10-21-Level optical frequency dissemination over 2067 km of noise-loaded fiber network

10-21-Level optical frequency dissemination over 2067 km of noise-loaded fiber network | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article 10 -21 -Level optical frequency dissemination over 2067 km of noise-loaded fiber network Haifeng Jiang, Faxi Chen, Libo Li, Jiupeng Chen, Kan Zhao, Jianyu Guan, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7922888/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Achieving ultra-stable optical frequency dissemination over long-haul fiber networks is essential for numerous applications. Although optical frequency transfer systems based on optical phase-locked loops (OPLLs) have achieved unprecedented stability levels, their performance is limited by continuous compensation bias caused by noise asymmetry from bidirectional frequency shifts and loss of lock in long-distance, high-noise links. Here, we propose a bias-free noise compensation method based on digital radio-frequency phase recording using a time-to-digital converter, which eliminates residual errors and offers a theoretically unlimited dynamic range for enhanced reliability. By incorporating multifunctional relay stations and hertz-level optical bandpass filtering to improve OPLL robustness, our scalable architecture achieves a frequency instability of 2.9×10 –21 at 1 day over a 2067 km field fiber link under extreme noise conditions (5000 rad 2 /Hz/km at 1 Hz). Bias correction improves the instability by threefold, and break through the theoretical limit of uncalibrated systems. The setup maintains continuous phase lock for over four days, and noise purification enables virtually unlimited link extension. This advance establishes a robust, field-deployable optical frequency network compatible with standard telecommunication infrastructure. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Other photonics/Optical metrology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Fibre optics and optical communications Full Text Additional Declarations There is no conflict of interest Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.docx Detailed overview of the cascaded long-haul OFD link Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 11 Dec, 2025 Review # 3 received at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Review # 1 received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7922888","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":533397581,"identity":"ca095f93-aa20-4511-b219-79a8e13adef7","order_by":0,"name":"Haifeng 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network\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"light-science-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"lsa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Light: Science \u0026 Applications](http://www.nature.com/lsa/)","snPcode":"41377","submissionUrl":"https://mts-lsa.nature.com/","title":"Light: Science \u0026 Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature 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Although optical frequency transfer systems based on optical phase-locked loops (OPLLs) have achieved unprecedented stability levels, their performance is limited by continuous compensation bias caused by noise asymmetry from bidirectional frequency shifts and loss of lock in long-distance, high-noise links. Here, we propose a bias-free noise compensation method based on digital radio-frequency phase recording using a time-to-digital converter, which eliminates residual errors and offers a theoretically unlimited dynamic range for enhanced reliability. By incorporating multifunctional relay stations and hertz-level optical bandpass filtering to improve OPLL robustness, our scalable architecture achieves a frequency instability of 2.9\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;21\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 day over a 2067 km field fiber link under extreme noise conditions (5000 rad\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e /Hz/km at 1 Hz). 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