A decade of European monitoring studies on fluopicolide sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans and performance of Infinito® against Potato Late Blight

A decade of European monitoring studies on fluopicolide sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans and performance of Infinito® against Potato Late Blight | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A decade of European monitoring studies on fluopicolide sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans and performance of Infinito® against Potato Late Blight Juergen Derpmann, Emilia Hilz, Albert Schirring, Andreas Mehl This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Potato Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Phytophthora infestans is a hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen that causes Late Blight disease in important Solanaceae crops worldwide, including potatoes. The pathogen can infect leaves, stems and tubers of potato plants, leading to substantial yield losses during cultivation and storage. To prevent local infections leading to widespread epidemics, oomyceticides are widely used. In 2006, fluopicolide, an inhibitor of the vacuolar H + -ATPase, was registered in Europe and introduced to the potato market together with propamocarb in the mixture product Infinito ® . In this study, fluopicolide sensitivity data for 460 P. infestans isolates was summarized for the years 2013 to 2023, originating from different countries in Northern-, Central- and Southern European. For fluopicolide, presence of field resistant strains has not been observed until now in European Late Blight monitoring programs. In addition, greenhouse efficacy trials with the mixture product Infinito ® were conducted testing the dominant sub-populations of P. infestans of the last decade: EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 and EU_46_A1. All experiments showed a high efficacy of Infinito ® (70–99%) comparable or better than the market standard fluazinam (Shirlan ® , 0–97%). In combination, these results highlight the reliable efficacy of fluopicolide based products to control P. infestans , independent of the European sub-population. In general, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito ® should not be used in more than two consecutive applications. Also, Infinito ® should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season. Late Blight disease resistance management plant protection product vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor greenhouse efficacy Introduction Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the causal agent of Late Blight disease, which affects potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) causing devastating annual losses under favorable conditions for the pathogen (Rotem et al. 1983 ). It was responsible for the so-called Irish Potato Famine of 1845–1852, a catastrophic epidemic which led to severe famine and migration (Bourke 1964 ; Donnely Jr 2002 ). The life cycle of the oomycete pathogen P. infestans is characterized by two modes of reproduction: asexual, via the production of sporangiospores, which can release water-mobile zoospores, and sexual, resulting in the formation of oospores. Under Central European conditions the asexual reproduction exerts a predominant influence on population development, thus leading to a more homogeneous population structure with few mainly clonal sub-populations, which can be followed by using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers as done in the EuroBlight project (Cooke and Lees 2004 ; Cooke et al. 2020 ; EuroBlight 2024 a). However, in Eastern and Northern Europe lower frequencies of those distinct sub-populations characterized by EuroBlight were identified, thus indicating a strong competition between the clonal sub-population and the genetic diversity created by sexual crossing under those climatic conditions (Brurberg et al. 2011 ; Puidet et al. 2022 ). This competitive dual reproductive strategy enables P. infestans to adapt rapidly in response to stresses such as changing environmental conditions and integrated disease management strategies, including the use of tolerant potato varieties and oomyceticides. Thus, emergence of P. infestans strains both breaking variety tolerances (Fry 2008 ) and being resistant to oomyceticides (Randall et al. 2014 ; Abuley et al. 2023 ) have been reported. Emergence of resistance to different oomyceticides, e.g. to metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, classified according to the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) as Group 4) have been reported in field strains of P. infestans in the past, of which most strains were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2 and became widespread in Europe in late 1990s and early 2000s (Randall et al. 2014 ; Schepers et al. 2018 ; EuroBlight 2024 a). More recently, a reduced sensitivity to fluazinam (FRAC Group 29) was reported mainly in the EU_37_A2 sub-population, which gained significant percentages in some countries in the 2010s (Li et al. 2012 ; Cooke et al. 2012 ; Schepers et al. 2018 ; EuroBlight 2024 a). Since season 2019, resistance to carboxylic acid amide oomyceticides (CAAs, FRAC Group 40) like benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph and mandipropamid (e.g. in Revus ® ) have been demonstrated for the first time in Denmark (Abuley et al. 2023 ). Until now, all CAA-resistant phenotype were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_43_A1 (Abuley et al. 2023 ; FRAC 2023a; Kaur et al. 2024 ). After Denmark, such strains were reported from Sweden and Norway and continued to spread until end of 2023 to Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain and Ireland (FRAC 2023a, 2024a; EuroBlight 2024 a; Kaur et al. 2024 ; Derpmann et al. submitted). In season 2022, one report of P. infestans field strains with high resistance factors to oxathiapiprolin (e.g. in Zorvec active™ products), which belongs to the relatively new group of oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPIs, FRAC Group 49), have been reported from one potato field in the Netherlands (FRAC 2023b). For this sample the target site mutation G770V was identified in the osbp -gene (Mamadou Mboup, personal communication). Such strains were surprisingly able to spread within one growing season to all important potato growing regions within the Netherlands and continued to further spread to neighboring countries like Belgium and North-Western Germany by end of 2023 season. Following mutations in the osbp -gen were reported and lead all to a disruptive resistance to OSBPIs in Europe: G770V, N837I/F/L or the mutation combination of G770V + N837F (Mboup et al. 2022 ; FRAC 2024b; Derpmann et al. submitted). AgrEvo UK Ltd discovered fluopicolide in the late 1990s and in 2006 the first fluopicolide containing product was launched by Bayer CropScience A.G. in Europe. Fluopicolide affects different development stages of the life cycle of oomycetes and has a high fungicidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of oomycetes, including P. infestans and Plasmopara viticola as well as Pythium species (Jeschke et al. 2019 ). Peyrard et al. 2024 demonstrated recently that fluopicolide inhibits the vacuolar H + -ATPase enzyme (V-ATPase) with a high selectively towards oomycetes. Therefore, FRAC re-classified the mode of action for fluopicolide within FRAC Group 43 from delocalization of spectrin-like proteins (Toquin et al. 2006 ) to the inhibition of V-ATPase, translocating protons from cytosol to intracellular compartments or extracellular space within the target site group of respiration, ATP generation and hydrolysis inhibitors (FRAC, in press). In parallel, these findings were confirmed by Dai et al. ( 2024 ). European potato growers have access to fluopicolide through the ready mixture product Infinito ® containing 625 g/l propamocarb HCL and 62.5 g/l fluopicolide. This mixture shows unique fungicidal properties to effectively control Phytophthora infestans due to the combination of both active substances. Fluopicolide ensures sporicidal and translaminar activity and reduces the growth of mycelium and production of new sporangia (anti-sporulant activity). Together with the systemic and translaminar fungicide propamocarb HCL that affects membrane composition and stability, a reliable and consistent efficacy is achieved to control blight infections on both stems and leaves, providing protection of new growth and simultaneously excellent protection of tubers against tuber blight (Latorse et al. 2007 , 2010 ; Bardsley et al. 2009 ; Wanningen et al. 2014 ). The high performance of Infinito ® to control late blight is reflected in its high fungicide ratings in the fungicide table of the Euroblight group (EuroBlight 2024 ). Since its introduction to the market, Infinito ® has been a key pillar to effectively control P. infestans in Europe. The ready mixture of two different modes of action, propamocarb HCL (FRAC Group 28) and fluopicolide (FRAC Group 43), have ensured a build-in and proactive resistance management strategy along with a restriction of the number of applications in the growth cycle of potatoes. The aim of this study was to conduct experiments on the following aspects: In vivo fluopicolide sensitivity testing for isolates generated from samples originating from Northern-, Central- and Southern European countries from 2013 to 2023. Greenhouse trials determining control the efficacy of mixture product Infinito® against isolates belonging to the dominant European sub-populations of P. infestans of the last decades. Materials and Methods Sampling and generation of Phytophthora infestans isolates Samples of infected potato leaves from farmers’ fields or field trial stations were collected in potato growing season 2013 to 2023 from various European countries (Table 1 ). Samples were sent for investigation to the company EpiLogic GmbH (Germany). To obtain representative samples, lesions from at least twenty leaves were cut out and placed in a humid box containing a filter paper soaked with sterile deionized water. Then the pieces were wetted with sterile deionized water using an atomizer. The box was closed and incubated for 24 hours up to three days in a climatic chamber (16°C, 16 hours of light, 80% relative humidity), depending on time until first sporulation. As soon as fresh sporulation was visible on the surface, sporangiophores were transferred by streaking on pea agar containing antibiotics according to the method by FRAC (FRAC 2006 ). Subsequently, a single colony was transferred to pea agar devoid of antibiotics and incubated at 20°C in the dark. Further isolates of P. infestans were obtained for the greenhouse trials (Table 2 ). Those isolates had been characterized according to EuroBlight at the Hutton Institute (United Kingdom). The maintenance of those isolates was achieved through constant transfers, with an incubation period of a maximum of three weeks between each transfer. Prior to greenhouse testing, isolates were subjected to the potato passage procedure, as previously described, to ensure their viability. This step has been shown to mitigate the risk of the previously documented pathogenicity loss of P. infestans , which is linked to long-term storage on artificial medium (Jinks and Grindle 1963 ). Table 1 Number of infected potato field samples collected (s.) and isolates of P. infestans generated (i.) from different European countries from 2013 to 2023. If no samples were collected in a given year, then the respective cell is marked with a “-”. Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. s. i. Belgium - - 1 19 - - 11 16 3 10 - - 9 6 1 7 - - - - - - Croatia - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 10 - - - - - - - - Estonia 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - France 3 13 5 25 - - 10 30 - - 3 15 - - 1 4 5 12 2 15 1 2 Germany 2 7 6 36 5 35 2 12 5 35 2 7 8 31 9 36 3 11 8 45 Ireland - - - - - - - - - - 1 8 1 5 1 8 - - - - - - Italy 2 5 - - - - 2 8 - - 1 5 1 6 - - - - 2 11 2 6 Lithuania 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Netherlands 8 35 6 28 - - 16 43 12 46 6 34 5 33 7 27 7 20 1 5 3 17 Poland - - - - - - 1 3 1 5 - - - - - - 3 12 - - 3 15 Portugal - - - - - - 2 5 1 5 - - 1 6 - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - 1 8 - - 1 3 - - 2 10 - - United Kingdom - - 1 1 - - 2 6 - - 3 18 6 42 2 8 - - 1 3 1 5 Table 2 Isolate identification code (ID), EuroBlight-typing result generated at the Hutton Institute (UK), origin and year of generation of P. infestans isolates used in greenhouse trials (in brackets the assessment day after inoculation is given) as shown in Table 5 . Isolate-ID EuroBlight-typing result Country of origin Year Greenhouse trial ID (measured DAI) G02/xx Other Germany 1988 A (7), B (5), C(5), D (5), E (6), F (8) NL07041 EU_13_A2 The Netherlands 2007 A-2013 (7) NL11831 EU_33_A2 The Netherlands 2011 A-2013 (7) 17/3601 EU_36_A2 The Netherlands 2017 C-2018 (5) 17/3602 EU_36_A2 The Netherlands 2017 C-2018 (5) 17/3603 EU_36_A2 The Netherlands 2017 C-2018 (5) 17/3604 EU_36_A2 The Netherlands 2017 C-2018 (5) S156/17 EU_37_A2 The Netherlands 2014 B-2018 (5) S157/17 EU_37_A2 The Netherlands 2015 B-2018 (5) S158/17 EU_37_A2 The Netherlands 2016 B-2018 (5) S159/17 EU_37_A2 The Netherlands 2016 B-2018 (5) 20/4101 EU_41_A2 The Netherlands 2020 D-2020 (5) NL22006 EU_43_A1 The Netherlands 2022 E-2023 (6) NL22018 EU_43_A1 The Netherlands 2022 E-2023 (6) NL22026 EU_43_A1 The Netherlands 2022 E-2023 (6) NL22070 EU_43_A1 The Netherlands 2022 E-2023 (6) NL23043 EU_46_A1 The Netherlands 2023 F-2024 (7) NL23047 EU_46_A1 The Netherlands 2023 F-2024 (7) Bioassay experiments Bioassay experiments were conducted by EpiLogic GmbH (Freising, Germany). In short, whole plants were treated two days before inoculation. Two discriminatory doses of 30 and 100 mg/l fluopicolide were prepared using the market product Xavante ® , which is a suspension concentrate containing 480g fluopicolide per liter. Whole potato plants of the highly susceptible variety ‘Bintje’ were sprayed with the respective oomyceticide solution. Two days after application and just before inoculation, three younger leaves per treatment were placed in separate disposable 5 cm petri dishes containing water agar. Previously generated single colony isolates were spray inoculated onto the abaxial side of detached leaves. Petri dishes were incubated in a climatic chamber. Usually, five days after inoculation the pathogen growth was visually assessed by scoring of sporangia formation relative to the untreated control and expressed in percent. Besides to be tested field isolates, the sensitivity of reference isolates of EpiLogic GmbH was determined to serve as a control of the method. Growth of more than 30% at 30 mg/l as well as visible growth at 100 mg/l was evaluated as the tested isolate having disruptive resistance phenotype towards fluopicolide. Greenhouse experiments Potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum , var. Bintje) were cultivated until the growth stage of four fully expanded leaves, usually 3 weeks old potato plants, in a greenhouse at 18°C with a 16 h day and night cycle. Subsequently, plants were treated with commercial oomyceticides in their respective recommended dose rate as listed in Table 2 at a water rate of 400 l/ha in a calibrated spray cabin (Tectrion, Germany). After plants were completely dry, the incubation in the greenhouse was continued for one day. Isolates of P. infestans with distinct and EuroBlight-types were selected (Table 1 ). Additionally, a sensitive reference isolate was included in each experiment. Sporangiospore suspensions were generated for each isolate and adjusted to 10 4 sporangia per milliliter. Hatching of zoospores was induced by incubation for two to three hours at 6°C. Subsequently, plants were spray inoculated with P. infestans spore suspension until surface wetting. After drying, treated plants were incubated in a climatic chamber adjusted to 100% relative humidity with a daily light period of 18 hours at 18°C. Three replicate plants were used for each combination of isolate and treatment. Disease severity was scored visually as the percentage of leaf area affected and ranged from 0 to 100%. For each isolates the respective day of assessment is given in Table 2 . Table 3 Oomyceticide products used in a protective treatment of potato plants at 300 l/ha in a calibrated spray cabin one day prior to inoculation with P. infestans isolates. Product name Full product label rate Active ingredient(s) Infinito ® SC687.5 1.6 l/ha 62.5 g/l fluopicolide 625 g/l propamocarb-HCl Shirlan ® SC500 0.4 l/ha 500 g/l fluazinam Statistical analysis For greenhouse experiments, analyses for difference in disease severity by various treatments were done for separately for each isolate and experiment by performing one-factorial ANOVAs and a posteriori Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests (p ≤ 0.05). In case of complete destruction of all plants, post-hoc U-tests (p ≤ 0.05) were done to account for variance inhomogeneity. Efficacy expressed as percent ABBOTT as shown in the Table 5 was calculated for each treatment by taking mean disease severity of treatments and dividing it by that of the untreated control. Results Fluopicolide sensitivity of P. infestans from 2013 to 2023 In this study results are reported from monitoring studies conducted by Bayer AG from 2013 to 2023 for the active substance fluopicolide. Overall, 166 samples of infected potato leaf samples were collected from main potato growing areas in European countries (Table 1 ). From these samples, 460 isolates of P. infestans were generated and tested in detached potato leaves experiments conducted at the company EpiLogic GmbH in Germany (Table 1 ). Two discriminatory doses of fluopicolide were tested (30 ppm and 100 ppm) to identify fluopicolide-resistant isolates or show sensitivity of fluopicolide on the level of the reference isolates of EpiLogic GmbH. Most samples were collected from and isolates generated for the following European countries: Belgium (25 samples, 62 isolates), France (36, 103), Germany (47, 192), the Netherlands (62, 232) and the United Kingdom (14, 75). All isolates showed full sensitivity to fluopicolide (Table 4 ). Additionally, small scale monitoring studies were conducted in Croatia (2 samples, 10 isolates), Estonia (1, 1), Ireland (3, 21), Italy (10, 40), Lithuania (1, 2), Poland (5, 15), Portugal (4, 16) and Spain (3, 21). Also, for samples from these countries, all isolates tested showed full sensitivity to fluopicolide (Table 4 ). Table 4 Percentage of P. infestans isolates resistant to fluopicolide tested at two discriminatory doses (30ppm, 100ppm) in detached potato leaves experiments. Number of samples collected and P. infestans isolates generated from different European countries from 2013 to 2023 are given in Table 1 . In case no samples were collected in a given year, the respective cell is marked with a “-”. Country Percentage of fluopicolide-resistant isolates [%] 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Belgium - 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - - - Croatia - - - - - - 0 - - - - Estonia 0 - - - - - - - - - - France 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland - - - - - 0 0 0 - - - Italy 0 - - 0 - 0 0 - - 0 0 Lithuania 0 - - - - - - - - - - Netherlands 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poland - - - 0 0 - - - 0 - 0 Portugal - - - 0 0 - 0 - - - - Spain - - - - - 0 - 0 - 0 - United Kingdom - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 Greenhouse efficacy of Infinito ® and Shirlan ® against isolates of P. infestans The greenhouse experiments were conducted using selected isolates representing the dominant sub-populations of P. infestans of the last decade: EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 and EU_46_A1 as well as including always the same reference isolate not belonging to one of the large sub-populations, thus characterized by EuroBlight as “Other” (Table 2 ). The efficacy of a one-day protective application of either Infinito ® (active ingredients fluopicolide and propamocarb-HCl) or Shirlan ® (active ingredient fluazinam) at full dose rates (Table 3 ) was calculated for the separate trails and shown in Table 5 . In the first greenhouse trial (ID: A-2018) one isolate characterized by EuroBlight as EU_13_A2-type and one isolate characterized as EU_33_A2-type was effectively controlled by both Infinito ® (75%, and 95%) on a similar level to the reference isolate (93%). Since only one measurement day was available (7 days after inoculation), the more aggressive EU_13_A2-type strain showed a higher variability in disease severity resulting in average in a lower efficacy. In contrast, the reference product Shirlan ® showed a significantly higher disease severity resulting in an unsatisfactory control efficacy against the EU_13_A2-type and EU_33_A2-type isolates (0% and 37%) compared to that of the reference isolate (75%). In the next greenhouse trial (ID: B-2018), the three of four isolates characterized as EU_37_A2-type were not fully controlled by Shirlan ® (73% and 27–43%), which was for those three isolates significantly lower compared to that of the reference isolate (90%) assessed five days after inoculation. In this experiment, Infinito ® was able control the EU_37_A2-type isolates on the same level (87%-96%) as the reference isolate (98%). When testing the four EU_36_A2-type isolates (trial ID: C-2018), efficacy varied more compared to the reference strain. Control efficacy of Infinito ® varied from 70–92% compared to 98% control efficacy against the reference strain. An even larger variability in control efficacy was observed for Shirlan ® , which ranged from 47–77% for the four EU_36_A2-type isolates, compared to 85% control efficacy against the reference strain. In contrast, both Infinito ® and Shirlan ® showed a high efficacy in controlling the EU_41_A2-type isolate (99% and 97%), which was on the same level as the reference isolate (97% and 95%, trial ID: D-2020). In the next greenhouse trial (ID: E-2023), four isolates characterized as EU_43_A1-type were fully controlled by Shirlan ® (83%-97%) on the same level as the reference strain (97%). The same was observed for Infinito ® , which showed the same high control efficacy for EU_43_A1-type isolates (94%-98%) as for the reference strain (95%). Furthermore, the two isolates characterized as EU_46_A1-type were fully controlled by Infinito ® (92%, 98%) on the same level as the reference strain (97%). The control efficacy of Shirlan ® against EU_46_A1-type isolates was not tested in the last greenhouse trial (ID: F-2024) reported in this publication. Table 5 Average disease severity at and efficacy of three treatments in six greenhouse trials testing isolates of P. infestans from different EuroBlight-type sub-populations. Same letters indicate no significant difference (p = 0.05) between treatments for each isolate. n.t.: not tested. Trial-ID EuroBlight-type Isolate-ID Treatments (one day protective application) Untreated Control Infinito® SC 687.5 (1.6 l/ha) Shirlan® SC 500 (0.4 l/ha) Disease severity [%] Disease severity [%] Efficacy [%] Disease severity [%] Efficacy [%] A-2013 EU_13_A2 NL07041 100,0 (b) 25,0 (a) 75 100,0 (b) 0 A-2013 EU_33_A2 NL11831 100,0 (c) 5,0 (a) 95 63,3 (b) 37 A-2013 Other G02/xx 95,0 (c) 6,7 (a) 93 23,3 (b) 75 B-2018 EU_37_A2 S156/17 100,0 (c) 13,3 (a) 87 70,0 (b) 30 B-2018 EU_37_A2 S157/17 100,0 (c) 4,3 (a) 96 26,7 (b) 73 B-2018 EU_37_A2 S158/17 100,0 (c) 5,0 (a) 95 56,7 (b) 43 B-2018 EU_37_A2 S159/17 100,0 (c) 7,7 (a) 92 73,3 (b) 27 B-2018 Other G02/xx 96,7 (c) 2,0 (a) 98 10,0 (b) 90 C-2018 EU_36_A2 17/3601 100,0 (c) 10,3 (a) 90 43,3 (b) 57 C-2018 EU_36_A2 17/3602 100,0 (b) 30,0 (a) 70 53,3 (a) 47 C-2018 EU_36_A2 17/3603 100,0 (c) 8,3 (a) 92 23,3 (b) 77 C-2018 EU_36_A2 17/3604 100,0 (c) 13,3 (a) 87 50,0 (b) 50 C-2018 Other G02/xx-3 100,0 (c) 2,0 (a) 98 15,0 (b) 85 D-2020 EU_41_A2 20/4101 96,7 (b) 1,0 (a) 99 5,0 (a) 95 D-2020 Other G02/xx 100,0 (b) 2,7 (a) 97 5,0 (a) 95 E-2023 EU_43_A1 NL22006 100,0 (b) 3,3 (a) 97 5,0 (a) 95 E-2023 EU_43_A1 NL22018 100,0 (b) 6,7 (a) 93 8,3 (a) 92 E-2023 EU_43_A1 NL22026 56,7 (b) 1,7 (a) 97 1,7 (a) 97 E-2023 EU_43_A1 NL22070 96,7 (b) 1,7 (a) 98 16,7 (a) 83 E-2023 Other G02/xx 100,0 (b) 5,0 (a) 95 3,3 (a) 97 F-2024 EU_46_A1 NL23043 100,0 (b) 1,7 (a) 98 n.t. n.t. F-2024 EU_46_A1 NL23047 100,0 (b) 8,3 (a) 92 n.t. n.t. F-2024 Other G02/xx 60,0 (b) 1,7 (a) 97 n.t. n.t. Discussion Regular monitoring studies are advised by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) for active ingredients with modes of action classified as “moderate risk” or “high risk” used to control plant pathogens classified as “high risk” or “medium risk” for resistance development, e.g. Phytophthora infestans (FRAC 2019 ). To understand the sensitivity evolution of P. infestans towards fluopicolide or other oomyceticides, which are fungicides active against oomycete plant pathogen species, so-called baseline studies had to be conducted prior to first registration and use of fluopicolide in Europe. From 2001 to 2006, 278 isolates were generated and EC 50 values were generated in floating leaf disc assays (Latorse and Kuck 2006 ). The annual mean EC 50 values ranged from 2.7 to 4.8 µg/mL, with a maximum individual EC 50 value of 14.3 µg/mL for an isolate generated in 2003. In 2012, the laboratory conducting the leaf disc assays chanced and all subsequent P. infestans monitoring studies were carried out at EpiLogic GmbH (Germany) using two discriminatory doses (30 and 100 µg/mL) and validated by sensitive reference strains. In this publication, results of a decade of monitoring from 2013 to 2023 were presented. Overall, 166 samples of infected potato leaf samples were collected from main potato growing areas in European countries and 460 isolates of P. infestans were generated. Based on the two discriminatory doses, all European isolates were characterized as fluopicolide-sensitive (Table 4 ) due to the knowledge on the variability in EC 50 values detected in the baseline studies and later studies on the elucidation of the mode of action of fluopicolide by analyzing disruptive resistance phenotypes of fluopicolide (Latorse and Kuck 2006 ; Peyrard et al. 2024 ). Sensitivity to fluopicolide was shown for P. infestans populations originating mainly from Central European countries with a high potato production (Table 4 ) and thus contributing most to the number of samples and isolates (Table 1 ): the Netherlands (62, 232), Germany (47, 192), France (36, 103) and Belgium (25 samples, 62 isolates). Additionally, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland contributed significantly to the sampling (17, 96). Croatia, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal and Spain contributed each with limited monitoring studies, but overall enriching the numbers of samples and isolates (26, 105) thus giving even more confidence on the sensitivity to fluopicolide in European P. infestans populations. In combination with the baseline-data strong evidence is presented, that disruptive resistance phenotypes for fluopicolide were not detected in European populations of P. infestans from 2013 to 2023. The findings presented in this publication on fluopicolide monitoring data were consistent with reports by Lynott et al. ( 2024 ), who did not identify such disruptive phenotypes in UK. Interestingly, they reported measurement of differences in zoospore motility for fluopicolide in Minimum Effective Concentration (MIC) experiments, in which isolates generated in the UK and characterized by EuroBlight as EU_36_A2 showed 1.3 to 1.9 times the MIC value after two hours compared to EU_37_A2- and EU_6_A1-type isolates. In this comprehensive study, also slightly increased mean EC 50 values for fluopicolide of EU_36_A2-type isolates were observed compared to isolates from the other two EuroBlight-types (e.g. for 2022: 16.51, 11.79 and 4.07 ppm, respectively). The EC 50 values reported in this study were in line with the original baseline sensitivity data reported by Latorse and Kuck ( 2006 ). Therefore, the authors of the comprehensive study on UK isolates of P. infestans from 2019 to 2022 concluded that there is no evidence of shifting fluopicolide sensitivity neither for EU_36_A2-type isolates nor for other EuroBlight-type isolates (Lynott et al. 2024 ). In 2014, first isolates of Plasmopara viticola , the causal agent of Downy Mildew disease in grapevine, were detected in Italy showing a disruptive resistance phenotype towards fluopicolide, thus no sufficient control was observed at concentrations as high as 30 ppm of fluopicolide (FRAC 2022; Toffolatti et al. 2016 ). Since it is difficult to study an obligate biotrophic pathogen like P. viticola , studies, several approaches were conducted on elucidating the mode of action of fluopicolide using resistant isolates of P. viticola or Phytophthora species either from field monitoring studies or by artificial generation of resistant isolates in the laboratory by mutagenesis identifying the disruptive nature of mutation G759N or the respective homologous amino acid positions in the subunit “a” of the V-ATPase enzyme and confirmation by subsequent CRISPR-Cas approach also identifying other potential mutations (G767E, N771Y, N846S and K847R) with varying resistance factors for fluopicolide (Peyrard et al. 2024 ; Dai et al. 2024 ). Additionally, disruptive resistance phenotypes towards fluopicolide were reported in field isolates of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Phytophthora capsici and P. cactorum (Wang et al. 2014 ; Thomas et al. 2018 ; Wang and Ji 2021 ; Siegenthaler and Hansen 2021 ; Parada-Rojas and Quesada-Ocampo 2022 ; Ali et al. 2022 ; Kikway et al. 2023 ). P. infestans field isolates with sufficiently high resistance factors leading to a reduced performance of oomyceticide products have been previously reported in the past for metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, FRAC Group 4) in sub-population characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2-type (Li et al. 2012 ; Cooke et al. 2012 ; Schepers et al. 2018 ). Additionally, a reduced sensitivity towards fluazinam (FRAC Group 29) were reported in Europe in isolates characterized mainly as EU_37_A7-type, more rarely detected in EU_33_A2-type isolates (EuroBlight 2024 ; Randall et al. 2014 ; Schepers et al. 2018 ). Since 2019, resistance to carboxylic acid amide oomyceticides (CAAs, FRAC Group 40) like benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph and mandipropamid have been detected for the first time in Denmark (Abuley et al. 2023 ). Due to the recessive inheritance type previously reported for Plasmopara viticola (Gisi et al. 2007 ; Blum et al. 2010 ), different phenotypes of Phytophthora infestans were described in accordance to the percentage of mutation G1105S in the cesA3 gene in single isolates: theoretically 100% in case of two copies or 66% in case of three copies of the gene lead to disruptive resistance, whereas a percentage of theoretically 50% lead to in vitro low to moderate resistance factors (Derpmann et al. submitted). Most reports of isolates of P. infestans with either a disruptive CAA-resistance phenotype or a reduced sensitivity were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_43_A1- or EU_46_A1-type (Abuley et al. 2023 ; FRAC 2024a; Kaur et al. 2024 ; Derpmann et al. 2025). Additionally, in Northern European countries a sub-population characterized as EU_41_A2-type emerged and spread also to continental European countries. Isolates of this type did not carry any resistance to currently used oomyceticide products in potatoes, but are not fully inhibited at concentrations as high as 100 ppm of metalaxyl, which is currently not registered to control potato late blight in Europe (Cooke et al. 2024 ). Representative isolates of the forementioned EuroBlight-types dominating European P. infestans populations in the last decade were tested in greenhouse efficacy experiments and collectively reported in this publication. One to four isolates of each EuroBlight-type and a sensitive reference strain from 1988 were used to inoculate whole potato plants one day after treatment in a calibrated spray cabin simulating realistically a spray pattern driven by the pressure and water volume, e.g. of 300L/ha. This might explain more variable results compared to other researchers, since the amount of active ingredient is substantially higher in case plants or leaves are treated until runoff of the spray solution, e.g. by dipping of leaves. Lynott et al. 2024 observed for applications of fluopicolide at about 20% of the registered dose rate (100 ppm) full control of all isolates characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_36_A2-type. In the greenhouse experiments reported in this publication, one of four replicate plants inoculated with one of the four EU_36_A2-type isolates could not be fully protected by Infinito ® , the commercial product including fluopicolide and propamocarb. For this single plant it was recorded, that the infection spread within the 7 days after inoculation from leaf to stem, thus leading to a collapse of the young plant (BBCH 14), whereas all other 15 plants inoculated with EU_36_A2-type isolates were sufficiently protected. Subsequently, all four isolates were sent to EpiLogic GmbH to be tested with the bioassay method described before. No resistance to fluopicolide was detected (data not shown). Therefore, this outlier was attributed to a potential spray shadow leaving parts of the young plant unprotected in combination with higher infection efficiency (e.g. zoospore motility), aggressiveness and sporulation capacity of EU_36_A2-type isolates (Mizubuti and Fry 1998 ; Mariette et al. 2016 ). Therefore, this outlier serves as cautionary tale on the aggressiveness of isolates from this sub-population and less of an indicator for relevant field resistance. Similar factors contributing to the spread of _36_A2-type isolates were discussed by Lynott et al. ( 2024 ) concluding that there is no evidence of shifting fluopicolide sensitivity neither for EU_36_A2-type isolates nor for other EuroBlight-type isolates. Due to the knowledge on the possible occurrence of disruptive resistance phenotypes in European P. infestans populations, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito ® should not be used in more than two consecutive applications and should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season to avoid a too high selection pressure on P. infestans populations. This recommendation is made independent of the presence in a treated farmers field or reports of resistance strains in a given country, which highlights the proactive nature of these recommendations. Integrated disease management strategies, including consequent management of potato piles and debris, e.g. as done in the Netherlands, crop rotation of at least three years, inclusion of tolerant varieties with diverse stacking of R-gene patterns, as well as the use of decision support systems for good timing of full dose rates of oomyceticides in a robust resistance management strategy are essential to mitigate the impact of accumulation of resistances to oomyceticides as well as virulence to R-genes in tolerant varieties by P. infestans strains of current or future sub-populations characterized by EuroBlight, therefore minimizing potential yield losses in years with high disease pressure (Skelsey et al. 2010 ). However, in the future efficient modes of action (MoA) will be less and less available to European potato farmers. Either by resistance development of the pathogen P. infestans or by the impact on the availability of effective control methods by the Sustainable Use Regulation proposal by the EU's Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (von Tiedemann 2024 ). Due to regular occurrence of P. infestans epidemics in years with higher rainfall during the vegetation period, the pressure will increase on the remaining few MoAs. Currently, several European countries, under which Denmark, have less MoA are available for potato farmers. In case of Denmark, this has led to an over-reliance on an individual mode of action, namely the CAAs, resulting in the first report of disruptive mandipropamid-resistance in Denmark and quick spread to other European countries (Abuley et al. 2023 ; EuroBlight 2024 ). The incidence of mandipropamid-resistance was decreased significantly in Denmark by changing the advice to farmers. Prior to 2023, up to six applications of mandipropamid (product Revus ® ), partly as solo applications, were recommended. From the beginning of season 2023, the recommendation was drastically changed, e.g. for starch potato production, to a maximum of two applications of mandipropamid-containing products. Additionally, mandatory two- to three-way mixtures were advised for mandipropamid together with different modes of action at effective dose rates to control P. infestans (Lars Bødker, personal communication; Abuley et al. 2023 ). This quite recent outbreak of P. infestans due to evolution and selection of CAA-resistant isolates in the field in a country with limited control measures, highlights the need for each and every effective control tool available for European potato farmers to prevent epidemics of P. infestans endangering the potato production capability of European agriculture in general, and since potato is one of the most important crops in the diet of European citizens, the food security in Europe in particular. The full diversity of all currently available products as well as future tools, including potential future effective and eco-friendly products as well as permission to use new gene editing methods in breeding, are needed in the ‘arms race’ against the adaption of plant pathogens to the selection pressure exhibited by mankind’s’ innovations (Boller and He 2009 ). Thus, consequent resistance management including fluopicolide-based products will contribute to the prolongation of the lifespan of the existing as well as newly introduced tools to control P. infestans in potatoes in the future. Conclusions In past decades two relevant instances of resistance selection to oomyceticides of Phytophthora infestans were reported, gained significant frequencies and spread to multiple countries in Europe. Namely, either resistance to metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, FRAC Group 4) with moderate to high resistance factors or a reduced sensitivity to fluazinam (FRAC Group 29). Only recently, the emergence of disruptive resistance towards two further important modes of action of oomyceticides, namely CAAs (FRAC Group 40) and the newly introduced OSBPIs (FRAC Group 49), have been reported in separate incidences and since 2023 also in P. infestans isolates accumulating a double resistance to CAAs and OSBPIs. Moreover, a continuous evolution led to a spread of new aggressive and multi-virulent strains of P. infestans breaking several important R-genes in tolerant potato varieties resulting in new sub-populations of P. infestans in Europe, as described by EuroBlight. In this context, the compiled monitoring data from 2013 to 2023 showed the sensitivity of the European P. infestans population (166 samples, 460 isolates) towards fluopicolide, with no occurrence of disruptive resistance phenotypes. The results of those monitoring studies on Phytophthora infestans were complemented by greenhouse experiemnts showing a high control efficacy of the mixture product Infinito ® (fluopicolide and propamocarb) of isolates being characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 or EU_46_A1, which are the dominant sub-populations of P. infestans of the last decade (70–99% efficacy). In combination, these results explain the reliable efficacy of fluopicolide based products to control P. infestans , independent of the European sub-population to be controlled. Furthermore, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito ® should not be used in more than two consecutive applications and should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season to not overuse the product. However, in the future an even lower number of efficient modes of action will be available to European potato farmers for diverse and effective spray regimes. Either by resistance development of the pathogen P. infestans or by the impact on the availability of effective control methods by the Sustainable Use Regulation proposal by the European Union’s Directorate General for Health and Food Safety. Thus, more and more modes of action not being available to European farmers will lead to a higher pressure for the few remaining effective tools to control P. infestans , consequently endangering the potato production capability of European agriculture in general, and since potato is one of the most important crops in the diet of European citizens, the food security in Europe in particular. Integrated disease management strategies, including consequent crop sanitation and rotation, inclusion of tolerant varieties and use of disease forecast models for good timing of full dose rates of remaining oomyceticides in a robust resistance management strategy are essential to mitigate the impact of resistance and minimize yield losses. The full diversity of all currently available products as well as future tools, including potential future effective products as well as gene editing methods in breeding, are needed in the ‘arms race’ against the adaption of plant pathogens to the selection pressure exhibited by mankind’s’ innovations. Thus, consequent resistance management including fluopicolide-based products will contribute to the prolongation of the lifespan of the existing as well as newly introduced tools to control P. infestans in potatoes in the future. Declarations Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conceptualization: JD & AM; Methodology: JD & EH; Formal analysis and investigation: JD & EH; Writing - original draft preparation: JD & EH; Writing - review and editing: JD, AS & AM; Funding acquisition: JD & AS & AM; Resources: JD & AS & AM; Supervision: JD & AM. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank EpiLogic GmbH for conducting the bioassay, Geert Kessel and Trudy van den Bosch from Wageningen University for providing Dutch P. infestans isolates, David Cooke from the Hutton Institute for conducting the EuroBlight-typing for those isolates used in the greenhouse trias. Additionally, the authors would like to thank Jan Boehm from Bayer AG for the valuable inputs in a critical time period. Funding This research received no further funding. Competing interests All authors are employees of Bayer AG. Data Availability Data can be provided upon request. 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Appl Environ Microbiol 89:e00605-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00605-23 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Potato Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 28 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6116260","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":432047487,"identity":"81b1f3c0-95d3-4952-8c8f-7daaeb9f0d60","order_by":0,"name":"Juergen Derpmann","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5279-9360","institution":"Bayer AG","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juergen","middleName":"","lastName":"Derpmann","suffix":""},{"id":432047488,"identity":"2a0e45f0-840c-4d89-9ec6-959a9338958e","order_by":1,"name":"Emilia Hilz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayer AG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emilia","middleName":"","lastName":"Hilz","suffix":""},{"id":432047489,"identity":"5b5e71eb-5758-4aae-9f92-8aa16e5742f7","order_by":2,"name":"Albert Schirring","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayer AG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Albert","middleName":"","lastName":"Schirring","suffix":""},{"id":432047490,"identity":"48aa33ef-74ea-4320-8d3f-8b2e8e8abd8e","order_by":3,"name":"Andreas Mehl","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayer AG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andreas","middleName":"","lastName":"Mehl","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-26 22:48:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-026-10053-8","type":"published","date":"2026-04-16T15:57:38+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107350786,"identity":"17ef4c9a-2c43-435a-abb7-44c8a2fea480","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-20 16:04:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1133237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6116260/v1/693c20a0-cb13-4371-b600-8e44649cfa47.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A decade of European monitoring studies on fluopicolide sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans and performance of Infinito® against Potato Late Blight","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e (Mont.) de Bary is the causal agent of Late Blight disease, which affects potato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e L.) and tomato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) causing devastating annual losses under favorable conditions for the pathogen (Rotem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). It was responsible for the so-called Irish Potato Famine of 1845\u0026ndash;1852, a catastrophic epidemic which led to severe famine and migration (Bourke \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Donnely Jr \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The life cycle of the oomycete pathogen \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e is characterized by two modes of reproduction: asexual, via the production of sporangiospores, which can release water-mobile zoospores, and sexual, resulting in the formation of oospores. Under Central European conditions the asexual reproduction exerts a predominant influence on population development, thus leading to a more homogeneous population structure with few mainly clonal sub-populations, which can be followed by using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers as done in the EuroBlight project (Cooke and Lees \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Cooke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003ea). However, in Eastern and Northern Europe lower frequencies of those distinct sub-populations characterized by EuroBlight were identified, thus indicating a strong competition between the clonal sub-population and the genetic diversity created by sexual crossing under those climatic conditions (Brurberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Puidet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This competitive dual reproductive strategy enables \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e to adapt rapidly in response to stresses such as changing environmental conditions and integrated disease management strategies, including the use of tolerant potato varieties and oomyceticides. Thus, emergence of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e strains both breaking variety tolerances (Fry \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and being resistant to oomyceticides (Randall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) have been reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergence of resistance to different oomyceticides, e.g. to metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, classified according to the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) as Group 4) have been reported in field strains of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e in the past, of which most strains were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2 and became widespread in Europe in late 1990s and early 2000s (Randall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Schepers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003ea). More recently, a reduced sensitivity to fluazinam (FRAC Group 29) was reported mainly in the EU_37_A2 sub-population, which gained significant percentages in some countries in the 2010s (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Cooke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Schepers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003ea). Since season 2019, resistance to carboxylic acid amide oomyceticides (CAAs, FRAC Group 40) like benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph and mandipropamid (e.g. in Revus\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e) have been demonstrated for the first time in Denmark (Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Until now, all CAA-resistant phenotype were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_43_A1 (Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; FRAC 2023a; Kaur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). After Denmark, such strains were reported from Sweden and Norway and continued to spread until end of 2023 to Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain and Ireland (FRAC 2023a, 2024a; EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003ea; Kaur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Derpmann et al. submitted). In season 2022, one report of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e field strains with high resistance factors to oxathiapiprolin (e.g. in Zorvec active\u0026trade; products), which belongs to the relatively new group of oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPIs, FRAC Group 49), have been reported from one potato field in the Netherlands (FRAC 2023b). For this sample the target site mutation G770V was identified in the \u003cem\u003eosbp\u003c/em\u003e-gene (Mamadou Mboup, personal communication). Such strains were surprisingly able to spread within one growing season to all important potato growing regions within the Netherlands and continued to further spread to neighboring countries like Belgium and North-Western Germany by end of 2023 season. Following mutations in the \u003cem\u003eosbp\u003c/em\u003e-gen were reported and lead all to a disruptive resistance to OSBPIs in Europe: G770V, N837I/F/L or the mutation combination of G770V\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;N837F (Mboup et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; FRAC 2024b; Derpmann et al. submitted).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgrEvo UK Ltd discovered fluopicolide in the late 1990s and in 2006 the first fluopicolide containing product was launched by Bayer CropScience A.G. in Europe. Fluopicolide affects different development stages of the life cycle of oomycetes and has a high fungicidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of oomycetes, including \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePlasmopara viticola\u003c/em\u003e as well as \u003cem\u003ePythium\u003c/em\u003e species (Jeschke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Peyrard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e demonstrated recently that fluopicolide inhibits the vacuolar H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-ATPase enzyme (V-ATPase) with a high selectively towards oomycetes. Therefore, FRAC re-classified the mode of action for fluopicolide within FRAC Group 43 from delocalization of spectrin-like proteins (Toquin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) to the inhibition of V-ATPase, translocating protons from cytosol to intracellular compartments or extracellular space within the target site group of respiration, ATP generation and hydrolysis inhibitors (FRAC, in press). In parallel, these findings were confirmed by Dai et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). European potato growers have access to fluopicolide through the ready mixture product Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e containing 625 g/l propamocarb HCL and 62.5 g/l fluopicolide. This mixture shows unique fungicidal properties to effectively control \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e due to the combination of both active substances. Fluopicolide ensures sporicidal and translaminar activity and reduces the growth of mycelium and production of new sporangia (anti-sporulant activity). Together with the systemic and translaminar fungicide propamocarb HCL that affects membrane composition and stability, a reliable and consistent efficacy is achieved to control blight infections on both stems and leaves, providing protection of new growth and simultaneously excellent protection of tubers against tuber blight (Latorse et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Bardsley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Wanningen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The high performance of Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e to control late blight is reflected in its high fungicide ratings in the fungicide table of the Euroblight group (EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Since its introduction to the market, Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e has been a key pillar to effectively control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e in Europe. The ready mixture of two different modes of action, propamocarb HCL (FRAC Group 28) and fluopicolide (FRAC Group 43), have ensured a build-in and proactive resistance management strategy along with a restriction of the number of applications in the growth cycle of potatoes. The aim of this study was to conduct experiments on the following aspects:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eIn vivo\u003c/em\u003e fluopicolide sensitivity testing for isolates generated from samples originating from Northern-, Central- and Southern European countries from 2013 to 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse trials determining control the efficacy of mixture product Infinito\u0026reg; against isolates belonging to the dominant European sub-populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e of the last decades.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSampling and generation of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolates\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples of infected potato leaves from farmers\u0026rsquo; fields or field trial stations were collected in potato growing season 2013 to 2023 from various European countries (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Samples were sent for investigation to the company EpiLogic GmbH (Germany). To obtain representative samples, lesions from at least twenty leaves were cut out and placed in a humid box containing a filter paper soaked with sterile deionized water. Then the pieces were wetted with sterile deionized water using an atomizer. The box was closed and incubated for 24 hours up to three days in a climatic chamber (16\u0026deg;C, 16 hours of light, 80% relative humidity), depending on time until first sporulation. As soon as fresh sporulation was visible on the surface, sporangiophores were transferred by streaking on pea agar containing antibiotics according to the method by FRAC (FRAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, a single colony was transferred to pea agar devoid of antibiotics and incubated at 20\u0026deg;C in the dark. Further isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e were obtained for the greenhouse trials (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Those isolates had been characterized according to EuroBlight at the Hutton Institute (United Kingdom). The maintenance of those isolates was achieved through constant transfers, with an incubation period of a maximum of three weeks between each transfer. Prior to greenhouse testing, isolates were subjected to the potato passage procedure, as previously described, to ensure their viability. This step has been shown to mitigate the risk of the previously documented pathogenicity loss of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e, which is linked to long-term storage on artificial medium (Jinks and Grindle \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of infected potato field samples collected (s.) and isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e generated (i.) from different European countries from 2013 to 2023. If no samples were collected in a given year, then the respective cell is marked with a \u0026ldquo;-\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"23\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" 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\u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBelgium\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroatia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEstonia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGermany\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIreland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eItaly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLithuania\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetherlands\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePortugal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate identification code (ID), EuroBlight-typing result generated at the Hutton Institute (UK), origin and year of generation of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates used in greenhouse trials (in brackets the assessment day after inoculation is given) as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate-ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuroBlight-typing result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry of origin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse trial ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(measured DAI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA (7), B (5), C(5), \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (5), E (6), F (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL07041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_13_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2013 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL11831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_33_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2013 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS156/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS157/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS158/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS159/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20/4101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_41_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-2020 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL23043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_46_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-2024 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL23047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_46_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-2024 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBioassay experiments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioassay experiments were conducted by EpiLogic GmbH (Freising, Germany). In short, whole plants were treated two days before inoculation. Two discriminatory doses of 30 and 100 mg/l fluopicolide were prepared using the market product Xavante\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, which is a suspension concentrate containing 480g fluopicolide per liter. Whole potato plants of the highly susceptible variety \u0026lsquo;Bintje\u0026rsquo; were sprayed with the respective oomyceticide solution. Two days after application and just before inoculation, three younger leaves per treatment were placed in separate disposable 5 cm petri dishes containing water agar. Previously generated single colony isolates were spray inoculated onto the abaxial side of detached leaves. Petri dishes were incubated in a climatic chamber. Usually, five days after inoculation the pathogen growth was visually assessed by scoring of sporangia formation relative to the untreated control and expressed in percent. Besides to be tested field isolates, the sensitivity of reference isolates of EpiLogic GmbH was determined to serve as a control of the method. Growth of more than 30% at 30 mg/l as well as visible growth at 100 mg/l was evaluated as the tested isolate having disruptive resistance phenotype towards fluopicolide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGreenhouse experiments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePotato plants (\u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e, var. Bintje) were cultivated until the growth stage of four fully expanded leaves, usually 3 weeks old potato plants, in a greenhouse at 18\u0026deg;C with a 16 h day and night cycle. Subsequently, plants were treated with commercial oomyceticides in their respective recommended dose rate as listed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e at a water rate of 400 l/ha in a calibrated spray cabin (Tectrion, Germany). After plants were completely dry, the incubation in the greenhouse was continued for one day. Isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e with distinct and EuroBlight-types were selected (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a sensitive reference isolate was included in each experiment. Sporangiospore suspensions were generated for each isolate and adjusted to 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e sporangia per milliliter. Hatching of zoospores was induced by incubation for two to three hours at 6\u0026deg;C. Subsequently, plants were spray inoculated with \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e spore suspension until surface wetting. After drying, treated plants were incubated in a climatic chamber adjusted to 100% relative humidity with a daily light period of 18 hours at 18\u0026deg;C. Three replicate plants were used for each combination of isolate and treatment. Disease severity was scored visually as the percentage of leaf area affected and ranged from 0 to 100%. For each isolates the respective day of assessment is given in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOomyceticide products used in a protective treatment of potato plants at 300 l/ha in a calibrated spray cabin one day prior to inoculation with \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduct name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull product label rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive ingredient(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e SC687.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 l/ha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5 g/l fluopicolide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e625 g/l propamocarb-HCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e SC500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 l/ha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 g/l fluazinam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor greenhouse experiments, analyses for difference in disease severity by various treatments were done for separately for each isolate and experiment by performing one-factorial ANOVAs and a posteriori Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In case of complete destruction of all plants, post-hoc U-tests (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were done to account for variance inhomogeneity. Efficacy expressed as percent ABBOTT as shown in the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e was calculated for each treatment by taking mean disease severity of treatments and dividing it by that of the untreated control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFluopicolide sensitivity of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. infestans\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003efrom 2013 to 2023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study results are reported from monitoring studies conducted by Bayer AG from 2013 to 2023 for the active substance fluopicolide. Overall, 166 samples of infected potato leaf samples were collected from main potato growing areas in European countries (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). From these samples, 460 isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e were generated and tested in detached potato leaves experiments conducted at the company EpiLogic GmbH in Germany (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Two discriminatory doses of fluopicolide were tested (30 ppm and 100 ppm) to identify fluopicolide-resistant isolates or show sensitivity of fluopicolide on the level of the reference isolates of EpiLogic GmbH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost samples were collected from and isolates generated for the following European countries: Belgium (25 samples, 62 isolates), France (36, 103), Germany (47, 192), the Netherlands (62, 232) and the United Kingdom (14, 75). All isolates showed full sensitivity to fluopicolide (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, small scale monitoring studies were conducted in Croatia (2 samples, 10 isolates), Estonia (1, 1), Ireland (3, 21), Italy (10, 40), Lithuania (1, 2), Poland (5, 15), Portugal (4, 16) and Spain (3, 21). Also, for samples from these countries, all isolates tested showed full sensitivity to fluopicolide (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates resistant to fluopicolide tested at two discriminatory doses (30ppm, 100ppm) in detached potato leaves experiments. Number of samples collected and \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates generated from different European countries from 2013 to 2023 are given in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. In case no samples were collected in a given year, the respective cell is marked with a \u0026ldquo;-\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage of fluopicolide-resistant isolates [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBelgium\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCroatia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEstonia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGermany\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIreland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eItaly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLithuania\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetherlands\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePortugal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpain\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGreenhouse efficacy of Infinito\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eand Shirlan\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eagainst isolates of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. infestans\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe greenhouse experiments were conducted using selected isolates representing the dominant sub-populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e of the last decade: EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 and EU_46_A1 as well as including always the same reference isolate not belonging to one of the large sub-populations, thus characterized by EuroBlight as \u0026ldquo;Other\u0026rdquo; (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The efficacy of a one-day protective application of either Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (active ingredients fluopicolide and propamocarb-HCl) or Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (active ingredient fluazinam) at full dose rates (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) was calculated for the separate trails and shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first greenhouse trial (ID: A-2018) one isolate characterized by EuroBlight as EU_13_A2-type and one isolate characterized as EU_33_A2-type was effectively controlled by both Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (75%, and 95%) on a similar level to the reference isolate (93%). Since only one measurement day was available (7 days after inoculation), the more aggressive EU_13_A2-type strain showed a higher variability in disease severity resulting in average in a lower efficacy. In contrast, the reference product Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e showed a significantly higher disease severity resulting in an unsatisfactory control efficacy against the EU_13_A2-type and EU_33_A2-type isolates (0% and 37%) compared to that of the reference isolate (75%). In the next greenhouse trial (ID: B-2018), the three of four isolates characterized as EU_37_A2-type were not fully controlled by Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (73% and 27\u0026ndash;43%), which was for those three isolates significantly lower compared to that of the reference isolate (90%) assessed five days after inoculation. In this experiment, Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e was able control the EU_37_A2-type isolates on the same level (87%-96%) as the reference isolate (98%). When testing the four EU_36_A2-type isolates (trial ID: C-2018), efficacy varied more compared to the reference strain. Control efficacy of Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e varied from 70\u0026ndash;92% compared to 98% control efficacy against the reference strain. An even larger variability in control efficacy was observed for Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, which ranged from 47\u0026ndash;77% for the four EU_36_A2-type isolates, compared to 85% control efficacy against the reference strain. In contrast, both Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e and Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e showed a high efficacy in controlling the EU_41_A2-type isolate (99% and 97%), which was on the same level as the reference isolate (97% and 95%, trial ID: D-2020). In the next greenhouse trial (ID: E-2023), four isolates characterized as EU_43_A1-type were fully controlled by Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (83%-97%) on the same level as the reference strain (97%). The same was observed for Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, which showed the same high control efficacy for EU_43_A1-type isolates (94%-98%) as for the reference strain (95%). Furthermore, the two isolates characterized as EU_46_A1-type were fully controlled by Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (92%, 98%) on the same level as the reference strain (97%). The control efficacy of Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e against EU_46_A1-type isolates was not tested in the last greenhouse trial (ID: F-2024) reported in this publication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage disease severity at and efficacy of three treatments in six greenhouse trials testing isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e from different EuroBlight-type sub-populations. Same letters indicate no significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) between treatments for each isolate. n.t.: not tested.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrial-ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuroBlight-type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate-ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments (one day protective application)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated Control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfinito\u0026reg; SC 687.5 (1.6 l/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShirlan\u0026reg; SC 500 (0.4 l/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease severity [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease severity [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfficacy [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease severity [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfficacy [%]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_13_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL07041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_33_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL11831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS156/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS157/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS158/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_37_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS159/17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_36_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/3604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_41_A2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20/4101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_43_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL22070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_46_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL23043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEU_46_A1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL23047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG02/xx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.t.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegular monitoring studies are advised by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) for active ingredients with modes of action classified as \u0026ldquo;moderate risk\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;high risk\u0026rdquo; used to control plant pathogens classified as \u0026ldquo;high risk\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;medium risk\u0026rdquo; for resistance development, e.g. \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e (FRAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). To understand the sensitivity evolution of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e towards fluopicolide or other oomyceticides, which are fungicides active against oomycete plant pathogen species, so-called baseline studies had to be conducted prior to first registration and use of fluopicolide in Europe. From 2001 to 2006, 278 isolates were generated and EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were generated in floating leaf disc assays (Latorse and Kuck \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The annual mean EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values ranged from 2.7 to 4.8 \u0026micro;g/mL, with a maximum individual EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 14.3 \u0026micro;g/mL for an isolate generated in 2003. In 2012, the laboratory conducting the leaf disc assays chanced and all subsequent \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e monitoring studies were carried out at EpiLogic GmbH (Germany) using two discriminatory doses (30 and 100 \u0026micro;g/mL) and validated by sensitive reference strains. In this publication, results of a decade of monitoring from 2013 to 2023 were presented. Overall, 166 samples of infected potato leaf samples were collected from main potato growing areas in European countries and 460 isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e were generated. Based on the two discriminatory doses, all European isolates were characterized as fluopicolide-sensitive (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) due to the knowledge on the variability in EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values detected in the baseline studies and later studies on the elucidation of the mode of action of fluopicolide by analyzing disruptive resistance phenotypes of fluopicolide (Latorse and Kuck \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Peyrard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Sensitivity to fluopicolide was shown for \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e populations originating mainly from Central European countries with a high potato production (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and thus contributing most to the number of samples and isolates (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e): the Netherlands (62, 232), Germany (47, 192), France (36, 103) and Belgium (25 samples, 62 isolates). Additionally, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland contributed significantly to the sampling (17, 96). Croatia, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal and Spain contributed each with limited monitoring studies, but overall enriching the numbers of samples and isolates (26, 105) thus giving even more confidence on the sensitivity to fluopicolide in European \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e populations. In combination with the baseline-data strong evidence is presented, that disruptive resistance phenotypes for fluopicolide were not detected in European populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e from 2013 to 2023. The findings presented in this publication on fluopicolide monitoring data were consistent with reports by Lynott et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), who did not identify such disruptive phenotypes in UK. Interestingly, they reported measurement of differences in zoospore motility for fluopicolide in Minimum Effective Concentration (MIC) experiments, in which isolates generated in the UK and characterized by EuroBlight as EU_36_A2 showed 1.3 to 1.9 times the MIC value after two hours compared to EU_37_A2- and EU_6_A1-type isolates. In this comprehensive study, also slightly increased mean EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values for fluopicolide of EU_36_A2-type isolates were observed compared to isolates from the other two EuroBlight-types (e.g. for 2022: 16.51, 11.79 and 4.07 ppm, respectively). The EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values reported in this study were in line with the original baseline sensitivity data reported by Latorse and Kuck (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the authors of the comprehensive study on UK isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e from 2019 to 2022 concluded that there is no evidence of shifting fluopicolide sensitivity neither for EU_36_A2-type isolates nor for other EuroBlight-type isolates (Lynott et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2014, first isolates of \u003cem\u003ePlasmopara viticola\u003c/em\u003e, the causal agent of Downy Mildew disease in grapevine, were detected in Italy showing a disruptive resistance phenotype towards fluopicolide, thus no sufficient control was observed at concentrations as high as 30 ppm of fluopicolide (FRAC 2022; Toffolatti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Since it is difficult to study an obligate biotrophic pathogen like \u003cem\u003eP. viticola\u003c/em\u003e, studies, several approaches were conducted on elucidating the mode of action of fluopicolide using resistant isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. viticola\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e species either from field monitoring studies or by artificial generation of resistant isolates in the laboratory by mutagenesis identifying the disruptive nature of mutation G759N or the respective homologous amino acid positions in the subunit \u0026ldquo;a\u0026rdquo; of the V-ATPase enzyme and confirmation by subsequent CRISPR-Cas approach also identifying other potential mutations (G767E, N771Y, N846S and K847R) with varying resistance factors for fluopicolide (Peyrard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Dai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, disruptive resistance phenotypes towards fluopicolide were reported in field isolates of \u003cem\u003ePseudoperonospora cubensis, Phytophthora capsici\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. cactorum\u003c/em\u003e (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Thomas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Wang and Ji \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Siegenthaler and Hansen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Parada-Rojas and Quesada-Ocampo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kikway et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e field isolates with sufficiently high resistance factors leading to a reduced performance of oomyceticide products have been previously reported in the past for metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, FRAC Group 4) in sub-population characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2-type (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Cooke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Schepers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a reduced sensitivity towards fluazinam (FRAC Group 29) were reported in Europe in isolates characterized mainly as EU_37_A7-type, more rarely detected in EU_33_A2-type isolates (EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Randall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Schepers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Since 2019, resistance to carboxylic acid amide oomyceticides (CAAs, FRAC Group 40) like benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph and mandipropamid have been detected for the first time in Denmark (Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the recessive inheritance type previously reported for \u003cem\u003ePlasmopara viticola\u003c/em\u003e (Gisi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Blum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), different phenotypes of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e were described in accordance to the percentage of mutation G1105S in the \u003cem\u003ecesA3\u003c/em\u003e gene in single isolates: theoretically 100% in case of two copies or 66% in case of three copies of the gene lead to disruptive resistance, whereas a percentage of theoretically 50% lead to \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e low to moderate resistance factors (Derpmann et al. submitted). Most reports of isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e with either a disruptive CAA-resistance phenotype or a reduced sensitivity were characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_43_A1- or EU_46_A1-type (Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; FRAC 2024a; Kaur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Derpmann et al. 2025). Additionally, in Northern European countries a sub-population characterized as EU_41_A2-type emerged and spread also to continental European countries. Isolates of this type did not carry any resistance to currently used oomyceticide products in potatoes, but are not fully inhibited at concentrations as high as 100 ppm of metalaxyl, which is currently not registered to control potato late blight in Europe (Cooke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentative isolates of the forementioned EuroBlight-types dominating European \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e populations in the last decade were tested in greenhouse efficacy experiments and collectively reported in this publication. One to four isolates of each EuroBlight-type and a sensitive reference strain from 1988 were used to inoculate whole potato plants one day after treatment in a calibrated spray cabin simulating realistically a spray pattern driven by the pressure and water volume, e.g. of 300L/ha. This might explain more variable results compared to other researchers, since the amount of active ingredient is substantially higher in case plants or leaves are treated until runoff of the spray solution, e.g. by dipping of leaves. Lynott et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e observed for applications of fluopicolide at about 20% of the registered dose rate (100 ppm) full control of all isolates characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_36_A2-type. In the greenhouse experiments reported in this publication, one of four replicate plants inoculated with one of the four EU_36_A2-type isolates could not be fully protected by Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, the commercial product including fluopicolide and propamocarb. For this single plant it was recorded, that the infection spread within the 7 days after inoculation from leaf to stem, thus leading to a collapse of the young plant (BBCH 14), whereas all other 15 plants inoculated with EU_36_A2-type isolates were sufficiently protected. Subsequently, all four isolates were sent to EpiLogic GmbH to be tested with the bioassay method described before. No resistance to fluopicolide was detected (data not shown). Therefore, this outlier was attributed to a potential spray shadow leaving parts of the young plant unprotected in combination with higher infection efficiency (e.g. zoospore motility), aggressiveness and sporulation capacity of EU_36_A2-type isolates (Mizubuti and Fry \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Mariette et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, this outlier serves as cautionary tale on the aggressiveness of isolates from this sub-population and less of an indicator for relevant field resistance. Similar factors contributing to the spread of _36_A2-type isolates were discussed by Lynott et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) concluding that there is no evidence of shifting fluopicolide sensitivity neither for EU_36_A2-type isolates nor for other EuroBlight-type isolates. Due to the knowledge on the possible occurrence of disruptive resistance phenotypes in European \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e populations, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e should not be used in more than two consecutive applications and should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season to avoid a too high selection pressure on \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e populations. This recommendation is made independent of the presence in a treated farmers field or reports of resistance strains in a given country, which highlights the proactive nature of these recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated disease management strategies, including consequent management of potato piles and debris, e.g. as done in the Netherlands, crop rotation of at least three years, inclusion of tolerant varieties with diverse stacking of R-gene patterns, as well as the use of decision support systems for good timing of full dose rates of oomyceticides in a robust resistance management strategy are essential to mitigate the impact of accumulation of resistances to oomyceticides as well as virulence to R-genes in tolerant varieties by \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e strains of current or future sub-populations characterized by EuroBlight, therefore minimizing potential yield losses in years with high disease pressure (Skelsey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, in the future efficient modes of action (MoA) will be less and less available to European potato farmers. Either by resistance development of the pathogen \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e or by the impact on the availability of effective control methods by the Sustainable Use Regulation proposal by the EU's Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (von Tiedemann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Due to regular occurrence of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e epidemics in years with higher rainfall during the vegetation period, the pressure will increase on the remaining few MoAs. Currently, several European countries, under which Denmark, have less MoA are available for potato farmers. In case of Denmark, this has led to an over-reliance on an individual mode of action, namely the CAAs, resulting in the first report of disruptive mandipropamid-resistance in Denmark and quick spread to other European countries (Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; EuroBlight \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The incidence of mandipropamid-resistance was decreased significantly in Denmark by changing the advice to farmers. Prior to 2023, up to six applications of mandipropamid (product Revus\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e), partly as solo applications, were recommended. From the beginning of season 2023, the recommendation was drastically changed, e.g. for starch potato production, to a maximum of two applications of mandipropamid-containing products. Additionally, mandatory two- to three-way mixtures were advised for mandipropamid together with different modes of action at effective dose rates to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e (Lars B\u0026oslash;dker, personal communication; Abuley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This quite recent outbreak of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e due to evolution and selection of CAA-resistant isolates in the field in a country with limited control measures, highlights the need for each and every effective control tool available for European potato farmers to prevent epidemics of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e endangering the potato production capability of European agriculture in general, and since potato is one of the most important crops in the diet of European citizens, the food security in Europe in particular. The full diversity of all currently available products as well as future tools, including potential future effective and eco-friendly products as well as permission to use new gene editing methods in breeding, are needed in the \u0026lsquo;arms race\u0026rsquo; against the adaption of plant pathogens to the selection pressure exhibited by mankind\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rsquo; innovations (Boller and He \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, consequent resistance management including fluopicolide-based products will contribute to the prolongation of the lifespan of the existing as well as newly introduced tools to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e in potatoes in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn past decades two relevant instances of resistance selection to oomyceticides of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e were reported, gained significant frequencies and spread to multiple countries in Europe. Namely, either resistance to metalaxyl/mefenoxam (phenylamides, FRAC Group 4) with moderate to high resistance factors or a reduced sensitivity to fluazinam (FRAC Group 29). Only recently, the emergence of disruptive resistance towards two further important modes of action of oomyceticides, namely CAAs (FRAC Group 40) and the newly introduced OSBPIs (FRAC Group 49), have been reported in separate incidences and since 2023 also in \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates accumulating a double resistance to CAAs and OSBPIs. Moreover, a continuous evolution led to a spread of new aggressive and multi-virulent strains of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e breaking several important R-genes in tolerant potato varieties resulting in new sub-populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e in Europe, as described by EuroBlight. In this context, the compiled monitoring data from 2013 to 2023 showed the sensitivity of the European \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e population (166 samples, 460 isolates) towards fluopicolide, with no occurrence of disruptive resistance phenotypes. The results of those monitoring studies on \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e were complemented by greenhouse experiemnts showing a high control efficacy of the mixture product Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (fluopicolide and propamocarb) of isolates being characterized according to EuroBlight as EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 or EU_46_A1, which are the dominant sub-populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e of the last decade (70\u0026ndash;99% efficacy). In combination, these results explain the reliable efficacy of fluopicolide based products to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e, independent of the European sub-population to be controlled. Furthermore, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e should not be used in more than two consecutive applications and should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season to not overuse the product. However, in the future an even lower number of efficient modes of action will be available to European potato farmers for diverse and effective spray regimes. Either by resistance development of the pathogen \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e or by the impact on the availability of effective control methods by the Sustainable Use Regulation proposal by the European Union\u0026rsquo;s Directorate General for Health and Food Safety. Thus, more and more modes of action not being available to European farmers will lead to a higher pressure for the few remaining effective tools to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e, consequently endangering the potato production capability of European agriculture in general, and since potato is one of the most important crops in the diet of European citizens, the food security in Europe in particular. Integrated disease management strategies, including consequent crop sanitation and rotation, inclusion of tolerant varieties and use of disease forecast models for good timing of full dose rates of remaining oomyceticides in a robust resistance management strategy are essential to mitigate the impact of resistance and minimize yield losses. The full diversity of all currently available products as well as future tools, including potential future effective products as well as gene editing methods in breeding, are needed in the \u0026lsquo;arms race\u0026rsquo; against the adaption of plant pathogens to the selection pressure exhibited by mankind\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rsquo; innovations. Thus, consequent resistance management including fluopicolide-based products will contribute to the prolongation of the lifespan of the existing as well as newly introduced tools to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e in potatoes in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conceptualization: JD \u0026amp; AM; Methodology: JD \u0026amp; EH; Formal analysis and investigation: JD \u0026amp; EH; Writing - original draft preparation: JD \u0026amp; EH; Writing - review and editing: JD, AS \u0026amp; AM; Funding acquisition: JD \u0026amp; AS \u0026amp; AM; Resources: JD \u0026amp; AS \u0026amp; AM; Supervision: JD \u0026amp; AM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank EpiLogic GmbH for conducting the bioassay, Geert Kessel and Trudy van den Bosch from Wageningen University for providing Dutch P. infestans isolates, David Cooke from the Hutton Institute for conducting the EuroBlight-typing for those isolates used in the greenhouse trias. Additionally, the authors would like to thank Jan Boehm from Bayer AG for the valuable inputs in a critical time period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no further funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors are employees of Bayer AG.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData can be provided upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbuley IK, Lynott JS, Hansen JG, et al (2023) The EU43 genotype of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e displays resistance to mandipropamid. 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PPO-Special Report 16:123\u0026ndash;136\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoshida K, Schuenemann VJ, Cano LM, et al (2013) The rise and fall of the \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e lineage that triggered the Irish potato famine. eLife 2:e00731. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00731\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang T, Li H, Ma S, et al (2023) The newest Oxford Nanopore R10.4.1 full-length 16S rRNA sequencing enables the accurate resolution of species-level microbial community profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol 89:e00605-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00605-23\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"potato-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"potr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Potato Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/11540)","snPcode":"11540","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/potr/default2.aspx","title":"Potato Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Late Blight disease, resistance management, plant protection product, vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor, greenhouse efficacy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infestans\u003c/em\u003e is a hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen that causes Late Blight disease in important \u003cem\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/em\u003e crops worldwide, including potatoes. The pathogen can infect leaves, stems and tubers of potato plants, leading to substantial yield losses during cultivation and storage. To prevent local infections leading to widespread epidemics, oomyceticides are widely used. In 2006, fluopicolide, an inhibitor of the vacuolar H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-ATPase, was registered in Europe and introduced to the potato market together with propamocarb in the mixture product Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, fluopicolide sensitivity data for 460 \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e isolates was summarized for the years 2013 to 2023, originating from different countries in Northern-, Central- and Southern European. For fluopicolide, presence of field resistant strains has not been observed until now in European Late Blight monitoring programs. In addition, greenhouse efficacy trials with the mixture product Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e were conducted testing the dominant sub-populations of \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e of the last decade: EU_13_A2, EU_33_A2, EU_36_A2, EU_37_A2, EU_41_A2, EU_43_A1 and EU_46_A1. All experiments showed a high efficacy of Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e (70\u0026ndash;99%) comparable or better than the market standard fluazinam (Shirlan\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, 0\u0026ndash;97%). In combination, these results highlight the reliable efficacy of fluopicolide based products to control \u003cem\u003eP. infestans\u003c/em\u003e, independent of the European sub-population. In general, proactive resistance management strategies were implemented to prevent occurrence of fluopicolide-resistant strains. Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e should not be used in more than two consecutive applications. Also, Infinito\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e should not be applied more than four times or more than half (50%) of the total number of fungicide applications per season.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A decade of European monitoring studies on fluopicolide sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans and performance of Infinito® against Potato Late Blight","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-24 14:19:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6116260/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-03-28T08:58:11+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T10:52:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Potato Research","date":"2025-02-28T09:38:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-28T09:23:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Potato Research","date":"2025-02-26T17:47:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"potato-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"potr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Potato Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/11540)","snPcode":"11540","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/potr/default2.aspx","title":"Potato Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"090f962e-a64f-4254-bb9d-2c923c78eea2","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:01:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6116260","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-026-10053-8","journal":{"identity":"potato-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Potato Research"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-16 15:57:38","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 16th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-24 14:19:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11540-026-10053-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-026-10053-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6116260","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6116260","identity":"rs-6116260","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}