Integrating Global Multimodal Transportation Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review Aligning with SDG 9 and 13

This systematic review of reviews synthesizes high-level evidence from 25 review articles (2012–2024) to map the landscape of sustainable multimodal transportation, specifically examining its alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 and 13. Findings reveal that while technological innovation—including AI and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)—is a primary driver for sustainability, its potential is consistently undermined by systemic barriers such as policy fragmentation and infrastructure gaps. An emerging focus on social equity and persistent gaps in real-world validation and scalability highlight critical non-technical dimensions and practical implementation challenges. By holistically mapping the determinants, barriers, and research gaps at the nexus of transport, sustainability, and these dual SDGs, this study provides a comprehensive, evidence-based framework for researchers and policymakers. It offers a vital roadmap for developing the resilient, low-carbon, and equitable transportation systems of the future.