Organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent surrogate metabolism by human CYP3A4

Abstract Of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP3A4 is the most abundant isoform in the human liver, and this enzyme plays a dominant role in the metabolism of a wide range of clinical drugs and xenobiotics. Previous studies have demonstrated that CYP3A4 participates in the oxidative metabolism of several organophosphorus (OP) pesticides involving both thion (P=S) and oxon (P=O) forms. In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of CYP3A4 to metabolize a structurally diverse set of OP compounds using LC-MS/MS methods and assessed their potential to inhibit CYP3A4 activity using previously developed pFlour50 fluorogenic assay. Our results demonstrate that CYP3A4 preferentially metabolizes thions, as compared to oxons, and several OP compounds were also found to inhibit CYP3A4 activity in a time-dependent manner. To gain further mechanistic structural insight into the CYP3A4-OP interactions, molecular docking studies were performed using a crystal structure of CYP3A4 (PDB ID: 3NXU). Linear correlation analysis between in silico parameters like molecular weight or binding energy correlated with experimental data including inhibition data for 10 or 30 minutes or the LC-MS/MS data showing the degradation at 1 or 2 hours showed moderate but significant correlation. Soman surrogate PiMP, and cyclosarin surrogate CMP, were both effectively metabolized by CYP3A4, while docking of these surrogates and authentic agents with CYP3A4 receptor revealed very similar binding poses and interactions. Collectively, these findings highlight the important role of CYP3A4 in OP metabolism and support the potential of integrating experimental and in silico data to predict CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of existing and emerging OP compounds, including those of toxicological and chemical warfare relevance. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Abbrevations - AChE - Acetylcholinesterase - ACA - Acephate - APM - Azinphos-methyl - BE - binding energy - BNS - Bensulide - CFVP - Chlorfenvinphos - CPH - Chlorphoxim - CPY - Chlorpyrifos - CPO - Chlorpyrifos Oxon - CTP - Crotoxyphos - CFA - Crufomate - CFP - Cyanofenphos - CYP - cytochrome p450 - CWNA - chemical warfare nerve agent - DFP - Diisopropyl fluorophosphate - DIZ - Diazinon - DCV - Dichlorvos - DEP - Diethylparaoxon - DFP - Diisopropyl fluorophosphate - DMX - Dimefox - DMA - Dimethoate - DMP - Dimethyl paraoxon - EPP - Ethoprophos - Eres - resorufin ethoxy ether - FMP - Fenamiphos - FNN - Fenthion - FON - Formothion - IFP - Iodofenphos - IBF - Iprobenfos - IPP - Isofenphos - IXT - Isoxathion - LPS - Leptophos - MTN - Malathion - MPF - Mephosfolan - MMP - Methamidophos - MDT - Methidathion - MVP - Mevinphos - MCP - Monocrotophos - OP - organophosphorus compound - PHO - Phosalone - PFN - Phosfolan - PHT - Phosmet - PPM - Phosphamidon - PPE - Pirimiphos-ethyl - PZP - Pyrazophos - PPT - Pyridaphenthion - QNP - Quinalphos - RRB - Rotatable bonds - SCN - Schradan - TEM - Temephos - TCVP - Tetrachlorvinphos - TAP - Triazophos - TBS - Tribufos - TCP - Trichlorphon.