Q (2022) A survey of biological nitrogen fixation in adzuki beans, soybeans, and mung beans, three legumes in traditional Chinese medicine. In: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-Communicable Diseases. Academic Press, pp 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819815-5.00013-6 Shibli MM, Rasul MG, Islam AK, Saikat MM, Haque MM (2021) Genetic diversity of country bean (Lablab purpureus) genotypes collected from the coastal regions of Bangladesh. J Hortic Postharvest Res 4(2):219–230. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3282.1135 Suborna MN, Hassan J, Rahman MM, Raihan MS, Gomasta J, Ahmed M, Alamri S (2024) Color, antioxidant and nutritional composition of dehydrated country bean (Lablab purpureus) seeds using solar drying techniques and pretreatments in Bangladesh. Heliyon 10(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30936 Shubha K, Choudhary AK, Mukherjee A, Kumar S, Saurabh K, Kumar R, Das A (2024) A chemometric study comparing nutritional profiles and functional attributes of two botanical forms of Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet). S Afr J Bot 173:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.027 Tariq M, Yasmeen A, Ahmad S, Hussain N, Afzal MN, Hasanuzzaman M (2017) Shedding of fruiting structures in cotton: factors, compensation and prevention. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 20(2):251–262. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?Id=93952506001 Tsuda T (2012) Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(1):159–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100526 Wang XY, Zhang GJ, Wang HL, Ren JC, Yan AL, Liu ZH, Sun L (2023) Effects of trellis systems on the vegetative growth and fruit quality of muscat-flavored table grapes. Agronomy 13(4):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041090 Yu R, Torres N, Tanner JD, Kacur SM, Marigliano LE, Zumkeller M, Kurtural SK (2022) Adapting wine grape production to climate change through canopy architecture manipulation and irrigation in warm climates. Front Plant Sci 13:1015574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1015574 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7900453","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":539113465,"identity":"edb3356b-455d-4454-93b4-7fe5c8a4b345","order_by":0,"name":"Rabeya Khatun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rabeya","middleName":"","lastName":"Khatun","suffix":""},{"id":539113466,"identity":"7686ce66-b9b0-4765-8f57-cbd3c5474ea2","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Shahidul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Shahidul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":539113468,"identity":"4977101d-0d39-4709-8a95-8858e7f7ecb5","order_by":2,"name":"Biswojit Debnath","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biswojit","middleName":"","lastName":"Debnath","suffix":""},{"id":539113470,"identity":"ae437821-2bac-4e9f-995b-ea0fbc96c5ce","order_by":3,"name":"Borna Das Poly","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Borna","middleName":"Das","lastName":"Poly","suffix":""},{"id":539113474,"identity":"24208d80-e7cd-4d61-a8e9-91f33882daab","order_by":4,"name":"Mithila Paul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mithila","middleName":"","lastName":"Paul","suffix":""},{"id":539113477,"identity":"03c931f5-98f9-4aa7-b135-5e6cde53a309","order_by":5,"name":"Abdullah Al Kafi","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullah","middleName":"Al","lastName":"Kafi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-19 19:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95751718,"identity":"6cd8d172-fa60-4440-982c-81dec9e8c1cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2709748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptFinal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/7aac2dd52daf355e7a56cb40.docx"},{"id":95751707,"identity":"f7d76452-95eb-46d2-af70-1a9f70d271a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"669fc40ad7ee4fe1b5f3e858f2cf7154.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/6aab78157d305b0cf649dd27.json"},{"id":95801289,"identity":"4162c90c-b64a-4b61-b3af-641532369470","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:24:51","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"669fc40ad7ee4fe1b5f3e858f2cf71541enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/e79dfe1cd2a3d2d90df86cf5.xml"},{"id":95751717,"identity":"ef823744-56c6-48a9-b2f5-813dc7c31b1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":239858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/6634d030d767bdb94324e6ea.png"},{"id":95751719,"identity":"a760f3ef-3f08-4ec1-846e-86490bdd48b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":141488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/e6588e5ba8a5f273a67a6d27.png"},{"id":95751710,"identity":"1024e439-9b66-4391-b6c8-8bfe872c522f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/71666c0e6238da948ea9c293.png"},{"id":95751714,"identity":"f3bf6c5c-cbfe-48e4-b76f-0959f7f581d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/a205e4b6242727f37df97e52.png"},{"id":95751713,"identity":"cfb53ffd-821b-4cad-8ffe-c6c9f10b655a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"669fc40ad7ee4fe1b5f3e858f2cf71541structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/57aa9bd09adaec7f46830b14.xml"},{"id":95751716,"identity":"588f838f-68ff-445d-9b1f-0687e5dd4baa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/bd2999204eb988ce40c2d9d2.html"},{"id":95802459,"identity":"8849b9b1-5c4a-4bc1-8314-1e71980cac08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:27:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2510090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePictorial view of research field\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/fc59e74b633cf05b65894cd7.png"},{"id":95751708,"identity":"4634ef92-8699-49aa-9e6b-9a65f1dd6464","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":594499,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation co-efficient of morpho-physiological and yield traits of country among among different variety and support systems. Here, DTF (Days to flower), DTH (Days to harvest), NPP (No. of pods/plant), PYP (Pod Yield/Plant), VL (Vine length), TLL (Terminal leaflet length), TLB (Terminal leaflet breadth), PL (Petiole length), IL (Internode length), BPP (Branch per plant), POL (Pod length), IPW (Individual pod weight), PB (Pod breadth), FB (Fibre %), DM (Dry matter %)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand SPAD\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/a2215d6873f3e0a1acc90b0e.jpeg"},{"id":95800779,"identity":"ab2f764b-6173-4971-b115-d5ef80c48288","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:23:28","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePCA for morpho-physiological and yield traits of country bean among different variety and support systems. Here, DTF (Days to flower), DTH (Days to harvest), NPP (No. of pods/plant), PYP (Pod Yield/Plant), VL (Vine length), TLL (Terminal leaflet length), TLB (Terminal leaflet breadth), PL (Petiole length), IL (Internode length), BPP (Branch per plant), POL (Pod length), IPW (Individual pod weight), PB (Pod breadth), FB (Fibre %), DM (Dry matter %)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand SPAD.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/ebe026aca7a4529328c76b92.jpeg"},{"id":95751712,"identity":"85579164-f801-4ef8-a3e8-55c5465d059a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 15:52:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":463762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap for morpho-physiological and yield traits of country bean among different variety and support systems. Here, DTF (Days to flower), DTH (Days to harvest), NPP (No. of pods/plant), PYP (Pod Yield/Plant), VL (Vine length), TLL (Terminal leaflet length), TLB (Terminal leaflet breadth), PL (Petiole length), IL (Internode length), BPP (Branch per plant), POL (Pod length), IPW (Individual pod weight), PB (Pod breadth), FB (Fibre %), DM (Dry matter %)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand SPAD\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/b2facf18a2431165f331f96f.jpeg"},{"id":96596697,"identity":"f699f657-559b-4889-9298-099d91a1ab7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 07:39:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4449462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7900453/v1/21912906-638e-4300-85a4-f809b68dfa9b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of Support System on Country Bean Production during summer season","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe popular name of country bean (\u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e L. Sweet) is lablab bean or dolichos bean. We Bengalis called it \"Sheem\". It belongs to the family Fabaceae and to the subfamily Papilionoideae (Naeem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Green pods and seeds are excellent sources of protein. Among other legume vegetables in Bangladesh and worldwide, country bean ranked first (Suborna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It is a self-pollinating crop, and its chromosome numbers are 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20, 22, and 24. It has numerous synonyms, including Dolichos bean, hyacinth bean, lablab bean, Indian bean, faba bean, and labia bean (Nisha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Due to its photosensitivity, it is cultivated during the winter season in Bangladesh (Shibli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It is the third-most widely grown vegetable in Bangladesh's central and southwest regions, after taro and eggplant. In Bangladesh, green pods are primarily available during the winter season (Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). As a nutritious crop, they are equally essential in the summer season. Researchers made an effort and succeeded in developing photo-insensitive country bean genotypes that will meet consumer demand during the summer season (Kumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). There are specific photo- and thermo-insensitive country bean varieties best suited for summer, developed by the Olericulture division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. To develop suitable country bean varieties for monsoon cultivation, the BRAC Agricultural Research \u0026amp; Development Center (BARDC) launched a summer country bean development project in 2002. So far, five lines of summer country beans have been established: Borsha, Usha, Broad purple fruit, Broad green fruit, and Maya (Rakibuzzaman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Pathy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These lines are becoming increasingly popular in Bangladesh's commercial agricultural areas due to their resistance to heat and viruses. These seasonal constraints also led to the development of photo-insensitive country bean genotypes named Sikribi Sheem-1 and Sikribi Sheem-2 (Emon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Country beans are common annual and perennial leguminous vegetables in Bangladesh and worldwide, with traits such as twining, creeping, or bushy growth. In Bangladesh, dried seeds are favored as a pulse, whereas green pods are still consumed as vegetables (Punniyamoorthy et al., 2025). The crop plays a significant role in atmospheric nitrogen fixation, contributing to soil fertility and sustainable agriculture. In addition, it has potential medicinal value and may be utilized in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Country bean contains about 20\u0026ndash;28% protein, including essential amino acids. It is a versatile crop with twining, creeping, or bushy growth habits and is widely cultivated as both an annual and a perennial vegetable in Bangladesh and worldwide (Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Shahrajabian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Vine begins to lodge when it reaches a length of more than 30 cm. For this reason, researchers recommend setting out support from early on (Savita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Branch growth and yield are decreased considerably in the absence of support. That is why bamboos are used as a support, such as bamboo matcha (trellis) and plant branches (Basak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To be considered a sound plant support system, it must meet the following criteria. It should be robust enough to withstand the plant's weight until harvest and be able to utilize as much light, space, and moisture as possible. Crop yields can be increased several times when prefabricated plant supports, such as trellises and stakes, are used. For more precise information, further research on these genotypes with different support systems, such as trellis, staking, slop trellis, ring trellis, etc., should be conducted (Ghislain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ferraro-Fanning, A., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). There is insufficient information to understand the impact of varying support structures on the increase in country bean yield. To increase bean production per unit area, the support system may need to be standardized. Based on the above perspective, the present study was designed to assess the growth, yield, and physiological traits of summer country bean genotypes and to examine the influence of different support systems on these traits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExperimental Site and Duration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research work was conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Sylhet-3100, Sylhet, Bangladesh, which is under the Agro-ecological Zone \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20: Northern and Eastern piedmont Plain (Tsuda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The experiment was conducted from April to October, 2023. The soil was loamy, well-drained, with a pH of 6.5\u0026ndash;6.8 (FAO \u0026amp; UNDP, 2001), 1.2% organic matter, and nutrient content determined by standard soil analysis methods (Hossain, 2009). The site is located in the North-Eastern part of Bangladesh, lying between 23\u0026deg;57' to 25\u0026deg;13\u0026prime; North latitude and 90\u0026deg;56\u0026prime; to 92\u0026deg;21\u0026prime; East latitude (Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant Materials and Treatments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe three country bean genotypes used in the experiment were Sikribi Sheem-1, Sikribi Sheem-2, and SB003. The planting material, country bean seeds, was collected from the Department of Horticulture lab of Sylhet Agricultural University. Three support systems were evaluated: (i) horizontal trellis (Net), (ii) vertical trellis/staking (Bamboo head), and (iii) A-shaped frame (sloped trellis). The experiment was laid out in a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Twenty-seven plots were made for the experiment with an area of 23 m \u0026times; 8m (184 m\u0026sup2;). The unit plot size was 2m \u0026times; 2m, and each plot was used as a bed. A double row and four pits characterized each bed. The plant-to-plant distance was 1 m, and the row-to-row distance was 1m (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A 50 cm drain was laid out between the beds within each block to drain out the excess water. A 50 cm \u0026times; 50 cm \u0026times; 50 cm pit was dug 10 days prior to seed sowing. Cow dung, MoP, TSP and Zn were applied in the pit seven days prior to seeding. The pit was arranged 10 cm above the soil surface to facilitate adequate drainage. On April 15, 2023, the four seeds of Sikribi Sheem-1, Sikribi Sheem-2, and SB003 of each genotype were directly sown in each pit. To encourage healthy seed germination, watering was performed shortly after sowing. In each pit, only healthy plants were permitted to develop after the seedlings were established. So, each plot carried four plants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection and Statistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVine length (cm), terminal leaflet length and breadth (cm), petiole length (cm), and internode length (cm) were measured at 30\u0026ndash;45 DAS using a measuring tape. Data collection involved obtaining SPAD readings from a SPAD meter at three distinct sites on a single leaf, then recording the average value for each plant. Days to first flowering and days to first harvest were recorded from sowing until the appearance of the first flower and first mature pod, respectively. Number of pods per plant, individual pod weight (g), pod yield per plant (kg), pod length and breadth (cm) were recorded at physiological maturity. Fiber contents (%) and dry matter content were also measured. Data were analyzed using R software (v4.4.3), and LSD was used to correct mean differences and variations at the 1% and 5% levels of significance for interpretation of the results. The analysis was done using a computer. The nutritional attribute parameters were analyzed using simple statistical measures and discussed based on the estimated results. Tables were prepared using Microsoft Excel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEstimation of physiological attributes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFiber contents (%)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the dry matter content of all three genotypes, fresh pods were taken randomly from each plot. Then 50 g pods were weighed and sliced into small pieces with a sharp knife for proper drying. They were placed in a paper envelope, dried in an electric oven at 72\u0026deg;C, and kept until a constant dry weight was attained (3 days). The pod's dry weight was estimated after proper drying. Then it was converted to percent dry matter. The formula given below-\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFiber content (%) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\text{D}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}}{\\text{F}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{h}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}}\\times\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDry matter content (%)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the dry matter content of all three genotypes, fresh pods were taken randomly from each plot. Then 50 g pods were weighed and sliced into small pieces with a sharp knife for proper drying. They were placed in a paper envelope, dried in an electric oven at 72\u0026deg;C, and kept until a constant dry weight was attained (3 days). The pod's dry weight was estimated after proper drying. Then it was converted to percent dry matter. The formula given below-\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter (%) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\text{D}\\text{r}\\text{y}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}\\:}{\\text{F}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{h}\\:\\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{s}}\\times\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of Different Support Systems on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Country Bean\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost morphological and physiological results did not show significant differences, but there were significant differences between the genotype and support system (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Comparatively, genotype SB003 achieved the greatest height (293.33 cm) when supported by a horizontal trellis, compared to 239.00 cm with a vertical trellis or staking. The comparatively shortest terminal leaflet length (11.95 cm) was observed in Sikribi Sheem-1 when supported by a horizontal trellis, and the longest (13.73 cm) was noted in SB003 carried by an A-shaped frame (sloped trellis). Even though terminal leaflet breadth did not show substantial differences, comparatively broadest leaflets (14.06 cm) were found in SB003 with an A-shaped frame. In contrast, the narrowest (11.33 cm) was observed in Sikribi Sheem-2, which used a horizontal trellis. Petiole length did not exhibit significant variation, varying from 8.37 cm in Sikribi Sheem-1 to 11.99 cm in Sikribi Sheem-2, both cultivated within an A-shaped frame. Internode length displayed significant differences, with the longest internodes observed in SB003 grown on a horizontal trellis (17.79 cm) and Sikribi Sheem-1 utilizing a vertical trellis (17.57 cm). The number of branches per plant did not show significant variation. Comparatively, Sikribi Sheem-1 with vertical trellis produced the highest number (11.42), SB003 with the same support had the lowest (6.50). The comparatively highest SPAD value (46.55) was obtained from Sikribi Sheem-2 under a horizontal trellis, while Sikribi Sheem-1 under the A-shaped frame showed the lowest (39.71).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of different support system on morphological and physiological characteristics of country bean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVine length\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerminal leaflet length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerminal leaflet breadth (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePetiole length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternode length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBranch per plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPAD Value at 45 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.18bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.57a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.89abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.54c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.45bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.83abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.79a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.75ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e247.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.14abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-1, V2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-2, V3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SB003; S1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Horizontal Trellis, S2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of Different Support Systems on Yield Characteristics of Country Bean\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reproductive and yield attributes of country bean were significantly influenced by the interaction effects across genotype and support system (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). There was a notable difference in time to flowering between Sikribi Sheem-1 under a horizontal trellis (45.67 days) and the same genotype supported by an A-shaped frame (sloped trellis) (40.00 days). There was a minor variation in harvesting time: Sikribi Sheem-1 with an A-shaped frame had the earliest harvesting time (75.33 DAS). In comparison, the latest harvesting (77.00 DAS) occurred in Sikribi Sheem-2 with a horizontal trellis, Sikribi Sheem-2 with an A-shaped frame, and SB003 with an A-shaped frame. On a vertical trellis, Sikribi Sheem-1 produced the highest pod count (288.83 pods per plant), whereas on staking, SB003 produced the fewest (148.67 pods per plant). In the genotype\u0026ndash;support interaction, individual pod weight did not differ significantly; however, the heaviest pods (5.21 g) were recorded in SB003 with an A-shaped frame, and the lightest (3.50 g) in Sikribi Sheem-2 under a horizontal trellis. Pod yield per plant showed a statistically significant variation. Sikribi Sheem-1 grown on a vertical trellis attained the highest yield (1.34 kg per plant), indicating that appropriate support structure and genotype selection can significantly influence productivity in country bean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of different support system on yield characteristics of country bean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDays to flower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDays to harvest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of pods/plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual pod weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePod Yield/Plant (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePod yield (t/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246.17b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e288.83a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.14a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230.00bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.37bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.33d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.53e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.00d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.63e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179.33cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.42e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.33d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.20cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148.67d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.41de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.42d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.99bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.97\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eV1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-1, V2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-2, V3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SB003; S1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Horizontal Trellis, S2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of Different Support Systems on fruits Characteristics of Country Bean\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interaction between variety and support system significantly affected pod length, but pod breadth, fiber content, and dry matter percentage remained statistically unaffected across treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A highly significant difference was observed for pod length, with SB003 producing the longest pods under both staking and vertical trellis (9.93 cm) and the A-shaped frame (9.80 cm); by contrast, other combinations yielded comparatively shorter pods. Despite this, the pod breadth was not significantly affected by the interaction, ranging from 2.29 cm in Sikribi Sheem-2, utilizing a horizontal trellis, to 2.85 cm in Sikribi Sheem-1 with the same support. In addition, the fiber content of green pods showed no significant variation, with a slight range from 0.40% in Sikribi Sheem-1 with an A-shaped frame to 1.07% in Sikribi Sheem-2 with a horizontal trellis. The dry matter content also remained statistically similar across treatments, ranging from 9.43% to 22.30%, with the highest recorded in SB003, supported by an A-shaped frame, and the lowest in Sikribi Sheem-1 under a horizontal trellis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of different support system on fruit and fruit physiological characteristics of country bean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePod length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePod breadth (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFibre of green pod (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter of pod (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.87abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV1S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.27ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.30d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV2S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.69cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.44bcd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.93a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV3S3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.80a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.73\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eV1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-1, V2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sikribi Sheem-2, V3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SB003; S1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Horizontal Trellis, S2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Vertical Trellis (Staking) and S3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A-shaped frame (Sloped Trellis)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Traits Association\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficients for morpho-physiological and yield traits of lablab bean across different genotypes and support systems were presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. They represent the relationships among different morpho-physiological and yield-contributing traits of lablab bean across different genotypes and support systems. The Correlation coefficients ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.82 to 0.92, indicating a wide range of relationships among the attributes considered. A very strong and highly significant positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92***) was observed between the number of pods per plant (NPP) and pod yield per plant (PYP), followed by pod length (POL) and individual pod weight (IPW), with r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90***. Similarly, Branch per plant (BPP), Terminal leaflet length (TLL), individual pod weight (IPW) and SPAD showed positive associations with pod breadth (PB), Terminal leaflet breadth (TLB), internode length (IL), and petiole length (PEL), indicating that yield development is strictly connected with pod morphological characters. In contrast, phenological traits such as days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) showed weak, non-significant correlations with most physiological and yield parameters, suggesting that flowering time had limited direct influence on yield. However, negative and significant relationships were noted between SPAD value and pod yield per plant (PYP) and individual pod weight (IPW) (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.82**), as well as between SPAD and pod length (POL, r= -0.85) and also between SPAD and pod breadth (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.75**), indicating that extreme vegetative progress or late maturity may defeat chlorophyll buildup or photosynthetic productivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA principal component analysis (PCA) biplot showed the correlation circle for growth, physiological, and yield-related traits of Lablab purpureus under different support systems during the summer season. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 46.7% and 16.1% of the total variation, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). They clearly separated the traits into individual groups based on their relationships. Traits located close together indicate strong positive correlations, whereas those located on opposite sides represent negative relationships. Traits such as SPAD, petiole length (PEL), dry matter (DM), and fiber (FB) were strongly and positively correlated with PC1, indicating their significant contribution to overall plant performance and photosynthetic capacity. Conversely, yield-contributing parameters such as number of pods per plant (NPP), pod breadth (PB), pod yield per plant (PYP), and branch per plant (BPP) were situated on the opposite side of the circle, showing strong intercorrelations among themselves but contrasting with phenological traits. This indicates that higher yield performance is primarily driven by pod morphology and branching traits rather than by early phenological development. Growth attributes including internode length (IL), terminal leaf breadth (TLB), and terminal leaf length (TLL) contributed moderately to PC2, indicating their variability across variety. Meanwhile, days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH) were located near the center, indicating weak association with the principal components and minimal influence on trait variance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClustered heatmap illustrating the standardized distribution of growth, physiological, and yield-related traits of Lablab purpureus as influenced by different support systems during the summer season (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The hierarchical dendrograms display similar patterns among both traits (columns) and treatments (rows). Green shades indicate positive correlations, while negative correlations are indicated by red shades, with color intensity proportional to the magnitude of deviation from the mean (scale bar at right). Different clusters were formed among traits, with parameters such as individual weight (IPW), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod yield per plant (PYP), and number of branches per plant (BPP) showing strong association, reflecting their strong influence on yield performance. In contrast, physiological traits like SPAD value, vine length (VL), and phenological traits (days to flowering (DTF) and days to harvest (DTH)) clustered together, suggesting that various responses of growth and yield components under varying support conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, the present findings highlight the critical role of improved genotype support system interactions in maximizing canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield stability in summer-grown \u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e. Responsive genotypes such as Sikribi Sheem-1, when integrated with vertical and A-shaped trellises, enhanced canopy light interception, assimilate translocation, and pod development, leading to superior yield performance without compromising pod quality. The integrative use of correlation, PCA, and heatmap analyses revealed that pod morphology, branching ability, and dry matter accumulation are the principal traits of yield, while phenological adaptability plays a relatively minor role. These findings form a foundation for developing genotype-specific strategies to enhance the productivity and sustainability of \u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e in tropical summers. Significant variation was observed among \u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e genotypes and support systems for most growth- and yield-related traits, indicating strong genotype \u0026times; environment interactions under summer conditions (Digrado et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Janusauskaite, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Trellis structure and genotype adaptability jointly influenced canopy architecture, light interception, and assimilate partitioning, which are critical for optimizing production. Vine length showed moderate variability, with horizontal trellises promoting maximum growth. Lateral canopy expansion improved light penetration and photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing apical dominance and internode elongation (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Morphological traits, including terminal leaflet dimensions and petiole length, varied across supports, indicating structural stability (Barua, 2014). Larger leaflets of SB003 under A-shaped trellises exhibited improved photosynthetic activity (Donati and Flanagan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Vertical supports increased internode length and branching, enhancing assimilate accumulation; Sikribi Sheem-1 performed best under vertical trellises (Akter et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Emon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Phenological traits were influenced by trellis structure. A-shaped trellises accelerated flowering and maturity, likely due to favorable microclimatic conditions, whereas horizontal trellises delayed flowering due to shading and reduced aeration (Yu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Yield traits were strongly affected by genotype\u0026ndash;support interactions. Vertical trellises enhanced pod number and yield, reflecting improved light exposure, flower retention, and assimilate partitioning (Clark et al., 2017). Pod length varied significantly, whereas pod breadth, fibre content, and dry matter were largely genotype-dependent (Huang and Hong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis revealed strong positive relationships among pod number, pod yield, pod length, and individual pod weight, indicating that pod morphology and number are key yield determinants (Subarna et al., 2024). Branching and leaf traits also positively correlated with pod traits, highlighting the role of vigorous vegetative growth in yield formation. Phenological traits had limited influence on yield under high-temperature conditions (Khatun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). A strong negative correlation between SPAD values and yield traits (r = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.82**) suggested that excessive vegetative growth may limit reproductive efficiency (Tariq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Moniruzzaman et al., 2020). PCA explained 62.8% of total variation, separating traits into physiological, morphological, and yield-related clusters (Subla et al., 2024). SPAD, petiole length, fibre content, and dry matter loaded positively on PC1, while yield traits loaded negatively, indicating inverse relationships. Growth traits contributed moderately to PC2, whereas DTF and DTH had minimal contribution (Khalid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Heatmap analysis supported these patterns, showing clustering of yield traits and separate grouping of phenological and physiological traits, reflecting trellis-induced microclimatic effects (Saha and Biswas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Overall, optimized genotype support combinations enhanced canopy structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield stability. Sikribi Sheem-1, grown on vertical or A-shaped trellises, exhibited superior light interception, assimilate translocation, and pod development. Pod morphology, branching, and dry matter accumulation were primary yield determinants, while phenological adaptability played a minor role. These findings provide a basis for genotype-specific strategies to improve the productivity and sustainability of \u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e in tropical summer conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong several country bean genotypes, this study assessed how various support systems affect morpho-physiological and yield-related traits, with support systems primarily affecting pod morphology. Among these genotypes, Sikribi Sheem-1 consistently produced the highest number of pods per plant and overall yield under vertical trellis, indicating strong adaptability and better reproductive efficacy. However, SB003 showed the highest individual pod weight and yield under a sloped trellis, highlighting genotype-specific responses to support systems. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among the number of pods per plant, the number of branches per plant, and yield, while PCA and heatmap analyses further demonstrated the clustering and interdependence of growth, physiology, and yield characters between genotypes and support systems. These findings confirm that pod morphology, branching capacity and dry matter accumulation are the key functional determinants of overall productivity, whereas phenological traits have a limited effect. However, V1-Sikribi Sheem-1 grown under S2-vertical trellis or staking displayed the most promising combination among the treated genotypes during the summer season.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge the Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), Bangladesh, for their financial support and contribution to the field and laboratory experiments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.S.I. and B.D. formulated research ideas, goals and guided all the phases of methodology. M.S.I. and R.K. designed methods, R.K., B.D.P., M.P. and A.A.K., conducted field and lab experiments, analyzed data and wrote manuscript. A.A.K. review and editing the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for the publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkter T, Islam MS, Nath D, Ferdousi J, Rob M (2018) Morphological variation and yield performance of photo-insensitive lablab bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] genotypes under Sylhet region. Asian Res J Agric 7(4):1\u0026ndash;7. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.9734/ARJA/2017/38783\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.9734/ARJA/2017/38783\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarua H, Rahman MH, Patwary MA, Alam MZ, Nahar S (2014) Variations in growth and yield of indigenous hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) genotypes. The Agriculturists 12(2):1\u0026ndash;5. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21724\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3329/agric.v12i2.21724\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasak M, Dutta S, Biswas S, Chakraborty S, Sarkar A, Rahaman T, Dey S, Biswas P, Das M (2021) Genomic insights into growth and development of bamboos: what have we learnt and what more to discover? Trees 35(6):1771\u0026ndash;1789. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02197-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00468-021-02197-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eClark JC, Raizada MN (2017) Climbing legumes: an underutilized resource with significant potential to intensify farming on terrace walls (FTW) for smallholder farmers. Biorxiv 184952. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1101/184952\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1101/184952\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDigrado A, Ainsworth EA, Change G (2023) Modifying canopy architecture to optimize photosynthesis in crops. In: Understanding and improving crop photosynthesis. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 159\u0026ndash;200. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1201/9781003287179\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1201/9781003287179\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDonati D, Flanagan MF (2016) Physical-layer network coded QAM with trellis shaping for the two-way relay channel. In: 50th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, pp 250\u0026ndash;254. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869035\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869035\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEmon EH, Islam MS, Ferdousi J, Debnath B, Rakibuzzaman M (2025) Morphological and Phytochemical Variation in Photo-Insensitive Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Genotypes. Turkish J Agric-Food Sci Technol 13(10):3040\u0026ndash;3047. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13i10.3040-3047.8095\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.24925/turjaf.v13i10.3040-3047.8095\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFAO, UNDP (2001) Food and Agriculture Organization. Production Yearbook, Rome, Italy 50:122. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.fao.org/4/i3138e/i3138e.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.fao.org/4/i3138e/i3138e.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFerraro-Fanning A (2023) The sustainable homestead: Create a thriving permaculture ecosystem with your garden, animals, and land. Cool Springs Press. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.quarto.com/books/9780760380482/the-sustainable-homestead?Utm_source=chatgpt.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.quarto.com/books/9780760380482/the-sustainable-homestead?Utm_source=chatgpt.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhislain B, Alm\u0026eacute;ras T, Prunier J, Clair B (2019) Contributions of bark and tension wood and role of the G-layer lignification in the gravitropic movements of 21 tropical tree species. Ann For Sci 76(4):107. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0899-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s13595-019-0899-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang W, Hong Z (2025) Plant density and vertical trellis configuration affect cucumber pollination efficiency and marketable yield. Plant Gene Trait 16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt/article/html/4138?Utm_source=chatgpt.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt/article/html/4138?Utm_source=chatgpt.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIslam MR, Hossain J, Huda MS, Azam MG, Hossain MF, Aktar-Uz-Zaman M, Moula MS, Ahmed NU, Hossain MJ, Sabagh AE, Islam MS (2024) Assessment of drought tolerance in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] through phenology, growth, protein yield, and cluster heatmap analysis. Philipp Agric Sci 107(4):366\u0026ndash;378. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.62550/AT12008023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.62550/AT12008023\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJanusauskaite D (2025) Comparison of physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties under different nutritional conditions and their relationship with meteorological parameters. Plants 14(13):2020. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/plants14132020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalid MA, Ali Z, Tahir MH, Ghaffar A, Ahmad J (2023) Genetic effects of GA-responsive dwarfing gene Rht13 on plant height, peduncle length, internodal length and grain yield of wheat under drought stress. Genes 14(3):699. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030699\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/genes14030699\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan AU, Choudhury MA, Islam MS, Maleque MA (2018) Abundance and fluctuation patterns of insect pests in country bean. J Sylhet Agric Univ 5(2):167\u0026ndash;172. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ssrn.com/abstract=3926025\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ssrn.com/abstract=3926025\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhatun R, Uddin MI, Uddin MM, Howlader MTH, Haque MS (2022) Analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits related to yield in country bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) genotypes. Heliyon 8(12). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11631\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11631\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar N (2023) Advances in pulses production technologies: a holistic approach for new millennium. In: Advances in crop production and climate change. CRC Press, pp 111\u0026ndash;141. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1201/9781003281948\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1201/9781003281948\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoniruzzaman M, Hasan J, Ahmed NU, Firoz ZA, Quamruzzaman AK (2010) Effect of date of planting and spacing on the yield attributes and yield of different varieties of country bean [Lablab purpureus L. (Sweet)]. Bangladesh J Agric Res 35(2):205\u0026ndash;210. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://worldveg.tind.io/record/44412/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://worldveg.tind.io/record/44412/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaeem M, Shabbir A, Aftab T, Khan MMA (2023) Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L.)\u0026mdash;An untapped resilient protein reservoir. In: Neglected and Underutilized Crops. pp 391\u0026ndash;411. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00018-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00018-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNisha US, Khan MS, Prodhan MD, Meftaul IM, Begum N, Parven A, Shahriar S, Juraimi AS, Hakim MA (2021) Quantification of pesticide residues in fresh vegetables available in local markets for human consumption and the associated health risks. Agronomy 11(9):1804. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091804\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy11091804\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePathy TL, Rao AM, Krishna TV, Tripathi K, Ramesh S, Rahul NA, Honnannavar PB (2025) Characterising cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) mini-core set for flowering responses to various photoperiod and temperature regimes. Genet Resour Crop Evol 72(4):4393\u0026ndash;4413. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02211-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10722-024-02211-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePunniyamoorthy D, Jegadeesan S (2025) Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Breeding. In: Fundamentals of Legume Breeding: A Text for Students and Practitioners. Springer Nature Singapore, pp 201\u0026ndash;228. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7838-9_10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-981-96-7838-9_10\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahman M, Islam AF, Hasan M, Uddin M (2020) Growth and yield performance of okra genotypes in acidic soil at Sylhet region, Bangladesh. Arch Agric Environ Sci 5(3):283\u0026ndash;291. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/335017249.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/335017249.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahman MM, Dash CK, Rahman MM, Hasan MM, Hannan A, Dev S, Mondal MF (2022) Farmers\u0026rsquo; perceptions and knowledge of country bean (Lablab purpureus L.) insect pests, and diseases, and their management practices, in Bangladesh. Sustainability 14(20):13591. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su142013591\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su142013591\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRakibuzzaman M, Ahmed SR, Hafiz MB, Debnath B, Khan MH, Ahmed R, Islam MS (2024) Phytochemical and nutritional variation of country beans (Lablab purpureus) involving parents and hybrids. J Sylhet Agric Univ 11(2):53\u0026ndash;62. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3329/jsau.v11i2.82733\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3329/jsau.v11i2.82733\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaha C, Biswas S (2020) Influence of different training levels on growth and production efficiency of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. Var. Grossum) under poly house condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22271/09746315.2020.v16.i3.1380\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22271/09746315.2020.v16.i3.1380\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSavita (2023) Production technology of underutilized vegetables of Leguminosae family. In: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetable Crops. Springer International Publshing, Cham, pp 25\u0026ndash;99. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15385-3_3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-3-031-15385-3_3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShahrajabian MH, Sun W, Chengh Q (2022) A survey of biological nitrogen fixation in adzuki beans, soybeans, and mung beans, three legumes in traditional Chinese medicine. In: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-Communicable Diseases. Academic Press, pp 301\u0026ndash;316. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819815-5.00013-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-12-819815-5.00013-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShibli MM, Rasul MG, Islam AK, Saikat MM, Haque MM (2021) Genetic diversity of country bean (Lablab purpureus) genotypes collected from the coastal regions of Bangladesh. J Hortic Postharvest Res 4(2):219\u0026ndash;230. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3282.1135\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22077/jhpr.2020.3282.1135\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuborna MN, Hassan J, Rahman MM, Raihan MS, Gomasta J, Ahmed M, Alamri S (2024) Color, antioxidant and nutritional composition of dehydrated country bean (Lablab purpureus) seeds using solar drying techniques and pretreatments in Bangladesh. Heliyon 10(10). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30936\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30936\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShubha K, Choudhary AK, Mukherjee A, Kumar S, Saurabh K, Kumar R, Das A (2024) A chemometric study comparing nutritional profiles and functional attributes of two botanical forms of Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet). S Afr J Bot 173:320\u0026ndash;329. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.027\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTariq M, Yasmeen A, Ahmad S, Hussain N, Afzal MN, Hasanuzzaman M (2017) Shedding of fruiting structures in cotton: factors, compensation and prevention. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 20(2):251\u0026ndash;262. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?Id=93952506001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?Id=93952506001\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsuda T (2012) Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(1):159\u0026ndash;170. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100526\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/mnfr.201100526\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang XY, Zhang GJ, Wang HL, Ren JC, Yan AL, Liu ZH, Sun L (2023) Effects of trellis systems on the vegetative growth and fruit quality of muscat-flavored table grapes. Agronomy 13(4):1090. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041090\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy13041090\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYu R, Torres N, Tanner JD, Kacur SM, Marigliano LE, Zumkeller M, Kurtural SK (2022) Adapting wine grape production to climate change through canopy architecture manipulation and irrigation in warm climates. Front Plant Sci 13:1015574. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1015574\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpls.2022.1015574\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Support system, Trellis system, Country Bean, Fiber contents (%), Dry matter (%)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCountry bean (\u003cem\u003eLablab purpureus\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a valuable leguminous vegetable crop with nutritional and economic significance in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study was to evaluate the performance of three photo-insensitive country bean genotypes, namely Sikribi Sheem-1 (V1), Sikribi Sheem-2 (V2) and SB003 (V3), which were grown under three different support systems called horizontal trellis (S1), vertical trellis (staking, S2) and sloped trellis (A-shaped trellis, S3). The results showed that internode length varied significantly among treatments, with Sikribi Sheem-1 under vertical trellis (17.57 cm) exhibiting the greatest length, indicating increased canopy spread and photosynthetic efficiency. However, other vegetative features showed insignificant variation. Flowering occurred earliest in Sikribi Sheem-1 under an A-shaped frame (40.00 days) and latest under a horizontal trellis (45.67 days). Genotype support interaction significantly influenced pod number per plant and pod yield. The highest values were recorded in Sikribi Sheem-1 under vertical trellis (288.83 pods per plant and 1.34 kg per plant), whereas SB003 under staking and A-shaped frame produced the longest pods (9.93 and 9.80 cm) and highest dry matter (22.30%). Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations among pod yield, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, and pod morphology, highlighting the critical factors for high productivity. Then, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) split growth, physiological, and yield-contributing traits into distinct groups, explaining 62.8% of total variation, whereas heatmap clustering illustrated co-association patterns among traits and treatments. These findings demonstrate that Sikribi Sheem-1 with vertical trellis or staking is the most effective combination for optimizing plant architecture, enhancing assimilate partitioning, improving canopy efficiency, and providing an effective, low-cost strategy to maximize yield and pod quality of climbing country bean under summer cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of Support System on Country Bean Production during summer season","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-12 15:52:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7900453/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fab52108-eec5-4251-be34-83eca7b1ee1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-24T07:39:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-12 15:52:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7900453","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7900453","identity":"rs-7900453","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}