Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory and a molecule-rectifying model verified via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory and a molecule-rectifying model verified via Molecular Dynamics Simulations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory and a molecule-rectifying model verified via Molecular Dynamics Simulations Jiantang Jiang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 4 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract In this study, we propose a molecule-rectifying model and investigate its dynamic behavior through molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the model can continuously induce a directional water flux, providing evidence that it generates a driving force capable of performing sustained work while breaking time-reversal symmetry (TRS). Furthermore, we analyze the underlying mechanism of TRS breaking and introduce the Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory: if a dynamic mechanism induces a unidirectional driving force before and after momentum inversion of particles--resulting in a persistent unidirectional flow--then the system's evolutionary trajectory becomes constrained to a single direction. Consequently, the two temporal directions collapse into one, thereby breaking TRS. Finally, we propose additional experimental models to further validate our theory. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics Thermodynamics second law perpetual motion machine， time-reversal symmetry time-reversal invariance T violation thermoelectric converter Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementaryVideo1.mp4 Supplementary Video 1 SupplementaryVideo2.mp4 Supplementary Video 2 SupplementaryReferences.zip Supplementary References SupplementaryInformation.pdf More simulations to demonstrate our models, as well as further analysis and discussion. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 4 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6379671","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":469912069,"identity":"5b0ac52a-de1b-4b74-a1e9-ae33d1d9102d","order_by":0,"name":"Jiantang Jiang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAo0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADOTb25gPEKeWBUAbGfDzHEkjTkjhPIkeBOC32EtlpDz7u+ZPexpDDwPCjYhsRtkjkbjec8cwgt43h7AHGnjO3idKyTZrnAFALY18CM2MbCVrS2Zh5DEjTksDGRrSWM2+BfjlgbNjGw5ZwkCi/sLfnbnvw4YCcvPz8xwcf/KggQgsQsMFZB4hSj6JlFIyCUTAKRgFWAADF0Daz1G8Q8AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zhongshan Shiruan Software Technology Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiantang","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-05 04:14:09","currentVersionCode":4,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101942878,"identity":"d55b27af-6b04-49ad-867c-35be004a496f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:38:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":793208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6379671/v4_covered_1e347e2d-7c4b-477b-bb27-f981c7ee1826.pdf"},{"id":101806226,"identity":"1756b250-7e13-46fa-bc29-f28c68b3679f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 19:48:24","extension":"mp4","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":131388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Video 1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryVideo1.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6379671/v4/f54564ad2c24e1a185b0030e.mp4"},{"id":101806228,"identity":"cd284590-b6bf-40c9-81de-08b01f9a7e66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 19:48:24","extension":"mp4","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":204399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Video 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryVideo2.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6379671/v4/f3a4179ccf120f1a9f51eef0.mp4"},{"id":101806229,"identity":"1377cbcc-0727-45f6-90f0-2910e2e63a2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 19:48:24","extension":"zip","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2750104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary References\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryReferences.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6379671/v4/d7fb667c1be89840e7c66765.zip"},{"id":101881093,"identity":"b3e5c98b-c636-40e9-9993-d6304a081790","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 15:09:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":869287,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMore simulations to demonstrate our models, as well as further analysis and discussion.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6379671/v4/cf21bbcab03ba32ac7a4e30d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory and a molecule-rectifying model verified via Molecular Dynamics Simulations","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thermodynamics, second law, perpetual motion machine， time-reversal symmetry, time-reversal invariance, T violation, thermoelectric converter","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we propose a molecule-rectifying model and investigate its dynamic behavior through molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the model can continuously induce a directional water flux, providing evidence that it generates a driving force capable of performing sustained work while breaking time-reversal symmetry (TRS). Furthermore, we analyze the underlying mechanism of TRS breaking and introduce the Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory: if a dynamic mechanism induces a unidirectional driving force before and after momentum inversion of particles--resulting in a persistent unidirectional flow--then the system's evolutionary trajectory becomes constrained to a single direction. Consequently, the two temporal directions collapse into one, thereby breaking TRS. Finally, we propose additional experimental models to further validate our theory.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Temporal Direction Degeneration Theory and a molecule-rectifying model verified via Molecular Dynamics Simulations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2026-02-03 19:48:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":3,"date":"2025-06-11 15:29:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2025-05-20 14:49:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-08 04:06:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6379671/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"38d704b8-4661-406f-99f7-c79c031ea0f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":49898446,"name":"Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-08T04:06:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-03 19:48:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v4","identity":"rs-6379671","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6379671","identity":"rs-6379671","version":["v4"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}