Diagnostic Methods Used in Detecting Syphilis in Paleopathological Research — a Literature Review

Syphilis is a disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is primarily transmitted sexually or vertically during pregnancy. The origin is twofold, namely it comes from America or Europe. Syphilis was first recorded in human skeleton in the 11th century. However, signs of treponemal disease were observed in osteological material from Pleistocene bear. Hence, it is necessary to study syphilis on bone material to better understand the etiology of the above disease and consequently, introduce preventive measures. Literature review was performed, according to PRISMA statement. Examination of syphilis on skeletal material can be performed at the macroscopic and microscopic level. Those methods refer to the visual assessment of skeletal material, namely the identification of characteristic pathological changes caused by syphilis, such as periostitis, which manifests itself as thickenings on the bone surface, and syphilis nodules (gummata), which are defects in the bones. Most often, these changes are found on long bones such as the tibia, femur and skull. Radiological methods may be used, such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), Micro-CT (ICT) as well as molecular examination. Summarizing, this review is an overview of the latest methodology regarding syphilis research on skeletal material, thanks to which it can better understand its genesis.