A multi-beam polling multiple access method for LEO navigation signals

A multi-beam polling multiple access method for LEO navigation signals | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A multi-beam polling multiple access method for LEO navigation signals Kunmu Li, Xiaomei Tang, Chunjiang Ma, Sixin Wang, Feixue Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6670676/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the rapid development of low earth orbit (LEO) giant constellations, the traditional code division multiple access (CDMA) method is facing the problem of drastic increase in receiver capture complexity due to the growth of pseudorandom noise (PRN) code demand. In this paper, for the multiple access problem in LEO constellations, a multi-beam polling multiple access (MP-MA) method for LEO navigation is innovatively proposed, which utilizes the existing large-scale phased array antenna hardware facilities of LEO communication satellite system to broadcast navigation signals in a narrow-beam scanning manner. Combined with the discrimination effect of Doppler frequency and code phase on the signals, LEO satellite signals are distinguished in the five dimensions of time-space-frequency-phase-code, thereby further reducing the number of PRN codes required for distinguishing LEO satellite signals. Under the given conditions of LEO constellations and multi-beam polling strategy, the problem of minimizing the number of PRN codes required to distinguish all satellites is transformed into a graph coloring problem, and the approximate optimal solution is obtained by the depth-first search (DFS) algorithm. The simulation results show that under the scene conditions of 120 and 144 LEO satellites and 52 beams, compared with the traditional CDMA, the proposed method can reduce the number of satellite pairs with signal interference by 96.2% and 86.92% respectively, and the required number of PRN codes by 95% and 94.44% respectively. Meanwhile, when only the Doppler frequency and the code phase are considered respectively in frequency-code dimensions based the multi-beam polling mode, about 60% and 90% of the effect of the complete MP-MA method can be achieved respectively in reducing the number of interfering satellite pairs, indicating that the code phase plays a major role in the frequency-phase dimension. This method provides a feasible solution for the efficient multiple access of LEO constellation navigation systems, and has the dual advantages of power concentration and reduction of signal capture complexity. LEO navigation signal Multiple access Multi-beam polling Doppler frequency Code phase Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 16 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6670676","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498400419,"identity":"942359fb-a9a8-443d-9b11-00ee7e6cb8cc","order_by":0,"name":"Kunmu Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kunmu","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":498400420,"identity":"6034c7c7-e2b0-4240-aec6-e8027527b3c0","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaomei 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In this paper, for the multiple access problem in LEO constellations, a multi-beam polling multiple access (MP-MA) method for LEO navigation is innovatively proposed, which utilizes the existing large-scale phased array antenna hardware facilities of LEO communication satellite system to broadcast navigation signals in a narrow-beam scanning manner. Combined with the discrimination effect of Doppler frequency and code phase on the signals, LEO satellite signals are distinguished in the five dimensions of time-space-frequency-phase-code, thereby further reducing the number of PRN codes required for distinguishing LEO satellite signals. Under the given conditions of LEO constellations and multi-beam polling strategy, the problem of minimizing the number of PRN codes required to distinguish all satellites is transformed into a graph coloring problem, and the approximate optimal solution is obtained by the depth-first search (DFS) algorithm. The simulation results show that under the scene conditions of 120 and 144 LEO satellites and 52 beams, compared with the traditional CDMA, the proposed method can reduce the number of satellite pairs with signal interference by 96.2% and 86.92% respectively, and the required number of PRN codes by 95% and 94.44% respectively. Meanwhile, when only the Doppler frequency and the code phase are considered respectively in frequency-code dimensions based the multi-beam polling mode, about 60% and 90% of the effect of the complete MP-MA method can be achieved respectively in reducing the number of interfering satellite pairs, indicating that the code phase plays a major role in the frequency-phase dimension. This method provides a feasible solution for the efficient multiple access of LEO constellation navigation systems, and has the dual advantages of power concentration and reduction of signal capture complexity.","manuscriptTitle":"A multi-beam polling multiple access method for LEO navigation signals","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-14 06:02:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6670676/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-15T12:18:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-30T00:56:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3033897388589190430922311002096472439","date":"2025-08-10T01:38:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-10T01:13:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T22:20:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-16T05:41:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"GPS Solutions","date":"2025-05-15T08:41:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"gps-solutions","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gpss","sideBox":"Learn more about [GPS Solutions](http://link.springer.com/journal/10291)","snPcode":"10291","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10291/3","title":"GPS Solutions","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"29852a79-7355-445f-a459-36b74a19170c","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-20T15:10:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-14 06:02:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6670676","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6670676","identity":"rs-6670676","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}