Article: Effects of Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Article: Effects of Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Article: Effects of Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Göksal Sezen, Selim Doblan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The intensive use of chemical fertilizers has raised serious concerns regarding their adverse effects on the environment and human health. This situation has increased interest in sustainable agricultural practices that rely on natural inputs. In a greenhouse experiment, different concentrations of Limnospira platensis (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%) and Cladophora glomerata (0%, 1%, and 2%) were applied, either individually or in combination, to safflower plants of the Remzibey-05 cultivar. The applications were carried out at three growth stages: the rosette stage, the stem elongation and branching stage, and the flowering stage. At harvest, several agronomic and physiological parameters were measured, including plant height, root length, flower head diameter, fresh plant weight, root weight, flower head weight, number of flower heads, number of seeds per flower head, total seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. All treatments involving algae resulted in statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) in every measured parameter compared to the untreated control. The greatest increase in plant height (45.3%) was observed with the sole application of 1% L. platensis . The highest increases in fresh plant weight (64.5%) and root weight (91.8%) were achieved with the combination of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata . Chlorophyll a content showed the largest improvement (72%) when 1% L. platensis was combined with 2% C. glomerata . Especially, the combination of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata produced the most pronounced effects on grain yield and 1000-seed weight, increasing these parameters by approximately 210% and 116%, respectively, relative to the control. These findings demonstrate that both L. platensis and C. glomerata , whether applied alone or in combination, act as effective biostimulants under greenhouse conditions, significantly enhancing vegetative growth and seed production in safflower. Further field trials under different environmental conditions will be necessary to confirm these promising results in real-world farming systems. Limnospira platensis Cladophora glomerata Carthamus tinctorius plant growth sustainable agriculture algal biostimulants Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction The heavy application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides since the middle of the 20th century has greatly lifted global crop production. Still, depending on these materials for a long time has caused clear problems for the environment, the soil, and human health that many studies have recorded [ 3 , 2 , 1 ]. Keeping up the use of synthetic fertilizers changes the pH in soil, brings down the range of microbes, cuts the content of organic matter, and creates uneven levels of nutrients. Runoff from fields adds to the buildup of nutrients in surface waters, pollutes groundwater, and lifts the release of gases that warm the climate [ 6 , 4 , 5 ]. Besides this, the rising price of chemical fertilizers creates a financial load for farmers, above all in countries still developing. These issues have brought a strong call for choices based on living things that can hold or lift crop output while cutting damage to nature and the money spent [ 6 , 4 , 5 ]. Algae count as one of the strongest biological choices to serve as fertilizers and aids for growth. Microalgae and macroalgae both contain many active compounds. These include main and small nutrients, amino acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, and substances like plant hormones. Studies carried out in the past 50 years have shown that algal biomass or extracts can speed seed germination, improve root growth, help plants take up nutrients, raise the efficiency of photosynthesis, and increase the ability of plants to deal with stresses from the surroundings [ 7 , 9 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Such work adds to scientific knowledge about plant workings inside, the efficient use of nutrients, and how growth aids work in the field of farming. From an ecological view, they back the health of soil, reduce the flow of chemicals, save the variety of microbes, and advance farming systems that can continue. From an economic view, they give a chance to lower the costs of inputs for farmers, make yields steadier on lands with limits, and raise profits from crops grown where resources fall short [ 10 , 13 ]. In organic and sustainable farming, algae hold particular worth. They supply a source that renews itself and needs little input to provide nutrients and materials that promote growth, without the dangers tied to synthetic chemicals. Their use fits ideas of a circular economy through the turn of plentiful natural supplies or waste into useful farm inputs. This reduces dependence on fertilizers from fossil fuels and backs long-term richness in soil [ 5 , 11 ]. Experiments under controlled greenhouse conditions hold a central place in this area. They allow the separation of what the algae do in steady settings, the finding of best doses and times for application, and the spotting of possible extra benefits when combined, before going to trials in fields that bring more variation [ 13 , 14 ]. Work of this sort gives essential starting numbers to guide the making of advice for farmers that rests on evidence and can go into practice. Limnospira platensis , known also as (Sinonim: Spirulina platensis) , forms filaments and belongs to the cyanobacterium group. It stands out for high protein levels, a strong supply of vitamins and minerals, and the presence of materials like auxins and cytokinins. Work has shown it aids the growth of shoots, the building of chlorophyll, and the handling of stress in various crops [ 15 , 14 ]. Cladophora glomerata grows as a macroalga in fresh water and appears often in river systems. It holds large amounts of polysaccharides, amino acids, and trace elements that can better soil structure and the spread of roots [ 16 , 17 ]. Although both kinds have given positive results when put to use alone, details on their use together stay limited, particularly for oilseed crops like safflower. Safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius L., serves as an important oilseed crop in the Asteraceae family. It fits well in dry and semi-dry settings. Growers raise it for oil to eat, dyes for industry, and uses in medicine. Its cultivation has risen in areas with little water because of its ability to withstand drought and heat [ 19 , 18 ]. Even so, output on soils with low fertility often suffers from poor nutrient levels and the high cost of synthetic fertilizers. Applications based on algae could offer a practical way that spares the environment to lift safflower growth and output while lowering reliance on chemical inputs and backing the aims of organic and sustainable farming. The available published work led to the testing of these ideas in the work described here: Soil application of Limnospira platensis and Cladophora glomerata , by themselves or mixed, will lift vegetative growth measures such as plant height, root length, and the biomass of roots and plants in safflower when compared to the untreated group. The same treatments will lift reproductive measures, including the diameter of capitula, the number of capitula, grain weight per plant, and the weight of 1000 grains. The applications of algae will raise the content of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by giving better nutrient supply and by guarding the system for photosynthesis. Treatments that combine the two will give effects that work together and exceed what single applications bring. No mineral fertilizer went onto any group, the control included. The work took place under greenhouse conditions to supply controlled early numbers on the value of these algae from the local area as natural inputs for safflower production. The outcomes will be act as a solid starting point for future trials over multiple years and locations to develop practical advice for the growing of safflower in ways that last. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Algae preparation 2.1.1. Cladophora glomerata Cladophora glomerata came from shallow areas near the shore of the Euphrates River in Şanlıurfa, Turkey during April 2022. The fresh biomass went straight to the laboratory right away. Workers rinsed it many times with tap water to clear away sand, shells, other plants growing on it, and any other material. Then it dried in air inside a forced-air oven at 35°C until the weight stayed the same. The dried material went through a laboratory blender to make a fine powder and stayed in sealed containers at − 20°C until needed. The way of preparing follows methods often seen in work that looks at freshwater macroalgae for use as growth aids and additions to soil [ 8 , 16 , 17 ]. 2.1.1. Limnospira platensis A living culture of Limnospira platensis came from the Faculty of Fisheries at Çukurova University. The alga grew in Zarrouk’s Spirulina medium brought to pH 9.5 inside 20-L clear plastic bottles. The cultures stayed at 30 ± 2°C under 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark from cool-white LED lamps that gave 4000 ± 100 lux. Air pumps kept up constant aeration. Biomass came off at the late stage of fast growth, between 8 and 10 days after starting, by filtering through a 20 µm plankton mesh. The material collected went through a wash with distilled water, dried at 40°C until weight held steady, turned to fine powder with a high-speed blender running at 46,000 rpm, and kept at − 20°C until use. Cultivation and drying steps like these appear often in research on biomass from Limnospira (Sinonim:Spirulina) or for use as fertilizer [ 9 , 15 , 12 ]. The chemical and biochemical makeup of both algal kinds used here, along with other algae grown in the work, has gone through analysis and appeared in print recently [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Many other studies cover this area as well [ 8 , 23 ]. The analysis from these works has shown that both algal kinds hold rich supplies of primary and secondary elements for plant growing, plus various compounds such as plant growth hormones and stimulants. The levels chosen for L. platensis at 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25% w/v and for C. glomerata at 1% and 2% w/v came from earlier studies on dose and response with these and similar algal kinds. These amounts have shown many times that they stir plant growth without bringing harm to plants across different crops and test settings [ 9 , 15 , 12 , 17 ]. 2.2. Experimental setup Seeds of safflower from the Remzibey-05 type ( Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Remzibey-05) came from the GAP Agricultural Research Institute in Şanlıurfa. Eight or nine seeds went into each 7-L plastic pot that held 6 kg of field soil passed through a sieve with openings less than 2 mm. The soil came from an area not used for crops, from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Its properties included pH at 8.5, electrical conductivity at 0.1 dS/m, CaCO₃ at 21.1%, total nitrogen at 0.051%, available phosphorus at 48.6 kg ha⁻¹, exchangeable potassium at 1204 kg ha⁻¹, and organic matter at 1.68%. Once seedlings appeared, the number went down to three healthy and even plants in each pot. No mineral fertilizer, whether for main or trace nutrients, went on any group, the control group included. This setup made sure any changes seen came only from the algae and allowed a straight comparison of nutrients from the algae against the control. Pots received tap water to hold soil moisture near 60–70% of field capacity. Watering took place every 5 days from sowing until flowering and every 4 days from flowering until harvest. The last watering happened 10 days before harvest to keep from affecting the analysis of pigments. Algal suspensions came fresh in tap water on the day of use and went on as a drench to the soil at three important times in growth: the rosette stage at 25 days after sowing, the stage of stem elongation and branching at 58 days after sowing, and the flowering stage at 75 days after sowing. Each time, the set amount of dry algal biomass for the pot went into a total of 200 mL of suspension. The setup followed a randomized complete block design with three replicates for each of the 18 combinations of treatments. The work ran in a greenhouse under natural daylight from 30 May to 5 September 2023 at Harran University in Şanlıurfa. Daytime temperatures averaged 34°C during this time, with highs up to 47°C. Plants came to harvest at full maturity, 101 days after sowing. No signs of disease or pests showed during the whole experiment. 2.3. Growth parameter measurements At harvest time, the following growth measures went on record for each plant using methods standard in work on farming and growth aids [ 24 , 25 ]: Plant height in cm from the soil line to the tip of the main stem, not counting the root, with a ruler that had marks; Root length in cm from the base of the stem to the tip of the longest root once the root system had a careful wash; Capitulum diameter in cm at the widest spot of the flower head with a digital caliper; Number of capitula per plant counted by hand on each plant; Fresh plant weight in g per plant for the part above ground weighed right after harvest; Fresh root weight in g per plant for the root system weighed right after washing and drying the surface; Fresh capitulum weight in g for individual flower heads weighed on their own; Number of seeds per capitulum counted by hand from the harvested capitula; Total grain weight per plant in g for all seeds from the plant on a balance with fine scale; 1000-grain weight in g for 1000 clean seeds picked at random on a balance with precision to 0.001 g. All the measures took place right after harvest to cut down on loss of water. These measures matter because they show main signs of shoot and seed development in safflower and appear often in work that looks at algal growth aids [ 15 , 14 , 17 ]. 2.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid analysis Samples of leaves for pigment work came during the last watering, 10 days before harvest, and went into storage at − 20°C. For the extraction, 0.5 g of fresh leaf material went through homogenization in 50 mL of 95% ethanol. The mix stayed in a hot water bath at 80°C for 30 to 35 minutes. Once cooled to room temperature, the extract went through centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The clear liquid on top had its light absorption measured at 664 nm, 649 nm, and 470 nm on a spectrophotometer from Thermo Scientific Multiskan GO. The amounts of pigments came from these equations from Vaghela et al. in 2022:[ 26 ]. Chlorophyll a (mg g⁻¹ fresh weight) = 13.36 × A664–5.19 × A649 Chlorophyll b (mg g⁻¹ fresh weight) = 27.43 × A649–8.12 × A664 Total carotenoids (mg g⁻¹ fresh weight) = (1000 × A470–2.13 × Chl a – 97.63 × Chl b) / 209 2.5. Statistical analysis All the numbers went through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to look at the main effects from the dose of L. platensis , the dose of C. glomerata , and how they worked together. The model took in the fixed effects from the two factors and the term for their interaction. When the treatment effects showed significance at p < 0.05, the means received separation through Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for comparisons among many groups. Before the analysis, the data went through checks for normal spread with the Shapiro–Wilk test and for even variance with Levene’s test. Where the assumptions did not hold fully, the data received a change through log or square-root methods as needed. All the statistical work used JMP software version 16 from SAS Institute Inc. in Cary, NC, USA. The outcomes appear as means from three replicates, and different letters in each column of the tables show differences that reach statistical significance at p < 0.05 with the Tukey HSD test. This way of handling statistics follows the usual steps advised for experiments with factors in agricultural work [ 24 , 25 ]. 3. Results 3.1. Vegetative growth parameters The treatments with algae had clear effects on the measures of vegetative growth in safflower at p < 0.05, as shown in Table 1 . Plant height went from 14.8 cm in the control up to 27.1 cm with 1% L. platensis alone. Root length rose from 10.5 cm to 15.9 cm with the mix of 1.25% L. platensis and 2% C. glomerata . Root weight went from 0.05 g per plant to 0.61 g per plant, and plant weight went from 0.62 g per plant to 1.75 g per plant with the treatment of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata . No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment, the control included. These gains fit with the nutrients and active compounds that the algae supplied. L. platensis holds much nitrogen, magnesium, and iron, which back the making of chlorophyll and the building of biomass. C. glomerata supplies polysaccharides and amino acids that stir the division of cells in roots and the taking up of nutrients [ 15 , 17 ]. The treatments that mixed them often gave higher numbers than those with one alone, which points to effects that complete each other between the cyanobacterium rich in nitrogen and materials like plant hormones and the macroalga rich in polysaccharides. The rises in root length and root weight also match with higher activity of enzymes that fight oxidation, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. These help guard root tissues in the high heat of the experiment [ 26 , 14 ]. Table 1 Effects of L. platensis and C. glomerata treatments on plant height, root length, root weight, and plant weight of safflower. L. platensis (%) C. glomerata (%) Plant height (cm) Root length (cm) Root weight (g plant − 1 ) Plant weight(g plant − 1 ) Leaf weight(g plant − 1 ) 0 0 14,80 e 10,50 d 0,05 bc 0,62 h 0,09 h 0 1 22,50 a–d 12,20 cd 0,09 bc 0,63 gh 0,17 dg 0 2 22,30 bcd 14,10 abc 0,11 bc 0,71 fgh 0,13 fgh 0,25 0 18,10 de 10,80 d 0,06 bc 0,64 gh 0,15 fg 0,25 1 21,00 cd 12,30 cd 0,11 bc 0,94 e–h 0,18 e–h 0,25 2 23,10 a–d 15,30 ab 0,12 bc 0,99 e–h 0,21 e–h 0,5 0 24,20 abc 13,10 a–d 0,08 bc 0,71 fgh 0,14 fgh 0,5 1 23,30 abc 12,30 cd 0,12 bc 0,98 e–h 0,21 c–h 0,5 2 23,20 abc 15,50 ab 0,12 bc 1,06 c–h 0,23 c–g 0,75 0 26,00 ab 12,80 bcd 0,11 bc 1,08 c–g 0,23 c–g 0,75 1 23,80 abc 14,30 abc 0,12 bc 1,00 e–h 0,19 e–h 0,75 2 23,80 abc 15,60 ab 0,13 bc 1,16 b–f 0,23 b–f 1 0 27,10 a 13,00 a–d 0,13 bc 1,53 a–d 0,30 a–c 1 1 24,00 abc 14,90 abc 0,17 bc 1,50 a–d 0,26 b-c 1 2 24,10 abc 15,80 a 0,18 bc 1,16 b–f 0,14 fgh 1,25 0 21,90 bcd 13,80 abc 0,17 bc 1,58 ab 0,29 a-c 1,25 1 25,90 ab 15,20 ab 0,61 a 1,75 a 0,34 a 1,25 2 24,20 abc 15,90 a 0,31 b 1,23 b–e 0,26 b–c Means followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications. 3.2. Reproductive parameters The treatments with algae had clear effects on the measures of reproduction in safflower at p < 0.05, as shown in Table 2 . The diameter of the capitulum went from 0.89 cm in the control up to 1.63 cm with 1% L. platensis alone. The weight of the capitulum reached its highest at 0.67 g with 1% C. glomerata alone. The number of capitula per plant went from 1.10 in the control up to 2.45 with 1.25% L. platensis alone. The total grain weight per plant went from 0.19 g in the control up to 0.59 g with the mix of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata . The weight of 1000 grains reached 98.34 g in that same mix, compared to 45.56 g in the control. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment. These gains in traits for reproduction tie to the higher capacity for photosynthesis and the better movement of materials to seeds that the algae brought. The mix of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata gave the best yield of grains and weight for 1000 grains. This fits with better relations between sources and sinks that came from higher chlorophyll and more even spread of carbon to the seeds [ 15 , 33 ]. The outcomes show that the algae backed not just the growth of shoots but also the development of seeds through the supply of nutrients and activity like plant hormones [ 14 , 34 ]. Table 2 Effects of L. platensis and C. glomerata treatments on capitulum weight, number of capitula, capitulum diameter, and total grain weight of safflower. L. platensis (%) C. glomerata (%) Capitulum weight (g) Number of capitula (plant) Capitulum diameter (cm) Total grain weight (g plant − 1 ) Weight of 1000 pieces (g) 0 0 0,17 f 1,10 e 0,89 d 0,19 bc 45,56 c 0 1 0,67 a 1,13 e 1,17 bcd 0,17 bc 93,65 a 0 2 0,38 cd 1,13 e 1,08 bcd 0,29 abc 50,96 bc 0,25 0 0,27 def 1,17 e 1,03 cd 0,15 c 48,94 c 0,25 1 0,28 def 1,25 de 1,17 bcd 0,22 bc 78,85 ab 0,25 2 0,39 cd 1,33 de 1,12 bcd 0,36 abc 66,67 ac 0,5 0 0,29 def 1,25 de 1,23 bc 0,25 bc 55,29 bc 0,5 1 0,33 cde 1,37 cde 1,28 bc 0,29 abc 72,62 ac 0,5 2 0,40 cd 1,48 cde 1,13 bcd 0,37 abc 79,72 ab 0,75 0 0,32 c–f 1,54 cde 1,24 bc 0,28 abc 75,71 abc 0,75 1 0,39 def 1,50 cde 1,31 abc 0,36 abc 80,64 ab 0,75 2 0,56 ab 1,52 cde 1,24 bc 0,37 abc 76,28 abc 1 0 0,34 cde 2,23 a 1,63 a 0,45 abc 70,27 ac 1 1 0,33 def 1,50 cde 1,38 ab 0,39 abc 75,49 abc 1 2 0,39 c–d 1,54 cde 1,25 bc 0,48 ab 71,47 ac 1,25 0 0,46 bc 2,45 a 1,25 bc 0,56 a 65,76 bc 1,25 1 0,40 cd 1,93 abc 1,35 abc 0,59 a 98,34 a 1,25 2 0,31 c–f 1,82 bcd 1,18 bcd 0,41 abc 80,61 ab Means followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications. 3.3. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content The treatments with algae had clear effects on the content of pigments for photosynthesis in safflower leaves at p < 0.05, as shown in Table 3 . The concentration of chlorophyll a ran from 10.1 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight in the control up to 36.6 mg g⁻¹ in the treatment with 1% L. platensis and 2% C. glomerata , for a rise of up to 72%. Chlorophyll b went from 7.5 mg g⁻¹ to 25.5 mg g⁻¹, and the total content of carotenoids went from 6.9 mg g⁻¹ to 22.5 mg g⁻¹ in that same mix. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment. These rises in pigment levels fit with the supply of magnesium, nitrogen, and iron from the algae. These act as helpers in the building of chlorophyll. They also fit with the presence of materials like auxins and cytokinins that help keep pigments steady [ 15 , 14 ]. The highest levels of pigments came in treatments that had both algae, which suggests the mix bettered both the making of pigments and their guard against stress from oxidation through higher activity of enzymes that fight it [ 26 , 14 ]. The outcomes therefore show a clear tie between the applications of algae and higher levels of pigments for photosynthesis under the conditions of the experiment. The experiment took place under greenhouse conditions in one growing season only, with three replicates (n = 3) per treatment and one type of safflower cultivar. These limits cut down on the ability to repeat the outcomes and to take them straight to conditions in open fields, where differences in soil, changes in weather, and interactions with living things also play a part [ 13 , 14 ]. Trials over several years and in several places with more replicates will need to take place to confirm how steady these effects stay in real farm settings. Table 3 Effects of L. platensis and C. glomerata treatments on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content of safflower leaves. L. platensis (%) C. glomerata (%) Chlorophyll a (mg g − 1 W) Chlorophyll b (mg g − 1 W) Carotenoid (mg g − 1 W) 0 0 10,1 e 7,5 g 6,9 g 0 1 16,6 cde 10,4 d-g 8,8 d-g 0 2 20,9 bcd 12,8 de 9,5 d-g 0,25 0 14,3 de 7,6 fg 8,7 efg 0,25 1 18,2 bcd 12,8 def 8,9 efg 0,25 2 21,7 bc 13,7 cd 10,3 d-g 0,5 0 14,7 cde 8,3 efg 7,5 fg 0,5 1 19,3 bcd 11,1 d-g 8,9 efg 0,5 2 20,5 bcd 13,1 d 10,9 d-g 0,75 0 17,7 cd 8,1 efg 8,9 efg 0,75 1 21,7 bc 11,5 d-g 9,5 d-g 0,75 2 26,2 b 18,4 bc 11,6 c-f 1 0 17,1 cd 9,2 d-g 8,7 efg 1 1 19,3 bcd 10,4 d-g 9,8 d-g 1 2 36,6 a 25,5 a 22,5 a 1,25 0 16,6 cde 9,8 d-g 7,9 efg 1,25 1 24,8 b 11,9 d-g 10,4 d-g 1,25 2 36,3 a 20,1 b 13,3 bcd Means followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications. 4. Discussion The outcomes from this work show that putting Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis into the soil, whether by themselves or mixed, brought measurable gains in measures of vegetative growth, traits for reproduction, and the content of pigments for photosynthesis in safflower under greenhouse conditions [ 15 , 14 ]. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment, the untreated group included. This design for the experiment let the effects seen tie straight to the applications of algae rather than to added nutrients from outside sources that come from factories. The rises in chlorophyll a by up to 72%, in chlorophyll b, and in carotenoids tie closely to the profile of nutrients and active compounds that the algae supplied [ 15 , 14 ]. The highest levels of pigments came with the mix of 1% L. platensis and 2% C. glomerata [ 15 , 14 ]. These rises in pigments went along with higher activity in key enzymes that fight oxidation, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase [ 26 , 14 ]. Reports from other crops have shown responses like this when Spirulina and macroalgae from freshwater bettered performance in photosynthesis through the combined supply of nutrients and ways to defend against oxidation [ 12 ]. In work from 2024, Rahnama and others [ 27 ] found that high temperatures cut yield in safflower plants by 53% to 57% [ 27 ]. High temperatures lower the levels of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in leaves of safflower while they raise levels of carotenoids. By holding back the making of chlorophyll and speeding its breakdown, they limit photosynthesis. As a result, the time for grain development and filling grows shorter, and seed development suffers, which leads to big losses in yield for the plant [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. The strong gains in root weight by 91.8% and plant weight by 64.5% can come from the content of polysaccharides and amino acids in C. glomerata when put together with the profile rich in nitrogen from L. platensis [ 17 , 16 ]. Earlier work on kinds of Cladophora has shown that their polysaccharides can better the way roots form and the way plants get nutrients, which matches what turned up here [ 8 ]. The rises in grain yield per plant by 210% and in the weight of 1000 grains by 116% with the treatment of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata show better relations between sources and sinks that come from higher capacity for photosynthesis and more even movement of materials to seeds that form [ 33 , 15 , 14 , 34 ]. When set against outcomes from other crops in the last 20 years, the size of response in safflower matches or goes higher in some measures. For example, Shedeed and others in 2022 reported rises of 35 to 45% in plant height and 50 to 60% in chlorophyll content in lupin following applications of L. platensis [ 15 ]. In common bean, Rady and others in 2023 [ 26 ] saw rises of 40 to 65% in biomass and grain yield with extracts from Spirulina under conditions of stress [ 26 ]. For Cladophora glomerata , Lewandowska and others in 2022 and Dziergowska and others in 2021[ 16 ] recorded rises of 25 to 50% in root length and chlorophyll content in soybean [ 16 ]. Effects that worked together showed clearly in several treatments that mixed the algae. The blend of 1.25% L. platensis and 1% C. glomerata gave the highest biomass for plants and roots, while the blend of 1% L. platensis and 2% C. glomerata brought the highest levels of pigments for photosynthesis [ 10 , 12 ]. Reports from other work have shown responses that work together when mixed applications of algae bettered the availability of nutrients and the ability to handle stress more than treatments with one kind [ 12 ]. The outcomes here match the wider published work on growth aids from algae. Over past decades, many studies have shown that algae can better how plants perform through several ways. These include the direct supply of nutrients, the changing of hormone levels inside the plant, the starting of systems to defend against oxidation, and the raising of efficiency in photosynthesis [ 7 , 9 , 8 , 10 ]. Although the outcomes here give reason for encouragement, some limits in the methods need to receive attention. The experiment ran under controlled conditions in a greenhouse during one season of growth only, with three replicates per treatment and one cultivar of safflower. The design, while right for early screening, limits the strength of statistics, the chance to repeat, and the direct taking of results to settings in open fields, where differences in soil, changes in climate, and interactions with living things add their own influence [ 13 , 14 ]. 5. Conclusions The work looked at the effects from Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis put into soil, used by themselves and mixed together, on safflower of the Remzibey-05 type ( Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Remzibey-05) grown under greenhouse conditions. The outcomes give early signs that these algae from the local area can lift how safflower performs through the supply of nutrients, activity like plant hormones, and better capacity for photosynthesis. Trials over several years and in several locations with more replicates and different cultivars will need to take place to confirm how steady these effects stay, to check how well they work in practice, and to look at their possible part in systems for growing safflower that can last. Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author Contributions Conceptualization, G.S. and S.B.; methodology, G.S.; software, S.B.; validation, G.S.; formal analysis, S.B.; investigation, S.B.; resources, G.S.; data curation, S.B.; writing—original draft preparation, G.S.; writing—review and editing, S.B.; visualization, S.B.; supervision, G.S.; project administration, G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This study was funded by the Harran University Scientific Research Project (HÜBAP) under project number 22095. Data Availability All data are within the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. 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Colarte CA, Balic I, Díaz Ó, Cortes I, Moreno AA, Amenabar MJ, Retamal MC, Fuentes NC. Microalgae-based biostimulants: Effects on growth and stress resistance in agricultural crops. Plants. 2025;14(22):3488. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223488. Shedeed ZA, Gheda S, Elsanadily S, Alharbi K, Osman ME. Spirulina platensis biofertilization for enhancing growth, photosynthetic capacity and yield of Lupinus luteus. Agriculture. 2022;12(6):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060781. Dziergowska K, Lewandowska S, Mech R, Pol M, Detyna J, Michalak I. Valorization of Cladophora glomerata Biomass as a Biostimulant of Plant Growth. Molecules. 2021;26(23):6917. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26236917. Ričkienė A, Karosienė J, Jurkonienė S. Using freshwater Cladophora glomerata to develop sustainable farming. Agronomy. 2025;15(11):2551. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112551. Gaoua O, Arslan M, Obedgiu S. Speed Breeding Advancements in Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.): A Simplified and Efficient Approach for Accelerating Breeding Programs. Mol Breed. 2025;45:12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-024-01530-4. Ghiasy-Oskoee M, AghaAlikhani M, Emongor V. Towards Utilizing Asteraceae Alternative Oilseed Species on Marginal Lands: Agronomic Performance, Fatty Acid Composition, Oil Biocompounds, and Oil Physicochemical Properties of Asteraceae Species. J Agric Food Res. 2023;14:100799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100799. Çaycı M, Ceylan B, Sezen G. Determination of heavy metal contents in macro/micro algae samples by ICP-OES. Memba Kastamonu Üniv Su Ürünleri Fak Derg. 2024;10(3):30–5. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1496072. Ceylan B, Sezen G. Determination of biological activity of some macro/micro algae. Kastamonu Univ J Eng Sci. 2024;10(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.55385/kastamonujes.1424276. Ceylan B, Çaycı M, Sezen G, Özcan C. Determination of trace elements in some macro/micro algae samples by Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Commagene J Biol. 2025;9(2):227–31. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1687981. Spínola MP, Mendes AR, Prates JAM. Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina ( Limnospira platensis ) in Food, Feed, and Medicine. Foods. 2024;13(22):3656. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223656. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980. Jones B, Sall J. JMP statistical discovery software. WIREs Comput Stat. 2011;3(3):188–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.162. Vaghela FH, Kachhot KD, Dhamal CH, Ram VR, Joshi HS. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves of Carica papaya L. by using various extracting solvents. IOSR J Eng. 2022;12(7):32–40. Rahnama A, Salehi F, Meskarbashee M, Mehdi Khanlou K, Ghorbanpour M, Harrison MT. High temperature perturbs physicochemical parameters and fatty acids composition of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). BMC Plant Biol. 2024;24:1080. Zandalinas SI, Rivero RM, Martínez V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Arbona V. Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. BMC Plant Biol. 2016;16:105. Muhammad I, Shalmani A, Ali M, Yang Q-H, Ahmad H, Li FB. Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:615942. Salehi F, Rahnama A, Meskarbashee M, Mehdi Khanlou K, Ghorbanpour M. Physiological and metabolic changes of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars in response to terminal heat stress. J Plant Growth Regul. 2023;42:6585–6600. Golaraei H, Mosleh Arani A, Etesami H, Alikhani HA, Naderi K. Bacillus spp. mitigate drought and dust stress in Camelina sativa by enhancing physiological resilience and nutrient acquisition. J Arid Environ. 2026;232:105516. Rahnama A, Khajavi M, Meskarbashee M, Moosavi SA, Harrison MT. Cytokinin modulates photosynthesis, antioxidant profiles and fatty acid composition in sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress. Plant Growth Regul. 2026;106:16. Giglou RH, Torabi Giglou M, Hatami M, Ghorbanpour M. Potential of natural stimulants and Spirulina algae extracts on Cape gooseberry plant: A study on functional properties and enzymatic activity. Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(12):9056–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4342. Mutale-Joan C, Redouane K, Fatima G, Lougraimzi H, Silva I, Castaño-Sánchez O, Marks EAN. Microalgae polysaccharides as biostimulants for tomato plants under salt stress. J Appl Phycol. 2020;32:1235–45. Lewandowska S, Marczewski K, Kozak M, et al. Impact of Freshwater Macroalga ( Cladophora glomerata ) Extract on the Yield and Morphological Responses of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Agriculture. 2022;12(5):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050685. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 20 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 18 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 15 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9426936","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627538510,"identity":"43675683-93be-44d7-9191-24423d028142","order_by":0,"name":"Göksal Sezen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCigMwFjOxWs4ga2EjRgdjGyla5NvbHz4unHdH3nz24WcPGCqsExvkex/g1WJw5kCy8cxtzwznnEszN2A4k57YwMZugF+LRMIxad5thxln8DCYSTC2HQZqIeAy+fkP23/zzjlsP4OH/ZsE4z8itDDcYGZj5m04nDiDhwdoSwMRWgzOpDFL8xw7nAzUUgZ0ZLpxG1saAYe1H3/4mafmsC3QYdskPtRYy/YzHyPgMBSQwEBkTI6CUTAKRsEowA8Ae9o/NGHTAa0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Göksal","middleName":"","lastName":"Sezen","suffix":""},{"id":627538512,"identity":"8b82d372-304a-4655-938b-3daf83c69a11","order_by":1,"name":"Selim Doblan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Selim","middleName":"","lastName":"Doblan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-15 12:23:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108116210,"identity":"e59cc9b2-8e20-43aa-afae-7afe472d7cfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-29 13:47:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":436634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCollection site and harvesting of \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e from the Euphrates River for biofertilizer, Şanlıurfa/ Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9426936/v1/b5a85b9a3eccbd9541a9a45b.png"},{"id":109067591,"identity":"50760194-d289-4d0f-8b7e-0211e7dab2fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-12 09:57:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1122589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9426936/v1/1e7fcade-55d8-4f26-b490-584d94a65e7d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Article: Effects of Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe heavy application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides since the middle of the 20th century has greatly lifted global crop production. Still, depending on these materials for a long time has caused clear problems for the environment, the soil, and human health that many studies have recorded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Keeping up the use of synthetic fertilizers changes the pH in soil, brings down the range of microbes, cuts the content of organic matter, and creates uneven levels of nutrients. Runoff from fields adds to the buildup of nutrients in surface waters, pollutes groundwater, and lifts the release of gases that warm the climate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Besides this, the rising price of chemical fertilizers creates a financial load for farmers, above all in countries still developing. These issues have brought a strong call for choices based on living things that can hold or lift crop output while cutting damage to nature and the money spent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgae count as one of the strongest biological choices to serve as fertilizers and aids for growth. Microalgae and macroalgae both contain many active compounds. These include main and small nutrients, amino acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, and substances like plant hormones. Studies carried out in the past 50 years have shown that algal biomass or extracts can speed seed germination, improve root growth, help plants take up nutrients, raise the efficiency of photosynthesis, and increase the ability of plants to deal with stresses from the surroundings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Such work adds to scientific knowledge about plant workings inside, the efficient use of nutrients, and how growth aids work in the field of farming. From an ecological view, they back the health of soil, reduce the flow of chemicals, save the variety of microbes, and advance farming systems that can continue. From an economic view, they give a chance to lower the costs of inputs for farmers, make yields steadier on lands with limits, and raise profits from crops grown where resources fall short [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn organic and sustainable farming, algae hold particular worth. They supply a source that renews itself and needs little input to provide nutrients and materials that promote growth, without the dangers tied to synthetic chemicals. Their use fits ideas of a circular economy through the turn of plentiful natural supplies or waste into useful farm inputs. This reduces dependence on fertilizers from fossil fuels and backs long-term richness in soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Experiments under controlled greenhouse conditions hold a central place in this area. They allow the separation of what the algae do in steady settings, the finding of best doses and times for application, and the spotting of possible extra benefits when combined, before going to trials in fields that bring more variation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Work of this sort gives essential starting numbers to guide the making of advice for farmers that rests on evidence and can go into practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e, known also as (Sinonim: \u003cem\u003eSpirulina platensis)\u003c/em\u003e, forms filaments and belongs to the cyanobacterium group. It stands out for high protein levels, a strong supply of vitamins and minerals, and the presence of materials like auxins and cytokinins. Work has shown it aids the growth of shoots, the building of chlorophyll, and the handling of stress in various crops [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e grows as a macroalga in fresh water and appears often in river systems. It holds large amounts of polysaccharides, amino acids, and trace elements that can better soil structure and the spread of roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Although both kinds have given positive results when put to use alone, details on their use together stay limited, particularly for oilseed crops like safflower.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafflower, or \u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L., serves as an important oilseed crop in the Asteraceae family. It fits well in dry and semi-dry settings. Growers raise it for oil to eat, dyes for industry, and uses in medicine. Its cultivation has risen in areas with little water because of its ability to withstand drought and heat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Even so, output on soils with low fertility often suffers from poor nutrient levels and the high cost of synthetic fertilizers. Applications based on algae could offer a practical way that spares the environment to lift safflower growth and output while lowering reliance on chemical inputs and backing the aims of organic and sustainable farming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe available published work led to the testing of these ideas in the work described here:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil application of \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e, by themselves or mixed, will lift vegetative growth measures such as plant height, root length, and the biomass of roots and plants in safflower when compared to the untreated group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same treatments will lift reproductive measures, including the diameter of capitula, the number of capitula, grain weight per plant, and the weight of 1000 grains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe applications of algae will raise the content of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by giving better nutrient supply and by guarding the system for photosynthesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments that combine the two will give effects that work together and exceed what single applications bring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo mineral fertilizer went onto any group, the control included. The work took place under greenhouse conditions to supply controlled early numbers on the value of these algae from the local area as natural inputs for safflower production. The outcomes will be act as a solid starting point for future trials over multiple years and locations to develop practical advice for the growing of safflower in ways that last.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Algae preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e came from shallow areas near the shore of the Euphrates River in Şanlıurfa, Turkey during April 2022. The fresh biomass went straight to the laboratory right away. Workers rinsed it many times with tap water to clear away sand, shells, other plants growing on it, and any other material. Then it dried in air inside a forced-air oven at 35\u0026deg;C until the weight stayed the same. The dried material went through a laboratory blender to make a fine powder and stayed in sealed containers at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until needed. The way of preparing follows methods often seen in work that looks at freshwater macroalgae for use as growth aids and additions to soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA living culture of \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e came from the Faculty of Fisheries at \u0026Ccedil;ukurova University. The alga grew in Zarrouk\u0026rsquo;s Spirulina medium brought to pH 9.5 inside 20-L clear plastic bottles. The cultures stayed at 30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C under 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark from cool-white LED lamps that gave 4000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100 lux. Air pumps kept up constant aeration. Biomass came off at the late stage of fast growth, between 8 and 10 days after starting, by filtering through a 20 \u0026micro;m plankton mesh. The material collected went through a wash with distilled water, dried at 40\u0026deg;C until weight held steady, turned to fine powder with a high-speed blender running at 46,000 rpm, and kept at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until use. Cultivation and drying steps like these appear often in research on biomass from Limnospira (Sinonim:Spirulina) or for use as fertilizer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical and biochemical makeup of both algal kinds used here, along with other algae grown in the work, has gone through analysis and appeared in print recently [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Many other studies cover this area as well [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The analysis from these works has shown that both algal kinds hold rich supplies of primary and secondary elements for plant growing, plus various compounds such as plant growth hormones and stimulants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe levels chosen for \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e at 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25% w/v and for \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e at 1% and 2% w/v came from earlier studies on dose and response with these and similar algal kinds. These amounts have shown many times that they stir plant growth without bringing harm to plants across different crops and test settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Experimental setup\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds of safflower from the Remzibey-05 type (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Remzibey-05) came from the GAP Agricultural Research Institute in Şanlıurfa. Eight or nine seeds went into each 7-L plastic pot that held 6 kg of field soil passed through a sieve with openings less than 2 mm. The soil came from an area not used for crops, from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Its properties included pH at 8.5, electrical conductivity at 0.1 dS/m, CaCO₃ at 21.1%, total nitrogen at 0.051%, available phosphorus at 48.6 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, exchangeable potassium at 1204 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, and organic matter at 1.68%. Once seedlings appeared, the number went down to three healthy and even plants in each pot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo mineral fertilizer, whether for main or trace nutrients, went on any group, the control group included. This setup made sure any changes seen came only from the algae and allowed a straight comparison of nutrients from the algae against the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePots received tap water to hold soil moisture near 60\u0026ndash;70% of field capacity. Watering took place every 5 days from sowing until flowering and every 4 days from flowering until harvest. The last watering happened 10 days before harvest to keep from affecting the analysis of pigments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgal suspensions came fresh in tap water on the day of use and went on as a drench to the soil at three important times in growth: the rosette stage at 25 days after sowing, the stage of stem elongation and branching at 58 days after sowing, and the flowering stage at 75 days after sowing. Each time, the set amount of dry algal biomass for the pot went into a total of 200 mL of suspension. The setup followed a randomized complete block design with three replicates for each of the 18 combinations of treatments. The work ran in a greenhouse under natural daylight from 30 May to 5 September 2023 at Harran University in Şanlıurfa. Daytime temperatures averaged 34\u0026deg;C during this time, with highs up to 47\u0026deg;C. Plants came to harvest at full maturity, 101 days after sowing. No signs of disease or pests showed during the whole experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Growth parameter measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt harvest time, the following growth measures went on record for each plant using methods standard in work on farming and growth aids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height in cm from the soil line to the tip of the main stem, not counting the root, with a ruler that had marks;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot length in cm from the base of the stem to the tip of the longest root once the root system had a careful wash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapitulum diameter in cm at the widest spot of the flower head with a digital caliper;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of capitula per plant counted by hand on each plant;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh plant weight in g per plant for the part above ground weighed right after harvest;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh root weight in g per plant for the root system weighed right after washing and drying the surface;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh capitulum weight in g for individual flower heads weighed on their own;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds per capitulum counted by hand from the harvested capitula;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal grain weight per plant in g for all seeds from the plant on a balance with fine scale;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000-grain weight in g for 1000 clean seeds picked at random on a balance with precision to 0.001 g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the measures took place right after harvest to cut down on loss of water. These measures matter because they show main signs of shoot and seed development in safflower and appear often in work that looks at algal growth aids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples of leaves for pigment work came during the last watering, 10 days before harvest, and went into storage at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C. For the extraction, 0.5 g of fresh leaf material went through homogenization in 50 mL of 95% ethanol. The mix stayed in a hot water bath at 80\u0026deg;C for 30 to 35 minutes. Once cooled to room temperature, the extract went through centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. The clear liquid on top had its light absorption measured at 664 nm, 649 nm, and 470 nm on a spectrophotometer from Thermo Scientific Multiskan GO. The amounts of pigments came from these equations from Vaghela et al. in 2022:[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll a (mg g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.36 \u0026times; A664\u0026ndash;5.19 \u0026times; A649\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll b (mg g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.43 \u0026times; A649\u0026ndash;8.12 \u0026times; A664\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal carotenoids (mg g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight) = (1000 \u0026times; A470\u0026ndash;2.13 \u0026times; Chl a \u0026ndash; 97.63 \u0026times; Chl b) / 209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the numbers went through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to look at the main effects from the dose of \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e, the dose of \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e, and how they worked together. The model took in the fixed effects from the two factors and the term for their interaction. When the treatment effects showed significance at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, the means received separation through Tukey\u0026rsquo;s honestly significant difference test for comparisons among many groups. Before the analysis, the data went through checks for normal spread with the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test and for even variance with Levene\u0026rsquo;s test. Where the assumptions did not hold fully, the data received a change through log or square-root methods as needed. All the statistical work used JMP software version 16 from SAS Institute Inc. in Cary, NC, USA. The outcomes appear as means from three replicates, and different letters in each column of the tables show differences that reach statistical significance at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 with the Tukey HSD test. This way of handling statistics follows the usual steps advised for experiments with factors in agricultural work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Vegetative growth parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatments with algae had clear effects on the measures of vegetative growth in safflower at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Plant height went from 14.8 cm in the control up to 27.1 cm with 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e alone. Root length rose from 10.5 cm to 15.9 cm with the mix of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 2% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e. Root weight went from 0.05 g per plant to 0.61 g per plant, and plant weight went from 0.62 g per plant to 1.75 g per plant with the treatment of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment, the control included.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese gains fit with the nutrients and active compounds that the algae supplied. \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e holds much nitrogen, magnesium, and iron, which back the making of chlorophyll and the building of biomass. \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e supplies polysaccharides and amino acids that stir the division of cells in roots and the taking up of nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The treatments that mixed them often gave higher numbers than those with one alone, which points to effects that complete each other between the cyanobacterium rich in nitrogen and materials like plant hormones and the macroalga rich in polysaccharides. The rises in root length and root weight also match with higher activity of enzymes that fight oxidation, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. These help guard root tissues in the high heat of the experiment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e treatments on plant height, root length, root weight, and plant weight of safflower.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot length\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot weight (g plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant weight(g plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf weight(g plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u0026ndash;h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u0026ndash;f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u0026ndash;f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb-c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u0026ndash;f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea-c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u0026ndash;e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u0026ndash;c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Reproductive parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatments with algae had clear effects on the measures of reproduction in safflower at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The diameter of the capitulum went from 0.89 cm in the control up to 1.63 cm with 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e alone. The weight of the capitulum reached its highest at 0.67 g with 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e alone. The number of capitula per plant went from 1.10 in the control up to 2.45 with 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e alone. The total grain weight per plant went from 0.19 g in the control up to 0.59 g with the mix of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e. The weight of 1000 grains reached 98.34 g in that same mix, compared to 45.56 g in the control. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese gains in traits for reproduction tie to the higher capacity for photosynthesis and the better movement of materials to seeds that the algae brought. The mix of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e gave the best yield of grains and weight for 1000 grains. This fits with better relations between sources and sinks that came from higher chlorophyll and more even spread of carbon to the seeds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The outcomes show that the algae backed not just the growth of shoots but also the development of seeds through the supply of nutrients and activity like plant hormones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e treatments on capitulum weight, number of capitula, capitulum diameter, and total grain weight of safflower.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapitulum weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of capitula (plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapitulum diameter (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal grain weight (g plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of 1000 pieces (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u0026ndash;f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe treatments with algae had clear effects on the content of pigments for photosynthesis in safflower leaves at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The concentration of chlorophyll a ran from 10.1 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight in the control up to 36.6 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; in the treatment with 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 2% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e, for a rise of up to 72%. Chlorophyll b went from 7.5 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; to 25.5 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;, and the total content of carotenoids went from 6.9 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; to 22.5 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; in that same mix. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese rises in pigment levels fit with the supply of magnesium, nitrogen, and iron from the algae. These act as helpers in the building of chlorophyll. They also fit with the presence of materials like auxins and cytokinins that help keep pigments steady [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The highest levels of pigments came in treatments that had both algae, which suggests the mix bettered both the making of pigments and their guard against stress from oxidation through higher activity of enzymes that fight it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The outcomes therefore show a clear tie between the applications of algae and higher levels of pigments for photosynthesis under the conditions of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment took place under greenhouse conditions in one growing season only, with three replicates (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) per treatment and one type of safflower cultivar. These limits cut down on the ability to repeat the outcomes and to take them straight to conditions in open fields, where differences in soil, changes in weather, and interactions with living things also play a part [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Trials over several years and in several places with more replicates will need to take place to confirm how steady these effects stay in real farm settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e treatments on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content of safflower leaves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll a\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll b\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ede\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec-f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans followed by different letters within each column indicate significant differences at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey's HSD test). Values represent means of three replications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe outcomes from this work show that putting \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e into the soil, whether by themselves or mixed, brought measurable gains in measures of vegetative growth, traits for reproduction, and the content of pigments for photosynthesis in safflower under greenhouse conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. No mineral fertilizer went on any treatment, the untreated group included. This design for the experiment let the effects seen tie straight to the applications of algae rather than to added nutrients from outside sources that come from factories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rises in chlorophyll a by up to 72%, in chlorophyll b, and in carotenoids tie closely to the profile of nutrients and active compounds that the algae supplied [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The highest levels of pigments came with the mix of 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 2% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. These rises in pigments went along with higher activity in key enzymes that fight oxidation, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Reports from other crops have shown responses like this when Spirulina and macroalgae from freshwater bettered performance in photosynthesis through the combined supply of nutrients and ways to defend against oxidation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In work from 2024, Rahnama and others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] found that high temperatures cut yield in safflower plants by 53% to 57% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. High temperatures lower the levels of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in leaves of safflower while they raise levels of carotenoids. By holding back the making of chlorophyll and speeding its breakdown, they limit photosynthesis. As a result, the time for grain development and filling grows shorter, and seed development suffers, which leads to big losses in yield for the plant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong gains in root weight by 91.8% and plant weight by 64.5% can come from the content of polysaccharides and amino acids in \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e when put together with the profile rich in nitrogen from \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Earlier work on kinds of Cladophora has shown that their polysaccharides can better the way roots form and the way plants get nutrients, which matches what turned up here [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rises in grain yield per plant by 210% and in the weight of 1000 grains by 116% with the treatment of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e show better relations between sources and sinks that come from higher capacity for photosynthesis and more even movement of materials to seeds that form [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen set against outcomes from other crops in the last 20 years, the size of response in safflower matches or goes higher in some measures. For example, Shedeed and others in 2022 reported rises of 35 to 45% in plant height and 50 to 60% in chlorophyll content in lupin following applications of \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In common bean, Rady and others in 2023 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] saw rises of 40 to 65% in biomass and grain yield with extracts from Spirulina under conditions of stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. For \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e, Lewandowska and others in 2022 and Dziergowska and others in 2021[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] recorded rises of 25 to 50% in root length and chlorophyll content in soybean [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects that worked together showed clearly in several treatments that mixed the algae. The blend of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e gave the highest biomass for plants and roots, while the blend of 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 2% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e brought the highest levels of pigments for photosynthesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Reports from other work have shown responses that work together when mixed applications of algae bettered the availability of nutrients and the ability to handle stress more than treatments with one kind [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcomes here match the wider published work on growth aids from algae. Over past decades, many studies have shown that algae can better how plants perform through several ways. These include the direct supply of nutrients, the changing of hormone levels inside the plant, the starting of systems to defend against oxidation, and the raising of efficiency in photosynthesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the outcomes here give reason for encouragement, some limits in the methods need to receive attention. The experiment ran under controlled conditions in a greenhouse during one season of growth only, with three replicates per treatment and one cultivar of safflower. The design, while right for early screening, limits the strength of statistics, the chance to repeat, and the direct taking of results to settings in open fields, where differences in soil, changes in climate, and interactions with living things add their own influence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe work looked at the effects from \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e put into soil, used by themselves and mixed together, on safflower of the Remzibey-05 type (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Remzibey-05) grown under greenhouse conditions. The outcomes give early signs that these algae from the local area can lift how safflower performs through the supply of nutrients, activity like plant hormones, and better capacity for photosynthesis. Trials over several years and in several locations with more replicates and different cultivars will need to take place to confirm how steady these effects stay, to check how well they work in practice, and to look at their possible part in systems for growing safflower that can last.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, G.S. and S.B.; methodology, G.S.; software, S.B.; validation, G.S.; formal analysis, S.B.; investigation, S.B.; resources, G.S.; data curation, S.B.; writing—original draft preparation, G.S.; writing—review and editing, S.B.; visualization, S.B.; supervision, G.S.; project administration, G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Harran University Scientific Research Project (HÜBAP) under project number 22095.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr clear=\"all\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElumalai P, Gao X, Parthipan P, Luo J, Cui J. Agrochemical pollution: A serious threat to environmental health. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2025;43:100597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100597.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePenuelas J, Coello F, Sardans J. A better use of fertilizers is needed for global food security and environmental sustainability. Agric Food Secur. 2023;12:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-023-00409-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTripathi S, Srivastava P, Devi RS, Bhadouria R. Influence of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides on soil health and soil microbiology. In: Agrochemicals detection, treatment and remediation. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2020. p. 25\u0026ndash;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-103017-2.00002-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrzozowski L, Mazourek M. A Sustainable Agricultural Future Relies on the Transition to Organic Agroecological Pest Management. Sustainability. 2018;10(3):2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePriya AK, Alagumalai A, Balaji D, Song H. 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Use of Spirulina biomass produced from treatment of aquaculture wastewater as agricultural fertilizers. Algal Res. 2016;15:59\u0026ndash;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmmar EE, Aioub AAA, Elesawy AE, Karkour AM, Mouhamed MS, Amer AA, EL-Shershaby NA. Algae as bio-fertilizers: Between current situation and future prospective. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(5):3083\u0026ndash;96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKholssi R, Lougraimzi H, Grina F, Lorentz JF, Silva I, Casta\u0026ntilde;o-S\u0026aacute;nchez O, Marks EAN. Green agriculture: A review of the application of micro- and macroalgae and their impact on crop production on soil quality. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2022;22(4):4627\u0026ndash;41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01037-x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGon\u0026ccedil;alves J. Microalgae as biofertilizers: A sustainable way to improve soil health and crop productivity. Sustainability. 2023;15(16):12413. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612413.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIb\u0026aacute;\u0026ntilde;ez A, Garrido-Chamorro S, Vasco-C\u0026aacute;rdenas M, Barreiro C. From lab to field: Biofertilizers in the 21st century. Horticulturae. 2023;9(12):1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121306.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColarte CA, Balic I, D\u0026iacute;az \u0026Oacute;, Cortes I, Moreno AA, Amenabar MJ, Retamal MC, Fuentes NC. Microalgae-based biostimulants: Effects on growth and stress resistance in agricultural crops. Plants. 2025;14(22):3488. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223488.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShedeed ZA, Gheda S, Elsanadily S, Alharbi K, Osman ME. Spirulina platensis biofertilization for enhancing growth, photosynthetic capacity and yield of Lupinus luteus. Agriculture. 2022;12(6):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060781.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDziergowska K, Lewandowska S, Mech R, Pol M, Detyna J, Michalak I. Valorization of \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e Biomass as a Biostimulant of Plant Growth. Molecules. 2021;26(23):6917. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26236917.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRičkienė A, Karosienė J, Jurkonienė S. Using freshwater \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e to develop sustainable farming. Agronomy. 2025;15(11):2551. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112551.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGaoua O, Arslan M, Obedgiu S. Speed Breeding Advancements in Safflower (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L.): A Simplified and Efficient Approach for Accelerating Breeding Programs. Mol Breed. 2025;45:12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-024-01530-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhiasy-Oskoee M, AghaAlikhani M, Emongor V. Towards Utilizing Asteraceae Alternative Oilseed Species on Marginal Lands: Agronomic Performance, Fatty Acid Composition, Oil Biocompounds, and Oil Physicochemical Properties of Asteraceae Species. J Agric Food Res. 2023;14:100799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100799.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;aycı M, Ceylan B, Sezen G. Determination of heavy metal contents in macro/micro algae samples by ICP-OES. Memba Kastamonu \u0026Uuml;niv Su \u0026Uuml;r\u0026uuml;nleri Fak Derg. 2024;10(3):30\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1496072.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCeylan B, Sezen G. Determination of biological activity of some macro/micro algae. Kastamonu Univ J Eng Sci. 2024;10(1):1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.55385/kastamonujes.1424276.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCeylan B, \u0026Ccedil;aycı M, Sezen G, \u0026Ouml;zcan C. Determination of trace elements in some macro/micro algae samples by Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Commagene J Biol. 2025;9(2):227\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1687981.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSp\u0026iacute;nola MP, Mendes AR, Prates JAM. Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina (\u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e) in Food, Feed, and Medicine. Foods. 2024;13(22):3656. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223656.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1980.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJones B, Sall J. JMP statistical discovery software. WIREs Comput Stat. 2011;3(3):188\u0026ndash;94. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaghela FH, Kachhot KD, Dhamal CH, Ram VR, Joshi HS. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves of Carica papaya L. by using various extracting solvents. IOSR J Eng. 2022;12(7):32\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahnama A, Salehi F, Meskarbashee M, Mehdi Khanlou K, Ghorbanpour M, Harrison MT. High temperature perturbs physicochemical parameters and fatty acids composition of safflower (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L.). BMC Plant Biol. 2024;24:1080.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZandalinas SI, Rivero RM, Mart\u0026iacute;nez V, G\u0026oacute;mez-Cadenas A, Arbona V. Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. BMC Plant Biol. 2016;16:105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad I, Shalmani A, Ali M, Yang Q-H, Ahmad H, Li FB. Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:615942.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalehi F, Rahnama A, Meskarbashee M, Mehdi Khanlou K, Ghorbanpour M. Physiological and metabolic changes of safflower (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L.) cultivars in response to terminal heat stress. J Plant Growth Regul. 2023;42:6585\u0026ndash;6600.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGolaraei H, Mosleh Arani A, Etesami H, Alikhani HA, Naderi K. Bacillus spp. mitigate drought and dust stress in Camelina sativa by enhancing physiological resilience and nutrient acquisition. J Arid Environ. 2026;232:105516.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahnama A, Khajavi M, Meskarbashee M, Moosavi SA, Harrison MT. Cytokinin modulates photosynthesis, antioxidant profiles and fatty acid composition in sunflower plants subjected to extreme heat stress. Plant Growth Regul. 2026;106:16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGiglou RH, Torabi Giglou M, Hatami M, Ghorbanpour M. Potential of natural stimulants and Spirulina algae extracts on Cape gooseberry plant: A study on functional properties and enzymatic activity. Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12(12):9056\u0026ndash;68. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4342.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMutale-Joan C, Redouane K, Fatima G, Lougraimzi H, Silva I, Casta\u0026ntilde;o-S\u0026aacute;nchez O, Marks EAN. Microalgae polysaccharides as biostimulants for tomato plants under salt stress. J Appl Phycol. 2020;32:1235\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLewandowska S, Marczewski K, Kozak M, et al. Impact of Freshwater Macroalga (\u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e) Extract on the Yield and Morphological Responses of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Agriculture. 2022;12(5):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050685.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-plant-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbio","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx","title":"BMC Plant Biology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Limnospira platensis, Cladophora glomerata, Carthamus tinctorius, plant growth, sustainable agriculture, algal biostimulants","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe intensive use of chemical fertilizers has raised serious concerns regarding their adverse effects on the environment and human health. This situation has increased interest in sustainable agricultural practices that rely on natural inputs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a greenhouse experiment, different concentrations of \u003cem\u003eLimnospira platensis\u003c/em\u003e (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%) and \u003cem\u003eCladophora glomerata\u003c/em\u003e (0%, 1%, and 2%) were applied, either individually or in combination, to safflower plants of the Remzibey-05 cultivar. The applications were carried out at three growth stages: the rosette stage, the stem elongation and branching stage, and the flowering stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt harvest, several agronomic and physiological parameters were measured, including plant height, root length, flower head diameter, fresh plant weight, root weight, flower head weight, number of flower heads, number of seeds per flower head, total seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll treatments involving algae resulted in statistically significant improvements (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in every measured parameter compared to the untreated control. The greatest increase in plant height (45.3%) was observed with the sole application of 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e. The highest increases in fresh plant weight (64.5%) and root weight (91.8%) were achieved with the combination of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e. Chlorophyll a content showed the largest improvement (72%) when 1% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e was combined with 2% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEspecially, the combination of 1.25% \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and 1% \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e produced the most pronounced effects on grain yield and 1000-seed weight, increasing these parameters by approximately 210% and 116%, respectively, relative to the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings demonstrate that both \u003cem\u003eL. platensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. glomerata\u003c/em\u003e, whether applied alone or in combination, act as effective biostimulants under greenhouse conditions, significantly enhancing vegetative growth and seed production in safflower. Further field trials under different environmental conditions will be necessary to confirm these promising results in real-world farming systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Article: Effects of Cladophora glomerata and Limnospira platensis on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-29 13:47:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9426936/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-18T06:47:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-13T12:44:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T20:40:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"26764103143869420382547582366670293298","date":"2026-04-22T07:27:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94660359495556430961802400154519172711","date":"2026-04-21T15:14:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-21T13:11:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T13:25:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-18T14:52:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-18T14:52:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Plant Biology","date":"2026-04-15T12:08:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-plant-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbio","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx","title":"BMC Plant Biology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5edc3906-e214-46ee-8f28-5f79ccfda49a","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-18T06:47:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-13T12:44:06+00:00","index":30,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T20:40:06+00:00","index":29,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-18T06:54:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-29 13:47:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9426936","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9426936","identity":"rs-9426936","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}