Cultural Diffusion and Gulf Diaspora: An Ethnographic Analysis of Cultural Impact of Gulf Migration in Rural North Indian Experiences

Cultural Diffusion and Gulf Diaspora: An Ethnographic Analysis of Cultural Impact of Gulf Migration in Rural North Indian Experiences | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cultural Diffusion and Gulf Diaspora: An Ethnographic Analysis of Cultural Impact of Gulf Migration in Rural North Indian Experiences Mohammed Taukeer, Anisur Rahman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230831/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gulf migration is a cultural phenomenon in the context of the socioeconomic impact of Gulf migration and its reflection in the form of cultural reflection in the framework of the culturalization of Gulf migration in rural North India. The objective of this research paper is based on the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India in the context of the phenomenon of the nexus of migration and culture from the perspective of globalisation of migration in the twenty-first century. The methodology of the research paper is based on multiple rounds of field surveys in purposively selected North Indian states- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan from 2023 to 2024. Qualitative data is collected through an ethnographic technique under the saturation stage of information among 1500 return migrant labourers. Collected primary data is analysed using narratives, descriptions, and case studies. The findings of the study show that the function of migration is being reflected in the form of the socio-economic and cultural impact of Gulf migration on migrants’ households in the periphery of the nexus of Hindi-Arabic culture by the cultural function of migration with its contradiction, discrimination and challenges of migration. Therefore, the present research paper encourages researchers and policymakers to further research in this area with an innovative approach as an aspect of the cultural enlargement of the Gulf diaspora under the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. Cultural Studies Gulf migration globalization culturalization rural North India Viksit Bharat @2047 Figures Figure 1 Introduction Kerala led the initial phase of labour migration from India to Gulf countries due to the richest historical linkage with Gulf countries but recent phenomena of labour migration from India to Gulf countries are being led by North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan due to huge demand for unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers from North India in the context of depth penetration of globalization of culture of migration in rural North India (Ministry of External Affairs, GoI, 2014-15, pp. 14-15). There are different phenomena of migration from India to Gulf countries. Kerala-based migration is being led by skilled migration due to the positive role of vocational training institutions in providing training to migrants. In contrast, North Indian-based migration is being led by semi-skilled and unskilled migration due to a lack of vocational training institutions in Uttar Pradesh. These consequences lead to unskilled and semi-skilled migration from North India compared to skilled migration from Kerala (Zachariah & Rajan, 2012, p.15). The function of labour migration from North India to Gulf countries is driven by the wage differential between India and the Gulf countries because labourers get higher wages in the Gulf compared to low wages in India. Apart from the well-developed social network system, migration works as a pull factor in the process of migration within the well-developed cultural region of migration (Sasikumar & Thimothy, 2015, p. 15). Consequences of cultural migration ensured the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to North India due to the engagement of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in the Gulf countries (Rajan et al., 2017, pp.85-94). The nature of the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries determines the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to India because unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers work as temporary migrant labourers in the Gulf countries (Naufal & Gence, 2012, p.15; Rahman, 2010, pp 16-18). The consequence of both economic and social remittances created a socio-economic and cultural transformation in migrants’ households due to the demonstration impact of Gulf migration in rural north India, where the matter of migration is being considered as part of the cultural economy of migrant households (Majumder & Taukeer, 2019, pp.162-174 ). Based on the above concise introduction part, the background of the research paper is based on a study of the process, determinants and consequences of cultural migration from rural North India to Gulf countries. Therefore, the objective of the research paper is based on the study of the process, determinants and consequences of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, the study is relevant in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 and its implications in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. Review of literature Review of literature is categorized into following sections according to the nature and background of the research paper. Cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India The cultural impact of migration can be defined as a mapping of the impact of migration through cultural indicators, where migration enhanced the pathway of cultural migration from the perspective of the nexus of the culture of migration and globalisation of migration (Cohen & Sirkeci, 2011, pp. 15). Consequences of the impact of Gulf migration created a cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India from the perspective of the depth penetration of the culture of migration in rural North India (Rahman et. al, 2024, pp.1-23). The function of the depth penetration of culture of migration developed a socio-cultural region of migration in the context of globalisation of cultural migration in rural North India (Majumder & Taukeer, 2019, pp.162-174). The consequence of cultural migration developed a safe zone of migration where a migrant labourer finds a better and more secure cultural space in the context of the expectation of a guarantee of better jobs in Gulf countries (Taukeer, 2024, pp.71-87). In these perspectives, ethno of migration design the form of “hybrid culture” in the context of the confluence between Hindi and Arabic culture among return migrant labourers and their family members in the Hindi belt region of rural North India. A consequence of the impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration developed a form of mental region of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of rural North India in the context of the function of the culture of Gulf migration in rural North India (Rahman, 2001, pp.15). These consequences developed a well-developed cultural region of migration where migration creates culture and culture leads to migration in the context of culturalization of migration in rural North India. Consequences and challenges of cultural impact of Gulf migration The explicit cultural impact of the Gulf migration created a cultural landscape of migration where migrant labourers and their family members find a better socio-economic and cultural space but a consequence of Gulf migration also created a cultural inequality between migrant and non-migrant households because migrant households followed the Arabic culture in rural North India The consequence of Arabic culture are fading to the native Hindi culture in the framework of impact of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India. Consequence of cultural impact of Gulf migration led to tribal migration in local brick kilns in migration-abundant zones in rural north India in the context of depth penetration of culture of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries because the consequence of Gulf migration created a vacuum in the local labour market in rural North India and these consequences led to the tribal migration from central India to rural North India. A consequence of the culture of tribal migration created a problem of cultural crisis due to assimilation and integration between two different cultural values and norms (Taukeer, 2024, pp. 269-284). In the context of the impact of COVID-19, there was a significant impact of the COVID-19 culture on migrant labourers in rural North India because the consequence of the culture of migration largely influenced the technique of cultural adjustment of return migrant labourers and their family members in rural North India. These consequences also led to a phobia of COVID-19 among migrants and non-migrants in the perspective of the culture of COVID-19 in migration-abundant zones in rural North India ( Majumder, 2022, pp. 421-429; Rahman et al., 2022, pp 28-44). Consequence of post-COVID-19, phenomena of the culture of migration is reflected in the framework of the impact of COVID-19 culture in the perspective of globalization of COVID-19 culture because the function of COVID-19 culture interrupted the cultural flow of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries from the standpoint of the post-COVID-19 impact of Gulf migration in cultural framework of migration (Sasikumar, 2021, pp.22-26). Based on the above concise review of literature, it can be summarised that the phenomena of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries are based on the cultural function of migration in the context of the nexus of the deep penetration of the culture of migration and globalisation of migration in the twenty-first century. These consequences also led to the cultural inequality and cultural crisis of migration, with its contradictions, discriminations and challenges of migration. From the perspective of the implementation of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and visions of Viksit Bharat @2047, it is important to discuss that there is a need to develop a cultural mechanism concerning the Gulf migration in rural North India by process, determinants and consequences of Gulf migration under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design for depth study of cultural sustainability of migration. Methodology Based on the above concise description of the literature review, the major argument of this research paper is grounded in the lack of existing literature on the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, this research paper aims to provide a realistic portrayal of the process, determinants, and consequences of the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. The major research problem of this paper is based on answering the unfolding facts of migration from the perspective of the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. In these consequences, the major objective of the research paper is based on an ethnographic study of the cultural impact of Gulf migration with its contradictions, discriminations and challenges of migration in rural North India. Sampling of states in North India It is well known that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan are leading states in labour migration to Gulf countries. Therefore, these three states are selected purposively for the study of Gulf migration (Table 1) Table 1: Trends of labour migration from top five states Year Total Emigration Clearances of Migrant Labourers 1 st rank 2 nd rank 3 rd rank 4 th rank 5 th rank States States States States States 2019 353126 U.P. (31.9) Bihar (15.09) Rajasthan ( 8.1) West Bengal (7.2) Tamil Nadu (7.01) 2020 90602 U.P. (31.1) Bihar (14.6) Kerala (9.3) West Bengal (7.2) Tamil Nadu (6.43) 2021 129442 U.P (25.9) Bihar (18.1 ) Rajasthan ( 8.7) Kerala (8.0) West Bengal ( 7.5) 2022 356383 U.P (33.7) Bihar ( 16.3) Rajasthan ( 8.0) West Bengal (7.7) Tamilnadu (5.4 ) 2023 380012 U.P. ( 36.9) Bihar ( 17.3) West Bengal (7.5) Rajasthan ( 6.4) Tamilnadu (5.0) Source: Computed by author from emigration clearance data of labour migration from India to Gulf countries. Accessed from http//: www.emigrate.gov.in Sampling of Districts in Rural North India Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the framework of quantitative ethno, where sampling of the return migrant labourers was designed by stratified random sampling based on completion of their minimum two-year contracts in Gulf countries. Secondly, these return migrant labourers were present in their households during door-to-door field surveys; therefore, these migrants were considered return migrant labourers. In these consequences, a total of 1500 samples of the return migrant labourers were randomly stratified and selected, including 500 return migrant labourers in Uttar Pradesh, comprised of 250 return migrant labourers in Kushinagar district, as well as the same number of return migrant labourers selected in Maharajganj district. The same procedure was adopted in the case of sampling of return migrant labourers in Siwan and Gopalganj districts in Bihar and Churu and Jhunjhunu districts in Rajasthan (Table 2). Table 2: Sampling of Return Migrant Labourers in Sample Districts in 2023 Districts/ States Total emigration clearance in sample districts Total sample of return migrant labourers in numbers and as per cent of total emigration clearance of sample districts Kushinagar+ Maharajganj/ Uttar Pradesh 14873 500 (3.3 %) Gopalganj+ Siwan/ Bihar 19161 500 (2.6 %) Churu+Jhunjhunu/ Rajasthan 6821 500 (7.3%) Total 40855 1500(3.6%) Source: Compiled and analyzed by authors from emigration clearance data of labour migration from selected districts to Gulf countries. Accessed from: www.mea.gov.in Data Collection Technique Therefore, primary data was collected by the door-to-door household survey in the framework of qualitative approach qualitative data is collected by ethnographic technique through observation, informal interviews, focus group interview and in-depth interviews from return migrant labourers, and their family members in stratified randomly selected migrant households. Data analysis technique Qualitative data is analysed in the framework of cause-effect analysis, using narrative, case studies, description and oral histories under ethno content analysis. Qualitative data gives a better interpretation of the objective and its justification according to the nature of the study. The flow chart 2 shows that globalisation is taken as the independent variable and migration is taken as the dependent variable, where the nexus of interaction between migration and globalisation is being taken as culture in the form of the independent variable, and its response is being taken as cultural migration. Therefore, the interaction of independent and dependent variables emerged in the form of culturalization of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the context of globalisation of culture of migration (Flow chart 2). Result and Discussion Cultural process of Gulf migration The cultural process of Gulf migration is based on the function of the nexus of the depth penetration of Gulf migration and the globalisation of the culture of migration in rural North India. It is found that there was a long historical sequence of migration from rural India to the Gulf countries. The consequences of the long historical journey of migration in the form of colonial indentured labour migration during colonial India, and its reflection in the form of contract labour migration from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century. In these consequences, it is observed that common cultural values, beliefs and norms developed a form of the homogenous cultural region of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the context of culturalization of Gulf migration. In these perspectives, the function of the social network system was so crucial in the process of facilitating migration because a well-developed social network system was based on social bonding among migrant labourers, who used to take matters of migration as part of their cultural livelihood practices. These consequences developed a form of cultural migration among Muslims due to the deep penetration of Saudi-based Gulf migration, because these Muslim return migrant labourers considered Gulf migration as an important part of the Islamic culture. These consequences were being reflected in the form of cultural migration, where a return migrant labourer migrated within a well-developed cultural region of migration with hopes of a better individual life and survival of their left behind family members at the root. It is also observed that the entire function of the cultural process of Gulf migration was cordially associated with the globalisation of migration, where migration created culture and culture led to the migration in the periphery of culturalization of migration. The meaning of the cultural process of Gulf migration can be understood in the following way, in the view of return migrant labourers: “ We are Arabian migrant labourers, and we proudly say that we work in Gulf countries in an Islamic cultural environment in a friendly way.” These consequences can be analysed as Arabic-based Gulf migration created a form of cultural awareness among return migrant labourers in the context of the globalisation of the culture of migration in rural north India. Cultural diffusion and Gulf migration It is observed that there was a well-developed mechanism of cultural diffusion of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries, where migrant labourers migrated to the Gulf countries with lots of narratives, emotions, and pain from the long migration journey. These migrant labourers gained the cultural experiences of Arabic-based Gulf migration in Saudi Arabia and also promoted their North Indian culture in the context of assimilation and integration between two different cultures. These consequences can be analysed as an explicit impact of the cultural diffusion, where assimilation and integration between Hindi and Arabic culture developed a form of “Hybrid culture” in the context of migration from the Hindi belt region of North India to Gulf countries. These consequences developed a form of cultural diffusion where both Arabic and Hindi cultures were reflected in the form of a mixed cultural landscape because return migrant labourers followed the culture of Arabs in their native place. It is also observed that the consequence of the nexus between Hindi and Arabic culture created a form of cultural landscape of migration because both variables, like migration and culture, were positively correlated to each other and led to each other by the nexus of integration between Hindi and Arabic culture. These consequences were being reflected in the form of language, dialects, beliefs, values, and norms within the boundary of the cultural diffusion of Gulf migration. It was also realised that the matter of Gulf migration led to an exchange of cultural remittances from Gulf countries to India in the form of cultural diaspora philanthropy because return migrant labourers culturally invested themselves in the formation of cultural building capacity of cultural migration from rural North India to Gulf countries. The meaning of cultural diffusion can be understood in the following way, in the view of return migrant labourers: “We are Hindi-speaking migrants, but we know the Arabic language due to our cultural and economic engagement in the Arabic environment in Gulf countries.” These consequences can be analysed as an impact of the culture of migration, which developed a form of mixed linguistic pattern in the context of the nexus between Hindi and Arabic languages in the context of the globalisation of Gulf migration in rural North India. Impact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration in rural North India It is observed that there was a significant explicit impact of the Arabic culture on Hindi culture in rural North India because the impact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration led to the process of cultural integration and assimilation between two different cultures in the framework of culturalization of migration. It is also observed that the impact of Gulf migration enlarged the cultural boundary of migration with its limitations because culture is a dynamic process where wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers were moving around the Arabic culture in the periphery of Hindi culture in the aspect of direct penetration of globalisation of Gulf migration in rural North India. These consequences can also be analysed as the impact of Gulf migration developed a form of “Hybrid-culture where assimilation between Hindi and Arabic culture culturally accelerated the wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers in the framework of globalisation of Gulf migration within the well-developed cultural region of migration. It is also realised that the impact of Gulf migration replaced the traditional Hindi culture in the periphery of direct penetration of Arabic culture among return migrant labourers in the Hindi belt region of North India. These consequences created a cultural contradiction, discrimination and challenges concerning the Arabic-based Gulf migration, where Hindi and Arabic languages were rectified and modified in the framework of the cultural impact of Gulf migration, where Hindi culture was being modified in the framework of Arabic culture within the cultural framework of migration. The cultural impact of Gulf migration can be understood in the following way: “ We migrant labourers are promoting the Arabic culture in their homelands because we consider Arabic culture as part of our cultural practices.” These consequences can be analysed by the explicit impact of the Arabic culture on the cultural behaviour of North Indian migrant labourers in the Hindi belt region of North India in the context of the globalisation of the culture of Arabic-based Gulf migration. Consequences of cultural diffusion and its challenges It is observed that there was a significant impact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration inrural North India with its cultural challenges because the effects of Gulf migration culturally accelerated the Islamic culture in Rural North India where consequences of the explicit impact of Gulf migration developed a form of “Arabic cultural landscape” because return Muslim migrant labourers considered matter of Gulf migration as part of their Islamic cultural practices. These perspectives can be realised as the creation of a mental region of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India, where multi-diversity-based culture is so prominent, but the impact of Arabic culture sketched the influences of Arabic culture according to the cultural dynamics of wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers and their left behind family members. In these consequences, it can be analysed that the entire function of the impact of the cultural diffusion of Gulf migration created a form of cultural inequality between migrant and non-migrant communities. It was also observed that the consequence of cultural inequality developed a form of cultural contradictions and cultural discrimination from the perspective of the culturalization of Arabic-based Gulf migration in rural North India. In these consequences, it can be analysed that the matter of Gulf migration was part of an exchange of cultural values and norms from Gulf countries to rural North India. These consequences promoted a form of “cultural diaspora philanthropy” where return migrant labourers were culturally invested in the social and cultural remittances in the process of cultural formation building through individual and collective cultural remittances in rural North India. It can be analyzed that these consequences also can be realized as a form of cultural enhancement of “Hybrid –cultural paradigm because return migrant labourers and their family members were promoting the nexus of Hindi and Arabic culture where these return migrant labourers and their family members showed their cultural status through speaking of Arabic language but these consequences developed a cultural confusion for non-migrants, those were unable to understand the Arabic culture. It was also realised that these consequences also developed a form of cultural distinction in the periphery of the cultural impact of Arabic culture on Hindi culture, with its spreading boundary within a well-developed cultural region of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the periphery of globalisation of migration. Consequences of cultural diffusion and its challenges can be understood in the following way according to the view of return migrant labourers: “We speak in the Arabi language and feel proud of the influence of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India because Saudi-based Gulf migration developed a cultural region for us as well as gave the source of cultural bread and butter.” Conclusion and recommended policies Based on the above concise result and discussion part, it can be concluded that there was an explicit impact of the Arabic-based Gulf migration from rural North India to Gulf countries within well-developed cultural regions of migration. These consequences were the result of the depth penetration of Gulf migration in the context of the culturalization of Gulf migration because the function of migration created culture and cultural consequences, leading to the culture of migration. These consequences can be analysed as the depth penetration of the culture of migration and globalisation of Gulf migration from the perspective of culture, globalisation and migration. These variables worked as culturally independent and dependent variables in the form of cultural reflection of cultural values, norms, beliefs and attitudes by spreading the cultural paradigm of migration. These consequences can also be concluded that the matter of cultural migration was enhanced by Muslims, where they culturally behaved in the framework of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India, with its contradictions, discrimination and challenges of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, it can be recommended that there is a need to develop a mechanism for mapping cultural remittances on reflection of the cultural behaviour of Gulf-based migrants in rural North India, with the support of the government of India under the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. Declaration A statement on participant consent This paper is based on human participants; no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors, and all the participants gave consent. This paper is based on findings of a major project of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) titled “Impact of Migration in North Indian States: A Study of Gulf Migration from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan. Thanks to ICSSR for supporting this project. This project was completed by Professor Anisur Rahman, and his project team in Centre for West Asian Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India in 2025. The ICSSR approved this project, and author Mohammed Taukeer worked as a project fellow on this project. References Annual Report2014-15 .Ministry of Overseas Affairs Government of India (at Present merged by Minsitry of External Affairs Govt.of India ) . (2015). Retrieved 2015, from http//:www.moia.gov.in Cohen, J. H., & Sirkeci, I. (2011). 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Migration and Diversity , 3 (3), 269-284. Zachariah, K. C., & Rajan, S. I. (2012). Kerala's Gulf Connection , 1998-2011 . Economic and Social Impact of Migration. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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11:32:41","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8230831/v1/946f5af3e2add59536a82e19.html"},{"id":97342778,"identity":"73a70b0e-56f6-463e-b016-8be4b613c5d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 11:32:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart 2: Cause-effect framework\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: Designed by author on the basis of field survey, 2023 to 2024\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8230831/v1/8cf594f1de2ad794d0138ecb.png"},{"id":97373159,"identity":"87782fbf-20e7-483f-80a2-5bba2b7e6880","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:34:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":649783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8230831/v1/c19a8345-23ef-44d6-a9a7-3094f1024240.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCultural Diffusion and Gulf Diaspora: An Ethnographic Analysis of Cultural Impact of Gulf Migration in Rural North Indian Experiences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKerala led the initial phase of labour migration from India to Gulf countries due to the richest historical linkage with Gulf countries but recent phenomena of labour migration from India to Gulf countries are being led by North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan due to huge demand for unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers from North India in the context of depth penetration of globalization of culture of migration in rural North India (Ministry of External Affairs, GoI, 2014-15, pp. 14-15). There are different phenomena of migration from India to Gulf countries. Kerala-based migration is being led by skilled migration due to the positive role of vocational training institutions in providing training to migrants. In contrast, North Indian-based migration is being led by semi-skilled and unskilled migration due to a lack of vocational training institutions in Uttar Pradesh. These consequences lead to unskilled and semi-skilled migration from North India compared to skilled migration from Kerala (Zachariah \u0026amp; Rajan, 2012, p.15). The function of labour migration from North India to Gulf countries is driven by the wage differential between India and the Gulf countries because labourers get higher wages in the Gulf compared to low wages in India. Apart from the well-developed social network system, migration works as a pull factor in the process of migration within the well-developed cultural region of migration (Sasikumar \u0026amp; Thimothy, 2015, p. 15). Consequences of cultural migration ensured the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to North India due to the engagement of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in the Gulf countries (Rajan et al., 2017, pp.85-94). The nature of the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries determines the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to India because unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers work as temporary migrant labourers in the Gulf countries (Naufal \u0026amp; Gence, 2012, p.15; Rahman, 2010, pp 16-18). The consequence of both economic and social remittances created a socio-economic and cultural transformation in migrants\u0026rsquo; households due to the demonstration impact of Gulf migration in rural north India, where the matter of migration is being considered as part of the cultural economy of migrant households (Majumder \u0026amp; Taukeer, 2019, pp.162-174 ).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise introduction part, the background of the research paper is based on a study of the process, determinants and consequences of cultural migration from rural North India to Gulf countries. Therefore, the objective of the research paper is based on the study of the process, determinants and consequences of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, the study is relevant in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 and its implications in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Review of literature","content":"\u003cp\u003eReview of literature is categorized into following sections according to the nature and background of the research paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cultural impact of migration can be defined as a mapping of the impact of migration through cultural indicators, where migration enhanced the pathway of cultural migration from the perspective of the nexus of the culture of migration and globalisation of migration (Cohen \u0026amp; Sirkeci, 2011, pp. 15). Consequences of the impact of Gulf migration created a cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India from the perspective of the depth penetration of the culture of migration in rural North India (Rahman et. al, 2024, pp.1-23). The function of the depth penetration of culture of migration developed a socio-cultural region of migration in the context of globalisation of cultural migration in rural North India (Majumder \u0026amp; Taukeer, 2019, pp.162-174). \u0026nbsp;The consequence of cultural migration developed a safe zone of migration where a migrant labourer finds a better and more secure cultural space in the context of the expectation of a guarantee of better jobs in Gulf countries (Taukeer, 2024, pp.71-87). In these perspectives, ethno of migration design the form of “hybrid culture” in the context of the confluence between Hindi and Arabic culture among return migrant labourers and their family members in the Hindi belt region of rural North India. A consequence of the impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration developed a form of mental region of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of rural North India in the context of the function of the culture of Gulf migration in rural North India (Rahman, 2001, pp.15). These consequences developed a well-developed cultural region of migration where migration creates culture and culture leads to migration in the context of \u003cem\u003eculturalization\u003c/em\u003e of migration in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsequences and challenges of cultural impact of Gulf migration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The explicit cultural impact of the Gulf migration created a cultural landscape of migration where migrant labourers and their family members find a better socio-economic and cultural space but a consequence of Gulf migration also created a cultural inequality between migrant and non-migrant households because migrant households followed the Arabic culture in rural North India \u0026nbsp;The consequence of Arabic culture are fading to the native Hindi culture in the framework of impact of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India. Consequence of cultural impact of Gulf migration led to tribal migration in local brick kilns in migration-abundant zones in rural north India in the context of depth penetration of culture of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries because the consequence of Gulf migration created a vacuum in the local labour market in rural North India and these consequences led to the tribal migration from central India to rural North India. A consequence of the culture of tribal migration created a problem of cultural crisis due to assimilation and integration between two different cultural values and norms (Taukeer, 2024, pp. 269-284). \u0026nbsp;In the context of the impact of COVID-19, there was a significant impact of the COVID-19 culture on migrant labourers in rural North India because the consequence of the culture of migration largely influenced the technique of cultural adjustment of return migrant labourers and their family members in rural North India. These consequences also led to a phobia of COVID-19 among migrants and non-migrants in the perspective of the culture of COVID-19 in migration-abundant zones in rural North India ( Majumder, 2022, pp. 421-429; Rahman et al., 2022, pp 28-44). Consequence of post-COVID-19, phenomena of the culture of migration is reflected in the framework of the impact of COVID-19 culture in the perspective of globalization of COVID-19 culture because the function of COVID-19 culture interrupted the cultural flow of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries from the standpoint of the post-COVID-19 impact of Gulf migration in cultural framework of migration (Sasikumar, 2021, pp.22-26). Based on the above concise review of literature, it can be summarised that the phenomena of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries are based on the cultural function of migration in the context of the nexus of the deep penetration of the culture of migration and globalisation of migration in the twenty-first century. These consequences also led to the cultural inequality and cultural crisis of migration, with its contradictions, discriminations and challenges of migration. From the perspective of the implementation of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and visions of Viksit Bharat @2047, it is important to discuss that there is a need to develop a cultural mechanism concerning the Gulf migration in rural North India by process, determinants and consequences of Gulf migration under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design for depth study of cultural sustainability of migration. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise description of the literature review, the major argument of this research paper is grounded in the lack of existing literature on the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, this research paper aims to provide a realistic portrayal of the process, determinants, and consequences of the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. The major research problem of this paper is based on answering the unfolding facts of migration from the perspective of the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India. In these consequences, the major objective of the research paper is based on an ethnographic study of the cultural impact of Gulf migration with its contradictions, discriminations and challenges of migration in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling of states in North India\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is well known that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan are leading states in labour migration to Gulf countries. Therefore, these three states are selected purposively for the study of Gulf migration (Table 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Trends of labour migration from top five states\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"640\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal \u0026nbsp;Emigration Clearances of Migrant Labourers \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e rank\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e rank\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e rank\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e rank\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003erank\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.3284%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStates\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353126\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTamil Nadu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.01)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90602\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerala\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTamil Nadu\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.43)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU.P\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18.1 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;( 8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKerala\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 7.5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e356383\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU.P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(33.7)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.7)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTamilnadu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.4 )\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.8669%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.0031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7898%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.038%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( 6.4)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.6219%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTamilnadu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComputed by author from emigration clearance data of labour migration from India to Gulf countries. \u0026nbsp;Accessed from http//: www.emigrate.gov.in\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling of Districts in Rural North India\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the framework of quantitative ethno, where sampling of the return migrant labourers was designed by stratified random sampling based on completion of their minimum two-year contracts in Gulf countries. Secondly, these return migrant labourers were present in their households during door-to-door field surveys; therefore, these migrants were considered return migrant labourers. In these consequences, a total of 1500 samples of the return migrant labourers were randomly stratified and selected, including 500 return migrant labourers in Uttar Pradesh, comprised of 250 return migrant labourers in Kushinagar district, as well as the same number of return migrant labourers selected in Maharajganj district. The same procedure was adopted in the case of sampling of return migrant labourers in Siwan and Gopalganj districts in Bihar and Churu and Jhunjhunu districts in Rajasthan (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Sampling of Return Migrant Labourers in Sample Districts \u0026nbsp;in 2023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistricts/ States\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal emigration clearance in sample districts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal sample of return migrant labourers in numbers and as per cent of total emigration clearance of sample districts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKushinagar+ Maharajganj/ Uttar Pradesh\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14873\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 (3.3 %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGopalganj+ Siwan/ Bihar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 (2.6 %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChuru+Jhunjhunu/ Rajasthan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1500(3.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: Compiled and analyzed by authors from emigration clearance data of labour migration from selected districts to Gulf countries. Accessed from: www.mea.gov.in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Technique\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, primary data was collected by the door-to-door household survey in the framework of qualitative approach qualitative data is collected by ethnographic technique through observation, informal interviews, focus group interview and in-depth interviews from return migrant labourers, and their family members in stratified randomly selected migrant households.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQualitative data is analysed in the framework of cause-effect analysis, using narrative, case studies, description and oral histories under ethno content analysis. Qualitative data gives a better interpretation of the objective and its justification according to the nature of the study. The flow chart 2 shows that globalisation is taken as the independent variable and migration is taken as the dependent variable, where the nexus of interaction between migration and globalisation is being taken as culture in the form of the independent variable, and its response is being taken as cultural migration. Therefore, the interaction of independent and dependent variables emerged in the form of \u003cem\u003eculturalization\u003c/em\u003e of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the context of globalisation of culture of migration (Flow chart 2).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result and Discussion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eCultural process of Gulf migration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cultural process of Gulf migration is based on the function of the nexus of the depth penetration of Gulf migration and the globalisation of the culture of migration in rural North India. It is found that there was a long historical sequence of migration from rural India to the Gulf countries. The consequences of the long historical journey of migration in the form of colonial indentured labour migration during colonial India, and its reflection in the form of contract labour migration from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century. In these consequences, it is observed that common cultural values, beliefs and norms developed a form of the homogenous cultural region of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the context of culturalization of Gulf migration. In these perspectives, the function of the social network system was so crucial in the process of facilitating migration because a well-developed social network system was based on social bonding among migrant labourers, who used to take matters of migration as part of their cultural livelihood practices. These consequences developed a form of cultural migration among Muslims due to the deep penetration of Saudi-based Gulf migration, because these Muslim return migrant labourers considered Gulf migration as an important part of the Islamic culture. These consequences were being reflected in the form of cultural migration, where a return migrant labourer migrated within a well-developed cultural region of migration with hopes of a better individual life and survival of their left behind family members at the root. It is also observed that the entire function of the cultural process of Gulf migration was cordially associated with the globalisation of migration, where migration created culture and culture led to the migration in the periphery of culturalization of migration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe meaning of the cultural process of Gulf migration can be understood in the following way, in the view of return migrant labourers:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eWe are Arabian migrant labourers, and we proudly say that we work in Gulf countries in an Islamic cultural environment in a friendly way.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese consequences can be analysed as Arabic-based Gulf migration created a form of cultural awareness among return migrant labourers in the context of the globalisation of the culture of migration in rural north India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCultural diffusion and Gulf migration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is observed that there was a well-developed mechanism of cultural diffusion of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries, where migrant labourers migrated to the Gulf countries with lots of narratives, emotions, and pain from the long migration journey. These migrant labourers gained the cultural experiences of Arabic-based Gulf migration in Saudi Arabia and also promoted their North Indian culture in the context of assimilation and integration between two different cultures. These consequences can be analysed as an explicit impact of the cultural diffusion, where assimilation and integration between Hindi and Arabic culture developed a form of \u0026ldquo;Hybrid culture\u0026rdquo; in the context of migration from the Hindi belt region of North India to Gulf countries. These consequences developed a form of cultural diffusion where both Arabic and Hindi cultures were reflected in the form of a mixed cultural landscape because return migrant labourers followed the culture of Arabs in their native place. It is also observed that the consequence of the nexus between Hindi and Arabic culture created a form of cultural landscape of migration because both variables, like migration and culture, were positively correlated to each other and led to each other by the nexus of integration between Hindi and Arabic culture. These consequences were being reflected in the form of language, dialects, beliefs, values, and norms within the boundary of the cultural diffusion of Gulf migration. It was also realised that the matter of Gulf migration led to an exchange of cultural remittances from Gulf countries to India in the form of cultural diaspora philanthropy because return migrant labourers culturally invested themselves in the formation of cultural building capacity of cultural migration from rural North India to Gulf countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe meaning of cultural diffusion can be understood in the following way, in the view of return migrant labourers:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We are Hindi-speaking migrants, but we know the Arabic language due to our cultural and economic engagement in the Arabic environment in Gulf countries.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese consequences can be analysed as an impact of the culture of migration, which developed a form of mixed linguistic pattern in the context of the nexus between Hindi and Arabic languages in the context of the globalisation of Gulf migration in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration in rural North India\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is observed that there was a significant explicit impact of the Arabic culture on Hindi culture in rural North India because the impact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration led to the process of cultural integration and assimilation between two different cultures in the framework of culturalization of migration. It is also observed that the impact of Gulf migration enlarged the cultural boundary of migration with its limitations because culture is a dynamic process where wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers were moving around the Arabic culture in the periphery of Hindi culture in the aspect of direct penetration of globalisation of Gulf migration in rural North India. These consequences can also be analysed as the impact of Gulf migration developed a form of \u0026ldquo;Hybrid-culture where assimilation between Hindi and Arabic culture culturally accelerated the wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers in the framework of globalisation of Gulf migration within the well-developed cultural region of migration. It is also realised that the impact of Gulf migration replaced the traditional Hindi culture in the periphery of direct penetration of Arabic culture among return migrant labourers in the Hindi belt region of North India. These consequences created a cultural contradiction, discrimination and challenges concerning the Arabic-based Gulf migration, where Hindi and Arabic languages were rectified and modified in the framework of the cultural impact of Gulf migration, where Hindi culture was being modified in the framework of Arabic culture within the cultural framework of migration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cultural impact of Gulf migration can be understood in the following way:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eWe migrant labourers are promoting the Arabic culture in their homelands because we consider Arabic culture as part of our cultural practices.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese consequences can be analysed by the explicit impact of the Arabic culture on the cultural behaviour of North Indian migrant labourers in the Hindi belt region of North India in the context of the globalisation of the culture of Arabic-based Gulf migration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequences of cultural diffusion and its challenges\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is observed that there was a significant impact of cultural diffusion of Gulf migration inrural North India with its cultural challenges because the effects of Gulf migration culturally accelerated the Islamic culture in Rural North India where consequences of the explicit impact of Gulf migration developed a form of \u0026ldquo;Arabic cultural landscape\u0026rdquo; because return Muslim migrant labourers considered matter of Gulf migration as part of their Islamic cultural practices. These perspectives can be realised as the creation of a mental region of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India, where multi-diversity-based culture is so prominent, but the impact of Arabic culture sketched the influences of Arabic culture according to the cultural dynamics of wishes and abilities of return migrant labourers and their left behind family members. In these consequences, it can be analysed that the entire function of the impact of the cultural diffusion of Gulf migration created a form of cultural inequality between migrant and non-migrant communities. It was also observed that the consequence of cultural inequality developed a form of cultural contradictions and cultural discrimination from the perspective of the culturalization of Arabic-based Gulf migration in rural North India. In these consequences, it can be analysed that the matter of Gulf migration was part of an exchange of cultural values and norms from Gulf countries to rural North India. These consequences promoted a form of \u0026ldquo;cultural diaspora philanthropy\u0026rdquo; where return migrant labourers were culturally invested in the social and cultural remittances in the process of cultural formation building through individual and collective cultural remittances in rural North India. It can be analyzed that these consequences also can be realized as a form of cultural enhancement of \u0026ldquo;Hybrid \u0026ndash;cultural paradigm because return migrant labourers and their family members were promoting the nexus of Hindi and Arabic culture where these return migrant labourers and their family members showed their cultural status through speaking of Arabic language but these consequences developed a cultural confusion for non-migrants, those were unable to understand the Arabic culture. It was also realised that these consequences also developed a form of cultural distinction in the periphery of the cultural impact of Arabic culture on Hindi culture, with its spreading boundary within a well-developed cultural region of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the periphery of globalisation of migration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequences of cultural diffusion and its challenges can be understood in the following way according to the view of return migrant labourers:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We speak in the Arabi language and feel proud of the influence of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India because Saudi-based Gulf migration developed a cultural region for us as well as gave the source of cultural bread and butter.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion and recommended policies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise result and discussion part, it can be concluded that there was an explicit impact of the Arabic-based Gulf migration from rural North India to Gulf countries within well-developed cultural regions of migration. These consequences were the result of the depth penetration of Gulf migration in the context of the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eculturalization\u003c/em\u003e of Gulf migration because the function of migration created culture and cultural consequences, leading to the culture of migration. These consequences can be analysed as the depth penetration of the culture of migration and globalisation of Gulf migration from the perspective of culture, globalisation and migration. These variables worked as culturally independent and dependent variables in the form of cultural reflection of cultural values, norms, beliefs and attitudes by spreading the cultural paradigm of migration. These consequences can also be concluded that the matter of cultural migration was enhanced by Muslims, where they culturally behaved in the framework of Arabic culture in the Hindi belt region of North India, with its contradictions, discrimination and challenges of Gulf migration in rural North India. Therefore, it can be recommended that there is a need to develop a mechanism for mapping cultural remittances on reflection of the cultural behaviour of Gulf-based migrants in rural North India, with the support of the government of India under the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declaration ","content":"\u003cp\u003eA statement on participant consent This paper is based on human participants; no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors, and all the participants gave consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper is based on findings of a major project of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) titled “Impact of Migration in North Indian States: A Study of Gulf Migration from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan. Thanks to ICSSR for supporting this project. This project was completed by Professor Anisur Rahman, and his project team in Centre for West Asian Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India in 2025. The ICSSR approved this project, and author Mohammed Taukeer worked as a project fellow on this project.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnnual Report2014-15 .Ministry of Overseas Affairs Government of India (at Present merged by Minsitry of External Affairs Govt.of India )\u003c/em\u003e. (2015). Retrieved 2015, from http//:www.moia.gov.in\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen, J. H., \u0026amp; Sirkeci, I. (2011). \u003cem\u003eCultures of Migration: The Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility\u003c/em\u003e. Texas: University of Texas Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajumder, B., \u0026amp; Taukeer, M. (2019 ). Dual- Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Process and Consequences . \u003cem\u003eProductivity \u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e60\u003c/em\u003e (2), 162- 174.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajumder, B. (2022). 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(2015). \u003cem\u003eFrom India to the Gulf region: Exploring Links between Labour Markets, SkIlls and the Migration cycle.\u003c/em\u003e Geneva: International Orgainsation for Migration.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSasikumar, S. K. (2021). India\u0026ndash;Gulf labour migration in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003cem\u003eEconomic and Political Weekly\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e56\u003c/em\u003e (34), 22-26. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaukeer, M. (2024). Ethnographic Analysis of \u0026ldquo;Safe Zone\u0026rdquo; Concept in Migration in Global Perspective. \u003cem\u003eMigration and Diversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 71-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaukeer, M. (2024). An Analysis of In-Migration of \u0026ldquo;Parosee\u0026rdquo; Tribal in Rural Uttar Pradesh, India in the Context of International Gulf Migration. \u003cem\u003eMigration and Diversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(3), 269-284.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZachariah, K. C., \u0026amp; Rajan, S. I. (2012). \u003cem\u003eKerala\u0026apos;s Gulf Connection , 1998-2011 . Economic and Social Impact of Migration.\u003c/em\u003e New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Indian Council of Social Science Research , New Delhi, India","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gulf migration, globalization, culturalization, rural North India, Viksit Bharat @2047","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230831/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230831/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGulf migration is a cultural phenomenon in the context of the socioeconomic impact of Gulf migration and its reflection in the form of cultural reflection in the framework of the culturalization of Gulf migration in rural North India. The objective of this research paper is based on the cultural impact of Gulf migration in rural North India in the context of the phenomenon of the nexus of migration and culture from the perspective of globalisation of migration in the twenty-first century. The methodology of the research paper is based on multiple rounds of field surveys in purposively selected North Indian states- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan from 2023 to 2024. Qualitative data is collected through an ethnographic technique under the saturation stage of information among 1500 return migrant labourers. Collected primary data is analysed using narratives, descriptions, and case studies. The findings of the study show that the function of migration is being reflected in the form of the socio-economic and cultural impact of Gulf migration on migrants’ households in the periphery of the nexus of Hindi-Arabic culture by the cultural function of migration with its contradiction, discrimination and challenges of migration. Therefore, the present research paper encourages researchers and policymakers to further research in this area with an innovative approach as an aspect of the cultural enlargement of the Gulf diaspora under the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cultural Diffusion and Gulf Diaspora: An Ethnographic Analysis of Cultural Impact of Gulf Migration in Rural North Indian Experiences","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-03 11:32:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8230831/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb5e161a-22f6-4b10-8c8e-6c813f54ff82","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58777869,"name":"Cultural Studies"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-03T11:32:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-03 11:32:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8230831","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8230831","identity":"rs-8230831","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}