Is LPBSA the Future of Cancer Diagnosis? Exploring Machine Learning and Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Liver, Breast, and Lung Cancer Detection

Is LPBSA the Future of Cancer Diagnosis? Exploring Machine Learning and Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Liver, Breast, and Lung Cancer Detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Is LPBSA the Future of Cancer Diagnosis? Exploring Machine Learning and Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Liver, Breast, and Lung Cancer Detection dana, Tarik This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5818612/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Cancer diseases are remaining a leading cause of death in all over the world, this is encouraging the development of advanced diagnostic systems for reliable and accurate detection. The current study investigates the models of traditional machine learning and nature-inspired algorithms for classifying liver, breast and lung cancer cases utilizing structured datasets. More focuses of this research will be on the performance evaluation of five nature-inspired optimizer algorithms like Learner Performance-Based Behavior with Simulated Annealing (LPBSA), Learner Performance-Based Behavior (LPB), FOX Algorithm (FOX), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT). Among these models LPBSA performing the best, consistently obtained the highest accuracy of 92%, sensitivity 94% and specificity 90%, with confusion matrices reflecting minimal false negative and positives. This work contributes to growing adoption of popular algorithms for enhancing healthcare diagnosis and LPBSA can be utilized in other field investigations. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Nature-inspired algorithms Machine learning models LPBSA algorithm Cancer diagnosis Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5818612","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":402293600,"identity":"369bc538-861a-42a7-b07c-e4a9a93154c9","order_by":0,"name":"dana","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DM2ABiJR+AiRmAERFa0hJI1pIDV4ZPPQMD3/GzBz8w7rCL5m/P+fzh4x67PAb25m0SDAXWOLVInslLlmA8k5w748zbbZIzniUXM/AcK5NgMEjHqcXgQI6BBGMbc27DjdxtzDwHmBMbJHLMgFoO49Zy/o3xD8a2+tz5N3Ief+Y5UJ/YIP+GgJYbQDMZ2w7nbriRwyDNc+Aw0BYe/Fokb7wxs0hsO5678cwzM8kZB44ntvGkFVsk4PEL3/kc4xsf26pz5x1Pfvzhw4HqxH72wxtvfPiDO8TAIAGZwwYRYcavBRsgQ8soGAWjYBQMVwAAn/RZe5gcBlEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-2225","institution":"Soran University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"dana","suffix":""},{"id":402293601,"identity":"8ea7af1e-5615-4ad4-b41f-0c2616286e94","order_by":1,"name":"Tarik","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-258X","institution":"University of Kurdistan Hewler","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Tarik","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-13 09:30:57","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5818612/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5818612/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75947788,"identity":"b17aa231-43e9-49e0-94b9-158d373499c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 21:34:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":818053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LPBSAforThreeCancers.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5818612/v2_covered_1c05dcbc-63cc-4c48-9652-9add117d6f62.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Is LPBSA the Future of Cancer Diagnosis? 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