Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast.

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Several Indian studies proved that Astrometeorology could be a complementary method to improve numerical weather forecast accuracy. Since 2011, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is conducting astrometeorological research and devised a novel concept “Planet Activeness Chart”. The principle is that “planets’ influence on a location’s weather varies throughout the day and may be negative, inactive, active, highly active and rule depending on their angle to that location”. Most existing astromet studies used planetary position to predict the occurrence of weather events (yes/no) but failed to capture intensity of the event. The “Planet Activeness Concept” could address this limitation and enhance forecast usability. Methods A study was carried out from 2018 to 2021 with six years data (2011-16) to verify the “Planet activeness” on hourly rainfall and windspeed events in Tamil Nadu. The frequency of planet activeness for a weather event was calculated by dividing the number of times a planet was in the selected activeness during a specific event category by the total number of events. Results The results indicated that negative state of the Sun, active states of the Saturn, Uranus, Venus and Moon were positively associated with rainfall intensity. The windy planet Mercury and Neptune at active state, the Sun and Saturn at rule state, Venus and Uranus at negative state, Jupiter at highly active state had significant influence on the increased wind speed. Conclusion Applying the planet activeness concept with azimuth could enhance the accuracy and usability of Astrometeorological forecasts. This study establishes a mathematical relationship between planet activeness and weather as a first step to understand the science behind this relationship. It is suggested to study different combination of planet activeness during a weather event for more insights. 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F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] Dheebakaran Ga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-192X 1 , Kokilavani S 1 , Santosh Ganapati Patil 2 , [...] Sankar T https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-6049 1 , Rathika K 1 , Arul Prasath S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7888-0966 1 , Balamurali B 1 , Sathyamoorthy N.K. 1 Dheebakaran Ga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-192X 1 , Kokilavani S 1 , [...] Santosh Ganapati Patil 2 , Sankar T https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-6049 1 , Rathika K 1 , Arul Prasath S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7888-0966 1 , Balamurali B 1 , Sathyamoorthy N.K. 1 PUBLISHED 09 Oct 2025 Author details Author details 1 Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India 2 Physical Science & Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India Dheebakaran Ga Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Kokilavani S Roles: Data Curation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Santosh Ganapati Patil Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Sankar T Roles: Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Rathika K Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation Arul Prasath S Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation Balamurali B Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation Sathyamoorthy N.K. Roles: Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Climate gateway. Abstract Background Astrometeorology is an ancient science, that deals the relationship between planet position and weather events. Several Indian studies proved that Astrometeorology could be a complementary method to improve numerical weather forecast accuracy. Since 2011, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is conducting astrometeorological research and devised a novel concept “Planet Activeness Chart”. The principle is that “planets’ influence on a location’s weather varies throughout the day and may be negative, inactive, active, highly active and rule depending on their angle to that location”. Most existing astromet studies used planetary position to predict the occurrence of weather events (yes/no) but failed to capture intensity of the event. The “Planet Activeness Concept” could address this limitation and enhance forecast usability. Methods A study was carried out from 2018 to 2021 with six years data (2011-16) to verify the “Planet activeness” on hourly rainfall and windspeed events in Tamil Nadu. The frequency of planet activeness for a weather event was calculated by dividing the number of times a planet was in the selected activeness during a specific event category by the total number of events. Results The results indicated that negative state of the Sun, active states of the Saturn, Uranus, Venus and Moon were positively associated with rainfall intensity. The windy planet Mercury and Neptune at active state, the Sun and Saturn at rule state, Venus and Uranus at negative state, Jupiter at highly active state had significant influence on the increased wind speed. Conclusion Applying the planet activeness concept with azimuth could enhance the accuracy and usability of Astrometeorological forecasts. This study establishes a mathematical relationship between planet activeness and weather as a first step to understand the science behind this relationship. It is suggested to study different combination of planet activeness during a weather event for more insights. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Astrometeorology, Weather Forecast, Ephemeris, Planet Activeness, Rain, Wind. Corresponding Author(s) Dheebakaran Ga ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Dheebakaran Ga Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Ga D et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Ga D, S K, Patil SG et al. Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.2 ) First published: 05 Jul 2024, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.1 ) Latest published: 09 Oct 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 Minor spelling and typographical errors such as status, form, Sagittarius and Scorpio, punctuations, publication year for Vandeep et al ., 2012 and Sun at (rule) negative are corrected per the reviewer comments. Rephrased “The strongest...between years” for clarity and smoother flow and realigned rainfall categories with “All events (>0 mm), 0.0 to 2.5 mm, 3.0 to 10 mm, 10.5 to 25 mm, and above 25 mm.” Clarification for using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is 2018–2021, we used 2011–2016 AWS data due to its completeness and consistency across all 31 locations. The hindcast methodology required reconstructing planetary positions hourly across multiple years and locations, generating over 1.22 billion data points. Given the computational intensity and gaps in recent AWS records, the 2011–2016 dataset provided a more robust and manageable foundation for correlation analysis, without compromising the relevance of the findings. (Detailed response is given in portal) Clarification for the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The citation of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report highlights its recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) as vital for climate adaptation. Astrometeorology, rooted in centuries of observational practice, is a form of ITK. Referencing IPCC validates its relevance and positions astrometeorology as a structured, empirical knowledge system aligned with climate science, not as anecdotal or mystical. This framing supports the conceptual rigor and global relevance of the study. (Detailed response is given in portal) Minor spelling and typographical errors such as status, form, Sagittarius and Scorpio, punctuations, publication year for Vandeep et al ., 2012 and Sun at (rule) negative are corrected per the reviewer comments. Rephrased “The strongest...between years” for clarity and smoother flow and realigned rainfall categories with “All events (>0 mm), 0.0 to 2.5 mm, 3.0 to 10 mm, 10.5 to 25 mm, and above 25 mm.” Clarification for using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is 2018–2021, we used 2011–2016 AWS data due to its completeness and consistency across all 31 locations. The hindcast methodology required reconstructing planetary positions hourly across multiple years and locations, generating over 1.22 billion data points. Given the computational intensity and gaps in recent AWS records, the 2011–2016 dataset provided a more robust and manageable foundation for correlation analysis, without compromising the relevance of the findings. (Detailed response is given in portal) Clarification for the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The citation of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report highlights its recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) as vital for climate adaptation. Astrometeorology, rooted in centuries of observational practice, is a form of ITK. Referencing IPCC validates its relevance and positions astrometeorology as a structured, empirical knowledge system aligned with climate science, not as anecdotal or mystical. This framing supports the conceptual rigor and global relevance of the study. (Detailed response is given in portal) See the authors' detailed response to the review by Shankarappa Sridhara READ REVIEWER RESPONSES 1. Introduction Weather is the most important factor that determines the success of any life on earth, especially in agricultural sector. Rainfall and wind speed information are more important than other weather metrics, both low and high magnitudes cause severe destruction to life, infrastructures and economy of a region. The most compelling evidence of rainfall variability’s impact on agriculture in Tamil Nadu is the stark contrast between the bumper harvests of 2011–12 following favorable rainfall, the widespread crop failure across 50% of cultivated land in 2016–17 due to deficient rainfall, and the fluctuating agricultural performance observed in the intervening years. The North East Monsoon (NEM) rainfall, which is major source of water for southern peninsular India have significant contribution from cyclonic events from Bay of Bengal, which are highly unpredictable. Nearly 40 per cent of the districts in India are facing the prospect of drought, while close to 25 per cent districts are having heavy rainfall of more than 100 mm in just a matter of hours. 1 Uncertainty is an integral part of weather, the occurrences of weather events are always been uncertain. The primary need of a farmer is location-specific and accurate weather forecast. 2 The Accurate weather information in advance helps farmers to reduce weather risk and to utilize the favourable weather for planning, protecting and making adjustments, particularly in agricultural production sector. Globally, successful approaches to weather forecasting include climatological, statistical, numerical methods with different dynamical models, remote sensing, and hybrid approaches combining two or more fields. The rise of high-performance computing systems has led to increased popularity of numerical weather forecasting systems, causing traditional indigenous weather forecasting approaches, which rely on observing natural phenomena, animal behaviour, insect wandering, and astrometeorology (star and planet movement), to gradually diminish in significance. The IPCC AR IV acknowledged Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” 3 Traditional and indigenous knowledge was incorporated as a guiding principle for the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF), which was adopted by parties at the 2010 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference in Cancun. 4 This decision was made during the 32 nd Session of the IPCC and Chapter 12 of the IPCC V AR delineated the indigenous and customary wisdom pertaining to human security. 5 India had glorious scientific and technological tradition in the past. Our ancient astronomers and astrologers made a systematic study on meteorology. Kautilya’s Artha shastra (300 BC), Brihat Samhita and Varahamihira (505-587 AD) had script of astromet rain forecast and measurement. A great deal of trustworthiness is still placed by some individuals on astrology even today. It was reported that the rain prediction made in Panchangs were better or at par with the predictions made through modern techniques and procedures. 6 , 7 Ramakrishna, the Director of Central Research Institute for Dry Land Agriculture, India opined that the astrometeorology had accuracy of 60-70 per cent and there is always relevance in ancient wisdom of weather forecasting. 8 The mathematical science based astrological science could help to improve the weather prediction with more accuracy and this traditional wisdom may be explored with scientific knowledge to come out with an error-free system of forecasting, which is very crucial for agrarian India. 9 , 10 The astrometeorological calendars (Nakshatra Varsha Almanac) were already developed for many states of India and the astromet seasonal rainfall forecast accuracy in Gujarat, India was 74 – 88 per cent 11 , 12 Maharashtra was 73 – 86 per cent 13 and Kerala was 79 per cent. 14 An earlier study at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University determined that the hybrid forecast, which was generated through the integration of astrometeorology, numerical weather forecasting, and the probability method, yielded enhanced accuracy (0.75 to 0.88) and critical success index (0.56 to 0.76) for rainfall forecasts in Tamil Nadu. 15 Further research in astrometeorology on wind speed in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University revealed that the efficacy of hourly astromet rules for wind speed forecast was 43–67 per cent. 16 In addition, an astromet study on cyclone events found that Mercury, Venus, the Moon, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune all have a considerable ability to modify cyclones to varied degrees (59 to 75 percent) between the azimuth ranges of 61 to 120 and 241 to 300 degrees. 17 The indispensability of astrometeorology as a substitute for numerical methods and its potential to enhance the practicality of weather forecasts is indisputable from these studies. Since 2011, the Agro Climate Research Centre at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has been conducting astronomical investigations, focusing on the association between planet positions (ephemeris) and hourly weather events. Earlier in the investigation, hourly astromet rainfall forecast output had significantly lower accuracy (40%) than numerical approaches. A comprehensive review of the astrometeorological literature led to the conclusion that, while planets are not the root cause of weather events, they do have a highly variable influence on the weather events of a location. Many earlier literatures had noted the relationship of as Sun, Mars and Uranus with hotness, Venus, moon and Neptune with rain, Mercury with Wind, Saturn with cold. While reviewing the Indian Panchangam (the yearly Astrometeorological Journals for human astrology), it is observed that the degree of influence of planets is vary with their positions (degree of angle) to a particular location. These Panchangams have noted the influence of planet position on human being as friendly, enemy, hide, rule and obstruct. Based on the earlier literatures, the first author of this article had developed a novel concept called “Planet Activeness Chart” for the weather of a particular location, similar to the planet position and human life relationship ( Figure 1 ). This planet activeness concept had incorporated in generating astromet rainfall forecast as pilot study and the output had significant increase in the accuracy and critical success index. 15 A detailed study on the influence of plant activeness in rainfall and wind speed events were studied during 2018 – 2021 and presented in this paper. Figure 1. Planet activeness chart for weather developed from human astrology. 2. Methods 2.1 Study area and period Astrometeorological forecast studies of rainfall and wind speed events were conducted during 2018 – 2021 in each one location of all the 31 districts of Tamil Nadu ( Figure 2 ) and pooled to reduce the spatial variability of astrometeorological rules. Figure 2. Astromet study location for rainfall and windspeed forecast. Observed hourly rainfall data for the period of five years from 1.1.2011 to 31.3.2015 and observed daily hourly wind speed data for the period of six years from 1.1.2011 to 31.3.2016 were collected for all the study locations from the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University under Tamil Nadu Agriculture Weather Network (TAWN). Collected data were checked for errors and the erroneous data were removed. Based on the intensity, the rainfall events were grouped in to six categories viz., above 0 mm, 0.5-2.5 mm, 3 to 10 mm, 10.5 to 25 mm, above 25 mm and all events ( Table 1 ). Table 1. Intensity wise hourly rainfall events used for the study. Sl No Category Intensity mm/hour Total Events (2011-2015) 1. All >0.0 26316 2. Light 0.0–2.5 18906 3. Moderate 3.0–10.0 5416 4. Heavy 10.5–25.0 1563 5. Extreme Above 25.0 431 Similarly, wind speed also grouped in to seven categories viz., below 2, 2.1 to 6, 6.1 to 12, 12.1 to 19, 19.1 to 30, 30.1-45 and above 45 km/hour ( Table 2 ). Table 2. Category wise hourly wind speed events used for the study. S.N Category Intensity km/hr Total Events (2011-2016) 1. Calm 45.0 6 8. Total 1055074 2.2 Azimuth and ephemeris Azimuth is the angle formed between a reference direction (north) and a line from the observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane as the reference direction orthogonal to the zenith ( Figure 3 ). Figure 3. Azimuth calculation from observer (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17727911 ). The ephemeris is continuous time series values of planets’ azimuth and hourly scale was used in this study. The Azimuth and ephemeris of nine planets viz., Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune to each location during the event happening hours was calculated using Alcyone Ephemeris 4.3v calculator, which is simple and fast astronomical position calculation software. This is a proprietary software that can be purchased online in the following link “ https://www.alcyone.de/buy.html ”. Alternately, a free open-source NASA product “General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT)” can be used for this purpose from the following web link “ https://software.nasa.gov/software/GSC-17177-1 . 2.3 Planet activeness Planet activeness is a new concept developed by the first Author of this article based on the information collected from multiple Tamil “Panjangams”, which have mentioning of ‘friendliness’ and ‘antipathy’ of each planet to a Zodiac sign at specific angle. This concept was conceived and altered as planet activeness to weather. The principle is that “planets’ influence on a location’s weather is not uniform throughout the day and may be positive or negative or null based on their angle to that location”. Based on the Azimuth (angle from the north), the activeness of a planet on weather of particular location is classified as negative, inactive, active, highly active and rule. For example, Venus, the rain influencing planet has positive activeness in angle ranged between 1 and 90, 181 and 360, whereas negative activeness on rain in angle between 91and 180. During that active period it has more influence on rainfall process of particular location, accordingly to their strength. It can be easily observable that, if the sun is negative for a location and that period lesser brightness would be observed than normal. It is a new concept hence, the influence of planet activeness on rainfall and wind speed were test verified in this present investigation. Activeness of planets in respect to weather events happening hours were calculated using activeness chart. Based on the ephemeris, planet’s states were categorized as negative, inactive, active, highly active and rule and equalized to -1, 0, +1, +2 and +3, respectively for calculation purpose ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Planet activeness chart in respect to their angle from observer location. Angle Planet 1-30 31-60 61-90 91-120 121-150 151-180 181-210 211 – 240 241-270 271-300 301-330 331-360 Sun +2 -1 -1 -1 +3 -1 0 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 Moon -1 +2 +1 +3 -1 +1 -1 0 +1 -1 -1 +1 Mars +3 +1 +1 0 -1 +1 +1 +3 -1 +2 -1 -1 Mercury +1 +1 +3 +1 -1 +3 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 Jupiter -1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 -1 +3 0 +1 +3 Venus +1 +3 +1 -1 -1 0 +3 +1 +1 +1 +1 +2 Saturn 0 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +2 -1 +1 +3 +3 +1 Uranus -1 0 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 -1 +1 Neptune -1 0 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 -1 +1 During the event happening hours, the activeness states of each planet was established and counted separately for all the event category by overlaying the ephemeris data on activeness chart. The activeness frequency was calculated by employing following formula. Activeness frequency ( % ) = No . of times the planet positioned in the selected activeness range during a particular event category Total number of events in the particular event category 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Influence of individual planet activeness on hourly rainfall events Individual planet activeness frequency distribution for all category of rainfall events during the period from 01.01.2011 to 31.12.2015 were expressed in percentage ( Table 4 and Figure 4 ). Table 4. Activeness frequency (%) of different planets during hourly rainfall events. Activeness >0 mm 0-2.5 mm 3-10 mm 10.5-25 mm >25 mm >0 mm 0-2.5 mm 3-10 mm 10.5-25 mm >25 mm Sun Mercury Active 20.7 22.3 18.5 12.8 12.2 63.4 65.0 60.7 55.8 57.2 Hi. Active 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rule 5.8 5.8 5.3 6.3 11.1 25.4 23.8 28.5 34.0 29.1 Inactive 2.4 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.4 3.2 3.4 3.1 2.4 0.9 Negative 71.2 69.4 74.3 78.5 75.3 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.8 12.8 Venus Moon Active 58.3 60.8 55.0 49.1 45.5 42.5 42.2 42.2 42.3 49.5 Hi. Active 2.5 2.8 2.3 0.8 0.3 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0 2.5 Rule 8.8 8.4 10.8 8.3 7.0 16.5 16.5 16.7 14.6 14.6 Inactive 3.3 2.9 3.7 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.8 Negative 27.0 25.1 28.2 36.9 42.7 31.1 31.5 31.0 32.1 25.6 Mars Jupiter Active 28.7 28.4 30.4 32.8 27.9 26.3 25.8 28.1 27.2 27.4 Hi. Active 12.1 12.7 10.8 9.0 6.3 31.3 30.5 32.9 31.0 35.4 Rule 9.1 9.3 8.1 9.1 8.5 28.0 28.8 26.1 29.3 24.1 Inactive 18.1 16.8 19.6 20.9 17.7 3.3 3.5 2.9 2.4 1.5 Negative 32.2 32.7 31.0 28.1 39.5 11.2 11.5 10.1 10.1 11.6 Saturn Uranus Active 54.6 54.0 55.9 58.7 60.3 64.7 64.4 65.9 67.9 69.2 Hi. Active 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 4.4 4.2 5.0 4.5 4.4 Rule 36.6 37.3 35.1 32.8 33.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inactive 4.9 4.8 4.7 5.0 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.3 Negative 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.1 2.8 28.5 28.9 26.9 25.0 24.1 Neptune Active 75.5 75.5 75.9 77.5 77.3 Hi. Active 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 Rule 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inactive 7.5 7.7 7.3 5.4 7.3 Negative 16.5 16.3 16.3 16.8 15.3 Figure 4. Influence of planets’ activeness on different category of rainfall events. In general, most of the rainfall events (All, >0.0 mm) were occurred during ‘active’ states of Neptune (75.5%), Uranus (64.7%), Mercury (63.4%), Venus (58.3%), Saturn (54.6%) and moon (42.5%) and ‘negative’ states of the Sun (71.2%). The results confirmed that the planets viz., Neptune, Uranus, Mercury, Venus and Moon are to be in ‘active’ states and the sun should be in ‘negative’ activeness for a rainfall event. This order is in line with the order of strength followed in general Astrology viz., Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Moon and the Sun. 18 , 19 The findings this study also corroborated with the findings of earlier research by Vandeep et al. (2012) that there will be little rainfall when Venus is ahead of all other planets. 20 It was also observed in this study that the frequency of ‘negative’ states of the Sun (69 to 79%), ‘active’ states of Saturn (54 to 60%) and Uranus (64 to 69%) were increased with the increase in rainfall intensity from 0 to 25 mm. On other side, there was decrease in frequency of ‘active’ states of mercury (65 to 56%) and ‘active’ states of Venus (61 to 46%) with the increase in rainfall intensity. The other planets viz. , Neptune (76 – 78%) and moon (42%) had maintained the frequency of ‘active’ states without much changes. Though there was no marked trend of changes in the activeness states of Mars during increase in intensity of rainfall, sudden rise in ‘inactive’ frequency (28 to 40%) was observed at very high intensity (>25 mm) rainfall. The trend of activeness frequency ensured the influence of ‘active’ states of Neptune in all the rainfall events, whereas the nearer planets (Venus and Mercury) had more influence on low intensity rainfall and far away planets (Uranus and Saturn) had more influence of high intensity rainfall. It is also to be noted that the frequency in active states of Moon and Sun were increased for the heavy down pour (>25 mm). Study clearly identified that under ‘inactive’ states, no other planets except Mars had marked influence on the rainfall events. Similarly, other planets had very low frequencies (0 – 9% only) under ‘highly active’ for any rainfall events, except Jupiter which had higher frequency (31-35%) of ‘highly active’ states during rainfall events. The Jupiter had more frequencies under ‘active’, ‘highly active’ and rule states during the rainfall events and very minimum under ‘inactive’ or ‘negative’ states. The influence of Jupiter on rainfall at 90 – 120° azimuth (Highly active states) and 241–270° azimuth (rule states) reported here are backed up the results of early studies that Jupiter at a multiple of 90° aspect to the local meridian produces rain. 21 The frequency of ‘rule’ states of Saturn was decreased from 37 to 33 per cent with increase in the intensity of rainfall. Another important observation that, except the Jupiter and Saturn, all other planets’ activeness frequencies were concentrated either in ‘active’ or ‘inactive’ states. The Saturn had high frequencies either in ‘active’ or ‘rule’ states and very low (1 – 3%) frequencies under other activeness states during any rainfall event. Unnikrishnan et al., (2011) reported that Saturn at 60° azimuth delivers greater rainfall in Kerala, which supports the findings of this study that Saturn at 60° azimuth is in an active state. 22 The findings of this study scientifically supported the conclusion of Varshneya, et al ., (2009) that the Sun and Mars are hot planets, the Moon, Venus, and Neptune are moist/rainy planets, and Saturn is a cold planet. 23 Under ‘negative’ states, the Sun may not express its original character of hotness and may express just opposite character i.e coolness, which is much needed for rainfall events. Similarly, in the case of another hot planet Mars, the ‘negative’ and ‘inactive’ states had more rainfall events than other activeness category. The Neptune, which considered as moist planet had more rainfall events under its active states. 3.2 Influence of individual planet activeness on hourly wind speed events Individual planet activeness frequency distribution for all wind speed events during the period from 01.01.2011 to 31.03.2016 were expressed in percentage ( Table 5 and Figure 5 ). Table 5. Activeness frequency (%) of different planets during hourly windspeed events. Activeness <2.0 km 2.1-6.0 km 6.1-12.0 km 12.1-19.0 km 19.1-30.0 km 30.1-45.0 km <2.0 km 2.1-6.0 km 6.1-12.0 km 12.1-19.0 km 19.1-30.0 km 30.1-45.0 km Sun Mercury Active 28.4 28.7 24.6 17.8 13.7 19.8 75.1 67.6 64.7 69.7 72.1 78.5 Hi. Active 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rule 3.6 5.2 7.4 10.7 13.1 15.2 17.9 22.2 22.9 15.4 9.1 4.6 Inactive 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 1.2 0.0 1.8 3.6 3.5 1.5 0.9 6.3 Negative 65.7 64.0 65.9 69.0 72.0 65.0 5.2 6.6 8.8 13.3 17.9 10.7 Venus Moon Active 75.3 63.7 52.4 37.5 26.2 41.6 39.2 41.8 40.6 33.6 35.1 27.0 Hi. Active 1.8 3.2 3.2 1.6 1.5 1.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 3.5 2.9 1.7 Rule 6.9 9.1 9.5 7.3 7.2 10.3 19.4 17.7 18.2 21.7 21.5 27.2 Inactive 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.4 2.3 0.3 4.5 5.1 4.9 3.9 2.5 0.0 Negative 13.3 21.5 32.0 50.1 62.9 46.6 32.6 30.7 31.6 37.2 38.0 44.1 Mars Jupiter Active 30.0 28.0 25.8 19.4 15.4 12.4 26.0 25.7 26.2 27.3 28.0 22.8 Hi. Active 19.0 17.2 16.0 20.6 25.6 16.7 31.1 29.2 30.2 41.5 45.2 57.9 Rule 7.5 7.8 7.7 6.7 5.1 1.7 28.0 30.5 29.2 19.3 15.3 15.7 Inactive 11.3 16.8 21.6 22.1 24.3 63.0 3.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.1 1.3 Negative 32.2 30.2 28.9 31.2 29.7 6.2 11.3 12.1 12.0 9.4 7.3 2.4 Saturn Uranus Active 45.2 51.6 50.9 39.5 33.0 37.8 59.8 63.0 61.3 50.7 42.3 34.4 Hi. Active 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 4.8 4.4 4.4 5.5 7.3 12.8 Rule 46.8 39.8 40.9 53.4 62.0 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inactive 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.8 0.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 1.4 0.4 0.0 Negative 2.9 3.8 3.7 2.7 1.0 0.0 33.5 30.2 32.0 42.4 49.9 52.7 Neptune Active 81.4 77.7 77.9 83.2 81.8 88.3 Hi. Active 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.0 Rule 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inactive 6.0 7.2 6.6 3.4 2.3 0.0 Negative 12.3 14.8 15.2 12.8 15.6 11.7 Calm Light air Light breeze Gentle Breeze Moderate Strong < 2.0 2.1 to 6 6.1 to 12 12.1 to 19 19.1 to 30 30.1 to 45 Figure 5. Influence of planets’ activeness on different category of hourly wind speed events. Unlike rainfall events, wind speed events are continuous, either one category of the event is always happening in the earth. The results of astromet activeness and windspeed analysis inferred the following findings. The active states of Sun was decreased (28.4 to 19.8%) and the rule states was increased (3.6 to 15.8%) with increasing wind speed from Calm air to strong wind. The negative states of the Sun was increased (64 to 72.0) from light air to moderate wind then again dropped. The planet Mercury, considered as windy planet behaves differently that the active states had decreased, and the rule states was increased with increasing wind speed from calm to gentle breeze, and then react oppositely towards strong wind. The active state of Venus had decreased, and correspondingly negative state was increased with increase in wind speed. Similar to Venus, the active state of moon had decreased with increase in wind speed, but the rule and negative states of moon were increased with increase in wind speed. In the case of Mars, both active and negative state were decreased with increase in wind speed whereas there was increase in inactive state. At Strong wind speed (>30 km), the Mars was mostly in inactive states (63%). The highly active state of the Jupiter had increased drastically with increase in wind speed, whereas the rule and inactive states were decreased remarkably. The ruling state of the Saturn had increased with increase in wind speed, costing the active states. In the case of Uranus, the active state had decreased against increase in negative state with increase in wind speed. But the Neptune had remarkable increase in active state and decrease in inactive state with increase in wind speed. It was observed from the study that the Sun at negative states, Mercury at active, Venus at negative, Moon at rule/negative, Mars at inactive, Jupiter at highly active, Saturn at rule, Uranus at negative, Neptune at active states would increase the wind speed than other states. Unlike rainfall where active states of most planets played major role in increasing rainfall intensity, the negative states of most planets increased the wind speed except Mercury and Neptune. Varshneya et al. , (2009) reported that the Mercury had most wind influencing capability which supported the result of this study. 24 IT was observed that the Saturn and Neptune influenced low pressure and the Uranus influenced high pressure. 25 Atmospheric pressure gradient is important factor of wind speed and Riske’s observation were supporting the results of this study that negative state of Uranus (High Pressure), active state of Saturn and Neptune (Low pressure) increased the wind speed. 4. Conclusion The precipitation and wind velocity of a specific geographical area are subject to the effect of various meteorological conditions, including but not limited to temperature, topography, and air pressure. Astrometeorology is an ancient wisdom of weather forecasting, which relates the meteorological phenomenon of a particular location in earth to the position of the planet. The rainfall quantity received in a single hour was found to be positively influenced by the negative states of the Sun, the active states of Saturn, Uranus, Venus, and the Moon, according to the findings of this astrometeorological study. The windy planets Mercury and Neptune in their active states, the Rule states of the Sun, Saturn, and Neptune, Venus and Uranus in their negative states, and Jupiter in its very active condition all had a major impact on the increased wind speed during wind events. In addition to azimuth and aspect, incorporation of planet activeness concept in astromet weather forecast may produce significant improvement in the accuracy of forecast. In contrast to numerical weather forecasts, astrometeorological forecasts can be prepared for a longer time period as the planet ephemeris are precisely defined and accessible for a longer time period. The generated Astromet forecast may be overlaid on numerical or other forecasting approaches, which would undoubtedly increase forecast accuracy. For easy implementation, a system for overlapping the astromet forecast on other forecasts must be created. Data availability statement Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet forecast is shared in Dryad Repository. The DOI and link for the dataset in Dryad are https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gxd2547v5 and https://datadryad.org/stash/share/Mw7SHl2MVbC3xzVywUfxB9XQvvWYqjGk1bsjTOlnINg . 26 This project contains following dataset: Ephemeris dataset for 2011-2016 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Acknowledgement We the authors, sincerely thank our Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for providing opportunity to work on Astrometeorology under University Research Project and verification through student’s thesis research. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India 2 Physical Science & Information Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India Dheebakaran Ga Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Kokilavani S Roles: Data Curation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Santosh Ganapati Patil Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Sankar T Roles: Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Rathika K Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation Arul Prasath S Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation Balamurali B Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation Sathyamoorthy N.K. Roles: Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 09 Oct 2025, 13:746 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.2 version 1 Published: 05 Jul 2024, 13:746 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.1 Copyright © 2025 Ga D et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Ga D, S K, Patil SG et al. Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149941.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 09 Oct 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sridhara S. Reviewer Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188837.r421966 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v2#referee-response-421966 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 Oct 2025 Shankarappa Sridhara , Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188837.r421966 The authors have revised the paper by looking into the ... Continue reading READ ALL The authors have revised the paper by looking into the reviewers comments and the paper may be accepted for indexing. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Climate Change, Weather Forecasting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sridhara S. Reviewer Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188837.r421966 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v2#referee-response-421966 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Sridhara S. Reviewer Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.164457.r408161 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v1#referee-response-408161 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Sep 2025 Shankarappa Sridhara , Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.164457.r408161 Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast This manuscript presents a novel and culturally rooted framework on Planet Activeness Concept to enhance the accuracy of astrometeorological forecasts, particularly for rainfall and ... Continue reading READ ALL Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast This manuscript presents a novel and culturally rooted framework on Planet Activeness Concept to enhance the accuracy of astrometeorological forecasts, particularly for rainfall and wind speed events. The integration of planetary azimuth with hourly weather data reflects a commendable attempt to bridge traditional wisdom with modern meteorological analytics. The authors have demonstrated methodological rigor by validating planetary influence across multiple districts in Tamil Nadu using a substantial volume of datasets. The methodology is sound and well-articulated, with clear steps for categorizing rainfall and wind speed events and correlating them with planetary positions. The use of large volume of hourly weather data for the period from (2011–2016) and its linkage with planetary azimuths is innovatively grounded. The classification of rainfall into five distinct categories and wind speed event in to seven categories adds granularity and enhances the interpretability of the results. The results and discussion are coherent and supported by appropriate citations, including references to historical astrometeorological practices and recent climatological studies. The inclusion of relevant literature strengthens the credibility of the findings. The authors’ effort to quantify planetary influence using frequency metrics and azimuthal mapping is a significant advancement in astrometeorological modelling. This study is especially valuable for regions where conventional numerical models face limitations due to microclimatic variability and data sparsity. The proposed activeness chart offers a scalable tool for hybrid forecasting systems and could be instrumental in developing location-specific agro-advisories. The interdisciplinary approach—combining astronomy, climatology, and indigenous knowledge is both timely and innovative and aligns well with current efforts to localize climate services. The manuscript is well-structured, and the figures and tables are informative. The discussion is grounded in both empirical data and historical references, which adds depth to the interpretation. Minor editorial corrections (as noted separately) will further improve clarity and presentation. Minor Corrections & Suggestions Page 1 – Methods Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011–2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Page 2 Line 1: Replace “status” with “states” for grammatical accuracy. Keywords: Consider listing them in alphabetical order for consistency with journal formatting norms. Page 3 – Introduction Para 1, Lines 3–5: Rephrase “The strongest...between years” for clarity and smoother flow. Para 3: Clarify the relevance of the IPCC review in the context of astrometeorology. Para 4: Insert a comma before “Maharashtra” for correct punctuation. Page 4 Figure 1: Correct spellings of “Sagittarius” and “Scorpio.” Para 1: Add clarification—“studied during 2018–2021 with the hourly weather dataset for the period from 2011–2016 and presented in this paper.” Para 3: Align rainfall categories with Table 1: “All events (>0 mm), 0.0 to 2.5 mm, 3.0 to 10 mm, 10.5 to 25 mm, and above 25 mm.” Page 6 Figure Title: Replace “form” with “from.” Para 1: Correct “on line” to “online.” Page 7 – Results and Discussion Para 2: Revise “>0.0 mm” to “All, >0.0 mm.” Para 3: Add publication year for “Vandeep et al.” and italicize “et al.” Para 4: Replace “raise” with “rise.” Page 10 Para 6: Correct “Sun at rule” to “Sun at negative,” as per Table 3. Para 7: Correct “It” instead of “IT.” Overall, this manuscript makes a meaningful contribution to the evolving field of climate-resilient forecasting. With minor editorial revisions, it has strong potential for broader application and interdisciplinary impact. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Climate Change, Weather Forecasting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Sridhara S. Reviewer Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.164457.r408161 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v1#referee-response-408161 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 09 Oct 2025 Dheebakaran Ganesan , Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India 09 Oct 2025 Author Response Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a ... Continue reading Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is defined as 2018–2021, we utilized continuous hourly data from 31 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Tamil Nadu for the earlier period of 2011–2016. This decision was driven by both methodological and practical considerations. Hind cast Methodology: The study involved comparing weather parameters with the azimuth positions of nine planets using a hind cast approach, which is standard practice in forecast verification. This required reconstructing planetary positions across 31 locations, 365 days, and 24 hourly intervals, resulting in over 1.22 billion planetary data points. Computational Intensity: Establishing correlations between planetary activeness and weather events—across five rainfall categories (26,316 events) and seven wind speed categories (1,055,074 events), which demanded extensive preprocessing and validation. The scale and complexity of this task necessitated the use of historical data to ensure feasibility within the project timeline. Data Quality Constraints: Continuous, high-resolution AWS data for the 2018–2021 period were either incomplete or inconsistently available across all 31 locations. In contrast, the 2011–2016 dataset offered a more uniform and uninterrupted record, making it more suitable for robust analysis. In summary, the use of 2011–2016 data was a strategic choice to ensure methodological rigour, computational manageability, and data reliability, without compromising the relevance of the findings to the study period. Clarifying the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The reference to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was made to underscore the institutional recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) within climate science. The IPCC, as a leading intergovernmental body on climate-related research and policy, has acknowledged ITK as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” Astrometeorology, as practiced in various cultural contexts including India, is itself a form of ITK that rooted in centuries of observational insights and empirical correlations between celestial phenomena and terrestrial weather patterns. While often marginalized in mainstream meteorological discourse, astrometeorology possesses a structured logic and scientific basis that aligns with the broader goals of climate adaptation and forecasting. By citing the IPCC’s endorsement of ITK, the intention was to position astrometeorology not as anecdotal or mystical, but as a legitimate knowledge system worthy of integration and further exploration within climate science. This framing enhances the conceptual validity of the study and situates it within a globally recognized discourse on pluralistic approaches to climate resilience. Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is defined as 2018–2021, we utilized continuous hourly data from 31 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Tamil Nadu for the earlier period of 2011–2016. This decision was driven by both methodological and practical considerations. Hind cast Methodology: The study involved comparing weather parameters with the azimuth positions of nine planets using a hind cast approach, which is standard practice in forecast verification. This required reconstructing planetary positions across 31 locations, 365 days, and 24 hourly intervals, resulting in over 1.22 billion planetary data points. Computational Intensity: Establishing correlations between planetary activeness and weather events—across five rainfall categories (26,316 events) and seven wind speed categories (1,055,074 events), which demanded extensive preprocessing and validation. The scale and complexity of this task necessitated the use of historical data to ensure feasibility within the project timeline. Data Quality Constraints: Continuous, high-resolution AWS data for the 2018–2021 period were either incomplete or inconsistently available across all 31 locations. In contrast, the 2011–2016 dataset offered a more uniform and uninterrupted record, making it more suitable for robust analysis. In summary, the use of 2011–2016 data was a strategic choice to ensure methodological rigour, computational manageability, and data reliability, without compromising the relevance of the findings to the study period. Clarifying the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The reference to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was made to underscore the institutional recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) within climate science. The IPCC, as a leading intergovernmental body on climate-related research and policy, has acknowledged ITK as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” Astrometeorology, as practiced in various cultural contexts including India, is itself a form of ITK that rooted in centuries of observational insights and empirical correlations between celestial phenomena and terrestrial weather patterns. While often marginalized in mainstream meteorological discourse, astrometeorology possesses a structured logic and scientific basis that aligns with the broader goals of climate adaptation and forecasting. By citing the IPCC’s endorsement of ITK, the intention was to position astrometeorology not as anecdotal or mystical, but as a legitimate knowledge system worthy of integration and further exploration within climate science. This framing enhances the conceptual validity of the study and situates it within a globally recognized discourse on pluralistic approaches to climate resilience. Competing Interests: No Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 09 Oct 2025 Dheebakaran Ganesan , Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India 09 Oct 2025 Author Response Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a ... Continue reading Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is defined as 2018–2021, we utilized continuous hourly data from 31 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Tamil Nadu for the earlier period of 2011–2016. This decision was driven by both methodological and practical considerations. Hind cast Methodology: The study involved comparing weather parameters with the azimuth positions of nine planets using a hind cast approach, which is standard practice in forecast verification. This required reconstructing planetary positions across 31 locations, 365 days, and 24 hourly intervals, resulting in over 1.22 billion planetary data points. Computational Intensity: Establishing correlations between planetary activeness and weather events—across five rainfall categories (26,316 events) and seven wind speed categories (1,055,074 events), which demanded extensive preprocessing and validation. The scale and complexity of this task necessitated the use of historical data to ensure feasibility within the project timeline. Data Quality Constraints: Continuous, high-resolution AWS data for the 2018–2021 period were either incomplete or inconsistently available across all 31 locations. In contrast, the 2011–2016 dataset offered a more uniform and uninterrupted record, making it more suitable for robust analysis. In summary, the use of 2011–2016 data was a strategic choice to ensure methodological rigour, computational manageability, and data reliability, without compromising the relevance of the findings to the study period. Clarifying the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The reference to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was made to underscore the institutional recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) within climate science. The IPCC, as a leading intergovernmental body on climate-related research and policy, has acknowledged ITK as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” Astrometeorology, as practiced in various cultural contexts including India, is itself a form of ITK that rooted in centuries of observational insights and empirical correlations between celestial phenomena and terrestrial weather patterns. While often marginalized in mainstream meteorological discourse, astrometeorology possesses a structured logic and scientific basis that aligns with the broader goals of climate adaptation and forecasting. By citing the IPCC’s endorsement of ITK, the intention was to position astrometeorology not as anecdotal or mystical, but as a legitimate knowledge system worthy of integration and further exploration within climate science. This framing enhances the conceptual validity of the study and situates it within a globally recognized discourse on pluralistic approaches to climate resilience. Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is defined as 2018–2021, we utilized continuous hourly data from 31 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Tamil Nadu for the earlier period of 2011–2016. This decision was driven by both methodological and practical considerations. Hind cast Methodology: The study involved comparing weather parameters with the azimuth positions of nine planets using a hind cast approach, which is standard practice in forecast verification. This required reconstructing planetary positions across 31 locations, 365 days, and 24 hourly intervals, resulting in over 1.22 billion planetary data points. Computational Intensity: Establishing correlations between planetary activeness and weather events—across five rainfall categories (26,316 events) and seven wind speed categories (1,055,074 events), which demanded extensive preprocessing and validation. The scale and complexity of this task necessitated the use of historical data to ensure feasibility within the project timeline. Data Quality Constraints: Continuous, high-resolution AWS data for the 2018–2021 period were either incomplete or inconsistently available across all 31 locations. In contrast, the 2011–2016 dataset offered a more uniform and uninterrupted record, making it more suitable for robust analysis. In summary, the use of 2011–2016 data was a strategic choice to ensure methodological rigour, computational manageability, and data reliability, without compromising the relevance of the findings to the study period. Clarifying the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The reference to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was made to underscore the institutional recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) within climate science. The IPCC, as a leading intergovernmental body on climate-related research and policy, has acknowledged ITK as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” Astrometeorology, as practiced in various cultural contexts including India, is itself a form of ITK that rooted in centuries of observational insights and empirical correlations between celestial phenomena and terrestrial weather patterns. While often marginalized in mainstream meteorological discourse, astrometeorology possesses a structured logic and scientific basis that aligns with the broader goals of climate adaptation and forecasting. By citing the IPCC’s endorsement of ITK, the intention was to position astrometeorology not as anecdotal or mystical, but as a legitimate knowledge system worthy of integration and further exploration within climate science. This framing enhances the conceptual validity of the study and situates it within a globally recognized discourse on pluralistic approaches to climate resilience. Competing Interests: No Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 2 (revision) 09 Oct 25 read Version 1 05 Jul 24 read Shankarappa Sridhara , Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sridhara S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Oct 2025 | for Version 2 Shankarappa Sridhara , Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sridhara S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have revised the paper by looking into the reviewers comments and the paper may be accepted for indexing. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Climate Change, Weather Forecasting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Sridhara S. Peer Review Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188837.r421966) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v2#referee-response-421966 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sridhara S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Shankarappa Sridhara , Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sridhara S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast This manuscript presents a novel and culturally rooted framework on Planet Activeness Concept to enhance the accuracy of astrometeorological forecasts, particularly for rainfall and wind speed events. The integration of planetary azimuth with hourly weather data reflects a commendable attempt to bridge traditional wisdom with modern meteorological analytics. The authors have demonstrated methodological rigor by validating planetary influence across multiple districts in Tamil Nadu using a substantial volume of datasets. The methodology is sound and well-articulated, with clear steps for categorizing rainfall and wind speed events and correlating them with planetary positions. The use of large volume of hourly weather data for the period from (2011–2016) and its linkage with planetary azimuths is innovatively grounded. The classification of rainfall into five distinct categories and wind speed event in to seven categories adds granularity and enhances the interpretability of the results. The results and discussion are coherent and supported by appropriate citations, including references to historical astrometeorological practices and recent climatological studies. The inclusion of relevant literature strengthens the credibility of the findings. The authors’ effort to quantify planetary influence using frequency metrics and azimuthal mapping is a significant advancement in astrometeorological modelling. This study is especially valuable for regions where conventional numerical models face limitations due to microclimatic variability and data sparsity. The proposed activeness chart offers a scalable tool for hybrid forecasting systems and could be instrumental in developing location-specific agro-advisories. The interdisciplinary approach—combining astronomy, climatology, and indigenous knowledge is both timely and innovative and aligns well with current efforts to localize climate services. The manuscript is well-structured, and the figures and tables are informative. The discussion is grounded in both empirical data and historical references, which adds depth to the interpretation. Minor editorial corrections (as noted separately) will further improve clarity and presentation. Minor Corrections & Suggestions Page 1 – Methods Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011–2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Page 2 Line 1: Replace “status” with “states” for grammatical accuracy. Keywords: Consider listing them in alphabetical order for consistency with journal formatting norms. Page 3 – Introduction Para 1, Lines 3–5: Rephrase “The strongest...between years” for clarity and smoother flow. Para 3: Clarify the relevance of the IPCC review in the context of astrometeorology. Para 4: Insert a comma before “Maharashtra” for correct punctuation. Page 4 Figure 1: Correct spellings of “Sagittarius” and “Scorpio.” Para 1: Add clarification—“studied during 2018–2021 with the hourly weather dataset for the period from 2011–2016 and presented in this paper.” Para 3: Align rainfall categories with Table 1: “All events (>0 mm), 0.0 to 2.5 mm, 3.0 to 10 mm, 10.5 to 25 mm, and above 25 mm.” Page 6 Figure Title: Replace “form” with “from.” Para 1: Correct “on line” to “online.” Page 7 – Results and Discussion Para 2: Revise “>0.0 mm” to “All, >0.0 mm.” Para 3: Add publication year for “Vandeep et al.” and italicize “et al.” Para 4: Replace “raise” with “rise.” Page 10 Para 6: Correct “Sun at rule” to “Sun at negative,” as per Table 3. Para 7: Correct “It” instead of “IT.” Overall, this manuscript makes a meaningful contribution to the evolving field of climate-resilient forecasting. With minor editorial revisions, it has strong potential for broader application and interdisciplinary impact. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Climate Change, Weather Forecasting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 09 Oct 2025 Dheebakaran Ganesan, Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India Clarify the rationale for using datasets from 2011 to 2016 while the study period is 2018–2021. A brief justification would enhance transparency. Justification for Using 2011–2016 Datasets Despite a 2018–2021 Study Period Although the study period is defined as 2018–2021, we utilized continuous hourly data from 31 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) across Tamil Nadu for the earlier period of 2011–2016. This decision was driven by both methodological and practical considerations. Hind cast Methodology: The study involved comparing weather parameters with the azimuth positions of nine planets using a hind cast approach, which is standard practice in forecast verification. This required reconstructing planetary positions across 31 locations, 365 days, and 24 hourly intervals, resulting in over 1.22 billion planetary data points. Computational Intensity: Establishing correlations between planetary activeness and weather events—across five rainfall categories (26,316 events) and seven wind speed categories (1,055,074 events), which demanded extensive preprocessing and validation. The scale and complexity of this task necessitated the use of historical data to ensure feasibility within the project timeline. Data Quality Constraints: Continuous, high-resolution AWS data for the 2018–2021 period were either incomplete or inconsistently available across all 31 locations. In contrast, the 2011–2016 dataset offered a more uniform and uninterrupted record, making it more suitable for robust analysis. In summary, the use of 2011–2016 data was a strategic choice to ensure methodological rigour, computational manageability, and data reliability, without compromising the relevance of the findings to the study period. Clarifying the Relevance of the IPCC Review in the Context of Astrometeorology The reference to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was made to underscore the institutional recognition of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) within climate science. The IPCC, as a leading intergovernmental body on climate-related research and policy, has acknowledged ITK as “an invaluable foundation for developing strategies for adaptation and natural resource management in response to environmental and other forms of change.” Astrometeorology, as practiced in various cultural contexts including India, is itself a form of ITK that rooted in centuries of observational insights and empirical correlations between celestial phenomena and terrestrial weather patterns. While often marginalized in mainstream meteorological discourse, astrometeorology possesses a structured logic and scientific basis that aligns with the broader goals of climate adaptation and forecasting. By citing the IPCC’s endorsement of ITK, the intention was to position astrometeorology not as anecdotal or mystical, but as a legitimate knowledge system worthy of integration and further exploration within climate science. This framing enhances the conceptual validity of the study and situates it within a globally recognized discourse on pluralistic approaches to climate resilience. View more View less Competing Interests No reply Respond Report a concern Sridhara S. Peer Review Report For: Planet activeness: a new concept to enhance the accuracy of Astromet weather forecast. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :746 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.164457.r408161) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-746/v1#referee-response-408161 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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