A novel horizontal telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester with double-drum design via kinematic analysis, response surface optimization and field validation

A novel horizontal telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester with double-drum design via kinematic analysis, response surface optimization and field validation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A novel horizontal telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester with double-drum design via kinematic analysis, response surface optimization and field validation Xiaowei Yuan, Ruocheng Jin, Jialin Cai, Guangxin Li, Huijie Lv, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A high breakage rate of chili peppers and poor removal of bottom fruits are common problems for current mechanical harvesters. To address these limitations, we designed a self-propelled telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester that employs horizontally extending telescopic teeth to reduce the picking angle between the harvesting unit and the ground, thereby improving the net harvesting rate of peppers. The structure and contact mode of the teeth were analyzed, and the feasible range of spindle speed and the key factors affecting picking quality were preliminarily determined through kinematic and contact mechanics analysis. A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken response surface experiment was conducted using operating speed, spindle speed and telescopic elastic-tooth angle as factors, and picking rate and damage rate as evaluation indices. A quadratic regression model was established and used to optimize the operating parameters with Design-Expert. The optimal combination was a forward speed of 58 m·min⁻¹, spindle speed of 201 r·min⁻¹ and telescopic elastic-tooth angle of 4°, under which the model predicted a picking rate of 94.0% and a breakage rate of 4.5%. A field verification test at 60 m·min⁻¹ forward speed, 200 r·min⁻¹ spindle speed and 4° telescopic elastic-tooth angle yielded a picking rate of 90.2% and a damage rate of 6.6%, with relative errors below 5%. These results demonstrate that the proposed telescopic elastic-tooth harvesting unit can effectively improve pepper harvesting performance while maintaining a low fruit damage rate. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science pepper picking telescopic elastic teeth picking rate response surface analysis test field trial Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 19 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 07 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 07 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8429497","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":570984503,"identity":"3b0acff2-cb5e-49f3-a946-99babb0993b2","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaowei Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayingol Vocational and Technical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaowei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""},{"id":570984504,"identity":"3377fe7a-0670-4c24-a16d-63a684e1c922","order_by":1,"name":"Ruocheng Jin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAu0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwhOkGNjbz9AgpYDDAnGfDxnEojXwgDUkjhPwsGAOC3m/GcPFH/4lZbeJsGQwPCjYhthLZYN5xIMDvbl5LZJNx5g7DlzmwiHHewxAOKK3DaZAwnMjG3EaDnMA9aSziaRYECklmNALQd+5CQQr8WyB6jlbEOaYRswkA8S5Rdz/jNmBhV/kuXl29sPPvhRQYQWIGAzYGyDsA4QpR4ImB8w/CFW7SgYBaNgFIxIAABERz7wsCAi1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Development Center of Agricultural and Rural Mechanization, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruocheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Jin","suffix":""},{"id":570984506,"identity":"c41231ae-3185-4949-8bd1-27e556cb790f","order_by":2,"name":"Jialin Cai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jialin","middleName":"","lastName":"Cai","suffix":""},{"id":570984511,"identity":"ec023454-bdd5-404a-b727-8b87651b68ad","order_by":3,"name":"Guangxin Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang HeBen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guangxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":570984515,"identity":"98604bed-d7cf-4cd9-808e-df07fd3708df","order_by":4,"name":"Huijie Lv","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Development Center of Agricultural and Rural Mechanization, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Lv","suffix":""},{"id":570984517,"identity":"fc97b075-3f63-414e-9ef4-99ac07825e4a","order_by":5,"name":"Liwei Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Development Center of Agricultural and Rural Mechanization, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":570984524,"identity":"b10b59eb-1624-40b1-8901-3d9b38e16e68","order_by":6,"name":"Zhaolei Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang HeBen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaolei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":570984529,"identity":"919ea00c-d35b-4662-ba79-d31586cd7958","order_by":7,"name":"Yunhai Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yunhai","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-23 03:08:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49072-3","type":"published","date":"2026-04-24T15:59:49+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99857598,"identity":"e0564b04-1936-4d37-b266-d51c07675305","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19267972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TypeofthePaper12.19.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0d33dae065afba5181980d96.docx"},{"id":99857590,"identity":"c20d83ee-2c21-4f63-a290-04e11b297682","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7ace6a14eb414ed99a4623622431e098.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/ad05089db92f98617a2df09d.json"},{"id":99857591,"identity":"87764943-9d20-4848-b865-2b5431cc9b77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":143360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7ace6a14eb414ed99a4623622431e0981enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/44bc08ebedcf14cb522c14fd.xml"},{"id":99857608,"identity":"156d4c43-41be-461d-8e67-17ffc8d1fd91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/90008b47e383cf323179d478.jpeg"},{"id":99857592,"identity":"b8545d68-e9d8-4cf2-b032-73dc730d962c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1523656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/278f30c73b309ad5cf884d8d.jpeg"},{"id":100357692,"identity":"c5520354-7cd8-41f8-be4d-a719265d7291","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3342756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/58e5d2a89189182f468248f2.jpeg"},{"id":99857607,"identity":"46d29983-fe79-40ae-b4c0-c146a2108de1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":757488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/20dfefa521dbf00b2e682e51.jpeg"},{"id":99857609,"identity":"84580a3c-e7fc-4406-a1b0-9dfb5d4e2ffb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2545102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/e160d344a278719f9fb3d421.jpeg"},{"id":100357113,"identity":"bdd371dd-9cdf-444f-a167-32faaa02c54f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:18:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3211014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/c96535a6a3fc4a5396d71b48.jpeg"},{"id":99857627,"identity":"548c9b98-8b52-4367-974a-471c45d4c80f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2171813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/dc691339ba3a954932f9fe7f.jpeg"},{"id":100357307,"identity":"db9ad810-5594-4543-b2af-01837f675cf1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2780624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1e69cb5efd40eaa095620886.jpeg"},{"id":99857596,"identity":"319511b7-931d-4ca0-a016-724a18c77116","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3540944,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0cb2b8af8e77edcbcd757460.jpeg"},{"id":99857593,"identity":"6a2267c6-f720-4afa-bb81-6fd7e07364bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"wmf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/bda8d3364709f0251c45f5e6.wmf"},{"id":100358122,"identity":"bf8ce5b0-e324-47d0-9ce9-8cb030c5a5d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:39","extension":"wmf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/2e96bdd754bd6fb235f54634.wmf"},{"id":99857630,"identity":"a1899782-1413-4dc9-873e-23499721ed5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1364703f9e6715d39131a17c.wmf"},{"id":100357346,"identity":"108ab719-25fc-465c-90af-28e7003eb51c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:43","extension":"wmf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1193af949d3c4cbee4d62bb2.wmf"},{"id":100357868,"identity":"eeae8827-6f99-43cc-8609-8902fe85f72a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:27","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/77797a97daa1e0a7c1ff2c80.wmf"},{"id":100357500,"identity":"abf98923-a321-4491-bb5b-24855b3de283","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/e41ab84f3bc73ca5c41c7d8c.wmf"},{"id":100357594,"identity":"ec249096-1e7c-477c-9a19-b65fb25c4cd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:06","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/8cc09f4c695f90deeeaf4ead.wmf"},{"id":99857615,"identity":"3bdb287d-8f4d-4d35-b768-042e589d90e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1306,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/75d348140637f5251330b591.wmf"},{"id":99857605,"identity":"6ec3bb43-ea46-4b70-a89f-3ad68de8277c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/9b9656851e4f404bb41d46e4.wmf"},{"id":99857600,"identity":"35d7c669-3adb-4ed6-84f6-c23ef6f83532","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:49","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1134,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image20.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/dbd618cf6ef8ba152ef7593f.wmf"},{"id":99857614,"identity":"f13f0bb1-7c8c-4eca-8778-2e26bbb9d8c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image21.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0d5d06b71fec468b82fee6f5.wmf"},{"id":100357938,"identity":"7c728a79-6e94-4cb2-890d-e160c0e673c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image22.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/27cd06d7c1ad17e852f86b0c.wmf"},{"id":100357941,"identity":"b1d71253-0a9b-4ffa-865d-375f3123cc7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image23.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0036a25e18c86f6a31c7ca40.wmf"},{"id":99857640,"identity":"f59bf786-9fb8-4fd5-b558-053617fcbfa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image24.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/dac9484f582ac9145ec39363.wmf"},{"id":100357302,"identity":"6952ac78-9e03-4c02-b2b2-82c843eef75f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image25.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/23a90fa0e9444817f6a03941.wmf"},{"id":100357234,"identity":"97bab518-4ed4-45b1-b3a2-19466c307507","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:28","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1352,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image26.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0f278abc3b52bb0f42961b3e.wmf"},{"id":100357951,"identity":"5806d68c-be12-41e7-8058-59199d858c95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:31","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image27.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/14f7a2948475a7ddae373b8a.wmf"},{"id":100357715,"identity":"bf679ea4-657d-4e9c-af40-a86f586ec14e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:14","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image28.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/06dbfbccd9ffe33c0f58ba5c.wmf"},{"id":99857661,"identity":"fcc8d908-9a6e-49d7-92ad-aff9d6d34c21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image29.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0ff6cb76592aa87a0f94b202.wmf"},{"id":99857650,"identity":"a9690458-da2d-4de8-811a-a49c21ab986d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image30.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/7febe73a02ed9fd599a5c2ce.wmf"},{"id":100357183,"identity":"766feaac-3119-498b-a061-e5d36cacff7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:13","extension":"wmf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image31.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/b1288d065123b0c05a384446.wmf"},{"id":100357243,"identity":"0e71199d-215d-4aea-af05-6d4e4a445dd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image32.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/3934c068f0015ce991e1efb5.wmf"},{"id":100357716,"identity":"833dd1c4-1843-454e-bc2d-746b1abd1ff6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:14","extension":"wmf","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image33.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1a48eb136e9307eb23dd9624.wmf"},{"id":100357280,"identity":"b9df8273-ec3f-4c2b-8625-b45e38771540","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2886,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image34.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/35dd9df1a4fede46cd113ed3.wmf"},{"id":99857604,"identity":"b32606f7-d75b-4c9f-b9f7-aea805ede380","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image35.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/35832921331dc44066ad4c13.wmf"},{"id":100357976,"identity":"42779037-dff9-42a2-8c29-c9eab387b852","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:32","extension":"wmf","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image36.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/732e88b4ffaa7f9a15063498.wmf"},{"id":100357507,"identity":"5b2831e9-e20a-4646-996b-44c9fdb7e175","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image37.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/88cb5d6dd313d484028a7550.wmf"},{"id":99857655,"identity":"7b8269fe-9c3d-450d-b8c2-34d1d9c34fc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image38.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/be4b31bfaf3803ddd9c8d17c.wmf"},{"id":100357644,"identity":"86eaeb41-bd98-48b1-806a-65a5db26867b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:08","extension":"wmf","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image39.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/6eaba021f234cb8ec98f12fd.wmf"},{"id":100357544,"identity":"096f7b29-44a7-45ac-87d1-6560bc41a79e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:01","extension":"wmf","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image40.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/8c392a7d4b1908384e205d55.wmf"},{"id":99857633,"identity":"9253cff0-0074-40b6-a6d6-b046cc737e0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"wmf","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image43.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/3a268cc4b85331f0a6fe25af.wmf"},{"id":99857677,"identity":"06bc201c-cb93-42c5-b598-4b7fa6a9d43a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"wmf","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image45.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/13257dc17c729db3354ac5f7.wmf"},{"id":99857619,"identity":"d459f4dd-b9c5-42e3-a453-94d269515f3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/a35cb67316fdd667a880df0f.wmf"},{"id":100357277,"identity":"c80ab0c3-47ec-4ac4-9be5-4ded0b7b45c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:33","extension":"wmf","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/77c21f738931814fb932f445.wmf"},{"id":99857616,"identity":"e1623c13-5625-4cf5-96c8-03d7e9192b3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"wmf","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3210,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/963d685fa29e7c4b03737438.wmf"},{"id":99857656,"identity":"f97f1e7a-9115-49c1-a0b7-dda65caef93b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"wmf","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/de33e2e5e461f8fb3bb285e1.wmf"},{"id":100357162,"identity":"879cb947-4b5b-4de4-bb70-00dcef4157c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:09","extension":"wmf","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/634183c8e6fdc0e43fdfaffd.wmf"},{"id":99857664,"identity":"b98930b5-2a35-4c33-8748-02cac8236836","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/46a6cf71396905ee6dcfeeaa.png"},{"id":100357308,"identity":"790e57e5-0a7e-4f3f-a538-2c8091f70946","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:38","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":435889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/cd01d09f49bf46f6f046a42b.png"},{"id":99857669,"identity":"df0be134-52f4-4c52-bc41-76f58bb9af43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":627946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0a074da1011b6bbb67ec32c7.png"},{"id":99857673,"identity":"b182014c-47cc-4782-bdf7-cda594410a56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":264326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/9227395eaa0793e5ef5af740.png"},{"id":99857624,"identity":"debdd5d9-60cf-4f1c-85e7-d3895857f7c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":834194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/c99c9d66c9f7171d3ff9acc8.png"},{"id":99857642,"identity":"cbabf896-d2d8-477a-83c2-24336f6771c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1204697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1177a440bf2a82558c0d0191.png"},{"id":99857651,"identity":"09128071-a378-4431-b02f-28b21c0cecf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":745588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/97225aa23c9dafb1774bf116.png"},{"id":99857610,"identity":"70b3c2c3-a586-4638-bc10-38018b38e96c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":763907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1326f34a449d2be88435fab7.png"},{"id":100357236,"identity":"234f2f86-cc35-43df-b899-c8d9026a1d19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:28","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1913018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1d698264a6f92de7b4bd95ba.png"},{"id":100357175,"identity":"7c56f45a-6485-47b2-a52f-dfe0ad2f6a6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:12","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/059371183acab2968d443e6e.png"},{"id":100357452,"identity":"1e678496-66bf-44c0-9700-ce17f2a4767a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:53","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/be3e05d530869fcd2852055b.png"},{"id":100357254,"identity":"1ea37979-9a2e-4d73-b07a-4dd8b42495cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:31","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/6d259d8fe1f93aadc02dd1c4.png"},{"id":99857668,"identity":"d85afd0c-6eed-49c2-859b-e30d264e951a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/73cb91d1878113595baf7452.png"},{"id":99857671,"identity":"23e41e0d-9d1b-46a0-99a9-a31f6a04d939","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/411503e2f25dc735a16793e4.png"},{"id":100357244,"identity":"da9aa8a6-ad97-4e02-a3ae-ae7afaa4c194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:30","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/dd7c8ff3406598f20868cdb6.png"},{"id":100357042,"identity":"c95e1779-724c-4024-820b-78948bf5ba14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:18:25","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/f2c026e528d3ac098db076ac.png"},{"id":99857612,"identity":"c984b65d-1fc2-4d2e-9d37-4d5eda1a02e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/22d4e1ada0ad60b657b2a16c.png"},{"id":99857639,"identity":"91c445f1-cb58-4c68-b962-91c1b7da641f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"png","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/cc4075acc377b91a74e45c6f.png"},{"id":100357541,"identity":"d915d110-86a0-4cf2-8213-88d10e9cb4f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:01","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/49f94dbded28cf9b130c324b.png"},{"id":100357609,"identity":"de3210b7-6c30-483e-a861-5706018d887c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:06","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/643f9117d836f09fcd2aa694.png"},{"id":99857617,"identity":"290f42ce-ffd0-402a-a94d-9c3576ad286b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/b76acb7f43c796bb88f2ae15.png"},{"id":100357279,"identity":"181e8b07-6030-49bf-ba24-d387d23b3420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:33","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1cae5235454d2d6505fd4941.png"},{"id":99857676,"identity":"26ec89ac-006d-4736-ba34-df2b2a7b8dbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/d8694bd7e38d7f2e10a02e74.png"},{"id":99857660,"identity":"84d19342-aa01-4e62-b69e-6519054d0a50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/3fa7f110769f937ffa8e6a16.png"},{"id":100357353,"identity":"e00823ac-dd40-4888-8190-e0799e6a4c07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:45","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/76ef05203f052e6472cd4488.png"},{"id":99857679,"identity":"e4835e0f-f6f7-41cc-a4c1-3ee6f879a7ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/d8c90312b7d52a78973a5d53.png"},{"id":100356988,"identity":"f08ddb4e-aecf-44a6-be2a-d1ac819df09f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:18:13","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/966ffd84b34e03cfc35af2d6.png"},{"id":99857684,"identity":"c98d2a53-d238-4321-b112-66a0077462ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:54","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/67bd1bc2769c675b97b6a4f6.png"},{"id":100357024,"identity":"c5eb8307-c881-49e7-b61c-7a9172b18ad6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:18:20","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":785,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/8f0fd501795650083efb2129.png"},{"id":99857666,"identity":"1a77d5c4-20d3-4843-a18c-88bf34129d68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/2e4bdf1e434a54475d324e22.png"},{"id":99857659,"identity":"54b18337-9981-448d-80cc-32f33633f5d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/755907f2b34c4789a6363cfa.png"},{"id":99857625,"identity":"0beae390-ed03-41e6-a0cc-bfe67ee2313c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/0f0edd4c61dd7bf84ca5c752.png"},{"id":100357188,"identity":"42cb772e-409d-45ee-a106-e8cf025aec86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:13","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/f7be9aa9751626d87b8f4d40.png"},{"id":99857635,"identity":"97f8712f-ac3e-49da-b72d-a4b2e82795de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/654e7e0b7664c033112a37af.png"},{"id":99857682,"identity":"8a35b142-12c7-48dd-b766-fb9c37cbc16c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/4e58532dc51d4fc728533f1b.png"},{"id":100357764,"identity":"cfcc0e2f-34d1-4856-916b-22d8817ff9d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:18","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/7dc493cbbfb53a93614b4d68.png"},{"id":99857683,"identity":"d850f468-5593-46c3-9204-4a3c018b2673","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:53","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage38.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1ce35771aebc228535a73440.png"},{"id":100357755,"identity":"b6a1dbe2-c116-4bcf-aa80-1de8314421e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:17","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage39.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/9350fa5730cb6e555ec24f8e.png"},{"id":99857648,"identity":"742046b4-68ae-41f7-89d1-0e1474b79711","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:52","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/2f85bbce0d9e231a15da142b.png"},{"id":100357599,"identity":"d109d0f3-b72e-4d2c-8841-88778f8c324f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:06","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage43.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/19e243399bf5bcd60cbd7713.png"},{"id":99857632,"identity":"fdd879c2-9f60-4761-bbbd-8799e9621557","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2863,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage45.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/1caed09be6c34a9b5974defb.png"},{"id":100357263,"identity":"8b6554ba-d9c1-4375-aa62-2631aedf2b84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:32","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/e7a7a15ba0d45a6e9ac069be.png"},{"id":99857687,"identity":"b43ce7ca-e359-4f30-ae54-0008cd696d36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:54","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/368dba8cb35f28a05f37e19d.png"},{"id":100357220,"identity":"9d6e46a3-aad1-4ffc-853c-73d69180c43d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:19:20","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/9641427d301690248b7294f9.png"},{"id":99857686,"identity":"a3ba7598-fcea-4137-93a7-312066a4989a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:54","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/549019678a547dd41f648859.png"},{"id":99857626,"identity":"315dd42f-9bba-4c12-bfa7-bdeb99a816d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-09 06:16:51","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/61e2793cf119736fa73ea8b1.png"},{"id":100357729,"identity":"69b06081-ed47-4f12-b664-a8a3e98ea559","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:15","extension":"xml","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"7ace6a14eb414ed99a4623622431e0981structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/c22e45f2c1fd34ef3310bccc.xml"},{"id":100357571,"identity":"1a8176a7-8515-4782-a89b-7a930491ae14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:20:04","extension":"html","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1/5231ed61fbfe40b4fea04ca0.html"},{"id":107928186,"identity":"39014315-6849-4b38-98f6-eb8d1acdbf59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:09:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1279497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TypeofthePaper12.19.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8429497/v1_covered_f01b388c-273f-41da-97bf-815ffa191c0f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A novel horizontal telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester with double-drum design via kinematic analysis, response surface optimization and field validation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"pepper picking, telescopic elastic teeth, picking rate, response surface analysis test, field trial","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA high breakage rate of chili peppers and poor removal of bottom fruits are common problems for current mechanical harvesters. To address these limitations, we designed a self-propelled telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester that employs horizontally extending telescopic teeth to reduce the picking angle between the harvesting unit and the ground, thereby improving the net harvesting rate of peppers. The structure and contact mode of the teeth were analyzed, and the feasible range of spindle speed and the key factors affecting picking quality were preliminarily determined through kinematic and contact mechanics analysis. A three-factor, three-level Box\u0026ndash;Behnken response surface experiment was conducted using operating speed, spindle speed and telescopic elastic-tooth angle as factors, and picking rate and damage rate as evaluation indices. A quadratic regression model was established and used to optimize the operating parameters with Design-Expert. The optimal combination was a forward speed of 58 m\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1;, spindle speed of 201 r\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1; and telescopic elastic-tooth angle of 4\u0026deg;, under which the model predicted a picking rate of 94.0% and a breakage rate of 4.5%. A field verification test at 60 m\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1; forward speed, 200 r\u0026middot;min⁻\u0026sup1; spindle speed and 4\u0026deg; telescopic elastic-tooth angle yielded a picking rate of 90.2% and a damage rate of 6.6%, with relative errors below 5%. These results demonstrate that the proposed telescopic elastic-tooth harvesting unit can effectively improve pepper harvesting performance while maintaining a low fruit damage rate.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A novel horizontal telescopic elastic-tooth pepper harvester with double-drum design via kinematic analysis, response surface optimization and field validation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-09 06:16:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8429497/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-19T12:22:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T05:37:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-18T18:07:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182903529302767871270665348253559122007","date":"2026-01-10T07:57:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"259360636225343174488822728090271718374","date":"2026-01-07T16:15:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T15:01:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T13:46:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T10:45:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-05T01:33:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-01-05T01:26:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a281979f-257c-4165-82b2-8ee7c9c50724","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":60761201,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":60761203,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:06:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8429497","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49072-3","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-24 15:59:49","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-09 06:16:44","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-49072-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49072-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8429497","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8429497","identity":"rs-8429497","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}