Discretizing electrodes in phase modulators for enhanced signal modulation and multi-angle spatial multiplexing

Discretizing electrodes in phase modulators for enhanced signal modulation and multi-angle spatial multiplexing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discretizing electrodes in phase modulators for enhanced signal modulation and multi-angle spatial multiplexing Qingqing Cheng, Ziyan Zhang, Chen Zhang, Zhiqiang Wu, Zhenyu Jiang, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7785771/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Modulators require separate regions for phase and intensity modulation, with phase modulators using the electro-optic effect and intensity modulators relying on phase interference. Here, we combine both functionalities into a single unit by applying a phase gradient across discrete electrode units controlled by a spatiotemporal matrix. The matrix consists of "0" and "1" elements, where the number of columns corresponds to the number of electrodes, and the rows represent the time sequence for each electrode. Our design decouples phase and intensity modulation. Phase modulation is determined by the initial phase of the sinusoidal voltage, while intensity is controlled by the amplitude, which is set by the number of ``1" elements in each matrix column. The method also enables momentum modulation, allowing the signal to either propagate within the waveguide or radiate into free space. Our experiments demonstrate that the design effectively suppresses higher-order spacial harmonics, improving spectral efficiency. Additionally, we achieve multi-angle beam shaping for spatially multiplexed information transmission. Our work expands the modulation capabilities and opens new possibilities for advanced applications in wireless communication, optical field control, and wavefront engineering. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Photonic crystals Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for optics/Photonic crystals Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryforDiscretizingelectrodesinphasemodulatorsforenhancedsignalmodulationandmultianglespatialmultiplexing.pdf Supplementary Materials for: Spacetime crystals engineering sideband-free radiation for high-rate transmission Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7785771","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536215516,"identity":"06a405db-2d2f-419c-b967-ad0fbe1ef106","order_by":0,"name":"Qingqing 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