Influence of Arrhenius Activation Energy and Brownian motion on mixed convection in Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Ternary Nanofluids over a Porous Media

Abstract This study investigated the effects of ternary nanoparticles on heat and mass transfer through a porous medium, considering both mixed convection and Darcy-Forchheimer. A mathematical model is developed to describe the momentum, energy, and concentration profiles incorporating the Darcy-Forchheimer drag force, Brownian motion of nanoparticles, and the activation energy influencing the chemical reaction rate. The governing partial differential equations are transformed using appropriate similarity transformations, leading to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are subsequently numerically solved using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB, facilitating the analysis of key parameter variations. Moreover, this study includes an analysis of graphs for different types of nanofluids, such as ternary, hybrid, and mono nanofluids, providing valuable insights. Results indicate that Arrhenius activation energy significantly affects the concentration boundary layer, enhancing the mass transfer rate and causing a marked increase in the concentration profile. Brownian motion contributes to the thermal boundary layer thickness, promoting better heat transfer.