Reproduction Rate and Viability of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Breeds of Sheep

Reproduction Rate and Viability of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Breeds of Sheep | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Reproduction Rate and Viability of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Breeds of Sheep Arth Bhaljibhai Chaudhari, Rajendran Ramanujam, Venkataramanan Ragothaman, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Reproduction data of 4648 Nilagiri and 6542 Nilagiri Synthetic ewe records spreads over 27 years (from 1989 to 2015) representing 4530 Nilagiri and 5950 Nilagiri Synthetic breeding ewes were used in this study. Flocks belonged to the Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, India. Flock dynamics of six age groups (1.5–7.5 yrs) were assessed. Ultimate objective of this research work was to evaluate the replacement rate, reproduction rate, flock structure and dynamics of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep breeds. Three parameters were used to evaluate flock dynamics, age specific replacement rate, net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of increase or innate capacity for increase of population. The replacement rate estimated was significantly higher ( P value < 0.002) in Nilagiri (0.289) than Nilagiri Synthetic sheep (0.260). The age-specific death rates ranged from 0.026 (3.5–4.5 years) to 0.191 (6.5–7.5 years) with highest 0.191 and 0.134 in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep from 1.5 to 7.5 years of age, respectively. The replacement requirements will be met if the ewes are kept in the flock until five years of age with a net reproduction rate of 1.024 in Nilagiri and if the ewes are kept in the flock until six years of age with a net reproduction rate of 1.196 in Nilagiri Synthetic. Nilagiri ewes in intermediate ages had more multiple births and older ewes weaned more lambs. The flock strength was not maintained unless the ewes were kept till the fifth lambing Nilagiri, third lambing in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. All estimates tended to increase with dams age up to six years and decreased thereafter. The results of R o and r m showed that the studied flock must consist of 6 age groups to maintain its size and replace itself. It may be recommended to cull the breeding ewe at the age of 6 years to accelerate genetic improvement. Based on the findings it is concluded that suitable breeding policy of selection and culling of such flock should be formulated. Animal Science Age specific death rate Flock dynamics Multiple births Replacement rate Sheep Viability INTRODUCTION India has rich diversity of sheep genetic resources, with about 74.26 million sheep and 44 distinct sheep breeds distributed in the different agro-climatic regions of the country. In country, about 13% of the total livestock population contributed by sheep (20th Livestock Census, 2019 ). Improvement in production and reproduction traits without affecting adaptability can be brought about only by genetic improvement through selection and breeding. Reproduction is one of the most important aspects of sheep husbandry upon which whole economics of sheep farming is dependent. Evaluation of the reproductive efficiency and fitness is important to understand the flock dynamics and formulation of breeding plans. The fitness of a flock is indicated by reproductive efficiency and viability and several parameters have been used to measure it. Flock dynamics explains the factors influencing the rise and decline of a population. The flock dynamics of sheep population depend on the age structure of the flock and its change from one year to another, maturity and reproduction rates of the females, the intensity of selection and the mortality rates, as well as based on the breeders objectives (EL-Shishiny et al., 1987 ). Additions to a population can occur through birth, while decline in a population occur through deaths and culling. Reproduction rate (R 0 ) indicates the status of flock size in the breeding flock; If R 0 = 1, the population (or flock) is static; If R 0 > 1, the flock is increasing in size and if R 0 < 1, the flock size is decreasing. The replacement rate depends on the average length of life of the ewe in the flock and the reproduction rate at each year of age. Flock reproduction rate also affects selection intensity and consequently the rate of genetic improvement in all traits under selection (Abegaz et al., 2002 ). The Nilagiri sheep is native breed to the Nilagiri hilly region of Tamil Nadu and the Nilagiri Synthetic was developed at Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah (Tamil Nadu) by crossing Nilagiri sheep with Merino and Rambouillet sheep in the year 1986 (Iyue, 1993 ). Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are reared for mutton and fine wool production. However, wool demand in the region is declining and market value of wool does not even match the labour cost towards shearing, thus transforming the utility of these sheep to mutton production (Venkataramanan et al., 2016 ). The main resource of earnings from rearing of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are from sale of surplus lambs thus, an enhancement in reproduction and fitness traits are very crucial. The ratio of ewes lambing, lambs born, lambs weaned and ewe lambs reaching joining age (one and a half years) depend upon the age structure of the sheep population. Hence the aim of this study was to provide information on age specific reproduction and viability rate. These vital statistics are important in determining the optimum culling levels and intrinsic rate of increase in population when no culling is imposed which are vital for formulating breeding strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data (4648 and 6542 reproductive records of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic ewes, respectively) for the period from 1989 to 2015 were collected from Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah (Tamil Nadu) to study the variables of age-specific replacement rate, net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of population increase when no culling is done. Ewes are culled after six years of age and replaced with younger ewes. Breeding rams are replaced after being mated for three to four successive seasons to avoid inbreeding. The main breeding season is during the months of September to November (north-east monsoon) and the leftover ewes are mated during the lean breeding season during the months of March to May (summer). The ewes are hand-mated or using nominated rams. After breeding, ewes were separated from rams and kept as one separate group until lambing. Primarily, the animals were under selection for body weight, wool yield and wool fibre diameter. But, resultant to the decline in significance for wool, selection was directed towards body weight (6 months of age) alone. The usual selection pressure applied is 5–10 percent for males and 55–60 percent for females. At the station pasture is the main source of nutrition and all the sheep are grazed during the day time (6–7 hours). Sheep are also supplemented with silage, tree fodder and concentrates (0.20 kg/animal/day) during this period. Apart from winter feeding of sheep, the following categories of sheep (lambs 0.15 kg/day; breeding rams 0.15 kg/day and pregnant and lactating ewes 0.20 kg/day) are also fed with concentrates throughout the year. The reproductive traits studied were: Number of ewes lambing per ewe joined (EPJ) Number of lambs born per ewe lambed (LBP) Number of lambs born per ewe mated (LBJ) Number of lambs weaned per lamb born (LWB) Number of lambs weaned per ewe mated (LWJ) Number of ewe lambs reaching joining (1.5 years) age per ewe mated (LEJ.J) Age specific death rate (d i ) were calculated from one joining (mating) to the next and losses from death and culling of healthy animals during any age interval, expressed as a proportion of the number of ewes present at the beginning of the interval as suggested by Turner and Young ( 1969 ), Mohan et al. ( 1986 ) and Abdel – Moneim et al . (2009). Intrinsic rate of increase or innate capacity for increase (r m ): measures the rate of increase in flock size if the intake of young ewes into the flock is not regulated to maintain a constant flock size and all the young ewes enter the flock. Genetic group by age interval and subclass Least Squares means of EPJ, LBP, LWB, LEJ.W and Li were utilized to estimate LBJ, LWJ, R0 and rm. Replacement rate: Replacement rate was studied as the female lambs reaching reproductive age per ewe mated or number of ewe lambs reaching joining age per ewe mated. It was calculated as the product of number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe mated and number of ewe lambs reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned. Net reproduction rate (R o ) or selective value: The female lambs reaching reproductive age per ewe over lifetime was measured as the number of ewe offspring, produced by each ewe during her lifetime in the flock, reaching joining age. Contribution by the ewe in term of the offspring to the next generation is called the selective value of the individual. Computation procedures (Turner and Young, 1969 ) were followed. Age-specific death rates were compared between Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds using a Chi square test. Death recorded as a binary trait (1,0) was compared for each of the age six age intervals. The reproductive parameters were evaluated using the repeated measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS ver. 26.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The estimated values for reproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are presented in (Table 1). The replacement rate was found to be significantly higher ( P value<0.002) in Nilagiri sheep compared to Nilagiri Synthetic sheep with values of 0.289 and 0.260, respectively (Table 2). Nilagiri synthetic exhibited lower survivability in the post-weaning period (Chaudhari et al ., 2017) and hence a slightly lower replacement rate. Nevertheless, in Nilagiri Synthetic, inferiority in reproduction rate is compensated by the superiority in survivability till joining age (Chaudhari, 2016). The age-specific death rates from 1.5 to 7.5 years of age are given in (Table 3.). Death rates in all adult age groups were higher for Nilagiri than its Synthetic sheep. The death rates for all age groups except that for the 3.5-4.5 and 6.5-7.5 were found to be significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) different between the breeds. Age of ewe had a highly significant effect on death rate. Death rate was found to be decreasing up to 4.5 years followed by an increase from 4.5 years to 7.5 years. The lowest and highest estimates of age specific death rate ( di ) values were achieved from four years and seven years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep, respectively. The probability of survival with 1 at 2.5 years decreased up to 0.662 at the age group of 6.5-7.5 years in the Nilagiri flock. Similar trend was noticed in the Nilagiri Synthetic flock and the value decreased from 1 to 0.814. The death rate was found to be significantly higher in the more prolific breed Nilagiri sheep. This showed the better adaptability of Nilagiri Synthetic sheep, which are supported by Mohan (1984) and Rajendran (2005) who found that crossbreeding increased the survivability by virtue of decrease in prolificacy. These animals are dependent on grazing for nutrition and the milk available in the ewes are usually sufficient for raising one or at the maximum two lambs only; consequently, their adaptability is better with lesser prolificacy. Age-specific death rate ranged from 0.041 (3.5 to 4.5 years) to 0.191 (6.5 to 7.5 years) in Nilagiri and 0.026 (3.5 to 4.5 years) to 0.134 (6.5 to 7.5 years) in Nilagiri Synthetic. The common trend observed in both the breeds was that death rate progressively increased from 3.5 to 4.5 years to 6.5 to 7.5 years. Age-specific death rates obtained for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic in the present study are comparable to the rates reported earlier for Nilagiri and halfbred Merino (Mohan, 1984 & Rajendran, 2005) for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds maintained at the same station. While, age-specific death rate ranged from 0.077 (1.5 to 2.5 years) to 0.196 (6.5 to 7.5 years) and 0.369 (9.5 to 10.5 years) was found higher in Barki ewes (Abdel – Moneim et al ., 2009). The rate of replacement depends on the average length of life of the ewe in the flock and the reproduction rate at each year of the age (Rajendran, 2005; Chaudhari, 2016). The number of ewes reaching joining age was less than the number required for replacement with 1.5 to 4.5 years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic. The number of ewe lambs required for replacement declined with increasing number of age group of the ewes. While the total number of ewe lambs required for replacement year after year would be 0.130 and 0.148 for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Subsequently, the total number of surplus ewe lambs would be reaching up to 0.159 and 0.112 for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Therefore the total number of surplus ewes increased with the number of age group increased (Table 4). The replacement rate in Nilagiri (0.289) and Nilagiri Synthetic (0.260) sheep indicated that Nilagiri Synthetic sheep is inferior compared to Nilagiri sheep in reproduction rate (Table 2). Replacement rate of 0.289 obtained in Nilagiri is more than that in Marwari (Taneja, 1966) Mecheri (Ulaganathan, 1989) and Barki sheep (Abdel – Moneim et al ., 2009) and less than that reported by (Mohan, 1986) for the same breed. The replacement rate of 0.260 in Nilagiri Synthetic recorded in the present study is higher than that reported in Dorset x Mandya x Mecheri (Ulaganathan et al ., 1989) and in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep (Iyue, 1993). The replacement rate was slightly higher by 0.029 in Nilagiri sheep than Nilagiri Synthetic in the present study. Nilagiri Synthetic exhibited lower survivability in the post-weaning period and hence a slightly lower replacement rate. The number of lambs weaned per ewe joined was more in Nilagiri (0.88) than Nilagiri Synthetic (0.79) while proportion of ewe lambs weaned was slightly more in Nilagiri Synthetic (0.51) than in Nilagiri (0.50). However, number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined was finally higher in Nilagiri (0.44) than that in Nilagiri Synthetic (0.40). The number of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned was higher in Nilagiri (0.62) than Nilagiri Synthetic (0.61) sheep. The replacement rate is decided by number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined and number of ewes reaching joining age per ewe lamb weaned. Number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined was higher in Nilagiri than in Nilagiri Synthetic. Number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined depends on number of lambs weaned per ewe joined and proportion of ewe lambs weaned. Number of lambs weaned per ewe joined was higher in Nilagiri but the proportion of ewe lambs weaned is higher in Nilagiri Synthetic. The higher proportion of ewe lambs weaned in Nilagiri Synthetic may be due to higher pre-weaning survival rate of ewe lambs and sex ratio in favour of females. Higher value of number of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned in Nilagiri indicates higher survival rate among ewe lambs during the period from weaning to joining age and sex ratio in favour of females. Therefore, in Nilagiri Synthetic, inferiority in reproduction rate is compensated by the superiority in survivability till joining age. This is because the number of ewes reaching mating age was less than that required for replacement with the first three age groups till 4.5 years, as the number of ewes reaching mating age per ewe mated was an overestimate and further only about 28.9 per cent of ewes in Nilagiri and 26.0 per cent of ewes in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep were tupped at 1.5 to 2.5 years of age. Hence in practice, it may be safer to retain the ewes for one more year in the flock, than the estimated value shown in (Table 4.). With the normal ewe life in the flock being six years (i.e., six age groups), there is no danger of facing a negative population growth similar to that reported (Rajendran, 2005). Ewes reproductive performances increases to a maximum at an age of 5 to 6 years old. Assuming that the 20% replacement rate of the adult ewe, the average reproductive life of the ewe is approximately 5 years (Kamalzadeh, 2005). But, (Mohan, 1986) found that three age groups (ewes kept till lambing at four years of age) were necessary for viability of the same Nilagiri flock. This may be due to decrease in reproductive efficiency and survivability among ewes and change in sex ratio over a period of 30 years. The net reproduction rate for Nilagiri and its Synthetic are observed in (Table 5). It reaches unity at five years in the case of Nilagiri, at six years in the case of Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. These values were 1.024 in Nilagiri at five years age while for Nilagiri Synthetic 1.196 at six years of age. The net reproduction rates for Nilagiri and its Synthetic were 1.405 and 1.394 respectively, when the flock was maintained till seven years of age at lambing. To maintain the flock size at research station, it is necessary that Nilagiri ewes should be kept till lambing at five years of age and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep should be kept till lambing at six years of age. Net reproduction rate is used to define changes in population size. It provides information on replacement rate required to maintain flock size. Net reproduction rate is greater than one indicates that the flock is increasing in size in relation with the age group of ewe and if less than one, it is decreasing. The net reproduction rate observed in the present study (Table 5.) was less than the estimate reported for Nilagiri flock (Mohan, 1986) and almost the similar estimate reported by (Rajendran, 2005) in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep and it was higher than estimate observed by (Abdel – Moneim et al ., 2009) in Barki sheep. Net reproduction rate is also influenced by the number of lambs born, survival rate and number of joinings per lifetime. To maintain the flock size of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep at Sheep Breeding Research Station, it is necessary that Nilagiri ewes should be kept till lambing at five years of age and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep should be kept till lambing at six years of age. The results indicated that the ewes retained in the breeding flock for longer period of times, she can produce more ewe lambs to replace herself. However, it is not suggested to keep the breeding ewes for longer time as it will influence the generation interval and consequently affects negative genetic progress. It was concluded that Nilagiri ewes in intermediate ages had more multiple births and older ewes weaned more lambs. The annual replacement rate depends on ewe lambing and the number of aged ewes leaving the flock due to their death and culling during a particular year, which decided the selection intensity and maintenance of flock size (Rawal and Tomar, 1998; Abdel – Moneim et al ., 2009). It was found that the replacement requirements are met with, if the ewes are kept in the flock until lambing at five years of age in Nilagiri sheep and six years of age in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Therefore, this breeding policy (selection and culling) will improve overall reproductive performances ( E PJ , L BP , L BJ and L WJ ) of the Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep flock. Moreover, this policy will be having impact on reduction of generation interval and to accelerate the genetic improvement. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are deeply indebted to the Director, Centre for Animal Production Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai for granting permission for data from Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah for this study. The involvement of the staff of Animal Breeding at the Station in the recording and maintenance of data is acknowledged. References Abdel-Moneim, A.Y., Ahmed, A.M., Ibrahim, M.M. and Mokhtar, M.M. 2009. Flock dynamics of desert Barki sheep in relation to age structure. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 899–905. Abegaz, S., Duguma, G., Negussie, E., Gelmesa, U., Terefe, F. and Rege, J. E. O., 2002. Factors affecting reproductive performance and estimates of genetic parameters of litter size in Horro sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, 139, 79–85. Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper FAO, Rome, Italy. 30(A), pp. 1-190. Chaudhari, A.B. 2016. Genetic analysis of reproduction and fitness traits in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds of sheep. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Chaudhari, A.B., Rajendran, R., Venkatamanan, R., and Sivasalem, S. 2017. Survivability in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Sheep: Genetic and Non-Genetic Effect. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 12(4), 79–83. El-Shishiny, H., Mansour, H. and Galal, E. S. E. 1987. Modelling the dynamics of sheep flocks in Egypt. Agricultural Systems, 23, 301–309. Iyue, M. 1993. Genetic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Nilagiri Synthetics. Ph. D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. Kamalzadeh, A., 2005. Modeling the productivity of a breeding sheep flock for different production systems. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18, 606–612. Livestock census, 2019. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fishries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. ( http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/statistics/animal-husbandry-statistics.aspx) Mohan, M. 1984. Fertility and Viability in Nilagiri, Merino sheep and their crosses. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbtore, Tamil Nadu. Mohan, M., Ulaganathan, V., Rodricks, I.M., Bhuvanakumar, C.K. and Iyue, M. 1986. Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. I. Fertility, prolificacy and viability. Tropical Animal Health and Production 18: 171–176. Mohan, M., Ulaganathan, V., Rodricks, I.M., Bhuvanakumar, C.K. and Iyue, M. 1986. Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. II. Age specific replacement rate and net reproduction rate. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 18: 177–183. Rajendran, R. 2005. Genetic analysis of reproduction traits and survivability of Nilagiri sheep and its Synthetic crosses. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu). Rawal, S. C. and Tomar, S.S., 1998. Population analysis for loss of cows and replacement index in Tharparkar cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68, 183–184. Taneja, G.C. 1966. Fertility in sheep I. Conception rate in relation to lamb survival. Indian Veterinary Journal. 43: 727–734. Turner, H.N. and Dolling, C.H.S. 1965. Vital statistics for an experimental flock of Merino sheep. II. The influence of age on reproductive performance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16: 699–712. Turner, H.N. and Young, S.S.Y. 1969. Quantitative Genetics in Sheep Breeding. MacMillan Co., Australia and Cornell University Press, Melbourne, Australia. pp 132. Ulaganathan, V., Karunanidhi, K. and Krishnan, A.R. 1989. Comparative performance of Dorset quarterbreds and Mecheri breed of sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 59: 1167–1170. Venkataramanan, R., A. Subramanian, S.N. Sivaselvam, T. Sivakumar, C. Sreekumar and M. Iyue, 2016. Effect of inbreeding and individual increase in inbreeding on growth in Nilagiri and Sandyno breeds of sheep. Animal Genetic Resources, 58: 63–71. Tables Table 1. Reproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep Measures Nilagiri Nilagiri synthetic P value N Mean±S.E. S.D. N Mean±S.E. S.D. Number of ewes lambing per ewe joined (E PJ ) 4527 0.84±0.005 0.368 5950 0.79±0.005 0.406 0.0001 ** Number of lambs born per ewe lambed (L BP ) 3797 1.13±0.006 0.342 4715 1.07±0.004 0.256 0.0001 ** Number of lambs born per ewe joined (L BJ ) 4779 0.94±0.008 0.519 5950 0.85±0.006 0.489 0.0001** Number of lambs weaned per lamb born (L WB ) 3794 0.95±0.006 0.346 4690 0.93±0.005 0.341 0.147 NS Number of lambs weaned per ewe joined (L WJ ) 4413 0.88±0.008 0.523 5927 0.79±0.007 0.504 0.0001 ** NS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P<0.01) Table 2. Replacement rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep Measures Nilagiri Nilagiri synthetic P value Number of lambs weaned per ewe joined (L WJ ) 0.88 0.79 0.001 ** Proportion of ewe lambs weaned 0.50 0.51 0.127 NS Number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined (L EW.J ) 0.44 0.40 0.0001 ** Number of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned (L EJ.W ) 0.62 0.61 0.129 NS Number of ewe lambs reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe joined (L EJ.J ) (replacement rate) 0.289 0.260 0.02 * NS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P<0.01), * Significant (P<0.05) Table 3. Age-specific death rate (ASDR) in ewes in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep Age group (years) Nilagiri Nilagiri Synthetic P-value N ASDR N ASDR 1.5 to 2.5 1201 0.063 1490 0.034 0.00 ** 2.5 to 3.5 1043 0.059 1394 0.028 0.00 ** 3.5 to 4.5 940 0.041 1306 0.026 0.069 NS 4.5 to 5.5 735 0.076 1078 0.040 0.002 ** 5.5 to 6.5 494 0.099 832 0.058 0.012 * 6.5 to 7.5 235 0.191 442 0.134 0.072 NS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P<0.01), * Significant (P<0.05) Table 4. Replacement requirement and surplus ewes aged 1.5 years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep Genetic group Age group of ewe (years) (i) Pivotal age (years) (͞i) Death rate (d i ) Probability of survival at the beginning of the interval (l i ) ∑l i Ewe lambs required for replacement (1/∑l i ) Surplus ewes aged 1.5 years (L EJ.J -1/∑l i ) Nilagiri 1.5 – 2.5 2 0.063 1.000 1.000 1.000 -0.711 2.5 – 3.5 3 0.059 0.937 1.937 0.484 -0.195 3.5 – 4.5 4 0.041 0.878 2.815 0.312 -0.023 4.5 – 5.5 5 0.076 0.837 3.652 0.229 0.060 5.5 – 6.5 6 0.099 0.761 4.413 0.172 0.117 6.5 – 7.5 7 0.191 0.662 5.075 0.130 0.159 Nilagiri synthetic 1.5 – 2.5 2 0.034 1.000 1.000 1.000 -0.740 2.5 – 3.5 3 0.028 0.966 1.966 0.491 -0.231 3.5 – 4.5 4 0.026 0.938 2.904 0.323 -0.063 4.5 – 5.5 5 0.040 0.912 3.816 0.239 0.021 5.5 – 6.5 6 0.058 0.872 4.688 0.186 0.074 6.5 – 7.5 7 0.134 0.814 5.502 0.148 0.112 1 Pivotal age of the interval between matings can be taken as equivalent to the age at lambing Table 5. Net reproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep Genetic group Age group of ewe (years) (i) Pivotal age (years) (͞i) Death rate (d i ) d i /2 1-d i /2 L i L i (1-d i /2) Net reproduction rate (R o ) Nilagiri 1.5 – 2.5 2 0.063 0.032 0.968 1.000 0.968 0.279 2.5 – 3.5 3 0.059 0.03 0.970 0.937 0.909 0.542 3.5 – 4.5 4 0.041 0.021 0.979 0.878 0.860 0.791 4.5 – 5.5 5 0.076 0.038 0.962 0.837 0.805 1.024 5.5 – 6.5 6 0.099 0.05 0.950 0.761 0.723 1.232 6.5 – 7.5 7 0.191 0.096 0.904 0.662 0.598 1.405 Nilagiri Synthetic 1.5 – 2.5 2 0.034 0.017 0.983 1.000 0.983 0.256 2.5 – 3.5 3 0.028 0.014 0.986 0.966 0.952 0.503 3.5 – 4.5 4 0.026 0.013 0.987 0.938 0.926 0.744 4.5 – 5.5 5 0.04 0.02 0.980 0.912 0.894 0.976 5.5 – 6.5 6 0.058 0.029 0.971 0.872 0.847 1.196 6.5 – 7.5 7 0.134 0.067 0.933 0.814 0.759 1.394 d i - Death rate for i th age interval; L i – Probability of survival to i th joining age; R o – Net reproduction rate Additional Declarations Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3305591","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":229536684,"identity":"49b21715-5a16-4920-8a13-0e52dba42e1b","order_by":0,"name":"Arth Bhaljibhai Chaudhari","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-0860","institution":"Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arth","middleName":"Bhaljibhai","lastName":"Chaudhari","suffix":""},{"id":229536685,"identity":"29be7c73-72f6-457d-9f0b-18d6edf868a7","order_by":1,"name":"Rajendran Ramanujam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0AswcPAwA/iJBSQokWyAaTFgFgtIGAAZhCjhe/22YcfLGTsoo3Pr0788MCAQZ5f7AB+LZLn0o0lJHiSc7fdeLtZAugww5mzE/BrMTjDxgDUwgzUcnYDSEuCwW3CWph/SPDU526ecXbzD2K1sAFtOZy7gb93G3G2SAK1WEjwHM+dcYN3m0WCgQRhv/ABHXZbsqc6t7//7OabPyps5PmlCWgBAWbJHiApAVYpQVg5CDB++AEk+Q8Qp3oUjIJRMApGHgAAWXRC/2wiN7cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajendran","middleName":"","lastName":"Ramanujam","suffix":""},{"id":229536686,"identity":"c3a640e3-95a9-4b30-963b-f95a96fcb80f","order_by":2,"name":"Venkataramanan Ragothaman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Postgraduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences (PGRIAS), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kattupakkam – 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Venkataramanan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ragothaman","suffix":""},{"id":229536687,"identity":"d70200b2-1bfe-4c1d-87f4-c1bf8e616e6d","order_by":3,"name":"S. Meenakshi Sundaram","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centre for Animal Production Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai-600 051, Tamil Nadu","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"Meenakshi","lastName":"Sundaram","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-08-29 06:52:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":42330282,"identity":"6da861a5-9a78-47fc-a9cf-85ec5bd0fb35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 20:26:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":299844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3305591/v1/64cc4c75-b0e4-4c5c-87e1-91740709a532.pdf"},{"id":42330281,"identity":"c6888ee6-457d-4dbe-aa6c-f0e6da18281a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 20:26:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":299844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3305591/v1/a77ad97e-1f56-4a80-9208-6ad518a79462.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReproduction Rate and Viability of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Breeds of Sheep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndia has rich diversity of sheep genetic resources, with about 74.26\u0026nbsp;million sheep and 44 distinct sheep breeds distributed in the different agro-climatic regions of the country. In country, about 13% of the total livestock population contributed by sheep (20th Livestock Census, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Improvement in production and reproduction traits without affecting adaptability can be brought about only by genetic improvement through selection and breeding. Reproduction is one of the most important aspects of sheep husbandry upon which whole economics of sheep farming is dependent. Evaluation of the reproductive efficiency and fitness is important to understand the flock dynamics and formulation of breeding plans. The fitness of a flock is indicated by reproductive efficiency and viability and several parameters have been used to measure it. Flock dynamics explains the factors influencing the rise and decline of a population. The flock dynamics of sheep population depend on the age structure of the flock and its change from one year to another, maturity and reproduction rates of the females, the intensity of selection and the mortality rates, as well as based on the breeders objectives (EL-Shishiny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Additions to a population can occur through birth, while decline in a population occur through deaths and culling. Reproduction rate (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) indicates the status of flock size in the breeding flock; If R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, the population (or flock) is static; If R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1, the flock is increasing in size and if R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1, the flock size is decreasing. The replacement rate depends on the average length of life of the ewe in the flock and the reproduction rate at each year of age. Flock reproduction rate also affects selection intensity and consequently the rate of genetic improvement in all traits under selection (Abegaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nilagiri sheep is native breed to the Nilagiri hilly region of Tamil Nadu and the Nilagiri Synthetic was developed at Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah (Tamil Nadu) by crossing Nilagiri sheep with Merino and Rambouillet sheep in the year 1986 (Iyue, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are reared for mutton and fine wool production. However, wool demand in the region is declining and market value of wool does not even match the labour cost towards shearing, thus transforming the utility of these sheep to mutton production (Venkataramanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The main resource of earnings from rearing of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are from sale of surplus lambs thus, an enhancement in reproduction and fitness traits are very crucial. The ratio of ewes lambing, lambs born, lambs weaned and ewe lambs reaching joining age (one and a half years) depend upon the age structure of the sheep population. Hence the aim of this study was to provide information on age specific reproduction and viability rate. These vital statistics are important in determining the optimum culling levels and intrinsic rate of increase in population when no culling is imposed which are vital for formulating breeding strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data (4648 and 6542 reproductive records of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic ewes, respectively) for the period from 1989 to 2015 were collected from Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah (Tamil Nadu) to study the variables of age-specific replacement rate, net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of population increase when no culling is done. Ewes are culled after six years of age and replaced with younger ewes. Breeding rams are replaced after being mated for three to four successive seasons to avoid inbreeding. The main breeding season is during the months of September to November (north-east monsoon) and the leftover ewes are mated during the lean breeding season during the months of March to May (summer). The ewes are hand-mated or using nominated rams. After breeding, ewes were separated from rams and kept as one separate group until lambing. Primarily, the animals were under selection for body weight, wool yield and wool fibre diameter. But, resultant to the decline in significance for wool, selection was directed towards body weight (6 months of age) alone. The usual selection pressure applied is 5\u0026ndash;10 percent for males and 55\u0026ndash;60 percent for females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the station pasture is the main source of nutrition and all the sheep are grazed during the day time (6\u0026ndash;7 hours). Sheep are also supplemented with silage, tree fodder and concentrates (0.20 kg/animal/day) during this period. Apart from winter feeding of sheep, the following categories of sheep (lambs 0.15 kg/day; breeding rams 0.15 kg/day and pregnant and lactating ewes 0.20 kg/day) are also fed with concentrates throughout the year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reproductive traits studied were:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ewes lambing per ewe joined (EPJ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of lambs born per ewe lambed (LBP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of lambs born per ewe mated (LBJ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of lambs weaned per lamb born (LWB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of lambs weaned per ewe mated (LWJ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ewe lambs reaching joining (1.5 years) age per ewe mated (LEJ.J)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge specific death rate (d\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e) were calculated from one joining (mating) to the next and losses from death and culling of healthy animals during any age interval, expressed as a proportion of the number of ewes present at the beginning of the interval as suggested by Turner and Young (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e), Mohan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) and Abdel \u0026ndash; Moneim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntrinsic rate of increase or innate capacity for increase (r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e): measures the rate of increase in flock size if the intake of young ewes into the flock is not regulated to maintain a constant flock size and all the young ewes enter the flock. Genetic group by age interval and subclass Least Squares means of EPJ, LBP, LWB, LEJ.W and Li were utilized to estimate LBJ, LWJ, R0 and rm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplacement rate: Replacement rate was studied as the female lambs reaching reproductive age per ewe mated or number of ewe lambs reaching joining age per ewe mated. It was calculated as the product of number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe mated and number of ewe lambs reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet reproduction rate (R\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e) or selective value: The female lambs reaching reproductive age per ewe over lifetime was measured as the number of ewe offspring, produced by each ewe during her lifetime in the flock, reaching joining age. Contribution by the ewe in term of the offspring to the next generation is called the selective value of the individual. Computation procedures (Turner and Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) were followed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-specific death rates were compared between Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds using a Chi square test. Death recorded as a binary trait (1,0) was compared for each of the age six age intervals. The reproductive parameters were evaluated using the repeated measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS \u003cem\u003ever.\u003c/em\u003e 26.0.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe estimated values for reproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep are presented in (Table 1). The replacement rate was found to be significantly higher (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u0026lt;0.002) in Nilagiri sheep compared to Nilagiri Synthetic sheep with values of 0.289 and 0.260, respectively (Table 2). Nilagiri synthetic exhibited lower survivability in the post-weaning period (Chaudhari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017) and hence a slightly lower replacement rate. Nevertheless, in Nilagiri Synthetic, inferiority in reproduction rate is compensated by the superiority in survivability till joining age (Chaudhari, 2016).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe age-specific death rates from 1.5 to 7.5 years of age are given in (Table 3.). Death rates in all adult age groups were higher for Nilagiri than its Synthetic sheep. The death rates for all age groups except that for the 3.5-4.5 and 6.5-7.5 were found to be significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05 and p\u0026lt;0.01) different between the breeds. Age of ewe had a highly significant effect on death rate. Death rate was found to be decreasing up to 4.5 years followed by an increase from 4.5 years to 7.5 years. The lowest and highest estimates of age specific death rate (\u003cem\u003edi\u003c/em\u003e) values were achieved from four years and seven years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep, respectively. The probability of survival with 1 at 2.5 years decreased up to 0.662 at the age group of 6.5-7.5 years in the Nilagiri flock. Similar trend was noticed in the Nilagiri Synthetic flock and the value decreased from 1 to 0.814. The death rate was found to be significantly higher in the more prolific breed Nilagiri sheep. This showed the better adaptability of Nilagiri Synthetic sheep, which are supported by Mohan (1984) and Rajendran (2005) who found that crossbreeding increased the survivability by virtue of decrease in prolificacy. These animals are dependent on grazing for nutrition and the milk available in the ewes are usually sufficient for raising one or at the maximum two lambs only; consequently, their adaptability is better with lesser prolificacy. \u0026nbsp;Age-specific death rate ranged from 0.041 (3.5 to 4.5 years) to 0.191 (6.5 to 7.5 years) in Nilagiri and 0.026 (3.5 to 4.5 years) to 0.134 (6.5 to 7.5 years) in Nilagiri Synthetic. The common trend observed in both the breeds was that death rate progressively increased from 3.5 to 4.5 years to 6.5 to 7.5 years. Age-specific death rates obtained for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic in the present study are comparable to the rates reported earlier for Nilagiri and halfbred Merino (Mohan, 1984 \u0026amp; Rajendran, 2005) for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds maintained at the same station. While, age-specific death rate ranged from 0.077 (1.5 to 2.5 years) to 0.196 (6.5 to 7.5 years) and 0.369 (9.5 to 10.5 years) was found higher in Barki ewes (Abdel \u0026ndash; Moneim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rate of replacement depends on the average length of life of the ewe in the flock and the reproduction rate at each year of the age (Rajendran, 2005; Chaudhari, 2016). The number of ewes reaching joining age was less than the number required for replacement with 1.5 to 4.5 years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic. The number of ewe lambs required for replacement declined with increasing number of age group of the ewes. While the total number of ewe lambs required for replacement year after year would be 0.130 and 0.148 for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Subsequently, the total number of surplus ewe lambs would be reaching up to 0.159 and 0.112 for Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Therefore the total number of surplus ewes increased with the number of age group increased (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe replacement rate in Nilagiri (0.289) and Nilagiri Synthetic (0.260) sheep indicated that Nilagiri Synthetic sheep is inferior compared to Nilagiri sheep in reproduction rate (Table 2). Replacement rate of 0.289 obtained in Nilagiri is more than that in Marwari (Taneja, 1966) Mecheri (Ulaganathan, 1989) and Barki sheep (Abdel \u0026ndash; Moneim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009) and less than that reported by (Mohan, 1986) for the same breed. The replacement rate of 0.260 in Nilagiri Synthetic recorded in the present study is higher than that reported in Dorset x Mandya x Mecheri (Ulaganathan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1989) and in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep (Iyue, 1993). The replacement rate was slightly higher by 0.029 in Nilagiri sheep than Nilagiri Synthetic in the present study. Nilagiri Synthetic exhibited lower survivability in the post-weaning period and hence a slightly lower replacement rate. The number of lambs weaned per ewe joined was more in Nilagiri (0.88) than Nilagiri Synthetic (0.79) while proportion of ewe lambs weaned was slightly more in Nilagiri Synthetic (0.51) than in Nilagiri (0.50). However, number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined was finally higher in Nilagiri (0.44) than that in Nilagiri Synthetic (0.40). The number of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned was higher in Nilagiri (0.62) than Nilagiri Synthetic (0.61) sheep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe replacement rate is decided by number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined and number of ewes reaching joining age per ewe lamb weaned. Number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined was higher in Nilagiri than in Nilagiri Synthetic. Number of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined depends on number of lambs weaned per ewe joined and proportion of ewe lambs weaned. Number of lambs weaned per ewe joined was higher in Nilagiri but the proportion of ewe lambs weaned is higher in Nilagiri Synthetic. The higher proportion of ewe lambs weaned in Nilagiri Synthetic may be due to higher pre-weaning survival rate of ewe lambs and sex ratio in favour of females. Higher value of number of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned in Nilagiri indicates higher survival rate among ewe lambs during the period from weaning to joining age and sex ratio in favour of females. Therefore, in Nilagiri Synthetic, inferiority in reproduction rate is compensated by the superiority in survivability till joining age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is because the number of ewes reaching mating age was less than that required for replacement with the first three age groups till 4.5 years, as the number of ewes reaching mating age per ewe mated was an overestimate and further only about 28.9 per cent of ewes in Nilagiri and 26.0 per cent of ewes in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep were tupped at 1.5 to 2.5 years of age. Hence in practice, it may be safer to retain the ewes for one more year in the flock, than the estimated value shown in (Table 4.). With the normal ewe life in the flock being six years (i.e., six age groups), there is no danger of facing a negative population growth similar to that reported (Rajendran, 2005). Ewes reproductive performances increases to a maximum at an age of 5 to 6 years old. Assuming that the 20% replacement rate of the adult ewe, the average reproductive life of the ewe is approximately 5 years (Kamalzadeh, 2005). But, (Mohan, 1986) found that three age groups (ewes kept till lambing at four years of age) were necessary for viability of the same Nilagiri flock. This may be due to decrease in reproductive efficiency and survivability among ewes and change in sex ratio over a period of 30 years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe net reproduction rate for Nilagiri and its Synthetic are observed in (Table 5). It reaches unity at five years in the case of Nilagiri, at six years in the case of Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. These values were 1.024 in Nilagiri at five years age while for Nilagiri Synthetic 1.196 at six years of age. The net reproduction rates for Nilagiri and its Synthetic were 1.405 and 1.394 respectively, when the flock was maintained till seven years of age at lambing. To maintain the flock size at research station, it is necessary that Nilagiri ewes should be kept till lambing at five years of age and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep should be kept till lambing at six years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNet reproduction rate is used to define changes in population size. It provides information on replacement rate required to maintain flock size. Net reproduction rate is greater than one indicates that the flock is increasing in size in relation with the age group of ewe and if less than one, it is decreasing. The net reproduction rate observed in the present study (Table 5.) was less than the estimate reported for Nilagiri flock (Mohan, 1986) \u0026nbsp;and almost the similar estimate reported by (Rajendran, 2005) in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep and it was higher than estimate observed by (Abdel \u0026ndash; Moneim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009) in Barki sheep. Net reproduction rate is also influenced by the number of lambs born, survival rate and number of joinings per lifetime. To maintain the flock size of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep at Sheep Breeding Research Station, it is necessary that Nilagiri ewes should be kept till lambing at five years of age and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep should be kept till lambing at six years of age. The results indicated that the ewes retained in the breeding flock for longer period of times, she can produce more ewe lambs to replace herself. However, it is not suggested to keep the breeding ewes for longer time as it will influence the generation interval and consequently affects negative genetic progress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was concluded that Nilagiri ewes in intermediate ages had more multiple births and older ewes weaned more lambs. The annual replacement rate depends on ewe lambing and the number of aged ewes leaving the flock due to their death and culling during a particular year, which decided the selection intensity and maintenance of flock size (Rawal and Tomar, 1998; Abdel \u0026ndash; Moneim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009). \u0026nbsp;It was found that the replacement requirements are met with, if the ewes are kept in the flock until lambing at five years of age in Nilagiri sheep and six years of age in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. Therefore, this breeding policy (selection and culling) will improve overall reproductive performances (\u003cem\u003eE\u003csub\u003ePJ\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eBP\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eBJ\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eWJ\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) of the Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep flock. Moreover, this policy will be having impact on reduction of generation interval and to accelerate the genetic improvement.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are deeply indebted to the Director, Centre for Animal Production Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai for granting permission for data from Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah for this study. The involvement of the staff of Animal Breeding at the Station in the recording and maintenance of data is acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdel-Moneim, A.Y., Ahmed, A.M., Ibrahim, M.M. and Mokhtar, M.M. 2009. Flock dynamics of desert Barki sheep in relation to age structure. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 899\u0026ndash;905.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbegaz, S., Duguma, G., Negussie, E., Gelmesa, U., Terefe, F. and Rege, J. E. O., 2002. Factors affecting reproductive performance and estimates of genetic parameters of litter size in Horro sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, 139, 79\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper FAO, Rome, Italy. 30(A), pp.\u0026nbsp;1-190.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChaudhari, A.B. 2016. Genetic analysis of reproduction and fitness traits in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic breeds of sheep. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChaudhari, A.B., Rajendran, R., Venkatamanan, R., and Sivasalem, S. 2017. Survivability in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Sheep: Genetic and Non-Genetic Effect. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 12(4), 79\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Shishiny, H., Mansour, H. and Galal, E. S. E. 1987. Modelling the dynamics of sheep flocks in Egypt. Agricultural Systems, 23, 301\u0026ndash;309.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIyue, M. 1993. Genetic and Phenotypic Evaluation of Nilagiri Synthetics. Ph. D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKamalzadeh, A., 2005. Modeling the productivity of a breeding sheep flock for different production systems. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18, 606\u0026ndash;612.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLivestock census, 2019. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fishries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dahd.nic.in/dahd/statistics/animal-husbandry-statistics.aspx)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/statistics/animal-husbandry-statistics.aspx)\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan, M. 1984. Fertility and Viability in Nilagiri, Merino sheep and their crosses. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbtore, Tamil Nadu.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan, M., Ulaganathan, V., Rodricks, I.M., Bhuvanakumar, C.K. and Iyue, M. 1986. Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. I. Fertility, prolificacy and viability. Tropical Animal Health and Production 18: 171\u0026ndash;176.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan, M., Ulaganathan, V., Rodricks, I.M., Bhuvanakumar, C.K. and Iyue, M. 1986. Reproduction rate and viability of Merino, Nilagiri and halfbred Merino. II. Age specific replacement rate and net reproduction rate. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 18: 177\u0026ndash;183.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajendran, R. 2005. Genetic analysis of reproduction traits and survivability of Nilagiri sheep and its Synthetic crosses. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRawal, S. C. and Tomar, S.S., 1998. Population analysis for loss of cows and replacement index in Tharparkar cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68, 183\u0026ndash;184.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaneja, G.C. 1966. Fertility in sheep I. Conception rate in relation to lamb survival. Indian Veterinary Journal. 43: 727\u0026ndash;734.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTurner, H.N. and Dolling, C.H.S. 1965. Vital statistics for an experimental flock of Merino sheep. II. The influence of age on reproductive performance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16: 699\u0026ndash;712.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTurner, H.N. and Young, S.S.Y. 1969. Quantitative Genetics in Sheep Breeding. MacMillan Co., Australia and Cornell University Press, Melbourne, Australia. pp\u0026nbsp;132.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUlaganathan, V., Karunanidhi, K. and Krishnan, A.R. 1989. Comparative performance of Dorset quarterbreds and Mecheri breed of sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 59: 1167\u0026ndash;1170.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenkataramanan, R., A. Subramanian, S.N. Sivaselvam, T. Sivakumar, C. Sreekumar and M. Iyue, 2016. Effect of inbreeding and individual increase in inbreeding on growth in Nilagiri and Sandyno breeds of sheep. Animal Genetic Resources, 58: 63\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eReproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:168.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eMeasures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 132.3pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 129.1pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri synthetic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eP value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;S.E.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eS.D.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;S.E.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eS.D.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of ewes lambing per ewe joined (E\u003csub\u003ePJ\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4527\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.84\u0026plusmn;0.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.368\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5950\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;0.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.406\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of lambs born per ewe lambed (L\u003csub\u003eBP\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3797\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.13\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.342\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4715\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.07\u0026plusmn;0.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.256\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of lambs born per ewe joined (L\u003csub\u003eBJ\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4779\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.94\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.519\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5950\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.85\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.489\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0001**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eNumber of lambs weaned per lamb born (L\u003csub\u003eWB\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e3794\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.95\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.346\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e4690\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.93\u0026plusmn;0.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.341\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e0.147\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.85pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of lambs weaned per ewe joined (L\u003csub\u003eWJ\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:34.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4413\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:61.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.523\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:32.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5927\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:59.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:36.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.504\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eNS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P\u0026lt;0.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eReplacement rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width:65.96%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eMeasures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri synthetic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eP value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of lambs weaned per ewe joined (L\u003csub\u003eWJ\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 5.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eProportion of ewe lambs weaned\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.127\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of ewe lambs weaned per ewe joined (L\u003csub\u003eEW.J\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 9.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of ewes reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe lamb weaned (L\u003csub\u003eEJ.W\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.129\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.2%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNumber of ewe lambs reaching joining age (1.5 years) per ewe joined (L\u003csub\u003eEJ.J\u003c/sub\u003e) (replacement rate)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.56%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.289\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.260\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.62%;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; NS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P\u0026lt;0.01), * Significant (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAge-specific death rate (ASDR) in ewes in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 77.4pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120.9pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 135.7pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri Synthetic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eP-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eN \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eASDR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eASDR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.5 to 2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1201\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.063\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1490\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.034\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e2.5 to 3.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1043\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.059\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1394\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.028\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3.5 to 4.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e940\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1306\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.069\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4.5 to 5.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e735\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.076\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1078\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.040\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5.5 to 6.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e494\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.099\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e832\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.058\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.012\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6.5 to 7.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e235\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44.7pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.191\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e442\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.15pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.072\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003eNS-Not significant; ** Highly significant (P\u0026lt;0.01), * Significant (P\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eReplacement requirement and surplus ewes aged 1.5 years in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.6e+2pt;margin-left:-1.7pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eGenetic group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAge group of ewe (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003ePivotal age (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(͞i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eDeath rate (d\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:78.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eProbability of survival at the beginning of the interval (l\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.65pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026sum;l\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:64.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eEwe lambs required for replacement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(1/\u0026sum;l\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:44.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eSurplus ewes aged 1.5 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(L\u003csub\u003eEJ.J\u003c/sub\u003e-1/\u0026sum;l\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width:56.75pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:16.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.5 \u0026ndash; 2.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:16.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.063\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.95pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e-0.711\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e2.5 \u0026ndash; 3.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.059\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.937\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.937\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.484\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e-0.195\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3.5 \u0026ndash; 4.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.878\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e2.815\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.312\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e-0.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4.5 \u0026ndash; 5.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.076\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.837\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3.652\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan 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style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5.5 \u0026ndash; 6.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan 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1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e3.816\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.239\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5.5 \u0026ndash; 6.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.058\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.872\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e4.688\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.186\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.074\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e6.5 \u0026ndash; 7.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.814\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.65pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e5.502\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.148\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003ePivotal age of the interval between matings can be taken as equivalent to the age at lambing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNet reproduction rate in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:428.2pt;margin-left:4.7pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eGenetic group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eAge group of ewe (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46.75pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003ePivotal age (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(͞i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:49.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eDeath rate (d\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003ed\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e/2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1-d\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e/2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:.5in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eL\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eL\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e(1-d\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e/2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNet reproduction rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e(R\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width:48.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003eNilagiri\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.5 \u0026ndash; 2.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:46.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.063\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.032\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e0.968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 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L\u003csub\u003ei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash; Probability of survival to i\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ejoining age; R\u003csub\u003eo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash; Net reproduction rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai-600 051, Tamil Nadu","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Age specific death rate, Flock dynamics, Multiple births, Replacement rate, Sheep, Viability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eReproduction data of 4648 Nilagiri and 6542 Nilagiri Synthetic ewe records spreads over 27 years (from 1989 to 2015) representing 4530 Nilagiri and 5950 Nilagiri Synthetic breeding ewes were used in this study. Flocks belonged to the Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, India. Flock dynamics of six age groups (1.5\u0026ndash;7.5 yrs) were assessed. Ultimate objective of this research work was to evaluate the replacement rate, reproduction rate, flock structure and dynamics of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep breeds. Three parameters were used to evaluate flock dynamics, age specific replacement rate, net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of increase or innate capacity for increase of population. The replacement rate estimated was significantly higher (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002) in Nilagiri (0.289) than Nilagiri Synthetic sheep (0.260). The age-specific death rates ranged from 0.026 (3.5\u0026ndash;4.5 years) to 0.191 (6.5\u0026ndash;7.5 years) with highest 0.191 and 0.134 in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic sheep from 1.5 to 7.5 years of age, respectively. The replacement requirements will be met if the ewes are kept in the flock until five years of age with a net reproduction rate of 1.024 in Nilagiri and if the ewes are kept in the flock until six years of age with a net reproduction rate of 1.196 in Nilagiri Synthetic. Nilagiri ewes in intermediate ages had more multiple births and older ewes weaned more lambs. The flock strength was not maintained unless the ewes were kept till the fifth lambing Nilagiri, third lambing in Nilagiri Synthetic sheep. All estimates tended to increase with dams age up to six years and decreased thereafter. The results of R\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e and r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e showed that the studied flock must consist of 6 age groups to maintain its size and replace itself. It may be recommended to cull the breeding ewe at the age of 6 years to accelerate genetic improvement. Based on the findings it is concluded that suitable breeding policy of selection and culling of such flock should be formulated.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Reproduction Rate and Viability of Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Breeds of Sheep","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-29 20:26:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3305591/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ccf280e0-3958-4d6b-a120-d77f1bf45a82","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":24339023,"name":"Animal Science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-08-29T20:26:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-29 20:26:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3305591","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3305591","identity":"rs-3305591","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"pf3fE39SIOqb-0xH_OWvX","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}