Portable smartphone-enabled dydrogesterone sensors based on biomimetic polymers for personalized gynecological care

Sobia Ashraf, Tajamal Hussain, Sadia Z. Bajwa, Adnan Mujahid, Adeel Afzal
In: Journal of Materials Chemistry B · 2024 · vol. 12(28) , pp. 6905–6916 · doi:10.1039/d4tb00657g · PMID:38919127 · W4399575991
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-12 ⓘ

This study developed a portable, smartphone-enabled sensor using biomimetic polymers for sensitive and selective detection of dydrogesterone in human blood plasma, demonstrating potential for personalized gynecological care.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-12 · read from full text ⓘ

The paper reports development and optimization of a portable smartphone-enabled electrochemical sensor for quantifying the synthetic hormone dydrogesterone in human plasma, using screen-printed gold electrodes modified with a biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymer (poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate), MIP). Using FTIR and SEM, the authors confirm polymer formation and characterize the MIP/SPAuE surface, then optimize fabrication parameters to improve sensitivity, showing a linear response from 1–500 nM by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry with sub-nanomolar detection (LOD = 370 pM), good selectivity, and reported real-sample recovery of 81%, along with 15-day stability of the coatings. The explicitly stated limitations/caveats include that performance is described for blood plasma measurements and within the tested concentration range, with stability assessed over a relatively short 15-day period. Relevance to endometriosis: the paper does not specifically analyze endometriosis or adenomyosis samples, but it is included because it targets “diverse gynecological conditions” where dydrogesterone monitoring is intended, a context that can overlap with endometriosis research.

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Abstract

, with a sub-nanomolar limit of detection (LOD = 370 pM), and low limit of quantification (LOQ = 1.12 nM), along with appreciable selectivity over common interferents. In real-world clinical applications, the designed sensor is effectively employed for the rapid and precise determination of dydrogesterone in human blood plasma, achieving a remarkable recovery of 81%. Furthermore, MIP/SPAuE coatings possess suitable stability over 15 days, indicating the robustness of the sensor material for multiple rounds of analysis. The developed sensor provides a sensitive, selective, and cost-effective solution for monitoring dydrogesterone in plasma during various gynecological disorders, allowing for personalized healthcare applications.
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Portable smartphone-enabled dydrogesterone sensors based on biomimetic polymers for personalized gynecological care Abstract Dydrogesterone, a frequently prescribed synthetic hormone integral to the treatment of diverse gynecological conditions, necessitates precise quantification in complex human plasma. In this study, the development of a portable, smartphone-based electrochemical sensor employing screen-printed gold electrodes (SPAuEs) modified with a biomimetic, molecularly imprinted poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) (MIP) is presented for dydrogesterone detection in human plasma. FTIR spectroscopy illustrates the transformation of a pre-polymer mixture into a polymerized matrix, while SEM reveals a uniform MIP/SPAuE surface morphology. The sensor fabrication protocol, encompassing MIP/SPAuE composition, polymerization solvent, incubation time, and scan rate, is optimized to achieve enhanced sensitivity. The MIP/SPAuEs sensor exhibits a linear sensor response to dydrogesterone within the concentration range of 1–500 nM, as evidenced by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The MIP/SPAuE sensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity, recording 8.2 × 10−3 μA nM−1, with a sub-nanomolar limit of detection (LOD = 370 pM), and low limit of quantification (LOQ = 1.12 nM), along with appreciable selectivity over common interferents. In real-world clinical applications, the designed sensor is effectively employed for the rapid and precise determination of dydrogesterone in human blood plasma, achieving a remarkable recovery of 81%. Furthermore, MIP/SPAuE coatings possess suitable stability over 15 days, indicating the robustness of the sensor material for multiple rounds of analysis. The developed sensor provides a sensitive, selective, and cost-effective solution for monitoring dydrogesterone in plasma during various gynecological disorders, allowing for personalized healthcare applications.

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