Effects of digital chatbot on gender beliefs and exposure to intimate partner violence among young women in South Africa

Background: South Africa has among the highest rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) globally, with young women at heightened risk due to inequitable gender roles, limited relationship skills, and inadequate social support. Despite an urgent need for violence prevention in low- and middle-income settings, most efficacious approaches are time-intensive and costly to deliver. Digital, interactive chatbots may help young women navigate safer relationships and develop healthier gender beliefs and skills. Methods: Young women (18-24 years old) across South Africa were recruited via Facebook for participation in an individually randomised controlled trial (n=19,643) during the period of June 2021-September 2021. Users were randomly allocated, using a pipeline algorithm, to one of four trial arms: Pure Control (PC) had no user engagement outside of study measures; Attention Treatment (T0) provided didactic information about sexual health through a text-based chatbot; Gamified Treatment (T1) was a behaviorally-informed gamified text-based chatbot; Narrative Treatment (T2) was a behaviorally-informed drama delivered through pre-recorded voice notes. All chatbots were delivered in WhatsApp, through which users were invited to complete brief “quizzes” comprising adapted versions of validated scales. A direct chat link to a trained counsellor was a safety measure (accessed by 4·5% of the sample). Primary outcomes were adapted validated scales of gender beliefs and past-month IPV. Secondary outcomes were identification of unhealthy relationship behaviors and depressive symptoms. We estimated treatment effects using ordinary least squares and heteroskedasticity robust standard errors. Findings: Compared to control, all treatments were effective in improving gender beliefs (Cohen’s D=0·10, 0·29, 0·20 for T0, T1, and T2, respectively). The gamified chatbot (T1) had small but significant effects on IPV: 56% of young women reported past-month IPV, compared to 62% among those without treatment (marginal effects=-0·07, 95%CI=-0·09to-0·05). The narrative treatment (T2) had no effect on IPV exposure. T1 significantly increased identification of unhealthy relationship behaviors (Cohen’s D=0·25). Neither T1 nor T2 had a measurable effect on mental health, nor did either treatment arm cause mental distress.Interpretation: A behaviorally-informed, gamified chatbot increased gender equitable beliefs and skills and was protective for IPV exposure among young women in South Africa. These effects, while modest in magnitude, could represent a meaningful impact given potential to scale the low-cost intervention.