Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Kidney Disease with Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrients Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Kidney Disease with Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrients Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Kidney Disease with Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrients Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Alfonso Cueto-Manzano, Erika Gómez-García, Laura Cortes-Sanabria, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract AIM: To determine prevalence and co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors (MRF) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) regarding mineral, vitamin and macronutrient intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS. Cross-sectional study in 548 patients (31% with CKD). Nutrient intake assessed using 24-h food recall; adequate intake determined according with Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. MRF considered: hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight-obesity, higher waist circumference, and hyperuricemia. Kidney function evaluated according with KDIGO. RESULTS. A high frequency of MRF (with a co-occurrence of ≥5 MRF in >65%) and non-compliance with RDI for many macronutrients, minerals and vitamins were observed in the entire sample. In multivariate analysis of macronutrients, patients who did not meet carbohydrate RDI had increased risk [OR (95%CI), p ] for CKD [1.6 (1.0-2.6), 0.03], and those who did not meet RDI for cholesterol and total fiber had higher risk for increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio [1.6 (1.1-2.5), 0.02, and 1.5 (1.0-2.3), 0.04, respectively]. For micronutrients, patients who did not meet RDI for phosphorus and vitamin K had lower risk [0.4 (0.2-0.8) 0.005 and 0.5 (0.2-0.9), 0.01,respectively] for lower glomerular filtration rate. Patients with co-ocurrence of ≥5MRF had higher risk for increased albuminuria and CKD [1.6 (1.1-2.5), 0.01, and 1.5 (1.1-2.3), 0.01, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS. Co-occurrence of ≥5 MRF was associated with higher albumin/creatinine rate and higher frequency of CKD. Non-compliance with RDI for carbohydrates, cholesterol and fiber increased the risk of decreased glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria. Health sciences/Diseases/Kidney diseases Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition Minerals Vitamins Macronutrients Risk Factors Diabetes CKD Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION Nutrients play a crucial role in multiple key metabolic pathways, are part of a complex clinical framework [ 1 – 3 ], and could be importantly implicated in chronic non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, the evidence supporting nutrients and other dietary substances as modifiers of chronic disease risk is limited, highlighting the importance of education and interventions on lifestyle and nutrition [ 4 ]. Nutrient metabolism requires adequate intake of macronutrients, essential minerals and vitamins. In patients with CKD stage 1–4, restrictions are placed on nutrient intake, which can further affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism [ 5 ]. Moreover, some drugs frequently used in this disease influence metabolism or action of certain vitamins such as B 6 , B 9 and B 12 [ 6 ]. Although deficiency in the intake of vitamin D and B 9 has been reported, in general, little has been described about the intake of micronutrients in the different kidney replacement modalities [ 7 – 9 ]; the information is even more scarce in the case of early-intermediate CKD. Thus, recommendations of nutrient intake in patients with CKD remain ambiguous [ 10 ]. On the other hand, most patients with CKD, associated with a lack of adherence to a healthy diet, do not achieve the nutritional recommendations to reduce modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight-obesity, higher waist circumference, and hyperuricemia [ 11 , 12 ]. Notwithstanding, it should be noted that the existing evidence on these common risk factors is based on the analysis of only one factor at a time; and, it is necessary to investigate their co-occurrence. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the association of the co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors for kidney disease with the intake of minerals, vitamins and macronutrients in patients with T2DM. 2. MATERIAL & METHODS 2.1. Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with a previous diagnosis of T2DM according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria [ 13 ] but without previous diagnosis of CKD. Patients with normal kidney function (NKF) or CKD stage 1–3, any sex, age ≥ 18 years, were identified in a kidney function screening program in four Family Medicine Units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico, and were invited to participate; those who decided to participate were included after their written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, breastfeeding, cancer, HIV/AIDS, systemic inflammatory disease, any kind of infection, and gastrointestinal diseases that could affect nutrient absorption. The study was approved by the Local Ethics and Research Committee with the registry number R-2017-785-072. All patients had biochemical and clinical evaluations. Biochemical variables were measured in a blood sample at the Central Laboratory of the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico de Occidente, IMSS. Glomerular filtration was estimated (eGFR) using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration formula [ 14 ]. Albuminuria was determined by using a dipstick test (Micral-test II™; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) on a first randomly collected urine sample; positive results were confirmed with immunoturbidimetry (VITROS 5600 Integrated System; Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, MN, USA) adjusted by urinary creatinine (albumin/creatinine ratio, ACR). NKF was defined as an eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m² without albuminuria; CKD was diagnosed and classified according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines [ 15 ]. 2.2. Assessment of Risk Factors Risk factors were considered according to the KDIGO [ 15 ] and the ADA [ 16 ], as follows: 1) Anthropometric factors , body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m², waist circumference (WC) ≥ 80 cm in women or ≥ 90 cm in men; 2) Cardiovascular factors , systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80 mmHg; 3) Metabolic factors , fasting glucose ≥ 130 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7%, uric acid ≥ 7 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 200 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 100 mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤ 50 mg/dL in women and ≤ 40 mg/dL in men, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; and 4) Kidney factors , ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m². For comparisons, two groups were conformed: group 1 with co-occurrence of 0–4 risk factors, and group 2 with co-occurrence of ≥ 5 risk factors. 2.3. Assessment of Nutrient Intake To assess nutrient intake, a 24-hour recall was performed by a trained dietitian (EFGG) in all patients; nutrient values were adjusted for total energy intake to reduce variation introduced by under- or over-reporting of intake. Nutrients were then analyzed by using a computerized program (Nutripac™ 1.5, Mexico City, Mexico. Available at: www.nutripac.com.mx ), which includes the nutritional value of currently consumed Mexican foods. Subsequently, adequate dietary intake of minerals, vitamins and macronutrients was determined according to the Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD [ 17 ] and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism [ 2 ]. Nutrients considered in the study were: 1) Minerals [sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium]; 2) Water-soluble vitamins [thiamine (B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), folic acid (B 9 ), cyanocobalamin (B 12 ) and ascorbic acid (C)]; 3) Fat-soluble vitamins [A, D, K]; and 4) Macronutrients [total energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat acid (SFA), monounsaturated fat acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fat acid (PUFA), cholesterol, total fiber]. In this study, adequate compliance was established as at least 75% of the recommended daily intake (RDI) adjusted to a diet of 2,000 kcal/day. 2.4. Statistical Analysis Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (percentiles 25%-75%), or numbers and percentages, as appropriate. Mann-Whitney U, independent Student t , and χ² tests were performed as appropriate for comparisons between groups (NKF vs. CKD, and 0–4 risk factors vs. ≥5 risk factors). To analyze the association of not meeting the dietary recommendations of minerals, vitamins intake and the co-occurrence of risk factors with the presence of high ACR, low GFR and presence of CKD, a logistic regression was performed (adjusted by age and sex). A p < 0.05 value was accepted as significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows statistical software package (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). 3. RESULTS Five-hundred forty-eight patients were included. General characteristics according to kidney function are shown in Table 1 . In the group of patients with CKD (31%) compared with those with NKF (69%), appeared to be slightly higher frequency of men, married marital status, primary schooling, and hypertension, whereas lower frequency of overweight and obesity was observed. Table 1 General Characteristics of the Patients According to Kidney Function Variable NKF CKD Patients, N 378 170 Age (years) 61 ± 11 65 ± 11 Male sex, N (%) 122 (32) 74 (44) Married marital status, N (%) 237 (63) 114 (67) Primary schooling or less, N (%) 220 (58) 112 (66) T2DM vintage (years) 11 ± 9 14 ± 9 Hypertension, N (%) 282 (75) 138 (81) Vintage, (years) 10 ± 8 12 ± 9 BMI classification, N (%) Healthy weight 56 (15) 35 (21) Overweight 172 (46) 70 (41) Obesity 150 (40) 65 (38) Kidney function Albuminuria/Creatininuria (mg/g) 10 (6–15) 75 (32–258) £ eGFR (ml/min/1.73m 2 ) 92 (79–100) 75 (50–92) £ Abbreviations: NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. £ p < 0.05 vs. NKF. Risk Factors. Table 2 shows the comparison of the presence of risk factors between patients with CKD and NKF. Risk factors with prevalence ≥ 50% in both patients with CKD and NKF were WC, BMI, LDL-C, triglycerides, and HbA1c; the first one and the last one was discretely less and more frequent, respectively, in patients with CKD. In addition, risk factors present in 25–49% of patients of both groups were TC, fasting glucose, HDL-C, DBP, and SBP, whereas less than a quarter of patients in both groups had hyperuricemia. Interestingly, more than 65% of the patients in both groups had a co-occurrence of ≥ 5 risk factors, being even more frequent in those with CKD (Fig. 1 ). Table 2 Comparison of the Presence of Patient´s Risk Factors According to Kidney Function Variable Risk value NKF (N = 378) CKD (N = 170) Value With Risk Factor, N (%) Value With Risk Factor, N (%) Body Mass Index (kg/m 2 ) ≥ 25 29.1 (26.1–32.3) 323 (85) 28.9 (25.4–31.9) 132 (78) Waist Circumference (cm) W ≥ 80; M ≥ 90 100 (92–109) 350 (93) 100 (92–108) 145 (85) Systolic BP (mm Hg) ≥ 130 120 (110–130) 84 (22) 130 (120–140) £ 42 (25) Diastolic BP (mm Hg) ≥ 80 80 (70–85) 104 (28) 80 (70–85) 48 (28) Uric acid (mg/dL) ≥ 7 5.1 (4.4–6.1) 49 (13) 5.5 (4.4–6.8) £ 35 (21) Fasting glucose (mg/dL) ≥ 130 108 (86–150) 132 (35) 121 (93–188) £ 67 (39) HbA1c (%) ≥ 7 7.3 (6.4-9.0) 150 (40) 8.1 (6.5–10.0) £ 91 (54) £ Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) ≥ 200 191 (166–219) 152 (40) 191 (163–214) 69 (41) LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) ≥ 100 110 (89–135) 235 (62) 111 (90–130) 103 (61) HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) W ≤ 50; M ≤ 40 46 (38–54) 110 (29) 43 (36–53) £ 64 (38) Triglycerides (mg/dL) ≥ 150 157 (112–213) 210 (56) 165 (109–216) 91 (54) Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; M, men; W, women; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. £ p ≤ 0.05 vs. NKF, for the same group. Daily intake of minerals and vitamins, macronutrients and dietary diversity of patients according with the presence of CKD is shown in Table 3 , and according with the presence of risk factors in Table 4 . Table 3 Comparison of Daily Intake of Minerals, Vitamins, Macronutrients and Dietary Diversity of Patients with NKF or CKD Variable RDI values NKF (N = 378) CKD (N = 170) Daily Intake Not Met RDI, N (%) Daily intake Not Met RDI, N (%) Macronutrients* Total energy, kcal/kg IBW 25–35 29 (23–36) 79 (21) 27 (20–35) 39 (23) Protein, g/kg IBW 0.8-1.0 1.2 (0.9–1.5) 272 (72) 1.1 (0.7–1.4) £ 104 (61) Carbohydrate, % EI 45–65 50 (42–57) 53 (14) 50 (42–58) 34 (20) Total fat, % EI ≤ 30 36 (28–43) 243 (64) 35 (28–44) 100 (59) SFA, % EI ≤ 7 8 (6–11) 66 (17) 9 (7–12) 30 (18) MUFA, % EI ≤ 20 11 (8–14) 0 12 (8–15) 0 PUFA, % EI ≤ 10 10 (5–15) 100 (26) 10 (5–14) 38 (22) Cholesterol, mg/day ≤ 200 214 (140–337) 91 (24) 225 (140–453) 48 (28) Total fiber, g/kcal/day 14/1000 15 (11–19) 92 (24) 14 (10–19) 47 (28) Micronutrients* Minerals Sodium, mg/day 1800–2500 1215 (790–1769) 225 (59) 1235 (768–1995) 90 (53) Potassium, mg/day 2000–2500 2730 (2279–3483) 33 (9) 2684 (2033–3398) 19 (11) Phosphorus, g/day 800–1000 1515 (1233–1812) 123 (33) 1509 (1230–1773) 44 (26) Calcium, mg/day 500–800 718 (491–983) 72 (19) 720 (484–977) 30 (18) Magnesium, mg/day 200–300 338 (270–421) 32 (8) 324 (272–420) 19 (11) Zinc, mg/day M: ≥10; W: ≥8 10 (7–12) 28 (7) 10 (8–13) 16 (9) Selenium, µg/day ≥ 45 84 (61–113) 18 (5) 85 (64–109) 7 (4) Water-soluble vitamins B 1 Thiamin, mg/day M: ≥1.2; W: ≥1.1 1.3 (1.0-1.7) 32 (8) 1.4 (10 − 1.7) 13 (8) B 2 Riboflavin, mg/day M: ≥1.3; W: ≥1.1 1.6 (1.2–2.2) 22 (6) 1.7 (1.3–2.2) 7 (4) B 3 Niacin, mg/day M: ≥16; W: ≥14 19 (13–28) 43 (11) 18 (12–26) 24 (14) B 6 Pyridoxine, mg/day ≥ 1.7 1.9 (1.4–2.4) 68 (18) 1.9 (1.3–2.5) 36 (21) B 9 Folic acid, µg/day ≥ 400 327 (231–451) 163 (43) 323 (232–460) 73 (43) B 12 Cyancobalamin, µg/day ≥ 2.4 3.1 (1.8–4.9) 93 (25) 3.1 (1.8–5.1) 41 (24) C Ascorbic acid, mg/day M: ≥90; W: ≥75 90 (25–221) 145 (38) 91 (24–208) 60 (35) Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A, µg/day M: ≥900; W: ≥700 295 (145–628) 259 (69) 352 (157–790) 108 (64) Vitamin D, UI/day OW: 1500–2000 NW: 400–600 99 (12–196) 357 (94) 114 (24–216) 149 (88) Vitamin K, µg/day M: ≥120; W: ≥90 33 (20–53) 315 (83) 32 (18–57) 131 (77) Abbreviations: IBW, ideal body weight; EI, energy intake; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; M, men; W, women; OW, overweight; NW, normal weight; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. *Adjusted to a diet 2,000 kcal/day. £ p < 0.05 vs. NKF. Table 4 Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrient Intake According to Kidney Function and the Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors Variable RDI values NKF CKD 0–4 Factors ≥ 5 Factors p 0–4 Factors ≥ 5 Factors p Lowest Dietary diversity ≤ 4 food groups 96 (37) 167 (63) 0.0001 31 (27) 82 (73) 0.0001 Macronutrients* Total energy, kcal/kg IBW 25–35 28 (22–37) 29 (23–36) 0.27 27 (17–34) 28 (21–35) 0.09 Protein, g/kg IBW 0.8-1.0 1.2 (0.9–1.5) 1.2 (0.9–1.5) 0.40 1.0 (0.6–1.3) £ 1.2 (0.7–1.5) 0.03 Carbohydrate, % EI 45–65 49 (43–57) 50 (42–57) 0.41 54 (46–60) £ 49 (40–56) 0.01 Total fat, % EI ≤ 30 37 (28–43) 34 (27–44) 0.31 32 (24–42) 37 (28–47) 0.04 SFA, % EI ≤ 7 9 (6–12) 8 (6–11) 0.29 9 (6–11) 10 (7–12) 0.02 MUFA, % EI ≤ 20 11 (8–14) 11 (7–14) 0.29 10 (7–14) 12 (8–15) 0.06 PUFA, % EI ≤ 10 10 (5–15) 11 (5–15) 0.42 9 (6–14) 10 (5–15) 0.25 Cholesterol, mg/day ≤ 200 215 (142–334) 213 (140–350) 0.49 217 (129–423) 222 (141–451) 0.35 Total fiber, g/kcal/day 14/1000 14 (11–19) 15 (10–19) 0.32 16 (10–19) 14 (9–19) 0.25 Micronutrients* Minerals Sodium, mg/day 1800–2500 1268 (836–1787) 1183 (759–1762) 0.18 1231 (804–1946) 1283 (748–2094) 0.47 Potassium, mg/day 2000–2500 2760 (2321–3480) 2722 (2248–3439) 0.48 2814 (2066–4003) 2640 (1995–3370) 0.16 Phosphorus, g/day 800–1000 1497 (1290–1807) 1518 (1196–1841) 0.40 1573 (1155–1716) 1483 (1232–1783) 0.37 Calcium, mg/day 500–800 741 (496–1074) 692 (486–956) 0.05 769 (559–1054) 702 (473–962) 0.16 Magnesium, mg/day 200–300 335 (280–410) 341 (265–427) 0.36 339 (281–434) 321 (265–417) 0.20 Zinc, mg/day M: ≥10; W: ≥8 10 (7–12) 10 (7–13) 0.15 10 (8–12) 10 (8–13) 0.46 Selenium, µg/day ≥ 45 84 (61–109) 85 (61–115) 0.41 84 (53–108) 86 (69–109) 0.16 Water-soluble vitamins B 1 Thiamin, mg/day M: ≥1.2; W: ≥1.1 1.4 (1.0-1.8) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) 0.06 1.5 (1.1–1.8) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) 0.11 B 2 Riboflavin, mg/day M: ≥1.3; W: ≥1.1 1.6 (1.3–2.2) 1.5 (1.1–2.2) 0.11 1.8 (1.4–2.3) 1.7 (1.3–2.2) 0.12 B 3 Niacin, mg/day M: ≥16; W: ≥14 20 (13–28) 18 (13–28) 0.33 18 (12–24) 19 (14–26) 0.24 B 6 Pyridoxine, mg/day ≥ 1.7 1.9 (1.4–2.5) 1.9 (1.4–2.4) 0.48 2.0 (1.3–2.8) 1.9 (1.3–2.3) 0.14 B 9 Folic acid, µg/day ≥ 400 337 (235–458) 320 (227–449) 0.17 323 (231–456) 323 (237–460) 0.42 B 12 Cyancobalamin, µg/day ≥ 2.4 2.9 (1.7–4.7) 3.2 (2.0-5.1) 0.09 3.4 (1.5–5.6) 3.0 (1.8-5.0) 0.32 C Ascorbic acid, mg/day M: ≥90; W: ≥75 90 (27–225) 90 (24–221) 0.39 137 (21–239) 81 (26–184) 0.09 Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A, µg/day M: ≥900; W: ≥700 322 (160–682) 264 (139–608) 0.06 466 (215–983) 335 (143–591) 0.04 Vitamin D, UI/day OW: 1500–2000; NW: 400–600 100 (12–197) 90 (12–195) 0.33 102 (27–224) 117 (16–208) 0.47 Vitamin K, µg/day M: ≥120; W: ≥90 33 (23–55) 33 (18–52) 0.23 38 (21–63) 30 (17–54) 0.09 Abbreviations: IBW, ideal body weight; EI, energy intake; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; M, men; W, women; OW, overweight; NW, normal weight; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. £ p ≤ 0.05 vs. NKF. *Adjusted to a diet 2,000 kcal/day. Minerals. Regarding minerals intake, the highest non-compliance (about half of patients) was observed in the case of sodium, whereas a low percentage (< 10%) was observed in the case of potassium, magnesium, zinc and selenium, with no statistically significant differences between the groups NKF vs . CKD (Table 3 ). Mineral intake was not different between groups regardless the presence of CKD or the number of risk factor, except in the case of calcium which intake was lower in patients with NKF and the presence of ≥ 5 risk factors compared to patients with 0–4 risk factors (Table 4 ). Water-Soluble Vitamins. No significant differences were observed in water-soluble vitamins intake between patients with CKD or NKF; however, in both groups, the higher non-compliance (> 20%) was observed in the case of B 6 , B 9 , B 12 , and C (Table 3 ). When comparing water-soluble vitamin intake according with the number of risk factors, no significant differences were observed (Table 4 ). Fat-Soluble Vitamins. In contrast with water-soluble vitamins, a high percentage (64–94%) of patients who did not meet DRI for fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K were observed in both groups, without significant differences between them (Table 3 ). When co-occurrence of risk factors was considered, those patients with ≥ 5 factors had significantly lower intake of vitamin A in the group with CKD, and tended to be lower in NFK (Table 4 ). Macronutrients. Regarding macronutrient compliance, it was observed that more than 50% of patients in both groups did not meet the RDI for total fat and protein, and the latter was significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with NKF. In the case of carbohydrates 14–20% patients of both groups did not meet RDI. In addition, about 25–49% of patients did not meet RDI for PUFA, cholesterol, and total fiber, with no statistical differences between the groups; whereas 100% of patients met RDI for MUFA (Table 3 ). The comparison of patients according to kidney function and co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors showed that in patients with CKD those with ≥ 5 risk factors had higher intake of protein, total fat and SFA, but lower carbohydrate intake, as well as a trend towards higher MUFA intake compared to patients with 0–4 risk factors. No statistically significant differences were observed in patients with NKF (Table 4 ). Multivariate analysis results . In patients who did not meet at least 75% of RDI for the analyzed nutrients, and adjusting for age and sex, a multivariate analysis was performed to predict variables associated with high ACR, low eGRF and the presence of CKD [combining both ACR and eGFR according with KDIGO] [ 15 ] (Table 5 ). Regarding macronutrients, patients who did not meet for RDI of carbohydrate had a higher risk for CKD, and those who did not meet RDI for cholesterol and total fiber had a higher risk for increased ACR. In the case of micronutrients, patients who did not meet RDI for phosphorus and vitamin K had lower risk for an eGFR < 60 ml/min. Remarkably, for co-occurrence of risk factors, it was observed that the presence of ≥ 5 risk factors predicted higher frequency of ACR and CKD. Table 5 Multivariate Analysis in Patients Who Did Not Meet at Least 75% of the Recommended Daily Intake of Nutrients to Predict Kidney Function Variables. Not met RDI 1 Adjusted OR (95% CI), p High ACR Low eGFR Presence of CKD Total energy 1.1 (0.6–1.7), 0.38 1.0 (0.5–1.9), 0.43 1.1 (0.7–1.8), 0.25 Protein 0.7 (0.4-1.0), 0.06 0.6 (0.4–1.1), 0.10 0.6 (0.4-1.0), 0.06 Carbohydrate 1.5 (0.9–2.5), 0.07 1.6 (0.9–3.1), 0.06 1.6 (1.0-2.6), 0.03 Total fat 0.8 (0.5–1.3), 0.30 1.3 (0.7–2.3), 0.15 0.8 (0.6–1.2), 0.28 SFA 0.9 (0.5–1.6), 0.49 1.3 (0.7–2.4), 0.22 1.0 (0.6–1.7), 0.44 PUFA 1.0 (0.6–1.6), 0.50 1.4 (0.8–2.4), 0.12 0.8 (0.5–1.2), 0.25 Cholesterol 1.6 (1.1–2.5), 0.02 0.8 (0.4–1.5), 0.36 1.3 (0.8–1.9), 0.11 Total fiber 1.5 (1.0-2.3), 0.04 0.7 (0.4–1.4), 0.25 1.2 (0.8–1.9), 0.16 Micronutrients Minerals Sodium 0.9 (0.6–1.4), 0.43 0.8 (0.4–1.3), 0.24 0.8 (0.5–1.2), 0.20 Potassium 1.2 (0.6–2.3), 0.34 1.7 (0.8–3.6), 0.10 1.3 (0.7–2.5), 0.18 Phosphorus 0.8 (0.5–1.3), 0.32 0.4 (0.2–0.8), 0.005 0.7 (0.5–1.1), 0.12 Calcium 1.0 (0.6–1.6), 0.52 0.8 (0.4–1.7), 0.44 0.9 (0.5–1.5), 0.48 Magnesium 1.1 (0.5–2.2), 0.40 1.3 (0.5–2.9), 0.31 1.4 (0.7–2.6), 0.15 Zinc 1.3 (0.6–2.7), 0.24 1.5 (0.7–3.5), 0.18 1.3 (0.7–2.5), 0.21 Selenium 1.1 (0.4–2.9), 0.47 0.2 (0.1-2.0), 0.14 0.8 (0.3–2.1), 0.50 Water-soluble vitamins B 1 Thiamin 1.3 (0.6–2.6), 0.27 1.0 (0.4–2.5), 0.52 0.9 (0.4–1.8), 0.50 B 2 Riboflavin 0.9 (0.3–2.4), 0.57 0.2 (0.1–1.7), 0.15 0.7 (0.3–1.7), 0.31 B 3 Niacin 1.5 (0.8–2.7), 0.09 1.5 (0.8–3.1), 0.12 1.3 (0.7–2.3), 0.17 B 6 Pyridoxine 1.2 (0.7-2.0), 0.23 1.5 (0.8–2.8), 0.08 1.2 (0.8-2.0), 0.16 B 9 Folic acid 1.3 (0.9-2.0), 0.08 0.7 (0.4–1.1), 0.11 1.0 (0.7–1.5), 0.39 B 12 Cyancobalamin 0.8 (0.5–1.4), 0.33 1.3 (0.7–2.4), 0.15 1.0 (0.6–1.5), 0.48 C Ascorbic acid 0.9 (0.6–1.4), 0.51 0.7 (0.4–1.3), 0.24 0.9 (0.6–1.3), 0.40 Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A 0.9 (0.6–1.4), 0.49 0.9 (0.5–1.6), 0.46 0.9 (0.6–1.3), 0.33 Vitamin D 0.7 (0.3–1.8), 0.33 1.5 (0.3–6.8), 0.41 0.8 (0.3–1.9), 0.41 Vitamin K 1.1 (0.6–1.8), 0.41 0.5 (0.2–0.9), 0.01 0.8 (0.5–1.3), 0.23 Co-occurrence of MRF 0–4 0.6 (0.4–0.9), 0.01 0.9 (0.5–1.6), 0.50 0.6 (0.4–0.9), 0.01 ≥5 1.6 (1.1–2.5), 0.01 1.0 (0.6–1.7), 0.50 1.5 (1.1–2.3), 0.01 Abbreviations: High ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g; low eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m 2 ; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease according with KDIGO criteria; MRF, Modifiable Risk Factors. 1 Covariance in the adjusted models include age and sex. 4. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the co-occurrence of risk factors for kidney disease in T2DM patients and their association with the intake of vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients. We hypothesized that patients who met RDI for micro and macronutrients had lower co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors that are associated with the onset and/or progression of CKD. Like other studies [ 18 , 19 ], a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for onset and/or progression of CKD was observed in our study sample. We also found that the occurrence of ≥ 5 modifiable factors was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria and CKD; it is suggested that the multiplier effect of combination of risk factors for non-communicable diseases is more harmful to health than each factor alone [ 19 ]. Few reports have previously analyzed the co-occurrence of various risk factors; in a study conducted by Sasso et al. [ 20 ], three groups of patients with diabetes and albuminuria (0–1 risk factor, 2–3 risk factors, and 4 risk factors) were compared for the presence of cardiac events, and reported that patients with a low risk (0–4 risk factor) survived longer than those with 4 risk factors. In principle, it should be noted that assessing each nutrient independently is complex since the daily human diet is made up of many of these nutrients [ 21 ]. However, considering nutrient intake, the most remarkable findings of unmet RDI in the present study were observed in the case of protein and total fat for macronutrients, sodium for minerals, folic acid and ascorbic acid for water-soluble vitamins, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K, although in general, no outstanding differences were found between patients with NKF and CKD. In hemodialysis patients it was reported that only 9% had adequate intake of macronutrients and 2% of micronutrients; those patients with adequate intake were less likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, and hypoalbuminemia [ 11 ]. In adults over 60 years old (similar age than patients of the current study) without CKD from the general population [ 22 ], more than 90% had inadequate intakes of vitamin E, B 6 , B 9 and calcium; and between 50% and 70% of selenium, A, B 2 , B 12 and vitamin C. Importantly, in the multivariate analysis performed in those patients not meeting more than 75% of the RDI, the co-occurrence of ≥ 5 risk factors significantly predicted the presence of albuminuria, and consequently of CKD. Particularly patients with ≥ 5 risk factors displayed lower dietary diversity, and lower intake of protein, total fat, SFA and MUFA, and lower intake of carbohydrates and vitamins A, C, and K. Vitamin C is proposed as a potential adjuvant to erythropoietin due to its ability to improve iron utilization [ 23 ]. Patients with CKD are often deficient in vitamin K, associated with dietary advice to limit potassium intake (green leafy vegetables, vitamin K1) and reduce phosphates (dairy, vitamin K2) [ 24 ]. In one study of 3,401 patients with CKD [ 25 ], 72% of participants had a vitamin K intake below the recommended intake, but those with higher than recommended vitamin K intake had lower risk of all-cause mortality. On the other hand, higher levels of serum phosphorus, and even within the normal range, have been associated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, not only in patients with CKD but also in the general population [ 26 ]. In patients with CKD and risk factors, promoting plant-based diets favors the intake of fiber, vitamins A and C, B complex vitamins, calcium, and reduces the intake of proteins and foods rich in cholesterol. A higher intake of plant-based foods and the nutrients associated with vegetarian and plant-based diets has been correlated with better blood pressure control, improved glycemic regulation, enhanced lipid profiles, lower BMI, and optimized acid-based balance [ 27 ]; these improvements play a crucial role in both preventing the onset and slowing the progression of CKD. Other predictors for albuminuria were not meeting RDI for cholesterol and fiber, whereas not meeting the recommended intake for carbohydrate increases the risk of CKD. In this sense, one study reported that a higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with lower levels of CRP and IL-6, but this association does not differ significantly depending on kidney function. Furthermore, the same investigators found that lower fiber intake is more strongly related to mortality in people with kidney dysfunction than in those without it, regardless of other factors such as lifestyle and comorbidities [ 28 ]. It has been described that selective and restrictive diets with low consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and other foods decrease the quality of life of patients with CKD and could be harmful because these foods provide a greater supply of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the combination of risk factors with nutrient consumption since the combination can potentiate negative results. Limitations of our study include the cross-sectional design; dietary intake data were collected at a single point in time and does not allow to establish causality. Food intake questionnaires are frequently used in epidemiological studies about nutrition in both general population and CKD patients [ 29 ]. Not having performed serum measurements of the various nutrients that were evaluated in this study could also be considered a limitation, and deserves future investigation. 5. CONCLUSIONS Co-occurrence of ≥ 5 modifiable risk factors were associated with albuminuria and CKD. Not met more than 75% of the RDI for carbohydrates, cholesterol and fiber is associated with higher risk of albuminuria and decreased eGFR. Patients with CKD and co-occurrence of ≥ 5 modifiable risk factors had higher intake of protein, total fat, SFA, and lower intake of carbohydrate, vitamin A, C, K. Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND FUNDING. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Author 1: Conceptualization, formal analysis, original draft, methodology, review and editing. Author 2: Conceptualization, original draft, methodology, review and editing. Author 3: Original draft, and review and editing. Author 4: Methodology, review and editing. Author 5: Methodology, review and editing. Author 6: Methodology, review and editing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the personnel and patients of the Familiar Medical Units Nos. 3, 34, 48 and 78 by their support and collaboration to this study. References Kosmadakis G, Da Costa Correia E, Carceles O, et al. Vitamins in dialysis: Who, when and how much? Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):638–50. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Amrein K, et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clinical Nutrition. 2022;1–70. Jankowska M, Rutkowski B, Dębska-Ślizień A. Vitamins and microelement bioavailability in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(3). Cosola C, Sabatino A, Di Bari I, et al. Nutrients, nutraceuticals, and xenobiotics affecting renal health. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):1–23. Steiber AL, Kopple JD. Vitamin Status and Needs for People with Stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2011;21(5):355–68. Coveney N, Polkinghorne KR, Linehan L, Corradini A, Kerr PG. Water-soluble vitamin levels in extended hours hemodialysis. Hemodial Int. 2011;15(1):30-38. Jankowska M, Szupryczyńska N, Dębska-Ślizień A, et al. Dietary Intake of Vitamins in Different Options of Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There a Deficiency? Transplant Proc. 2016;48(5):1427–30. Bossola M, Di Stasio E, Viola A, et al. Dietary intake of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(4):809–15. Martín-del-Campo F, Batis-Ruvalcaba C, González-Espinoza L, et al. Dietary micronutrient intake in peritoneal dialysis patients: Relationship with nutrition and inflammation status. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2012;32(2):183–91. Juszczak AB, Kupczak M, Konecki T. Does Vitamin Supplementation Play a Role in Chronic Kidney Disease? Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2847. Duong T Van, Wong TC, Su CT, et al. Associations of dietary macronutrients and micronutrients with the traditional and nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease among hemodialysis patients. Medicine (United States). 2018;97(26):1–9. Rapa SF, Di Iorio BR, Campiglia P, et al. Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease—potential therapeutic role of minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(263):1–26. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20–S42. Levey AS, Stevens LA. Estimating GFR Using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Creatinine Equation: More Accurate GFR Estimates, Lower CKD Prevalence Estimates, and Better Risk Predictions. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2010;55(4):622–7. KDIGO-CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney inter. 2024;105(4):S117–S314. Mineralogist A. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(1):S1–232. Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2020;76(3):S1–107. Losappio V, Infante B, Leo S, et al. Nutrition-based management of inflammation in CKD and renal replacement therapies. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):1–17. Cham B, Scholes S, Groce NE, et al. High level of co-occurrence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among Gambian adults: A national population-based health examination survey. Prev Med (Baltim). 2020;141:1–9. Sasso FC, Simeon V, Galiero R, et al. The number of risk factors not at target is associated with cardiovascular risk in a type 2 diabetic population with albuminuria in primary cardiovascular prevention. Post-hoc analysis of the NID-2 trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):235. Valdivia G, Navarrete C, Oñate A, et al. Association between high vitamin B12 levels and one year mortality in older people admitted to the hospital. Rev Med Chil. 2020;148(1):46–53. Aquino RDC, Ramos LB. Micronutrient intake in elderly living in nursing homes. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35:59–64. De Vriese AS, Borrey D, Mahieu E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration increases lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;108:c28–34. Wasilewski GB, Vervloet MG, Schurgers LJ. The Bone—Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:1–16. Cheung CL, Sahni S, Cheung BMY, et al. Vitamin K intake and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease from NHANES III. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(2):235–40. Biruete A, Hill Gallant KM., Lloyd L, et. al. ‘Phos’tering a Clear Message: The Evolution of Dietary Phosphorus Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr. 2023;6:S13-S20. Joshi S, McMacken M, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Plant-Based Diets for Kidney Disease: A Guide for Clinicians. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):287-296. Xu H, Huang X, Risérus U, et al. Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(12):2104-2110. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Deepak S, et al. Food intake characteristics of hemodialysis patients as obtained by food frequency questionnaire. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(1):17–31. Additional Declarations There is NO conflict of interest to disclose. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 10 Apr, 2026 Review # 2 received at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 27 Mar, 2026 Review # 1 received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 19 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Aug, 2025 Unknown event 07 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7312575","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":511034576,"identity":"910238e8-660e-4b09-9dda-9d0d01eb4057","order_by":0,"name":"Alfonso Cueto-Manzano","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYCgAOQMwZWBBQF0CgmlswMAM0iJBvJbEDWAtDLi18DcwP5P4+MOGQbf97OEPP3fYpG9n7z+64UeBBAN/e3cCNi0SB9jMJGckpDGYnclLMOw9k5a7s+cw280eoMMkzpzdgNWaAzxs0jwJhxnMDuQYJPC2Hc7dcCOZ7QYPUIuBRC5WLfIgLX9AWs6/MTj4t+1wugFQy80/eLQYgLQwgLTcyDFsBtqSANJyG58thgfYjC170oB+ufHGmFm2Lc1ww5nDZrdlDCR4cPlF7gDzwxs/bGyADssx/vi2zUbe4Hjjs5tv/tjI8bf3Yve+/AMwVd+ALsGDVfkoGAWjYBSMAqIAANQEX1em3QfCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0343-9508","institution":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alfonso","middleName":"","lastName":"Cueto-Manzano","suffix":""},{"id":511034577,"identity":"7dc3080d-7338-4deb-ab2f-120ace9dadd0","order_by":1,"name":"Erika Gómez-García","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Autónoma de Baja California","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erika","middleName":"","lastName":"Gómez-García","suffix":""},{"id":511034578,"identity":"c781d41a-7fe9-4a6b-8594-1e8706cdf196","order_by":2,"name":"Laura Cortes-Sanabria","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"","lastName":"Cortes-Sanabria","suffix":""},{"id":511034579,"identity":"83dcf130-8cf6-4756-b128-1938b68acc6c","order_by":3,"name":"Francisco Mendoza-Carrera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisco","middleName":"","lastName":"Mendoza-Carrera","suffix":""},{"id":511034580,"identity":"32279980-d490-472f-bfa0-d3766d7496de","order_by":4,"name":"Claudia Orozco-Gonzalez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Ixtrahuaca","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Claudia","middleName":"","lastName":"Orozco-Gonzalez","suffix":""},{"id":511034581,"identity":"10a64880-fc1d-4764-b685-be3e0ceddb54","order_by":5,"name":"Roxana Marquez Herrera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roxana","middleName":"Marquez","lastName":"Herrera","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-06 19:15:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91486518,"identity":"c3633486-76df-422a-8868-7040e6cb95f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 04:57:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of the Co-occurrence of Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Normal Kidney Function.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. \u003cem\u003e* p\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05 \u003cem\u003evs. \u003c/em\u003epatients with the same kidney function with 0-4 risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7312575/v1/514bfc11bd8620db6616263a.png"},{"id":91816669,"identity":"1581503b-505b-4489-b434-e7cb49ae0cc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 06:52:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1434993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7312575/v1/9b07ba84-54cc-48e1-adb1-c7252ab3ac6f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interest to disclose.","formattedTitle":"Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Kidney Disease with Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrients Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eNutrients play a crucial role in multiple key metabolic pathways, are part of a complex clinical framework [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and could be importantly implicated in chronic non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, the evidence supporting nutrients and other dietary substances as modifiers of chronic disease risk is limited, highlighting the importance of education and interventions on lifestyle and nutrition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient metabolism requires adequate intake of macronutrients, essential minerals and vitamins. In patients with CKD stage 1\u0026ndash;4, restrictions are placed on nutrient intake, which can further affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, some drugs frequently used in this disease influence metabolism or action of certain vitamins such as B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e and B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Although deficiency in the intake of vitamin D and B\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e has been reported, in general, little has been described about the intake of micronutrients in the different kidney replacement modalities [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]; the information is even more scarce in the case of early-intermediate CKD. Thus, recommendations of nutrient intake in patients with CKD remain ambiguous [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, most patients with CKD, associated with a lack of adherence to a healthy diet, do not achieve the nutritional recommendations to reduce modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight-obesity, higher waist circumference, and hyperuricemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Notwithstanding, it should be noted that the existing evidence on these common risk factors is based on the analysis of only one factor at a time; and, it is necessary to investigate their co-occurrence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the aim of this study was to determine the association of the co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors for kidney disease with the intake of minerals, vitamins and macronutrients in patients with T2DM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIAL \u0026 METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with a previous diagnosis of T2DM according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] but without previous diagnosis of CKD. Patients with normal kidney function (NKF) or CKD stage 1\u0026ndash;3, any sex, age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years, were identified in a kidney function screening program in four Family Medicine Units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico, and were invited to participate; those who decided to participate were included after their written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, breastfeeding, cancer, HIV/AIDS, systemic inflammatory disease, any kind of infection, and gastrointestinal diseases that could affect nutrient absorption. The study was approved by the Local Ethics and Research Committee with the registry number R-2017-785-072.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll patients had biochemical and clinical evaluations. Biochemical variables were measured in a blood sample at the Central Laboratory of the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u0026eacute;dico de Occidente, IMSS. Glomerular filtration was estimated (eGFR) using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration formula [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Albuminuria was determined by using a dipstick test (Micral-test II\u0026trade;; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) on a first randomly collected urine sample; positive results were confirmed with immunoturbidimetry (VITROS 5600 Integrated System; Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, MN, USA) adjusted by urinary creatinine (albumin/creatinine ratio, ACR).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNKF was defined as an eGFR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;90 mL/min/1.73 m\u0026sup2; without albuminuria; CKD was diagnosed and classified according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Assessment of Risk Factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors were considered according to the KDIGO [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and the ADA [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], as follows: 1) \u003cem\u003eAnthropometric factors\u003c/em\u003e, body mass index (BMI)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\u0026sup2;, waist circumference (WC)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 cm in women or \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;90 cm in men; 2) \u003cem\u003eCardiovascular factors\u003c/em\u003e, systolic blood pressure (SBP)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 mmHg; 3) \u003cem\u003eMetabolic factors\u003c/em\u003e, fasting glucose\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7%, uric acid\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;100 mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50 mg/dL in women and \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;40 mg/dL in men, triglycerides\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;150 mg/dL; and 4) \u003cem\u003eKidney factors\u003c/em\u003e, ACR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30 mg/g, eGFR\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;60 ml/min/1.73 m\u0026sup2;. For comparisons, two groups were conformed: group 1 with co-occurrence of 0\u0026ndash;4 risk factors, and group 2 with co-occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Assessment of Nutrient Intake\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo assess nutrient intake, a 24-hour recall was performed by a trained dietitian (EFGG) in all patients; nutrient values were adjusted for total energy intake to reduce variation introduced by under- or over-reporting of intake. Nutrients were then analyzed by using a computerized program (Nutripac\u0026trade; 1.5, Mexico City, Mexico. Available at: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.nutripac.com.mx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), which includes the nutritional value of currently consumed Mexican foods. Subsequently, adequate dietary intake of minerals, vitamins and macronutrients was determined according to the Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Nutrients considered in the study were: 1) Minerals [sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium]; 2) Water-soluble vitamins [thiamine (B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), riboflavin (B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), niacin (B\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), pyridoxine (B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), folic acid (B\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e), cyanocobalamin (B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e) and ascorbic acid (C)]; 3) Fat-soluble vitamins [A, D, K]; and 4) Macronutrients [total energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat acid (SFA), monounsaturated fat acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fat acid (PUFA), cholesterol, total fiber]. In this study, adequate compliance was established as at least 75% of the recommended daily intake (RDI) adjusted to a diet of 2,000 kcal/day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults are expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD), median (percentiles 25%-75%), or numbers and percentages, as appropriate. Mann-Whitney U, independent Student \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e, and \u0026chi;\u0026sup2; tests were performed as appropriate for comparisons between groups (NKF \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e CKD, and 0\u0026ndash;4 risk factors \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ge;5 risk factors). To analyze the association of not meeting the dietary recommendations of minerals, vitamins intake and the co-occurrence of risk factors with the presence of high ACR, low GFR and presence of CKD, a logistic regression was performed (adjusted by age and sex). A \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 value was accepted as significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows statistical software package (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eFive-hundred forty-eight patients were included. General characteristics according to kidney function are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. In the group of patients with CKD (31%) compared with those with NKF (69%), appeared to be slightly higher frequency of men, married marital status, primary schooling, and hypertension, whereas lower frequency of overweight and obesity was observed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics of the Patients According to Kidney Function\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNKF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients, N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale sex, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried marital status, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114 (67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary schooling or less, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 (66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT2DM vintage (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138 (81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVintage, (years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI classification, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthy weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKidney function\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbuminuria/Creatininuria (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (6\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 (32\u0026ndash;258)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eeGFR (ml/min/1.73m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (79\u0026ndash;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 (50\u0026ndash;92)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eAbbreviations: NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. \u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e NKF.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRisk Factors.\u003c/em\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the comparison of the presence of risk factors between patients with CKD and NKF. Risk factors with prevalence\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50% in both patients with CKD and NKF were WC, BMI, LDL-C, triglycerides, and HbA1c; the first one and the last one was discretely less and more frequent, respectively, in patients with CKD. In addition, risk factors present in 25\u0026ndash;49% of patients of both groups were TC, fasting glucose, HDL-C, DBP, and SBP, whereas less than a quarter of patients in both groups had hyperuricemia. Interestingly, more than 65% of the patients in both groups had a co-occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors, being even more frequent in those with CKD (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of the Presence of Patient\u0026acute;s Risk Factors According to Kidney Function\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNKF (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;378)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith Risk Factor, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith Risk Factor, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1 (26.1\u0026ndash;32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9 (25.4\u0026ndash;31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaist Circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80; M\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (92\u0026ndash;109)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350 (93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (92\u0026ndash;108)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145 (85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystolic BP (mm Hg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120 (110\u0026ndash;130)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130 (120\u0026ndash;140)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiastolic BP (mm Hg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (70\u0026ndash;85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (70\u0026ndash;85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUric acid (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1 (4.4\u0026ndash;6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5 (4.4\u0026ndash;6.8)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFasting glucose (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (86\u0026ndash;150)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121 (93\u0026ndash;188)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHbA1c (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3 (6.4-9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1 (6.5\u0026ndash;10.0)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (54)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191 (166\u0026ndash;219)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191 (163\u0026ndash;214)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (89\u0026ndash;135)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235 (62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111 (90\u0026ndash;130)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50; M\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (38\u0026ndash;54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (36\u0026ndash;53)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTriglycerides (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157 (112\u0026ndash;213)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210 (56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165 (109\u0026ndash;216)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eAbbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; M, men; W, women; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. \u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e NKF, for the same group.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily intake of minerals and vitamins, macronutrients and dietary diversity of patients according with the presence of CKD is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and according with the presence of risk factors in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of Daily Intake of Minerals, Vitamins, Macronutrients and Dietary Diversity of Patients with NKF or CKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRDI values\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNKF (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;378)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily Intake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Met RDI, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily intake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Met RDI, N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMacronutrients*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal energy, kcal/kg IBW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (23\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (20\u0026ndash;35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein, g/kg IBW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.9\u0026ndash;1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e272 (72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.4) \u0026pound;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (42\u0026ndash;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (42\u0026ndash;58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fat, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (28\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (28\u0026ndash;44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (6\u0026ndash;11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (7\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMUFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (8\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (8\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePUFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (5\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (5\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCholesterol, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 (140\u0026ndash;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225 (140\u0026ndash;453)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fiber, g/kcal/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14/1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (11\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (10\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicronutrients*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinerals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1800\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1215 (790\u0026ndash;1769)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1235 (768\u0026ndash;1995)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2730 (2279\u0026ndash;3483)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2684 (2033\u0026ndash;3398)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhosphorus, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1515 (1233\u0026ndash;1812)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1509 (1230\u0026ndash;1773)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e718 (491\u0026ndash;983)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e720 (484\u0026ndash;977)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnesium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e338 (270\u0026ndash;421)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e324 (272\u0026ndash;420)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZinc, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;10; W: \u0026ge;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (8\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelenium, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (61\u0026ndash;113)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (64\u0026ndash;109)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e Thiamin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;1.2; W: \u0026ge;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (1.0-1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 (10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Riboflavin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;1.3; W: \u0026ge;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.2\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e Niacin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;16; W: \u0026ge;14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (13\u0026ndash;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (12\u0026ndash;26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e Pyridoxine, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.4\u0026ndash;2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e Folic acid, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327 (231\u0026ndash;451)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (232\u0026ndash;460)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e Cyancobalamin, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1 (1.8\u0026ndash;4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1 (1.8\u0026ndash;5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC Ascorbic acid, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;90; W: \u0026ge;75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (25\u0026ndash;221)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145 (38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (24\u0026ndash;208)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin A, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;900; W: \u0026ge;700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295 (145\u0026ndash;628)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e352 (157\u0026ndash;790)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin D, UI/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOW: 1500\u0026ndash;2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNW: 400\u0026ndash;600\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (12\u0026ndash;196)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e357 (94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114 (24\u0026ndash;216)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149 (88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin K, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;120; W: \u0026ge;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (20\u0026ndash;53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e315 (83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (18\u0026ndash;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131 (77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eAbbreviations: IBW, ideal body weight; EI, energy intake; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; M, men; W, women; OW, overweight; NW, normal weight; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. *Adjusted to a diet 2,000 kcal/day. \u0026pound; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e NKF.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinerals, Vitamins and Macronutrient Intake According to Kidney Function and the Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRDI values\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNKF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4 Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4 Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLowest Dietary diversity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4 food groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82 (73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMacronutrients*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal energy, kcal/kg IBW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (22\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (23\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (17\u0026ndash;34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (21\u0026ndash;35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein, g/kg IBW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.9\u0026ndash;1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.9\u0026ndash;1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.3)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (43\u0026ndash;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (42\u0026ndash;57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (46\u0026ndash;60)\u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (40\u0026ndash;56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fat, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (28\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (27\u0026ndash;44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (24\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (28\u0026ndash;47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (6\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (6\u0026ndash;11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (6\u0026ndash;11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMUFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (8\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (7\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (8\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePUFA, % EI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (5\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (5\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (6\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (5\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCholesterol, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215 (142\u0026ndash;334)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213 (140\u0026ndash;350)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217 (129\u0026ndash;423)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222 (141\u0026ndash;451)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fiber, g/kcal/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14/1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (11\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (10\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (10\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (9\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicronutrients*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinerals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1800\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1268 (836\u0026ndash;1787)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1183 (759\u0026ndash;1762)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1231 (804\u0026ndash;1946)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1283 (748\u0026ndash;2094)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2760 (2321\u0026ndash;3480)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2722 (2248\u0026ndash;3439)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2814 (2066\u0026ndash;4003)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2640 (1995\u0026ndash;3370)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhosphorus, g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1497 (1290\u0026ndash;1807)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1518 (1196\u0026ndash;1841)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1573 (1155\u0026ndash;1716)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1483 (1232\u0026ndash;1783)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e741 (496\u0026ndash;1074)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e692 (486\u0026ndash;956)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e769 (559\u0026ndash;1054)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e702 (473\u0026ndash;962)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnesium, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335 (280\u0026ndash;410)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341 (265\u0026ndash;427)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339 (281\u0026ndash;434)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e321 (265\u0026ndash;417)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZinc, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;10; W: \u0026ge;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (7\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (8\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (8\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelenium, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (61\u0026ndash;109)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (61\u0026ndash;115)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (53\u0026ndash;108)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (69\u0026ndash;109)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e Thiamin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;1.2; W: \u0026ge;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 (1.0-1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (1.0-1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (1.1\u0026ndash;1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (1.0-1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Riboflavin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;1.3; W: \u0026ge;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (1.1\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8 (1.4\u0026ndash;2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e Niacin, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;16; W: \u0026ge;14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (13\u0026ndash;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (13\u0026ndash;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (12\u0026ndash;24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (14\u0026ndash;26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e Pyridoxine, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.4\u0026ndash;2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.4\u0026ndash;2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.3\u0026ndash;2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e Folic acid, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e337 (235\u0026ndash;458)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320 (227\u0026ndash;449)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (231\u0026ndash;456)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (237\u0026ndash;460)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e Cyancobalamin, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9 (1.7\u0026ndash;4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 (2.0-5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4 (1.5\u0026ndash;5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0 (1.8-5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC Ascorbic acid, mg/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;90; W: \u0026ge;75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (27\u0026ndash;225)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (24\u0026ndash;221)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137 (21\u0026ndash;239)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (26\u0026ndash;184)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin A, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;900; W: \u0026ge;700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322 (160\u0026ndash;682)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264 (139\u0026ndash;608)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e466 (215\u0026ndash;983)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335 (143\u0026ndash;591)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin D, UI/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOW: 1500\u0026ndash;2000;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNW: 400\u0026ndash;600\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (12\u0026ndash;197)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (12\u0026ndash;195)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102 (27\u0026ndash;224)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117 (16\u0026ndash;208)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin K, \u0026micro;g/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM: \u0026ge;120; W: \u0026ge;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (23\u0026ndash;55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (18\u0026ndash;52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (21\u0026ndash;63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (17\u0026ndash;54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAbbreviations: IBW, ideal body weight; EI, energy intake; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; M, men; W, women; OW, overweight; NW, normal weight; NKF, normal kidney function; CKD, chronic kidney disease. \u003csup\u003e\u0026pound;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e NKF. *Adjusted to a diet 2,000 kcal/day.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMinerals.\u003c/em\u003e Regarding minerals intake, the highest non-compliance (about half of patients) was observed in the case of sodium, whereas a low percentage (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%) was observed in the case of potassium, magnesium, zinc and selenium, with no statistically significant differences between the groups NKF \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. CKD (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Mineral intake was not different between groups regardless the presence of CKD or the number of risk factor, except in the case of calcium which intake was lower in patients with NKF and the presence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors compared to patients with 0\u0026ndash;4 risk factors (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWater-Soluble Vitamins.\u003c/em\u003e No significant differences were observed in water-soluble vitamins intake between patients with CKD or NKF; however, in both groups, the higher non-compliance (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20%) was observed in the case of B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e, and C (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). When comparing water-soluble vitamin intake according with the number of risk factors, no significant differences were observed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFat-Soluble Vitamins.\u003c/em\u003e In contrast with water-soluble vitamins, a high percentage (64\u0026ndash;94%) of patients who did not meet DRI for fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K were observed in both groups, without significant differences between them (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). When co-occurrence of risk factors was considered, those patients with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 factors had significantly lower intake of vitamin A in the group with CKD, and tended to be lower in NFK (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacronutrients.\u003c/em\u003e Regarding macronutrient compliance, it was observed that more than 50% of patients in both groups did not meet the RDI for total fat and protein, and the latter was significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with NKF. In the case of carbohydrates 14\u0026ndash;20% patients of both groups did not meet RDI. In addition, about 25\u0026ndash;49% of patients did not meet RDI for PUFA, cholesterol, and total fiber, with no statistical differences between the groups; whereas 100% of patients met RDI for MUFA (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The comparison of patients according to kidney function and co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors showed that in patients with CKD those with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors had higher intake of protein, total fat and SFA, but lower carbohydrate intake, as well as a trend towards higher MUFA intake compared to patients with 0\u0026ndash;4 risk factors. No statistically significant differences were observed in patients with NKF (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultivariate analysis results\u003c/em\u003e. In patients who did not meet at least 75% of RDI for the analyzed nutrients, and adjusting for age and sex, a multivariate analysis was performed to predict variables associated with high ACR, low eGRF and the presence of CKD [combining both ACR and eGFR according with KDIGO] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding macronutrients, patients who did not meet for RDI of carbohydrate had a higher risk for CKD, and those who did not meet RDI for cholesterol and total fiber had a higher risk for increased ACR. In the case of micronutrients, patients who did not meet RDI for phosphorus and vitamin K had lower risk for an eGFR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60 ml/min. Remarkably, for co-occurrence of risk factors, it was observed that the presence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors predicted higher frequency of ACR and CKD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis in Patients Who Did Not Meet at Least 75% of the Recommended Daily Intake of Nutrients to Predict Kidney Function Variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot met RDI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh ACR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow eGFR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePresence of CKD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal energy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.9), 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.8), 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.4-1.0), 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.1), 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6 (0.4-1.0), 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.9\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6 (0.9\u0026ndash;3.1), 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6 (1.0-2.6), 0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.3), 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.2), 0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.6), 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.4), 0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePUFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.6), 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.8\u0026ndash;2.4), 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.2), 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6 (1.1\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.5), 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.8\u0026ndash;1.9), 0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5 (1.0-2.3), 0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.4), 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.8\u0026ndash;1.9), 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicronutrients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinerals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.4), 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.2), 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.6\u0026ndash;2.3), 0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.8\u0026ndash;3.6), 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.4 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.8), 0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.1), 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.6), 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.5), 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnesium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.5\u0026ndash;2.2), 0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.5\u0026ndash;2.9), 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.6), 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZinc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.6\u0026ndash;2.7), 0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.7\u0026ndash;3.5), 0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelenium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.4\u0026ndash;2.9), 0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.1-2.0), 0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.3\u0026ndash;2.1), 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e Thiamin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.6\u0026ndash;2.6), 0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.4\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.8), 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Riboflavin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.3\u0026ndash;2.4), 0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.1\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.3\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e Niacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.8\u0026ndash;2.7), 0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.8\u0026ndash;3.1), 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.3), 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e Pyridoxine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.7-2.0), 0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.8\u0026ndash;2.8), 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.8-2.0), 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e Folic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.9-2.0), 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.1), 0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.5), 0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e Cyancobalamin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.4), 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.4), 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.5), 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC Ascorbic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.4), 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat-soluble vitamins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.4), 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.6), 0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin D\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.3\u0026ndash;1.8), 0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.3\u0026ndash;6.8), 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.3\u0026ndash;1.9), 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin K\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.8), 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.9), 0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.3), 0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo-occurrence of MRF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.6 (0.4\u0026ndash;0.9), 0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.5\u0026ndash;1.6), 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.6 (0.4\u0026ndash;0.9), 0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6 (1.1\u0026ndash;2.5), 0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.6\u0026ndash;1.7), 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5 (1.1\u0026ndash;2.3), 0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eAbbreviations: High ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 mg/g; low eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60 ml/min/1.73m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease according with KDIGO criteria; MRF, Modifiable Risk Factors. \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eCovariance in the adjusted models include age and sex.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the co-occurrence of risk factors for kidney disease in T2DM patients and their association with the intake of vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients. We hypothesized that patients who met RDI for micro and macronutrients had lower co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors that are associated with the onset and/or progression of CKD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for onset and/or progression of CKD was observed in our study sample. We also found that the occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 modifiable factors was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria and CKD; it is suggested that the multiplier effect of combination of risk factors for non-communicable diseases is more harmful to health than each factor alone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Few reports have previously analyzed the co-occurrence of various risk factors; in a study conducted by Sasso et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], three groups of patients with diabetes and albuminuria (0\u0026ndash;1 risk factor, 2\u0026ndash;3 risk factors, and 4 risk factors) were compared for the presence of cardiac events, and reported that patients with a low risk (0\u0026ndash;4 risk factor) survived longer than those with 4 risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn principle, it should be noted that assessing each nutrient independently is complex since the daily human diet is made up of many of these nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However, considering nutrient intake, the most remarkable findings of unmet RDI in the present study were observed in the case of protein and total fat for macronutrients, sodium for minerals, folic acid and ascorbic acid for water-soluble vitamins, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K, although in general, no outstanding differences were found between patients with NKF and CKD. In hemodialysis patients it was reported that only 9% had adequate intake of macronutrients and 2% of micronutrients; those patients with adequate intake were less likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, and hypoalbuminemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In adults over 60 years old (similar age than patients of the current study) without CKD from the general population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], more than 90% had inadequate intakes of vitamin E, B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e and calcium; and between 50% and 70% of selenium, A, B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e and vitamin C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportantly, in the multivariate analysis performed in those patients not meeting more than 75% of the RDI, the co-occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors significantly predicted the presence of albuminuria, and consequently of CKD. Particularly patients with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 risk factors displayed lower dietary diversity, and lower intake of protein, total fat, SFA and MUFA, and lower intake of carbohydrates and vitamins A, C, and K. Vitamin C is proposed as a potential adjuvant to erythropoietin due to its ability to improve iron utilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Patients with CKD are often deficient in vitamin K, associated with dietary advice to limit potassium intake (green leafy vegetables, vitamin K1) and reduce phosphates (dairy, vitamin K2) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. In one study of 3,401 patients with CKD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], 72% of participants had a vitamin K intake below the recommended intake, but those with higher than recommended vitamin K intake had lower risk of all-cause mortality. On the other hand, higher levels of serum phosphorus, and even within the normal range, have been associated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, not only in patients with CKD but also in the general population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn patients with CKD and risk factors, promoting plant-based diets favors the intake of fiber, vitamins A and C, B complex vitamins, calcium, and reduces the intake of proteins and foods rich in cholesterol. A higher intake of plant-based foods and the nutrients associated with vegetarian and plant-based diets has been correlated with better blood pressure control, improved glycemic regulation, enhanced lipid profiles, lower BMI, and optimized acid-based balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]; these improvements play a crucial role in both preventing the onset and slowing the progression of CKD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther predictors for albuminuria were not meeting RDI for cholesterol and fiber, whereas not meeting the recommended intake for carbohydrate increases the risk of CKD. In this sense, one study reported that a higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with lower levels of CRP and IL-6, but this association does not differ significantly depending on kidney function. Furthermore, the same investigators found that lower fiber intake is more strongly related to mortality in people with kidney dysfunction than in those without it, regardless of other factors such as lifestyle and comorbidities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt has been described that selective and restrictive diets with low consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and other foods decrease the quality of life of patients with CKD and could be harmful because these foods provide a greater supply of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the combination of risk factors with nutrient consumption since the combination can potentiate negative results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitations of our study include the cross-sectional design; dietary intake data were collected at a single point in time and does not allow to establish causality. Food intake questionnaires are frequently used in epidemiological studies about nutrition in both general population and CKD patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Not having performed serum measurements of the various nutrients that were evaluated in this study could also be considered a limitation, and deserves future investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 modifiable risk factors were associated with albuminuria and CKD. Not met more than 75% of the RDI for carbohydrates, cholesterol and fiber is associated with higher risk of albuminuria and decreased eGFR. Patients with CKD and co-occurrence of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 modifiable risk factors had higher intake of protein, total fat, SFA, and lower intake of carbohydrate, vitamin A, C, K.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST AND FUNDING.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, formal analysis, original draft, methodology, review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, original draft, methodology, review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 3:\u003c/strong\u003e Original draft, and review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 4:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 5:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor 6:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMethodology, review and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the personnel and patients of the Familiar Medical Units Nos. 3, 34, 48 and 78 by their support and collaboration to this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKosmadakis G, Da Costa Correia E, Carceles O, et al. Vitamins in dialysis: Who, when and how much? Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):638\u0026ndash;50.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBerger MM, Shenkin A, Amrein K, et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clinical Nutrition. 2022;1\u0026ndash;70.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJankowska M, Rutkowski B, Dębska-Ślizień A. Vitamins and microelement bioavailability in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCosola C, Sabatino A, Di Bari I, et al. Nutrients, nutraceuticals, and xenobiotics affecting renal health. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):1\u0026ndash;23.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSteiber AL, Kopple JD. Vitamin Status and Needs for People with Stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2011;21(5):355\u0026ndash;68.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCoveney N, Polkinghorne KR, Linehan L, Corradini A, Kerr PG. Water-soluble vitamin levels in extended hours hemodialysis.\u0026nbsp;Hemodial Int. 2011;15(1):30-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJankowska M, Szupryczyńska N, Dębska-Ślizień A, et al. Dietary Intake of Vitamins in Different Options of Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There a Deficiency? Transplant Proc. 2016;48(5):1427\u0026ndash;30.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBossola M, Di Stasio E, Viola A, et al. Dietary intake of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(4):809\u0026ndash;15.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;n-del-Campo F, Batis-Ruvalcaba C, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Espinoza L, et al. Dietary micronutrient intake in peritoneal dialysis patients: Relationship with nutrition and inflammation status. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2012;32(2):183\u0026ndash;91.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJuszczak AB, Kupczak M, Konecki T. Does Vitamin Supplementation Play a Role in Chronic Kidney Disease? Nutrients. 2023;15(13):2847.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDuong T Van, Wong TC, Su CT, et al. Associations of dietary macronutrients and micronutrients with the traditional and nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease among hemodialysis patients. Medicine (United States). 2018;97(26):1\u0026ndash;9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRapa SF, Di Iorio BR, Campiglia P, et al. Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease\u0026mdash;potential therapeutic role of minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(263):1\u0026ndash;26.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmerican Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u0026mdash;2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S20\u0026ndash;S42.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLevey AS, Stevens LA. Estimating GFR Using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Creatinine Equation: More Accurate GFR Estimates, Lower CKD Prevalence Estimates, and Better Risk Predictions. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2010;55(4):622\u0026ndash;7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKDIGO-CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney inter. 2024;105(4):S117\u0026ndash;S314.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMineralogist A. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(1):S1\u0026ndash;232.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIkizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2020;76(3):S1\u0026ndash;107.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLosappio V, Infante B, Leo S, et al. Nutrition-based management of inflammation in CKD and renal replacement therapies. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):1\u0026ndash;17.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCham B, Scholes S, Groce NE, et al. High level of co-occurrence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among Gambian adults: A national population-based health examination survey. Prev Med (Baltim). 2020;141:1\u0026ndash;9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSasso FC, Simeon V, Galiero R, et al. The number of risk factors not at target is associated with cardiovascular risk in a type 2 diabetic population with albuminuria in primary cardiovascular prevention. Post-hoc analysis of the NID-2 trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):235.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eValdivia G, Navarrete C, O\u0026ntilde;ate A, et al. Association between high vitamin B12 levels and one year mortality in older people admitted to the hospital. Rev Med Chil. 2020;148(1):46\u0026ndash;53.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAquino RDC, Ramos LB. Micronutrient intake in elderly living in nursing homes. Nutr Hosp. 2018;35:59\u0026ndash;64.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDe Vriese AS, Borrey D, Mahieu E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration increases lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008;108:c28\u0026ndash;34.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWasilewski GB, Vervloet MG, Schurgers LJ. The Bone\u0026mdash;Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:1\u0026ndash;16.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCheung CL, Sahni S, Cheung BMY, et al. Vitamin K intake and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease from NHANES III. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(2):235\u0026ndash;40.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBiruete A, Hill Gallant KM., Lloyd L, et. al. \u0026lsquo;Phos\u0026rsquo;tering a Clear Message: The Evolution of Dietary Phosphorus Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr. 2023;6:S13-S20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJoshi S, McMacken M, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Plant-Based Diets for Kidney Disease: A Guide for Clinicians. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):287-296.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu H, Huang X, Ris\u0026eacute;rus U, et al. Dietary fiber, kidney function, inflammation, and mortality risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(12):2104-2110.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Deepak S, et al. Food intake characteristics of hemodialysis patients as obtained by food frequency questionnaire. J Ren Nutr. 2002;12(1):17\u0026ndash;31.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-clinical-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejcn","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Clinical Nutrition](http://www.nature.com/ejcn/)","snPcode":"41430","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ejcn.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition","twitterHandle":"@ejcneditor","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Minerals, Vitamins, Macronutrients, Risk Factors, Diabetes, CKD","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAIM:\u003c/strong\u003e To determine prevalence and co-occurrence of modifiable risk factors (MRF) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) regarding mineral, vitamin and macronutrient intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMETHODS. \u003c/strong\u003eCross-sectional study in 548 patients (31% with CKD). Nutrient intake assessed using 24-h food recall; adequate intake determined according with Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. MRF considered: hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, overweight-obesity, higher waist circumference, and hyperuricemia. Kidney function evaluated according with KDIGO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS. \u003c/strong\u003eA high frequency of MRF (with a co-occurrence of ≥5 MRF in \u0026gt;65%) and non-compliance with RDI for many macronutrients, minerals and vitamins were observed in the entire sample. In multivariate analysis of macronutrients, patients who did not meet carbohydrate RDI had increased risk [OR (95%CI), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e] for CKD [1.6 (1.0-2.6), 0.03], and those who did not meet RDI for cholesterol and total fiber had higher risk for increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio [1.6 (1.1-2.5), 0.02, and 1.5 (1.0-2.3), 0.04, respectively]. For micronutrients, patients who did not meet RDI for phosphorus and vitamin K had lower risk [0.4 (0.2-0.8) 0.005 and 0.5 (0.2-0.9), 0.01,respectively] for lower glomerular filtration rate. Patients with co-ocurrence of \u0026nbsp;≥5MRF had higher risk for increased albuminuria and CKD [1.6 (1.1-2.5), 0.01, and 1.5 (1.1-2.3), 0.01, respectively].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSIONS. \u003c/strong\u003eCo-occurrence of ≥5 MRF was associated with higher albumin/creatinine rate and higher frequency of CKD. Non-compliance with RDI for carbohydrates, cholesterol and fiber increased the risk of decreased glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Co-occurrence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Kidney Disease with Minerals, Vitamins and Macronutrients Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-17 04:57:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7312575/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2026-04-10T07:55:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-03-29T11:27:25+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-03-27T12:35:42+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-22T22:35:26+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-19T21:25:32+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-06T04:29:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T14:04:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T14:00:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition","date":"2025-08-07T14:09:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksFailed","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T09:37:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-clinical-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejcn","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Clinical Nutrition](http://www.nature.com/ejcn/)","snPcode":"41430","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ejcn.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition","twitterHandle":"@ejcneditor","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7a152957-6c64-4a6b-9864-199bb33f5748","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":54287302,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases/Kidney diseases"},{"id":54287303,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Nutrition"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T19:36:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-17 04:57:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7312575","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7312575","identity":"rs-7312575","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}