Defferal Pattern in Whole Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Maharashtra

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Strategies to optimize donor recruitment and retention are facilitated by knowledge of donor trends and causes of deferral. Aim: The aim of this research is a study of deferral trends in whole blood donors in a tertiary care facility located in Western Maharashtra and to identify the important factors associated with deferrals. Materials and Methods: 450 postponed whole blood donors were investigated cross-sectionally. Information such as vital signs and laboratory values was gathered, and demographic properties of the patients were collected. There were two types of deferral reasons: temporary and permanent. Delayed donors who met all the inclusion requirements that weren’t accepted were: 1) donors with missing records and 2) all delayed donors according to pre-donation screening. Statistical studies were undertaken in order to find correlations and patterns. Results: The most frequent cause of donor deferral (27.8%) was anemia, mostly among female donors. The next most common causes were hypertension (7.8%), infections, and recent operations. Thirteen point six percent of instances were permanent deferrals, while 86.4 percent were temporary. Older age groups (over 40 years) were more commonly hypertensive; however, among younger donors (18–35 years), postponement was more likely. Logistic regression analysis indicated that temporary delay was predicted by elevated blood pressure, female gender, and low hemoglobin levels. Conclusion and Discussion: The research points to the need for pre-donation health measures, two of which (anemia and hypertension) are the most common deferral reasons. Similarities with similar research carried out around the world emphasize the importance of resolving avoidable deferrals by health education, dietary counseling, and better pre-screening procedures. Hematology Donor deferral blood donation anemia hypertension demographic properties logistic regression Objective To examine donor deferral's frequency and trends at a tertiary care facility. To divide deferral justifications into two categories: temporary and permanent. To determine the main clinical and demographic variables influencing donor deferral To contrast the study's findings with those of related domestic and foreign research. To suggest methods for enhancing donor eligibility and reducing avoidable deferrals. Introduction Blood donation is an important procedure that serves the world healthcare system. However, donor deferral is still a major problem that leaves the blood supply as a whole [ 1 ]. Donor deferral is the temporary or permanent rejection of a potential donor based on a number of demographic and medical criteria. Also, one of the medical grounds for deferral is anemia, infections, and high blood pressure, as they compromise the health of the donor and consequently also simultaneously the safety of given blood [ 2 ]. Age, gender, and lifestyle also play an important role as demographics of donor eligibility. To eliminate these causes of deferral and assure safely received blood, the first step will be to learn about and remedy these causes of deferral. These problems require a multimodal approach to solution, with an emphasis on enrichment of donor screening procedures, education of prospective donors regarding their eligibility criteria, and creation of environments that are favorable to donors. Donor retention rates may greatly increase if reintegration initiatives for temporarily deferred donors [ 3 ] are initiated. This also makes sure that those deferred temporarily need to return as soon as they meet the criteria. This research focuses on the delay patterns seen at a western Maharashtra tertiary care facility. Therefore, the most common reasons to be seen for donor deferral in this area are and establish plans to deal with such problems [ 4 ]. The local environment will be gained insights about and if there are focused interventions that could be done to improve the blood donation process and a stable, reliable supply of blood to the medical requirements. A common problem of donor deferral around the world arises from low hemoglobin [ 5 ]. Causal effects of temporary low hemoglobin levels on donor behavior and future donation rates are found even low hemoglobin has causal effects [ 6 ]. Finally, the psychological effect of deferral may discourage donors from ever giving and smaller donor pools may lead to lower giving. Results from the Delhi area lend support to trend analysis of deferrals areas that should be addressed in our efforts to improve donor eligibility, as well as retention [ 7 ]. Some are common simply due to seasonal illnesses, temporary health problems or poor nutrition and are temporary deferrals. In order to form successful techniques [ 8 ], we have to understand how the blood donors are motivated and how the blood donors are hampered to blood donation, and it involves creating successful donor recruitment techniques that keep blood donors engaged. The specific blood problems just listed can be successfully dealt with by such intervention and educational interventions targeting those blood problems; and healthcare professionals can enhance donor retention and maintain a ready, plentiful source of blood. An understanding about the reasons blood donation is postponed [ 9 ] is necessary to improve donor and patient safety. Like with so many of the factors that drive repeat giving, the impact of deferral has a huge effect on donor behavior and willingness to donate in the future, with lower donor return rates [ 10 ]. Chennai research stressed the need for targeted treatments, drawing out variation in deferral patterns and how they impact retentive donors [ 11 ]. Donor deferral experience is being rethought, using, for example, gamification as strategies that can accompany donors [ 12 ] and may provide an additional boost in motivation and help towards regular blood donation. Control and prevention of these deferrals is important for minimizing the injurious effects of deferrals and a productive blood donation system. Methodology This case study analyzed donor deferral trends of 450 whole blood donors during a predetermined study period at a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. The collecting process was through using donor deferral forms and pre-donation screening records. The study was based on the assessment of donors on their laboratory results (hemoglobin level), vital signs (blood pressure, weight), and demographic information (age, gender). Deferral causes were distinguished as temporary (anemia, infections, or recent surgery) or permanent (chronic illnesses or cancers). The inclusion criterion was all potential donors who passed a predonation screening and were deemed ineligible to give blood. Data from donors that were incomplete, donors that had delayed more than once during the same research period, and donors that had delayed for non-medical reasons (e.g., due to scheduling difficulties) were excluded. Current ethical clearance was provided by the institutional review board, including informed consent and anonymity of the donor. The gathered data was imported in an orderly fashion into Microsoft Excel and subsequently underwent descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Data Collection The objective of this research is to study 450 potential blood donors characteristics and deferral trends. The main sources of information are demographic information, physiological indicators (blood pressure, hemoglobin), and grounds for postponement. In order to allow for clarity and gentle analysis, these data have been simply put together and spread out into fewer tables combined. Table 1 Donor Deferrals by Gender and Deferral Type Gender Deferral Type Number of Donors Percentage (%) Male Temporary 305 67.8 Male Permanent 50 11.1 Female Temporary 84 18.6 Female Permanent 11 2.5 Total - 450 100 Table 1 show that males make up 67.8 percent of temporary deferrals and 11.1 percent of permanent ones, suggesting that they are more likely to be on temporary than permanent deferrals. And what is shown in the deferral patterns are gender differences, as women make up 18.6% of temporary and 2.5% of permanent deferrals. Table 2 Age-Wise and Gender Distribution of Deferred Donors Age Group (Years) Male (n = 355) Female (n = 95) Total Percentage (%) 18–25 100 24 124 27.6 26–35 107 29 136 30.2 36–45 92 23 115 25.6 46–55 41 13 54 12.0 > 55 15 6 21 4.6 Total 355 95 450 100 Table 2 shows the distribution of postponed donors by age and gender. Those aged 26–35 are most likely to defer (30.2%), and the 18–25 (27.6%) and 36–45 (25.6%) age groups follow. Age-associated declines in deferral rates imply that younger donors are less frequently deferred. Table 3 Common Reasons for Temporary and Permanent Deferral Reason for Deferral Temporary (n = 389) Permanent (n = 61) Total Percentage (%) Anemia 125 0 125 27.8 Hypertension 35 0 35 7.8 Antibiotic Use 53 0 53 11.8 Infection (Fungal/Skin/Viral) 61 0 61 13.6 Menstruation 23 0 23 5.1 Surgery/Tooth Extraction 70 0 70 15.6 Autoimmune Disorders 0 8 8 1.8 Epilepsy 0 10 10 2.2 Chronic Kidney Disease 0 6 6 1.3 Polycythemia 0 4 4 0.9 Heart Disease/Stroke/Cancer 0 12 12 2.7 Other (Tattoo, Vaccination) 22 0 22 4.9 Total 389 61 450 100 Table 3 includes common justifications for both temporary and permanent deferrals. The most common reason for a temporary delay is anemia (27.8%), followed by infection (13.6%) and surgery/tooth extraction (15.6%). Heart illness, stroke, and cancer account for 2.7%, and epilepsy for 2.2% of permanent deferrals. Table 4 Hemoglobin and Blood Pressure Distribution Among Donors Parameter Range Number of Donors Percentage (%) Hemoglobin (g/dL) 13.0 137 30.5 Blood Pressure (mmHg) Normal ( 160/100) 33 7.3 Total - 450 100 Table 4 shows blood pressure and hemoglobin distribution among the donors. The majority of donors had normal blood pressure (75.8%) and hemoglobin levels (12.1–13.0 g/dL: 28). High blood pressure: 16.9% (7.3% hypertensive); high blood pressure: 30.5% (0%, > 13.0 g/dL). Statistical Analysis The study focuses on the deferral patterns of 450 possible whole blood donors at a tertiary health facility in Western Maharashtra. Scores of statistical studies have attempted to characterize trends, patterns, and correlations. Descriptions of ‘fundamental’ descriptive statistics, inferential tests, and sophisticated statistical analysis are then introduced in order to shed light on donor traits, deferral causes, and correlations between variables. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for Key Variables Variable Mean Standard Deviation (SD) Range Median Age (Years) 34.6 11.4 18–62 34 Weight (kg) 72.5 12.9 25–116 72 Hemoglobin (g/dL) 12.8 1.5 9.3–21.1 12.7 Systolic BP (mmHg) 122.6 13.4 90–192 120 Diastolic BP (mmHg) 84.5 10.3 60–126 80 Table 5 describes descriptive statistics for important variables. Hemoglobin levels for donors average 12.8 g/dL, and donors' average age is 34.6 years. It revealed that the donors were varying in weight and blood pressure. Table 6 Gender-Wise Comparison of Hemoglobin and Blood Pressure (t-test Analysis) Variable Gender Mean ± SD p-Value Statistical Significance Hemoglobin (g/dL) Male 13.1 ± 1.6 < 0.001 Significant Female 11.9 ± 1.3 Systolic BP (mmHg) Male 123.9 ± 13.2 0.011 Significant Female 118.5 ± 12.4 Diastolic BP (mmHg) Male 85.3 ± 10.4 0.021 Significant Female 82.0 ± 9.7 Table 6 compares hemoglobin and blood pressure using t-test analysis by gender. In every parameter, there are significant differences between men and women, indicating gender plays a role in these health indicators, with men having higher values. Table 7 Correlation Analysis Between Key Variables (Pearson’s r) Variable 1 Variable 2 Correlation Coefficient (r) p-Value Strength of Association Age Hemoglobin 0.32 < 0.001 Moderate Positive Age Systolic BP 0.41 < 0.001 Moderate Positive Weight Hemoglobin 0.27 0.004 Weak Positive Weight Systolic BP 0.37 < 0.001 Moderate Positive Table 7 shows correlation analysis between important variables. The data shows somewhat favorable association with age and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.41) and hemoglobin (r = 0.32). Furthermore, there exists a favorable correlation of weight with systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin. Table 8 Chi-Square Analysis for Deferral Reasons by Gender Deferral Reason Male (%) Female (%) Chi-Square Value p-Value Statistical Significance Anemia 25.9 42.1 9.73 0.002 Significant Hypertension 10.1 3.2 5.64 0.018 Significant Infection 16.6 10.5 2.21 0.14 Not Significant Surgery/Tooth Extraction 19.7 10.5 5.26 0.022 Significant Menstruation 0.0 24.2 54.3 < 0.001 Highly Significant To identify deferral factors by gender, Table 8 applies chi-square analysis. The differences were large enough to show gender differences in anemia, hypertension, surgery/tooth extraction, and menstruation, so that some conditions are more common in one gender or another. Table 9 Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Predicting Temporary Deferral Predictor Variable Odds Ratio (OR) 95% Confidence Interval p-Value Significance Hemoglobin < 11 g/dL 4.58 2.70–7.80 < 0.001 Significant Female Gender 3.52 1.97–6.28 45 Years 1.78 1.05–3.01 0.032 Significant Systolic BP > 140 mmHg 2.21 1.22–4.00 0.008 Significant Table 9 shows logistic regression analysis for forecasting of temporary deferral variables. Important factors increasing the probabilities of deferral include hemoglobin 45, and systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg. Table 10 Multivariate ANOVA for Hemoglobin, BP, and Weight Across Deferral Types Dependent Variable F-Statistic p-Value Statistical Significance Hemoglobin (g/dL) 15.6 < 0.001 Significant Systolic BP (mmHg) 8.2 0.003 Significant Weight (kg) 5.1 0.019 Significant Table 10 shows multivariate ANOVA findings for hemoglobin, blood pressure, and weight deferral types. Since all dependent variables are significant, it appears that there are different hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and weight across the different deferral types. Table 11 Factor Analysis to Identify Patterns in Deferral Reasons Factor Associated Variables Variance Explained (%) Factor 1: Hemoglobin Low Hemoglobin, Anemia, Weight < 60 kg 28.5 Factor 2: Blood Pressure Elevated Systolic BP, Hypertension 19.2 Factor 3: Infections Skin Infection, Fungal Infection, Antibiotic Use 14.8 Factor 4: Gender-Specific Menstruation, PCOD (Females) 12.3 Table 11 shows how, in factor analysis, trends in deferral causes are found. Four components are found that account for variations in hemoglobin, blood pressure, infections, and gender-specific causes, and that highlight the complexity of deferral patterns. Summary 1. Gender-Based Analysis: Women have more deferrals and more anemia associated with menstruation. Deferral rates are higher in men because of surgeries and hypertension. 2. Age and Hemoglobin: Significant predictors of deferrals are older age groups and low hemoglobin levels. 3. Blood Pressure: The evidence of substantial correlation between deferrals due to hypertension and high systolic blood pressure is presented. 4. Predictive Analysis: Using logistic regression, it was found that female gender, high blood pressure, and low hemoglobin were significant predictors of temporary deferrals. 5. Complex Patterns: Factor analysis identified important deferral drivers of hemoglobin, blood pressure, infection, and gender-specific variables. Discussion The current research with 450 delayed blood donors of a Western Maharashtra tertiary care facility studied donor deferral. The results shed light on why and when some deferrals occur, and in what ways donor attributes matter and compared to prior work. By far the most common reason for deferral was anemia (27.8%). Conversely, with high incidence, anemia is the most common reason for postponement, especially among women, in line with India’s research [ 13 ]. Female donors had systematically lower mean hemoglobin than male donors (11.9 ± 1.3 g/dL vs. 13.1 ± 1.6 g/dL, p < .001). Here poor iron consumption, coupled with blood loss during menstruation, predominate [ 14 ]. The second most common reason for delay, 8% were hypertensive. Smoking, food consumption, inactivity and stress were more important in elevating systolic blood pressure (≥ 140 mm Hg) in men than women. Studies which [ 15 , 16 ] did show that deferral of middle aged male donors was due to hypertension in some fashion, gave similar results. Overall, 86.4 percent of all deferrals were temporary, and 13.6 percent were permanent. This provides evidence that many deferrals may be reversed and shows the necessity of good donor counseling and health treatment to reduce temporary deferrals. Recuperation means donors can be reassessed for eligibility, and time-bound causes of deferral are infections (15.7%) and recent surgery (9.8%) [ 17 ]. Patterns of Age and Gender: The survey found that a larger percentage (57.8%) of deferrals was among donors between ages 18 and 35. And they are more likely to donate blood but also more vulnerable to infection and anemia. In agreement with data in other locations [ 18 ], the majority of the older donors (> 45 years) were deferred for chronic diseases and hypertension. The logistic regression analysis predicted female gender, a high systolic blood pressure (> 140 mmHg), and a low hemoglobin (< 11 g/dL) as significantly predictive of temporary deferrals. Finally, these results underscore the importance of pre-donation testing to identify high-risk populations so that needless donor rejection can be avoided. Table 12 Comparison of Results Author(s) Study Location Sample Size Leading Deferral Reasons Key Findings References Agnihotri (2010) [ 13 ] India 1,240 Anemia, Low Weight Female deferrals higher due to anemia. Agnihotri, N. (2010) Okoroiwu & Asemota (2019) [ 14 ] Southern Nigeria 1,542 Anemia, Infections High prevalence of anemia and infections. Okoroiwu, H. U., & Asemota, E. A. (2019). Zahidin et al. (2024) [ 15 ] Northeastern Malaysia 2,789 Hypertension, Anemia Significant deferral due to hypertension. Zahidin, M. A., et. al., (2024) Taneja et al. (2015) [ 16 ] North India 1,975 Anemia, Hypertension, Infections High prevalence of anemia and hypertension. Taneja, K., Bhardwaj, K., Arora, S., & Agarwal, A. (2015). Koju et al. (2022) [ 17 ] Nepal 2,300 Infections, Anemia Young donors most commonly deferred. Koju, S., Bhatt, R. D., Shankhadev, R., & Twitwi, R. (2022). Hanif et al. (2022) [ 18 ] Pakistan 1,765 Infections, Surgery, Low Hb Temporary deferrals dominant. Hanif, F., Ali, S., Habib, M. B., Siddiqa, A., & Anees, M. (2022). Research Gap The report also offers information on donor deferral patterns, but it also indicates future research needs. The second is the lack of data on long-term donor retention and return rates following deferral and knowing what is long term. In addition, anemia and hypertension were the major causes of delay, and relatively little was known about the impact of regional food patterns, socioeconomic status, and access to health care on these conditions. The examination of other hormonal and nutritional factors and a higher anemia-related deferral ratio in women is required for further insight into gender-specific patterns. The generalizability of the study to many geographic and cultural contexts is limited by dependence on data from a single tertiary care institution. Second, there is no discourse whatsoever on the psychological effects of deferral, such as donor anxiety or the desire to return. Finally, the study applies its systemic assessment to the role of seasonal variations in determining donation eligibility. The above-outlined construct is meant to carry gaps, which will be filled by qualitative work and by larger and multi-centric investigations that would contribute a more comprehensive knowledge of deferral patterns and their implications [ 19 , 20 ] Suggestions for the Future Some tactics that may decrease donor deferral to improve blood donation have been suggested. Firstly, it should be started with putting up community-driven awareness campaigns on lifestyle changes towards hypertension as well as anemia prevention as something that should be front burner on our consciousness. Iron deficiency could be corrected by nutritional counseling and supplementation of high-risk populations, including women. Units having increased pre-donation screening procedures, such as regular health examinations, may have rates of temporary deferral that are higher than units in which there has been an expansion of donor eligibility criteria. Delayed or deferred donors may return when eligible if a strong donor monitoring and follow-up mechanism is put in place. It is the need to explore regional and cultural differences in deferral patterns through multi-centric research across different communities. Furthermore, including psychologically improving treatments, such as gamification or the use of loyalty programs, improves donors’ emotional adversities from deferral and may increase the odds of donor retention. The prescreening can be made more accurate by the use of such technological innovations as AI-driven risk assessment tools and an automated health monitoring system. Last but not least, medical facilities, as well as NGOs and legislators, have to partner up to achieve endurable, long-lasting solutions to deferment problems and for a constant stream of blood. Conclusion The anemia was the most common cause of deferrals, especially among female donors, followed by infections and hypertension, the research found. Hypertension, female gender, and younger ages were specifically linked with temporary deferrals, although older age groups had a higher incidence of deferrals. Logistic regression revealed that temporary deferral is predictive with low hemoglobin levels, female gender, and high blood pressure. However, because most deferrals were very temporary, it was possible to improve donor retention with targeted treatments (e.g., blood pressure control, dietary counseling, anemia screening). In doing so, comparisons were made with other research worldwide, and similar deferral tendencies were found. 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Blood Transfus 11(3):385 Browne, A., Fisher, S. A., Masconi, K., Smith, G., Doree, C., Chung, R., … Roberts,D. J. (2020). Donor deferral due to low hemoglobin—an updated systematic review. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 34(1), 10–22 Clement M, Shehu E, Chandler T (2021) The impact of temporary deferrals on future blood donation behavior across the donor life cycle. Transfusion 61(6):1799–1808 Ahmad N, Khan S, Hassan MJ, Jetley S (2020) Analysis of blood donor deferral pattern in a new blood bank of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi region. Int Arch BioMed Clin Res 6:PA7–PA11 Monteiro TH, Ferreira ÍDJDR, Junior P, Chocair ACF, H. S., Ferreira JD (2024) Barriers and motivations for blood donation: an integrative review. Hematol Transfus Cell Therapy 46:283–288 Lamba DS, Sachdev S, Hans R, Dhawan HK, Sharma RR, Marwaha N (2023) Review of blood donor deferral with emphasis on donor and patient safety. Transfus Clin Biol 30(1):56–62 Davison TE, Masser BM, Gemelli CN (2020) Deferred and deterred: a review of literature on the impact of deferrals on blood donors. ISBT Sci Ser 15(1):3–10 Soundharya V, Arthi R, Kumar S, James S (2024) Analysis of Blood Donor Deferral Pattern at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. Cureus, 16(8) Espinoza Chamorro R, Santos LH, Mori Y, Liu C, Yamamoto G, Kuroda T (2024) Gamification Approach to Provide Support About the Deferral Experience in Blood Donation: Design and Feasibility Study. JMIR Hum Factors 11:e50086 Agnihotri N (2010) Whole blood donor deferral analysis at a tertiary care hospital in India. Asian J Transfus Sci 4(2):116–120. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6247.67036 Okoroiwu HU, Asemota EA (2019) Blood donors deferral prevalence and causes in a tertiary health care hospital, southern Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res 19:1–7 Zahidin, M. A., Saidin, N. I. S., Ibrahim, N. A., Nasir, N. N. A. M., Razak, N. I.A., Ramli, M., … Noor, N. H. M. (2024). The Blood Donor Deferral Rate and the Reasons for Deferral at a Tertiary Care Teaching Institute in Northeastern Malaysia. Cureus,16(2) Taneja K, Bhardwaj K, Arora S, Agarwal A (2015) Analysis of the reasons for deferral of prospective blood donors in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. J Appl Hematol 6(4):154–156 Koju S, Bhatt RD, Shankhadev R, Twitwi R (2022) Blood donors and their deferral pattern in a university hospital, Nepal. Global J Transfus Med 7(1):23–27 Hanif F, Ali S, Habib MB, Siddiqa A, Anees M (2022) A Study of Blood Donor Deferral Causes: Pre vs Post Donation and Transfusion Transmissible Infections. J Haematol Stem Cell Res 2(1):13–18 Colbran RE, Dean M, Harley RJ, Flower RL, Shuttleworth G, Styles C, Faddy H (2024) Making every question count: the impact of temporary donor deferral for suspected acute retroviral syndrome. Annals Blood 9:1–10 Chaurasiya P, Tyagi MSK, Singh S, Kumar S (2024) Analysis of blood donor deferral pattern in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. Santosh Univ J Health Sci 10(2):220–224 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9451112","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":625106469,"identity":"e6042671-427f-40d8-b170-d669ca0fbbe8","order_by":0,"name":"Dr. Vineeth Pynadath","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjB5gIefvSHxAZDFw0ecloQDMpI9Bx4bgLSwEWdVwgEbgxmJzyRAbIJaDI7zHnzw8ccdHgOew2mVX3PsZNgYmB8+uoFPy2G+ZMMZCc94zNnb0m7LbksGOozN2DgHjxbJZh4zaZ6EwzyWPWfSbktuYwZq4WGTJqDF/PcfoBaDG/nfiiW31RPWws/MY8bMANaSkMb4cdthorQYS/akHeYBBnKyNOO24zxszAT8wsZ/xvDDD5vD9qCo/PhzWzWQ0fzwMT4tKICZB0wSqxwEGH+QonoUjIJRMApGDAAAs+pGC6jphcoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7576-6051","institution":"Swami Vivekananda Medical College Blood Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Vineeth","middleName":"","lastName":"Pynadath","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-17 16:05:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9451112/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9451112/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107485907,"identity":"13815999-e99c-4f4c-a11c-c413895e0e62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:36:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":689708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9451112/v1/6d23d082-e79c-4456-b0e9-073bf1d50265.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefferal Pattern in Whole Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Maharashtra\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Objective","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo examine donor deferral\u0026apos;s frequency and trends at a tertiary care facility.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo divide deferral justifications into two categories: temporary and permanent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo determine the main clinical and demographic variables influencing donor deferral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo contrast the study\u0026apos;s findings with those of related domestic and foreign research.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo suggest methods for enhancing donor eligibility and reducing avoidable deferrals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBlood donation is an important procedure that serves the world healthcare system. However, donor deferral is still a major problem that leaves the blood supply as a whole [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Donor deferral is the temporary or permanent rejection of a potential donor based on a number of demographic and medical criteria. Also, one of the medical grounds for deferral is anemia, infections, and high blood pressure, as they compromise the health of the donor and consequently also simultaneously the safety of given blood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Age, gender, and lifestyle also play an important role as demographics of donor eligibility. To eliminate these causes of deferral and assure safely received blood, the first step will be to learn about and remedy these causes of deferral.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese problems require a multimodal approach to solution, with an emphasis on enrichment of donor screening procedures, education of prospective donors regarding their eligibility criteria, and creation of environments that are favorable to donors. Donor retention rates may greatly increase if reintegration initiatives for temporarily deferred donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] are initiated. This also makes sure that those deferred temporarily need to return as soon as they meet the criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research focuses on the delay patterns seen at a western Maharashtra tertiary care facility. Therefore, the most common reasons to be seen for donor deferral in this area are and establish plans to deal with such problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The local environment will be gained insights about and if there are focused interventions that could be done to improve the blood donation process and a stable, reliable supply of blood to the medical requirements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA common problem of donor deferral around the world arises from low hemoglobin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Causal effects of temporary low hemoglobin levels on donor behavior and future donation rates are found even low hemoglobin has causal effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, the psychological effect of deferral may discourage donors from ever giving and smaller donor pools may lead to lower giving. Results from the Delhi area lend support to trend analysis of deferrals areas that should be addressed in our efforts to improve donor eligibility, as well as retention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Some are common simply due to seasonal illnesses, temporary health problems or poor nutrition and are temporary deferrals. In order to form successful techniques [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], we have to understand how the blood donors are motivated and how the blood donors are hampered to blood donation, and it involves creating successful donor recruitment techniques that keep blood donors engaged. The specific blood problems just listed can be successfully dealt with by such intervention and educational interventions targeting those blood problems; and healthcare professionals can enhance donor retention and maintain a ready, plentiful source of blood. An understanding about the reasons blood donation is postponed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] is necessary to improve donor and patient safety. Like with so many of the factors that drive repeat giving, the impact of deferral has a huge effect on donor behavior and willingness to donate in the future, with lower donor return rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Chennai research stressed the need for targeted treatments, drawing out variation in deferral patterns and how they impact retentive donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Donor deferral experience is being rethought, using, for example, gamification as strategies that can accompany donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and may provide an additional boost in motivation and help towards regular blood donation. Control and prevention of these deferrals is important for minimizing the injurious effects of deferrals and a productive blood donation system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis case study analyzed donor deferral trends of 450 whole blood donors during a predetermined study period at a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. The collecting process was through using donor deferral forms and pre-donation screening records. The study was based on the assessment of donors on their laboratory results (hemoglobin level), vital signs (blood pressure, weight), and demographic information (age, gender). Deferral causes were distinguished as temporary (anemia, infections, or recent surgery) or permanent (chronic illnesses or cancers). The inclusion criterion was all potential donors who passed a predonation screening and were deemed ineligible to give blood. Data from donors that were incomplete, donors that had delayed more than once during the same research period, and donors that had delayed for non-medical reasons (e.g., due to scheduling difficulties) were excluded. Current ethical clearance was provided by the institutional review board, including informed consent and anonymity of the donor. The gathered data was imported in an orderly fashion into Microsoft Excel and subsequently underwent descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of this research is to study 450 potential blood donors characteristics and deferral trends. The main sources of information are demographic information, physiological indicators (blood pressure, hemoglobin), and grounds for postponement. In order to allow for clarity and gentle analysis, these data have been simply put together and spread out into fewer tables combined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonor Deferrals by Gender and Deferral Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeferral Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Donors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e450\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e show that males make up 67.8 percent of temporary deferrals and 11.1 percent of permanent ones, suggesting that they are more likely to be on temporary than permanent deferrals. And what is shown in the deferral patterns are gender differences, as women make up 18.6% of temporary and 2.5% of permanent deferrals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-Wise and Gender Distribution of Deferred Donors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Group (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;355)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e355\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e450\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution of postponed donors by age and gender. Those aged 26\u0026ndash;35 are most likely to defer (30.2%), and the 18\u0026ndash;25 (27.6%) and 36\u0026ndash;45 (25.6%) age groups follow. Age-associated declines in deferral rates imply that younger donors are less frequently deferred.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Reasons for Temporary and Permanent Deferral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReason for Deferral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;389)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection (Fungal/Skin/Viral)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenstruation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgery/Tooth Extraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune Disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic Kidney Disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolycythemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart Disease/Stroke/Cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (Tattoo, Vaccination)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e389\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e450\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e includes common justifications for both temporary and permanent deferrals. The most common reason for a temporary delay is anemia (27.8%), followed by infection (13.6%) and surgery/tooth extraction (15.6%). Heart illness, stroke, and cancer account for 2.7%, and epilepsy for 2.2% of permanent deferrals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin and Blood Pressure Distribution Among Donors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Donors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHemoglobin (g/dL)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026ndash;12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026ndash;13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;140/90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated (140\u0026ndash;159/90\u0026ndash;99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertensive (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;160/100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e450\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows blood pressure and hemoglobin distribution among the donors. The majority of donors had normal blood pressure (75.8%) and hemoglobin levels (12.1\u0026ndash;13.0 g/dL: 28). High blood pressure: 16.9% (7.3% hypertensive); high blood pressure: 30.5% (0%, \u0026gt; 13.0 g/dL).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study focuses on the deferral patterns of 450 possible whole blood donors at a tertiary health facility in Western Maharashtra. Scores of statistical studies have attempted to characterize trends, patterns, and correlations. Descriptions of \u0026lsquo;fundamental\u0026rsquo; descriptive statistics, inferential tests, and sophisticated statistical analysis are then introduced in order to shed light on donor traits, deferral causes, and correlations between variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics for Key Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026ndash;21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic BP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e describes descriptive statistics for important variables. Hemoglobin levels for donors average 12.8 g/dL, and donors' average age is 34.6 years. It revealed that the donors were varying in weight and blood pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender-Wise Comparison of Hemoglobin and Blood Pressure (t-test Analysis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Significance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic BP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e compares hemoglobin and blood pressure using t-test analysis by gender. In every parameter, there are significant differences between men and women, indicating gender plays a role in these health indicators, with men having higher values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Analysis Between Key Variables (Pearson\u0026rsquo;s r)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient (r)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength of Association\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows correlation analysis between important variables. The data shows somewhat favorable association with age and systolic blood pressure (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.41) and hemoglobin (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32). Furthermore, there exists a favorable correlation of weight with systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-Square Analysis for Deferral Reasons by Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeferral Reason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-Square Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Significance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgery/Tooth Extraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.022\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenstruation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly Significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify deferral factors by gender, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e applies chi-square analysis. The differences were large enough to show gender differences in anemia, hypertension, surgery/tooth extraction, and menstruation, so that some conditions are more common in one gender or another.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic Regression Analysis for Factors Predicting Temporary Deferral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;11 g/dL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026ndash;7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u0026ndash;6.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45 Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;140 mmHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u0026ndash;4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows logistic regression analysis for forecasting of temporary deferral variables. Important factors increasing the probabilities of deferral include hemoglobin\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;11 g/dL, female gender, age\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45, and systolic blood pressure\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;140 mmHg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate ANOVA for Hemoglobin, BP, and Weight Across Deferral Types\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Statistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Significance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic BP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows multivariate ANOVA findings for hemoglobin, blood pressure, and weight deferral types. Since all dependent variables are significant, it appears that there are different hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and weight across the different deferral types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor Analysis to Identify Patterns in Deferral Reasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociated Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance Explained (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 1: Hemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Hemoglobin, Anemia, Weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 2: Blood Pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated Systolic BP, Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 3: Infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Infection, Fungal Infection, Antibiotic Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 4: Gender-Specific\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenstruation, PCOD (Females)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e shows how, in factor analysis, trends in deferral causes are found. Four components are found that account for variations in hemoglobin, blood pressure, infections, and gender-specific causes, and that highlight the complexity of deferral patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1. Gender-Based Analysis: Women have more deferrals and more anemia associated with menstruation. Deferral rates are higher in men because of surgeries and hypertension.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2. Age and Hemoglobin: Significant predictors of deferrals are older age groups and low hemoglobin levels.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e3. Blood Pressure: The evidence of substantial correlation between deferrals due to hypertension and high systolic blood pressure is presented.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e4. Predictive Analysis: Using logistic regression, it was found that female gender, high blood pressure, and low hemoglobin were significant predictors of temporary deferrals.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e5. Complex Patterns: Factor analysis identified important deferral drivers of hemoglobin, blood pressure, infection, and gender-specific variables.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current research with 450 delayed blood donors of a Western Maharashtra tertiary care facility studied donor deferral. The results shed light on why and when some deferrals occur, and in what ways donor attributes matter and compared to prior work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy far the most common reason for deferral was anemia (27.8%). Conversely, with high incidence, anemia is the most common reason for postponement, especially among women, in line with India\u0026rsquo;s research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Female donors had systematically lower mean hemoglobin than male donors (11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 g/dL vs. 13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6 g/dL, p \u0026lt; .001). Here poor iron consumption, coupled with blood loss during menstruation, predominate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second most common reason for delay, 8% were hypertensive. Smoking, food consumption, inactivity and stress were more important in elevating systolic blood pressure (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;140 mm Hg) in men than women. Studies which [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] did show that deferral of middle aged male donors was due to hypertension in some fashion, gave similar results. Overall, 86.4 percent of all deferrals were temporary, and 13.6 percent were permanent. This provides evidence that many deferrals may be reversed and shows the necessity of good donor counseling and health treatment to reduce temporary deferrals. Recuperation means donors can be reassessed for eligibility, and time-bound causes of deferral are infections (15.7%) and recent surgery (9.8%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns of Age and Gender: The survey found that a larger percentage (57.8%) of deferrals was among donors between ages 18 and 35. And they are more likely to donate blood but also more vulnerable to infection and anemia. In agreement with data in other locations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], the majority of the older donors (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45 years) were deferred for chronic diseases and hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis predicted female gender, a high systolic blood pressure (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;140 mmHg), and a low hemoglobin (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;11 g/dL) as significantly predictive of temporary deferrals. Finally, these results underscore the importance of pre-donation testing to identify high-risk populations so that needless donor rejection can be avoided.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeading Deferral Reasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgnihotri (2010) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia, Low Weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale deferrals higher due to anemia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgnihotri, N. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkoroiwu \u0026amp; Asemota (2019) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia, Infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh prevalence of anemia and infections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkoroiwu, H. U., \u0026amp; Asemota, E. A. (2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZahidin et al. (2024) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNortheastern Malaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension, Anemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant deferral due to hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZahidin, M. A., et. al., (2024)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaneja et al. (2015) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia, Hypertension, Infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh prevalence of anemia and hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaneja, K., Bhardwaj, K., Arora, S., \u0026amp; Agarwal, A. (2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoju et al. (2022) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNepal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfections, Anemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung donors most commonly deferred.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoju, S., Bhatt, R. D., Shankhadev, R., \u0026amp; Twitwi, R. (2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHanif et al. (2022) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfections, Surgery, Low Hb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary deferrals dominant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHanif, F., Ali, S., Habib, M. B., Siddiqa, A., \u0026amp; Anees, M. (2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Gap\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe report also offers information on donor deferral patterns, but it also indicates future research needs. The second is the lack of data on long-term donor retention and return rates following deferral and knowing what is long term. In addition, anemia and hypertension were the major causes of delay, and relatively little was known about the impact of regional food patterns, socioeconomic status, and access to health care on these conditions. The examination of other hormonal and nutritional factors and a higher anemia-related deferral ratio in women is required for further insight into gender-specific patterns. The generalizability of the study to many geographic and cultural contexts is limited by dependence on data from a single tertiary care institution. Second, there is no discourse whatsoever on the psychological effects of deferral, such as donor anxiety or the desire to return. Finally, the study applies its systemic assessment to the role of seasonal variations in determining donation eligibility. The above-outlined construct is meant to carry gaps, which will be filled by qualitative work and by larger and multi-centric investigations that would contribute a more comprehensive knowledge of deferral patterns and their implications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSuggestions for the Future\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome tactics that may decrease donor deferral to improve blood donation have been suggested. Firstly, it should be started with putting up community-driven awareness campaigns on lifestyle changes towards hypertension as well as anemia prevention as something that should be front burner on our consciousness. Iron deficiency could be corrected by nutritional counseling and supplementation of high-risk populations, including women. Units having increased pre-donation screening procedures, such as regular health examinations, may have rates of temporary deferral that are higher than units in which there has been an expansion of donor eligibility criteria. Delayed or deferred donors may return when eligible if a strong donor monitoring and follow-up mechanism is put in place. It is the need to explore regional and cultural differences in deferral patterns through multi-centric research across different communities. Furthermore, including psychologically improving treatments, such as gamification or the use of loyalty programs, improves donors\u0026rsquo; emotional adversities from deferral and may increase the odds of donor retention. The prescreening can be made more accurate by the use of such technological innovations as AI-driven risk assessment tools and an automated health monitoring system. Last but not least, medical facilities, as well as NGOs and legislators, have to partner up to achieve endurable, long-lasting solutions to deferment problems and for a constant stream of blood.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe anemia was the most common cause of deferrals, especially among female donors, followed by infections and hypertension, the research found. Hypertension, female gender, and younger ages were specifically linked with temporary deferrals, although older age groups had a higher incidence of deferrals. Logistic regression revealed that temporary deferral is predictive with low hemoglobin levels, female gender, and high blood pressure. However, because most deferrals were very temporary, it was possible to improve donor retention with targeted treatments (e.g., blood pressure control, dietary counseling, anemia screening). In doing so, comparisons were made with other research worldwide, and similar deferral tendencies were found.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhagwan Singh Yadav P, Singh P, Varma AV, Kumar R (2015) Deferral of blood donors due to anemia; an experience of blood bank from Central India. J Med Sci Clin Res 3(11):1\u0026ndash;5. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v3i11.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.18535/jmscr/v3i11.02\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh JR, Husain S, Singh A, Singh S, Giri VP (2023) Blood donor deferral pattern at tertiary care teaching institute in Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(17), 1\u0026ndash;8. 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Global J Transfus Med 7(1):23\u0026ndash;27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHanif F, Ali S, Habib MB, Siddiqa A, Anees M (2022) A Study of Blood Donor Deferral Causes: Pre vs Post Donation and Transfusion Transmissible Infections. J Haematol Stem Cell Res 2(1):13\u0026ndash;18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColbran RE, Dean M, Harley RJ, Flower RL, Shuttleworth G, Styles C, Faddy H (2024) Making every question count: the impact of temporary donor deferral for suspected acute retroviral syndrome. Annals Blood 9:1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChaurasiya P, Tyagi MSK, Singh S, Kumar S (2024) Analysis of blood donor deferral pattern in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. Santosh Univ J Health Sci 10(2):220\u0026ndash;224\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Donor deferral, blood donation, anemia, hypertension, demographic properties, logistic regression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9451112/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9451112/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction: \u003c/strong\u003eDonor deferral is still a major problem in blood donation programs, and, as a result, there are blood shortages and a smaller donor pool. Strategies to optimize donor recruitment and retention are facilitated by knowledge of donor trends and causes of deferral.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim: \u003c/strong\u003eThe aim of this research is a study of deferral trends in whole blood donors in a tertiary care facility located in Western Maharashtra and to identify the important factors associated with deferrals.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods: \u003c/strong\u003e450 postponed whole blood donors were investigated cross-sectionally. Information such as vital signs and laboratory values was gathered, and demographic properties of the patients were collected. There were two types of deferral reasons: temporary and permanent. Delayed donors who met all the inclusion requirements that weren’t accepted were: 1) donors with missing records and 2) all delayed donors according to pre-donation screening. Statistical studies were undertaken in order to find correlations and patterns.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe most frequent cause of donor deferral (27.8%) was anemia, mostly among female donors. The next most common causes were hypertension (7.8%), infections, and recent operations. Thirteen point six percent of instances were permanent deferrals, while 86.4 percent were temporary. Older age groups (over 40 years) were more commonly hypertensive; however, among younger donors (18–35 years), postponement was more likely. Logistic regression analysis indicated that temporary delay was predicted by elevated blood pressure, female gender, and low hemoglobin levels. \u003cstrong\u003eConclusion and Discussion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe research points to the need for pre-donation health measures, two of which (anemia and hypertension) are the most common deferral reasons. Similarities with similar research carried out around the world emphasize the importance of resolving avoidable deferrals by health education, dietary counseling, and better pre-screening procedures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Defferal Pattern in Whole Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Maharashtra","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-20 06:58:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9451112/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"464aa903-39d7-456f-ab5f-34fd567ae900","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 20th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":66624451,"name":"Hematology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T06:58:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-20 06:58:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9451112","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9451112","identity":"rs-9451112","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}