Unplanned Pregnancy and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study

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This study aimed to establish the prevalence and factors associated with unplanned pregnancy among women attending antenatal clinic in Uganda. This cross-section study was carried out from 31st January to 30th June 2023 at Kawempe national referral hospital in Uganda. Three hundred and eighty-four pregnant mothers gave information on socio demographic, health system and family planning factors. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was done to determine the factors associated with unplanned pregnancy. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was (130/384) 34%. Unplanned pregnancy was associated with: age 20–24 years (AOR;2.8, 95%CI:1.4–5.8) and 25–34 years (AOR = 3.9,95%CI = 2.6–10.2), urban dwelling (AOR = 3.9,95%CI = 2.2–7.5) monogamy (AOR = 3.6,95%CI = 2.1–6.9), jobless women (AOR = 4.2,95%CI = 2.4–8.9) spouse in an informal sector (AOR = 2.8,95%CI = 1.7–4.5) lack of family planning communication (AOR = 2.3,95%CI = 1.4–5.4), single women (AOR = 0.4,95%CI = 0.2–0.8), income of Uganda shillings ≥ 200,000 (AOR = 0.3,95%CI = 0.1–0.6) and Seventh day Adventist belief (AOR = 0.2,95%CI = 0.09–0.6). There was a high prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this tertiary hospital, associated with maternal age, place of residence, family type, employment status, not discussing about family planning among spouses, marital status, family income and being of Seventh Day Adventist faith. A community-based study in both urban and rural settings is recommended. Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Risk factors Unplanned Pregnancy Kawempe Uganda BACKGROUND Planning a pregnancy is one of the tenets in women’s reproductive life and guarantees a safe and healthy pregnancy for the mother-baby pair [ 1 ]. In spite this, many women all over the world are not aware of the benefits of a planned pregnancy [ 2 ]. Some of the factors that put women at risk of unplanned pregnancy include non-use of modern methods of contraception and uncertainty about their fertility intentions [ 3 ]. Unplanned pregnancy is a pregnancy which is either mistimed (occurring earlier than needed) or unwanted (when no more children are needed) [ 3 ]. It is a major public health problem worldwide for the women and their families. It is a risk factor for unsafe abortions and other reproductive health problems especially in low- and middle-income countries where abortion laws are still very restrictive [ 4 ]. The costs of unplanned pregnancy are immense and put a lot of strain on the already weak health systems and family incomes [ 5 ]. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy is high especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Globally, (85 million) 38% of all pregnancies are unplanned with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for (24.1 million) 49.8% [ 6 , 7 ]. This has contributed greatly to maternal mortality, for example in 2020, globally, approximately 287,000 women died due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Sub-Saharan Africa alone was responsible for (202,000) 70% while south Asia accounted for (47,000) 16% of these deaths in the same year [ 8 , 9 ]. Due to the magnitude of this problem and adverse outcomes, unplanned pregnancy has become pivotal in the field of family planning in research and in the countries planning programmes. Globally there is a decline in the unplanned pregnancy rates due to increased access and use of contraception. However, this reduction is less in low- and middle-income countries due to the low contraceptive prevalence rates and the high unmet need for family planning. The burden of unplanned pregnancy varies widely. It highest in Africa (101per 1000 women) and lowest in North America (42 per 1000 women) [ 10 , 11 ]. There is a variation within Africa with the highest rates in East Africa (116 per 1000 women) [ 6 ]. The variations in the unplanned pregnancy rates mirror the differences in the unmet need for contraception, the contraceptive prevalence rates as well as differences in the socio-cultural factors which impact women’s reproductive options. The risk factors for unplanned pregnancy are diverse and extends over disciplines such as health care (poor access to sexual health services and contraceptives), sexual education (inadequate knowledge about sexual health and contraception), religious and cultural factors (beliefs that do not support contraceptive use), sexual abuse (women experiencing intimate partner violence), partner influence (opposition by spouse about the use of contraception and family planning) and poor communication (lack of communication by partner about contraception) [ 3 , 12 ]. Unplanned pregnancies can be prevented if women have knowledge and access to effective family planning methods. In Uganda, approximately (535,000) 44.5% of pregnancies are unplanned and about 4–6 maternal deaths which occur daily are attributed to unsafe abortion. Notwithstanding the Government policy in Uganda on family planning 2030 commitment, one in five women of reproductive age have unmet need for family planning and only four out ten women of reproductive age are using any form of contraception [ 8 ]. Most studies on unplanned pregnancy Uganda have used secondary data. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and factors associated with unplanned pregnancy at a national referral hospital in Uganda. . METHODS Study design and Setting This cross sectional study was carried out from 31 January to 30 June 2023 at Kawempe national referral hospital(KNRH).KNRH is a National referral hospital in Uganda and a teaching hospital for Makerere University College of Health Sciences. The hospital offers gynaecological, diagnostic, and peadiatric services. The study was conducted at the antenatal clinic of the hospital. Approximately 2300 women attend antenatal clinic every month at the hopsital. The study was conducted It Study population Pregnant women who had come to the attend antenatal clinic were included in the study. They were aged 15 to 49 years and were 20weeks of gestation or more. Women who were very sick or had intrauterine foetal death or were in labour were excluded. Sample size estimation The sample size was calculated using Fleiss formula for associated factors. We assumed that the proportion of unplanned pregnancy to be 23.4% among spouses who had discussed about family planning and 76.6% and among those who never discussed about it as was found in a study in Ethiopia [ 7 ]. With 80% power and 95% confidence interval, a sample size of 384 mothers was found to be adequate. Study procedure. The antenatal clinic register was used to identify mothers who had come to attend the clinic. The first mother was selected randomly from the register and thereafter every sixth mother was selected using systematic sampling until the sample size was achieved. If the selected mother was not eligible, the next available mother was selected. The women were checked for eligibility by the research assistants and this was confirmed by the Principal investigator. The eligible women were informed about the study by the research assistants and there after the mother gave a written informed consent. Data collection, management and analysis Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Information on socio demographic factors, socio economic factors, health system factors, access to health information and whether the women had planned the pregnancy was collected from the women. The outcome of interest was unplanned pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy was measured using the London Measure of Unplanned pregnancy (LMNUP).[ 13 ] LMNUP scale has six items with a score of 0 to 12. Women who scored 9 and below were taken to have an unplanned pregnancy. Data were entered in Epidata version 4.2 and exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. Continuous variables were summarized as means with standard deviation and categorical variables summarized as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to compare the outcome variable with each independent variable. Results are presented as crude odds ratios with 95% Confidence intervals. Variables with a p value of ≤ 0.2 at bivariate analysis were selected for inclusion in the multivariable model for analysis. Forward elimination method was used until a stable model was obtained. Ethical considerations. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the School of Medicine, Makerere University (Mak-SOM-REC-2022-482) and the administration of Kawempe national referral hospital. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. All the questionnaires were anonymized and no names were entered in the database. All the methods were performed in accordance to the relevant guidelines and regulations. RESULTS The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this study was (130/384) 34%. The demographic characteristics of participants are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants Factor Frequency Percentage Age < 20 27 7.0% 20–24 80 20.8% 25–34 223 58.1% ≥ 35 54 14.1% Religion Catholic 116 30.2% Moslem 112 29.2% Anglican 77 20.1% Born again 68 17.7% SDA 11 2.9% Marital status Married 361 94.0% Single 23 6.0% Residence Rural 101 26.3% Urban 283 73.7% Polygamous family No 283 73.7% Yes 101 26.3% Highest level of education Primary 107 27.9% Secondary and above 277 72.1% Average monthly income < 200,000 237 61.7% ≥ 200,000 147 38.3% Employment status (woman) Employed 177 46.1% Unemployed 207 53.9% Partner’s occupation Formal sector 110 28.6% Informal sector 274 71.4% No. children produced 0 120 31.3% 1–2 146 38.0% ≥ 3 118 30.7% The health system factors and access to services and family planning information of the participants are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Health system factors and access to services and family information of the participants Variable Frequency Percentage Source of information on Family planning Health facility 290 75.5% Friends 42 11.0% Mass media (Television and radio) 52 13.5% Decision maker on method of F/P to use prior to the current pregnancy Friend 23 9.6% Health worker 24 18.8% Her self 235 71.6% Distance from residence to family planning clinic Less than 2km 230 59.9% 2-5km 86 22,4% Over 5km 68 17.7% Expenses on family planning services offered Yes 202 56.6% No 182 47.4% Ever heard about family planning Yes 2 0.5% No 282 99.5% Ever used family planning Yes 102 26.6% No 282 73.4% What method were you using just before you realized you were pregnant Modern 228 80.9% Traditional 54 19.1% Discussed with husband about family planning Yes 213 55.5% No 171 44.5% How long she had stayed without contraceptive 12 moths 121 31.6% Most mothers received information about family planning from health facilities, decided by themselves for the method of family planning to use and were paying for the family planning services. (see Table 2 ) Factors associated with unplanned pregnancy are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Predictors of unplanned pregnancy among the participants Factors Unplanned Planned Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) P-value Age Below 20 16 (12.3%) 11 (4.3%) 1.0 1.0 - 20–24 31 (23.8%) 49 (19.3%) 3.2 (1.3–5.8) 2.8 (1.4–5.8) 0.021 25–34 62 (47.7%) 161 (63.4%) 3.8 (2.1–7.2) 3.9 (2.6–10.2) 0.001 35 and above 21 (16.2%) 33 (13.0%) 1.2 (0.7–2.6) 1.4 (0.6–2.8) 0.432 Religion Anglican 26 (20.0%) 51 (20.1%) 1.0 1.0 - Born again 27 (20.8%) 41 (16.1%) 0.6 (0.3–1.8) 0.7 (0.4–1.6) 0.224 Catholic 35 (26.9%) 81 (31.9%) 1.3 (0.7–2.8) 1.6 (0.7-3.0) 0.487 Moslem 37 (28.5%) 75 (29.5%) 1.4 (0.6–3.1) 1.7 (0.6–3.5) 0.318 SDA 5 (3.8%) 6 (2.4%) 0.3 (0.9–3.3) 0.2 (0.09–0.6) 0.001 Marital status Married 113 (86.9%) 248 (97.6%) 1.0 1.0 - Single 17 (13.1%) 6 (2.4%) 0.5 (0.9–3.1) 0.4 (0.2–0.8) 0.043 Residence Rural 45 (34.6%) 56 (22.0%) 1.0 1.0 - Urban 85 (65.4%) 198 (78.0%) 4.4 (2.1–6.9) 3.9 (2.2–7.5) 0.001 Polygamous family Yes 35 (26.9%) 66 (26.0%) 1.0 1.0 - No 95 (73.1%) 188 (74.0%) 3.3 (1.9–7.2) 3.6 (2.1–6.9) 0.003 Level of education Primary 42 (32.3%) 65 (25.6%) 1.0 1.0 - Secondary and above 88 (67.7%) 189 (74.4%) 2.2 (1.3–4.7) 1.7 (0.9–3.2) 0.054 Monthly income =200000 36 (27.7%) 111 (43.7%) 0.4 (0.1–0.8) 0.3 (0.1–0.6) 0.04 Employment status Employed 42 (32.3%) 135 (53.1%) 1.0 1.0 - Unemployed 88 (67.7%) 119 (46.9%) 4.7 (2.3–9.5) 4.2 (2.4–8.9) 0.003 Partner’s occupation Formal sector 33 (25.4%) 77 (30.3%) 1.0 1.0 - Informal sector 97 (74.6%) 177 (69.7%) 3.3 (2.4–6.3) 2.8 (1.7–4.5) 0.018 Ever used family planning No 43 (33.1%) 59 (23.2%) 1.0 1.0 - Yes 87 (66.9%) 195 (76.8%) 1.9 (0.8–2.6) 1.7 (0.6–3.6) 0.286 Discussed with your husband about FP Yes 75 (47.5%) 138 (61.1%) 1.0 1.0 - No 83 (52.5%) 88 (38.9%) 1.8 (1.2–4.2) 2.3 (1.4–5.4) 0.021 How long she had stayed without contraceptive Less than 6 months 66 (40.2%) 126 (57.3%) 1.0 1.0 - 6 months – 1 year 22 (13.4%) 49 (22.3%) 0.6 (0.3–2.4) 0.5 (0.2–1.6) 0.227 Source of information on Family planning Friends 16 (12.3%) 26 (10.2%) 1.0 Health facility 93 (71.5%) 197 (77.6%) 1.7 (0.7–3.6) “-“ “-“ Mass media 21 (16.2%) 31 (12.2%) 1.2 (0.5–3.3) Distance from residence to family planning clinic Less than 2km 68 (52.3%) 162 (63.8%) 1.0 2-5km 32 (24.6%) 54 (21.3%) 0.5 (0.3–2.1) “-“ “-“ Over 5km 30 (23.1%) 38 (15.0%) 0.4 (0.2–1.8) . “-“: not applicable , Factors independently associated with unplanned pregnancy were: age 20–24, age 25–34 years, being of SDA faith, being single, living in urban setting, being in monogamous relationships, having income of 200,000 and above, being unemployed, participants whose partners were working in an informal sector and participants who had not discussed with their husbands about family planning. Details are in Table 3 . DISCUSSION This study evaluated the burden and predictors of unplanned pregnancy among pregnant women at National referral hospital in Uganda. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this study was high. Almost one third of the women reported that their pregnancy was unplanned and one fifth of the women were not using a modern method of family planning at the time of conception. This study is in agreement with studies done in Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya [ 8 , 14 , 15 ]. However, this finding is in contrast with the Cape town study in South Africa in which more than half the women had unplanned pregnancy [ 16 ]. This high rate of unplanned pregnancy is due to low contraceptive prevalence rate and high unmet need of contraception in these populations. Many women are not sure when to resume sexual intercourse and contraception after child birth [ 17 ]. Other women delay hormonal contraception because of breastfeeding and because comorbidities like hypertension. Hormonal contraception has been shown to affect the quality of breast milk in first six weeks after delivery [ 18 ]. As a result, women who resume sex early are more likely to have unplanned pregnancy. In this study, the sociodemographic factors associated with unplanned pregnancy were women’s age, place of residence, marital status, socioeconomic status and religion. Women aged 20 to 24 years and 25 to 34 years had increased odds of having an unplanned pregnancy than women aged < 20 years. This is consistent with a study done in Malawi [ 19 ] but differed from a study done in Nigeria [ 20 ]. This finding is surprising as adolescents are less likely to seek reproductive health care services and have insufficient family planning knowledge [ 21 ]. It was surprising that pregnant women from the urban dwelling were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy when compared to pregnant women from rural areas. This is consistent with a studies in Bangladesh and Angola but was consistent with a study in Uganda [ 2 , 8 , 22 ]. Staying in an urban area does not necessarily make women have access to better family planning knowledge and services and this calls for better family planning education and effective outreach programmes to urban women. Pregnant women from monogamous relationships had a 3.6 times increased odds of having unplanned pregnancy compared to women in polygamous families. This is similar to what was found in a study in Ethiopia [ 23 ] in which women from polygamous relationships had decreased odds of having unplanned pregnancy. However, a study in Nigeria [ 24 ] showed a significant association between monogamy and non-utilization of contraception although this was not supported in another study [ 25 ]. Unemployed pregnant women had 4.2 times increased odds to have unplanned pregnancy as compared to their counterparts who were employed. This is similar to a study in Malaysia [ 26 ] in which women with good financial status were unlikely to have an unplanned pregnancy. These findings may suggest that women of a low economic status were most unlikely to pay for and use family planning services. Pregnant women whose partners of were in the informal employment sector had 2.8 times increased odds to have an unplanned pregnancy as compared to those in the formal sector. This was found in a study in Iran and in Uganda [ 8 , 27 ] in which women with husbands who were self-employed were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy. This could be due to reduced up take of family planning as well as reduced awareness about available modern contraceptive methods [ 28 ]. Women who had not discussed with their husbands about family planning and the method to use had 2.3 times increased odds of having an unplanned pregnancy compared to those who had discussed. These findings are in agreement with studies in Ethiopia [ 7 , 29 ] in which spouses who discussed about family planning and the methods to use had reduced chances of having unplanned pregnancy. Empowering women to make family planning choices and involvement of spouses increases family use and prevention of unplanned pregnancy. In this study, respondents who were single were less likely to get unplanned pregnancy, however this is contrary to several study findings. These studies showed that single women had increased odds of having unplanned pregnancy. This could be because single women may not have adequate information and access to sexual and reproductive health services and in particular contraceptive knowledge [ 30 , 31 ]. Additionally, many of these single women are young and may not afford the family planning products and services. Stock run outs and lack of skilled health providers are common in areas where these services are provided free or at a subsidized price. In our study women whose monthly income was 200,000 shillings or more were less likely to have unplanned pregnancy compared to women whose income was those less. This is consistent with findings from Uganda and Bangladesh [ 8 , 22 ], which found that women with low income had increased odds of unplanned pregnancy. Women with low income are at increased risk of getting an unplanned pregnancy because of their inability to access quality reproductive health services and commodities including use of contraception and hence have a difficulty in controlling their fertility. Women of Seventh Day Adventist faith were less likely to get an unplanned pregnancy compared to the Anglicans. This is contrary to what was found in Malaysia and Bangladesh in which Muslim women were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy compared to their non-Muslim counterparts [ 22 , 26 ]. This could be due some religious beliefs which put husbands to be in charge of families with all other decisions including family planning. In many low- and middle-income settings, women’s freedom to make choices are limited. In these patrilineal societies, the male partners make decisions for the family including the use of family planning [ 22 ]. STUDY LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study, and does not show temporal relationships and since this study was institution based, it may lack generalizability to the rest of the country. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy at this hospital was high. The predictors of unplanned pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Kawempe were; maternal age, being in urban residence, family type, women who were employed, partner being in informal sector, spousal communication, marital status, economic status and religion. Multi institutional cross-sectional study including rural and urban hospital should be carried out to compare with this study since the study setting was in the urban are and the majority of the participants were from the urban areas. Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participants Approval to conduct the study was obtained from Makerere School of medicine and research ethics committee (Mak-SOM-REC-2022-482). Permission to conduct the study at Kawempe National Referral Hospital was granted by the hospital Director. Written informed consents were obtained from all the study participants. Consent for publication Permission to publish this work was obtained from Makerere University College of Health Sciences, department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Availability of data and materials The data and materials can be obtained from the corresponding author at reasonable request. Competing interest There are no competing interests Funding There was no funding for this study. This work was for a dissertation by a Master of Medicine student in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Disclosure : This work has been uploaded to Makerere University Repository http://hdl.handle.net/10570/12158 Authors’ contributions Investigation: Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Julius Wandabwa, Milton Musaba Methodology: Paul Kiondo, Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba Project administration: Fredrick Makumbi Supervision: Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka Validation: Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa Writing-original draft: Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Miton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa Writing- review and editing: Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa Acknowledgements Special thanks to the study participants, Kawempe hospital administration and department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Makerere University College of Health Sciences. References Maier, K. M., Kirkham, C. M., Lim, E., Cheung, K. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 11 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 25 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5333691","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":383397983,"identity":"2be59537-b685-41cb-93cf-aa42868e676b","order_by":0,"name":"Fredrick Makumbi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kawempe national referral hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fredrick","middleName":"","lastName":"Makumbi","suffix":""},{"id":383397984,"identity":"272f562d-d3a1-4fe9-a17b-9763ab79069b","order_by":1,"name":"Peter Ssebadduka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kawempe national referral hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Ssebadduka","suffix":""},{"id":383397985,"identity":"6ea22c0c-69e1-49b3-a615-0f5bbb7aaa16","order_by":2,"name":"Milton Musaba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Busitema University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Milton","middleName":"","lastName":"Musaba","suffix":""},{"id":383397986,"identity":"318cb5b6-9c7b-4e49-9efb-a0772a231211","order_by":3,"name":"Julius Wandabwa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Busitema University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Julius","middleName":"","lastName":"Wandabwa","suffix":""},{"id":383397987,"identity":"c469bb84-70db-4c3d-b7b1-cc87db177511","order_by":4,"name":"Paul Kiondo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCWYgwcPAIAcmSdJiTIIWBoiWxAaitUi2Mx978KbiTvqG42cPPvjAYCen20BAizQzW7rhnDPPcjecyUs2nMGQbGx2gIAWOWYeM2netsO5Gw7kmEnzMBxI3EaslnSD82+I1CIN1ZJgcINYWySb2dIkgX4xnHnjjbHhDAMi/CJx/vAxCWCIyfOdzzF88KHCTo6gFig4wKAAVmlAnHKIFvkG4lWPglEwCkbBCAMAWeo/U4iXdLcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"","lastName":"Kiondo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-25 16:23:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333691/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333691/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99802-2","type":"published","date":"2025-12-08T15:58:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98243983,"identity":"c8c2328b-4b42-4539-8b5b-26ec8d81393c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 16:11:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1000687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5333691/v1/6684a4f0-cae6-45ba-819f-2fa8dbfe4198.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eUnplanned Pregnancy and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlanning a pregnancy is one of the tenets in women\u0026rsquo;s reproductive life and guarantees a safe and healthy pregnancy for the mother-baby pair [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In spite this, many women all over the world are not aware of the benefits of a planned pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Some of the factors that put women at risk of unplanned pregnancy include non-use of modern methods of contraception and uncertainty about their fertility intentions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Unplanned pregnancy is a pregnancy which is either mistimed (occurring earlier than needed) or unwanted (when no more children are needed) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a major public health problem worldwide for the women and their families. It is a risk factor for unsafe abortions and other reproductive health problems especially in low- and middle-income countries where abortion laws are still very restrictive [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The costs of unplanned pregnancy are immense and put a lot of strain on the already weak health systems and family incomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of unplanned pregnancy is high especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Globally, (85\u0026nbsp;million) 38% of all pregnancies are unplanned with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for (24.1\u0026nbsp;million) 49.8% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This has contributed greatly to maternal mortality, for example in 2020, globally, approximately 287,000 women died due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Sub-Saharan Africa alone was responsible for (202,000) 70% while south Asia accounted for (47,000) 16% of these deaths in the same year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the magnitude of this problem and adverse outcomes, unplanned pregnancy has become pivotal in the field of family planning in research and in the countries planning programmes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally there is a decline in the unplanned pregnancy rates due to increased access and use of contraception. However, this reduction is less in low- and middle-income countries due to the low contraceptive prevalence rates and the high unmet need for family planning. The burden of unplanned pregnancy varies widely. It highest in Africa (101per 1000 women) and lowest in North America (42 per 1000 women) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a variation within Africa with the highest rates in East Africa (116 per 1000 women) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The variations in the unplanned pregnancy rates mirror the differences in the unmet need for contraception, the contraceptive prevalence rates as well as differences in the socio-cultural factors which impact women\u0026rsquo;s reproductive options.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risk factors for unplanned pregnancy are diverse and extends over disciplines such as health care (poor access to sexual health services and contraceptives), sexual education (inadequate knowledge about sexual health and contraception), religious and cultural factors (beliefs that do not support contraceptive use), sexual abuse (women experiencing intimate partner violence), partner influence (opposition by spouse about the use of contraception and family planning) and poor communication (lack of communication by partner about contraception) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Unplanned pregnancies can be prevented if women have knowledge and access to effective family planning methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Uganda, approximately (535,000) 44.5% of pregnancies are unplanned and about 4\u0026ndash;6 maternal deaths which occur daily are attributed to unsafe abortion. Notwithstanding the Government policy in Uganda on family planning 2030 commitment, one in five women of reproductive age have unmet need for family planning and only four out ten women of reproductive age are using any form of contraception [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Most studies on unplanned pregnancy Uganda have used secondary data. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and factors associated with unplanned pregnancy at a national referral hospital in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and Setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis cross sectional study was carried out from 31 January to 30 June 2023 at Kawempe national referral hospital(KNRH).KNRH\u003c/b\u003e is a National referral hospital in Uganda and a teaching hospital for Makerere University College of Health Sciences. The hospital offers gynaecological, diagnostic, and peadiatric services. The study was conducted at the antenatal clinic of the hospital. Approximately 2300 women attend antenatal clinic every month at the hopsital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted It\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePregnant women who had come to the attend antenatal clinic were included in the study. They were aged 15 to 49 years and were 20weeks of gestation or more. Women who were very sick or had intrauterine foetal death or were in labour were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size estimation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using Fleiss formula for associated factors. We assumed that the proportion of unplanned pregnancy to be 23.4% among spouses who had discussed about family planning and 76.6% and among those who never discussed about it as was found in a study in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. With 80% power and 95% confidence interval, a sample size of 384 mothers was found to be adequate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy procedure.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antenatal clinic register was used to identify mothers who had come to attend the clinic. The first mother was selected randomly from the register and thereafter every sixth mother was selected using systematic sampling until the sample size was achieved. If the selected mother was not eligible, the next available mother was selected. The women were checked for eligibility by the research assistants and this was confirmed by the Principal investigator. The eligible women were informed about the study by the research assistants and there after the mother gave a written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection, management and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Information on socio demographic factors, socio economic factors, health system factors, access to health information and whether the women had planned the pregnancy was collected from the women. The outcome of interest was unplanned pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy was measured using the London Measure of Unplanned pregnancy (LMNUP).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] LMNUP scale has six items with a score of 0 to 12. Women who scored 9 and below were taken to have an unplanned pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were entered in Epidata version 4.2 and exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. Continuous variables were summarized as means with standard deviation and categorical variables summarized as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to compare the outcome variable with each independent variable. Results are presented as crude odds ratios with 95% Confidence intervals. Variables with a p value of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2 at bivariate analysis were selected for inclusion in the multivariable model for analysis. Forward elimination method was used until a stable model was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEthical considerations.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the School of Medicine, Makerere University (Mak-SOM-REC-2022-482) and the administration of Kawempe national referral hospital. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. All the questionnaires were anonymized and no names were entered in the database. All the methods were performed in accordance to the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this study was (130/384) 34%. The demographic characteristics of participants are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoslem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnglican\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorn again\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage monthly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment status (woman)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal sector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. children produced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health system factors and access to services and family planning information of the participants are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth system factors and access to services and family information of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of information on Family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass media (Television and radio)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision maker on method of F/P to use prior to the current pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriend\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth worker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHer self\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from residence to family planning clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 2km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-5km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 5km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpenses on family planning services offered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver heard about family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver used family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat method were you using just before you realized you were pregnant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussed with husband about family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow long she had stayed without contraceptive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12 moths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost mothers received information about family planning from health facilities, decided by themselves for the method of family planning to use and were paying for the family planning services. (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with unplanned pregnancy are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictors of unplanned pregnancy among the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnplanned\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanned\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (23.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (19.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 (1.3\u0026ndash;5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 (1.4\u0026ndash;5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (63.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 (2.1\u0026ndash;7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.6\u0026ndash;10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (13.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.6\u0026ndash;2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnglican\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (20.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorn again\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 (0.3\u0026ndash;1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.4\u0026ndash;1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (31.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 (0.7\u0026ndash;2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 (0.7-3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoslem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (28.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (29.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.6\u0026ndash;3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.6\u0026ndash;3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (0.9\u0026ndash;3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.09\u0026ndash;0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (86.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248 (97.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.9\u0026ndash;3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (34.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (65.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (78.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (2.1\u0026ndash;6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.2\u0026ndash;7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolygamous family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (26.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (73.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (74.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 (1.9\u0026ndash;7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 (2.1\u0026ndash;6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (67.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189 (74.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.3\u0026ndash;4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.9\u0026ndash;3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;200000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (72.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=200000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (43.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.1\u0026ndash;0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (0.1\u0026ndash;0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (53.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (67.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (46.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 (2.3\u0026ndash;9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 (2.4\u0026ndash;8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal sector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (25.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (30.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformal sector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (74.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (69.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 (2.4\u0026ndash;6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 (1.7\u0026ndash;4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver used family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (33.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (23.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87 (66.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195 (76.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 (0.8\u0026ndash;2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.6\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussed with your husband about FP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (61.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (52.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (38.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 (1.2\u0026ndash;4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 (1.4\u0026ndash;5.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow long she had stayed without contraceptive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 6 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (40.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (57.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 months \u0026ndash; 1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (22.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 (0.3\u0026ndash;2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.2\u0026ndash;1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of information on Family planning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (71.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (77.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 (0.7\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 (0.5\u0026ndash;3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from residence to family planning clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 2km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162 (63.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-5km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (24.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (21.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.3\u0026ndash;2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 5km\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (15.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.2\u0026ndash;1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e. \u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo;: not applicable\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e, Factors independently associated with unplanned pregnancy were: age 20\u0026ndash;24, age 25\u0026ndash;34 years, being of SDA faith, being single, living in urban setting, being in monogamous relationships, having income of 200,000 and above, being unemployed, participants whose partners were working in an informal sector and participants who had not discussed with their husbands about family planning. Details are in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the burden and predictors of unplanned pregnancy among pregnant women at National referral hospital in Uganda. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this study was high. Almost one third of the women reported that their pregnancy was unplanned and one fifth of the women were not using a modern method of family planning at the time of conception. This study is in agreement with studies done in Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this finding is in contrast with the Cape town study in South Africa in which more than half the women had unplanned pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This high rate of unplanned pregnancy is due to low contraceptive prevalence rate and high unmet need of contraception in these populations. Many women are not sure when to resume sexual intercourse and contraception after child birth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Other women delay hormonal contraception because of breastfeeding and because comorbidities like hypertension. Hormonal contraception has been shown to affect the quality of breast milk in first six weeks after delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, women who resume sex early are more likely to have unplanned pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the sociodemographic factors associated with unplanned pregnancy were women\u0026rsquo;s age, place of residence, marital status, socioeconomic status and religion. Women aged 20 to 24 years and 25 to 34 years had increased odds of having an unplanned pregnancy than women aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 years. This is consistent with a study done in Malawi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] but differed from a study done in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This finding is surprising as adolescents are less likely to seek reproductive health care services and have insufficient family planning knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was surprising that pregnant women from the urban dwelling were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy when compared to pregnant women from rural areas. This is consistent with a studies in Bangladesh and Angola but was consistent with a study in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Staying in an urban area does not necessarily make women have access to better family planning knowledge and services and this calls for better family planning education and effective outreach programmes to urban women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women from monogamous relationships had a 3.6 times increased odds of having unplanned pregnancy compared to women in polygamous families. This is similar to what was found in a study in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] in which women from polygamous relationships had decreased odds of having unplanned pregnancy. However, a study in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] showed a significant association between monogamy and non-utilization of contraception although this was not supported in another study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed pregnant women had 4.2 times increased odds to have unplanned pregnancy as compared to their counterparts who were employed. This is similar to a study in Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] in which women with good financial status were unlikely to have an unplanned pregnancy. These findings may suggest that women of a low economic status were most unlikely to pay for and use family planning services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women whose partners of were in the informal employment sector had 2.8 times increased odds to have an unplanned pregnancy as compared to those in the formal sector. This was found in a study in Iran and in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] in which women with husbands who were self-employed were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy. This could be due to reduced up take of family planning as well as reduced awareness about available modern contraceptive methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen who had not discussed with their husbands about family planning and the method to use had 2.3 times increased odds of having an unplanned pregnancy compared to those who had discussed. These findings are in agreement with studies in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] in which spouses who discussed about family planning and the methods to use had reduced chances of having unplanned pregnancy. Empowering women to make family planning choices and involvement of spouses increases family use and prevention of unplanned pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, respondents who were single were less likely to get unplanned pregnancy, however this is contrary to several study findings. These studies showed that single women had increased odds of having unplanned pregnancy. This could be because single women may not have adequate information and access to sexual and reproductive health services and in particular contraceptive knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, many of these single women are young and may not afford the family planning products and services. Stock run outs and lack of skilled health providers are common in areas where these services are provided free or at a subsidized price.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study women whose monthly income was 200,000 shillings or more were less likely to have unplanned pregnancy compared to women whose income was those less. This is consistent with findings from Uganda and Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], which found that women with low income had increased odds of unplanned pregnancy. Women with low income are at increased risk of getting an unplanned pregnancy because of their inability to access quality reproductive health services and commodities including use of contraception and hence have a difficulty in controlling their fertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen of Seventh Day Adventist faith were less likely to get an unplanned pregnancy compared to the Anglicans. This is contrary to what was found in Malaysia and Bangladesh in which Muslim women were more likely to have unplanned pregnancy compared to their non-Muslim counterparts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be due some religious beliefs which put husbands to be in charge of families with all other decisions including family planning. In many low- and middle-income settings, women\u0026rsquo;s freedom to make choices are limited. In these patrilineal societies, the male partners make decisions for the family including the use of family planning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSTUDY LIMITATIONS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a cross-sectional study, and does not show temporal relationships and since this study was institution based, it may lack generalizability to the rest of the country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of unplanned pregnancy at this hospital was high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe predictors of unplanned pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Kawempe were; maternal age, being in urban residence, family type, women who were employed, partner being in informal sector, spousal communication, marital status, economic status and religion. Multi institutional cross-sectional study including rural and urban hospital should be carried out to compare with this study since the study setting was in the urban are and the majority of the participants were from the urban areas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval to conduct the study was obtained from Makerere School of medicine and research ethics committee (Mak-SOM-REC-2022-482). Permission to conduct the study at Kawempe National Referral Hospital was granted by the hospital Director. Written informed consents were obtained from all the study participants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish this work was obtained from Makerere University College of Health Sciences, department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data and materials can be obtained from the corresponding author at reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding for this study. This work was for a dissertation by a Master of Medicine student in Obstetrics and Gynaecology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure\u003c/strong\u003e: This work has been uploaded to Makerere University Repository http://hdl.handle.net/10570/12158 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInvestigation:\u003c/strong\u003e Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Julius Wandabwa, Milton Musaba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology:\u003c/strong\u003e Paul Kiondo, Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProject administration:\u003c/strong\u003e Fredrick Makumbi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupervision:\u003c/strong\u003e Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValidation:\u003c/strong\u003e Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting-original draft:\u003c/strong\u003e Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Miton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting- review and editing:\u003c/strong\u003e Fredrick Makumbi, Paul Kiondo and Peter Sebaduka, Milton Musaba, Julius Wandabwa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecial thanks to the study participants, Kawempe hospital administration and department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Makerere University College of Health Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaier, K. M., Kirkham, C. M., Lim, E., Cheung, K. W. \u0026amp; Grzybowski, S. Pregnancy planning guide. Evidence-based information for prospective parents. \u003cem\u003eCan. Fam Physician\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e, 1199\u0026ndash;1205 (2002).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYaya, S. \u0026amp; Ghose, B. Prevalence of unmet need for contraception and its association with unwanted pregnancy among married women in Angola. \u003cem\u003ePLOS ONE\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e (12), e0209801 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGetu Melese, K., Gebrie, M. H., Berta Badi, M. \u0026amp; Mersha, F. W.: \u0026lsquo;Unintended Pregnancy in Ethiopia: Community Based Cross-Sectional Study\u0026rsquo;, Obstet Gynecol Int, 2016, p. 4374791 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHabib, M. A. et al. Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. \u003cem\u003eBMC Pregnancy Childbirth\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e (1), 156 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlack, A. Y. et al. The Cost of Unintended Pregnancies in Canada: Estimating Direct Cost, Role of Imperfect Adherence, and the Potential Impact of Increased Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives. \u003cem\u003eJ. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e37\u003c/b\u003e (12), 1086\u0026ndash;1097 (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyalew, H. G. et al. 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I. \u003cem\u003eCauses and consequences of unintended pregnancies in the Gaza Strip: a qualitative study\u003c/em\u003e (BMJ Sex Reprod Health, 2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHall, J. A., Barrett, G., Copas, A. \u0026amp; Stephenson, J. London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy: guidance for its use as an outcome measure. \u003cem\u003ePatient Relat. Outcome Meas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e, 43\u0026ndash;56 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSolanke, B. L., Kupoluyi, J. A., Akinyemi, J. O. \u0026amp; Banjo, O. O. Do Community Characteristics Influence Unintended Pregnancies in Kenya? \u003cem\u003eMalawi Med. 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Health\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e, 107 (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJackson, E. Controversies in postpartum contraception: When is it safe to start oral contraceptives after childbirth? \u003cem\u003eThromb. Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e127\u003c/b\u003e, S35\u0026ndash;S39 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHall, J. A. et al. \u0026lsquo;Prevalence and Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy in Mchinji District, Malawi; Using a Conceptual Hierarchy to Inform Analysis\u0026rsquo;. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e, (10), pp. (2016). e0165621.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgida, T. E., Akaba, G. O., Ekele, B. A. \u0026amp; Adebayo, F. Unintended pregnancy among antenatal women in a tertiary hospital in North Central Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eNiger Med. J.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e (6), 334\u0026ndash;338 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrusty, R. K. Use of contraceptives and unmet need for family planning among tribal women in India and selected hilly states. \u003cem\u003eJ. Health Popul. Nutr.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e (2), 342\u0026ndash;355 (2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoy, T. K. \u0026amp; Singh, B. P. Correlates of Unwanted Births in Bangladesh: A Study through Path Analysis. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e (10), e0164007 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsrese, E. T. \u0026amp; Adem, Y. F. Contraceptive utilization and associated factors among polygamous and monogamous women in Worebabo Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia: a comparative cross sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMC Women's Health\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e (1), 39 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAudu, B. et al. Polygamy and the use of contraceptives. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Gynaecol. Obstet.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e101\u003c/b\u003e (1), 88\u0026ndash;92 (2008).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZeleke, L. B. et al. Individual and community level factors associated with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eSci. Rep.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e (1), 12699 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuslimah Yusof, A. A. S. Maisarah Omar \u0026amp; Noor Ani Ahmad: \u0026lsquo;Unplanned Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors\u0026rsquo;. \u003cem\u003eGlobal J. Health Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e (8), 132 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNajafian, M., Karami, K. B., Cheraghi, M. \u0026amp; Mohammad Jafari, R. \u0026lsquo;Prevalence of and Some Factors Relating with Unwanted Pregnancy, in Ahwaz City, Iran, 2010\u0026rsquo;, ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2011, p. 523430 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSosina Mulat, M. F. \u0026amp; Abera, H. Gezahegn Bekele and Asres Bedaso: \u0026lsquo;Prevalence of Unplanned Pregnancy and Associated Factors among MothersAttending Antenatal Care at Hawassa City Public Hospitals, Hawassa, SNNPR,Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;. \u003cem\u003eJ. Women's Health Care\u003c/em\u003e, 6, (4) (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsegaye, A. T., Mengistu, M. \u0026amp; Shimeka, A. Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and associated factors among married women in west Belessa Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016. \u003cem\u003eReprod. Health\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e (1), 201 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIzugbara, C. O., Ochako, R. \u0026amp; Izugbara, C. Gender scripts and unwanted pregnancy among urban Kenyan women. \u003cem\u003eCult. Health Sex.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e (9), 1031\u0026ndash;1045 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYenealem, F. \u0026amp; Niberet, G. Prevalence and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among pregnant woman in Gondar town, North west Ethiopia, 2014. \u003cem\u003eBMC Res. Notes\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e (1), 161 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Unplanned Pregnancy, Kawempe, Uganda","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333691/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333691/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnplanned pregnancies significantly contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality especially in settings where the abortion law is restrictive. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and factors associated with unplanned pregnancy among women attending antenatal clinic in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-section study was carried out from 31st January to 30th June 2023 at Kawempe national referral hospital in Uganda. Three hundred and eighty-four pregnant mothers gave information on socio demographic, health system and family planning factors. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was done to determine the factors associated with unplanned pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was (130/384) 34%. Unplanned pregnancy was associated with: age 20\u0026ndash;24 years (AOR;2.8, 95%CI:1.4\u0026ndash;5.8) and 25\u0026ndash;34 years (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.9,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.6\u0026ndash;10.2), urban dwelling (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.9,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.2\u0026ndash;7.5) monogamy (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.6,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.1\u0026ndash;6.9), jobless women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.2,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.4\u0026ndash;8.9) spouse in an informal sector (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.8,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.7\u0026ndash;4.5) lack of family planning communication (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.3,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.4\u0026ndash;5.4), single women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.4,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2\u0026ndash;0.8), income of Uganda shillings\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200,000 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1\u0026ndash;0.6) and Seventh day Adventist belief (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2,95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09\u0026ndash;0.6).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a high prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in this tertiary hospital, associated with maternal age, place of residence, family type, employment status, not discussing about family planning among spouses, marital status, family income and being of Seventh Day Adventist faith. A community-based study in both urban and rural settings is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Unplanned Pregnancy and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-28 03:36:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5333691/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-01-22T05:57:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-20T17:00:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"232462197652654197613619817499322146028","date":"2024-12-31T12:15:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-10T13:10:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186272930174017861725318507678822023373","date":"2024-11-27T13:11:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-27T06:19:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-18T19:37:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-11T12:00:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-11T06:28:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-10-25T16:10:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a0b172c-5374-46bb-8dad-6b2d16e148d5","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":40866931,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":40866932,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T16:04:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5333691","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99802-2","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-08 15:58:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 8th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-28 03:36:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-99802-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99802-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5333691","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5333691","identity":"rs-5333691","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}