Does Ecological Anxiety Undermine Healthy and Balanced Nutrition While Boosting Sustainable Consumption in Young Adults? A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students

Does Ecological Anxiety Undermine Healthy and Balanced Nutrition While Boosting Sustainable Consumption in Young Adults? 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A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students Kevser TARI SELÇUK, Biset GÜLER, Nergiz DOĞAN, Sedat ARSLAN, Hande ÖNGÜN YILMAZ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7880384/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between ecological anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors in young adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data of 689 students studying at X University were evaluated. Data were collected using the Ecological Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale, and Sustainable Consumption Behaviors Scale. Results: Ecological anxiety is negatively associated with Healthy and Balanced Nutrition [Model 1 (β: -0.086, p<0.05), Model 2 (β: -0.079, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β: -0.073, p<0.05)] which is a component of sustainable and healthy eating behaviours. Ecological anxiety is positively associated with Environmental Awareness [Model 1 (β:0.077, p<0.05), Model 2 (β:0.083, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.088, p<0.05)] and Reusability [Model 1 (β:0.107, p<0.05), Model 2 (β:0.100, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.100, p<0.05)] which are components of sustainable consumption behaviours. Conclusions: Increased ecological anxiety negatively affects healthy and balanced nutrition behavior, while encouraging sustainable consumption behaviors such as environmental awareness and reusability. Ecological anxiety sustainable nutrition eating behaviors sustainable consumption Introduction Climate change is defined as “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., through statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer” [ 1 ]. In the literature, it has been stated that negative emotional reactions to climate change can be observed in some individuals and that climate change is associated with psychological problems such as depression, stress, fatalism, helplessness, and anxiety [ 2 ]. In addition to climate change, ecological crises such as environmental pollution, rapid depletion of natural resources and loss of biodiversity cause anxiety by threatening individuals' right to live in a healthy environment, causing fear that basic needs such as water, energy and agricultural resources will not be adequately met in the future, damaging the balance of ecosystems and people's ties with nature [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Ecological anxiety, which refers to individuals' concerns about the future effects of climate change and ecological crises and their negative emotional states resulting from these concerns, is a complex emotional state that requires reevaluating humanity's relationship with nature and the effects of environmental problems on life [ 6 , 7 ]. In this context, it is important to understand that eco-anxiety can be a dimension of the general concerns and problems of individuals or groups [ 8 ]. A sustainable and healthy diet adopts an approach that protects ecosystems and biodiversity, reduces carbon footprint, and is nutritionally adequate, safe, and healthy [ 9 ]. Adopting sustainable and healthy eating behaviors increases individuals' environmental awareness and strengthens their health and responsibility to protect resources for future generations [ 10 ]. The literature suggests that promoting sustainable and healthy eating behaviors among consumers can reduce the health and environmental burdens caused by food. [ 10 ]. According to the OECD report, sustainable consumption is defined as "the efficient use of natural resources, reduction of toxic substances and environmental pollutants, and consideration of the needs of future generations" [ 11 ]. In the literature, studies examining the relationship between ecological anxiety and healthy eating and sustainable consumption behaviors are very limited and have contradictory results [1213,14]. In some of these studies, it is reported that individuals in the younger age group are more concerned about climate change, show more interest in environmental sustainability issues, and ecological anxiety increases the likelihood of individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors [ 12 ]. Some studies have reported that individuals with ecological anxiety prefer less healthy and less varied diets and that ecological anxiety may negatively affect individuals' sustainable consumption and dietary behaviors [ 13 , 14 ]. Considering that young people, who are the actors of the future, are the most sensitive group to climate change and environmental problems, understanding the relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable nutrition and consumption behaviors in young people is vital both in terms of developing strategies to promote healthy and sustainable lifestyles for the future of the planet and contributing to the evidence that will eliminate the contradiction in the literature on the subject. Based on this rationale, this study aims to examine the relationship between ecological anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors in young adults. Materials and Methods Study type and sample The research is cross-sectional. The population of the study consists of students enrolled in the faculties and vocational schools of X University. The minimum sample size to be reached in the study was calculated as 652 people with 95% power, α=0.05 significance level, and d=0.02 effect size in G*Power 3.1.9.7 program [15,16]. The study included 696 students who were actively continuing their education, spoke Turkish and agreed to participate in the study, and the data of 689 students were evaluated within the scope of the study by excluding students diagnosed with eating disorders and/or psychiatric diseases (n=17). Data Collection Method Within the scope of the study, students were informed about the purpose and scope of the study and were asked to sign the informed consent form. The questionnaire consisting of four sections was administered by the researchers to the students who signed the informed consent form by face-to-face interview method. Data Collection Tools The data of the study were collected by the researchers through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire form including the Descriptive Information Form, Eco-Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale and Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale. Descriptive Information Form: It consists of 13 questions inquiring students' sociodemographic characteristics, health status, physical activity status, and use of food supplements. Eco-anxiety Scale: The scale, which was developed by Hogg et al. (2021) and adapted into Turkish by Uzun et al. (2022) to evaluate the psychological reactions of individuals when they encounter environmental problems, consists of 4 sub-dimensions [Emotional symptoms, Behavioral symptoms, Personal impact on anxiety, Rumination] and 13 questions. The response options of the scale are "0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=almost always" and the increase in the sub-dimension and total score of the scale indicates an increase in the level of eco-anxiety [17,18]. Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale: The scale developed by Zakowska-Biemans et al. (2019) to assess individuals' sustainable and healthy eating behaviors was adapted into Turkish by Erdoğan et al. (2019) . The scale consists of 7 factors and 32 items: Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste, Healthy and Balanced Nutrition, Local Food, Reducing Meat Consumption, Animal Health and Low Fat. In the evaluation of the scale, the questions belonging to the factors are averaged, and an increase in the average score is considered as an increase in behavior [19,20]. Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale: The scale was developed by Doğan et al. in 2015 and a validity and reliability study was conducted. The scale consists of 4 sub-dimensions and 17 items: environmental awareness (items 1-5), non-essential purchasing (items 6-10), saving (items 11-14), and reusability (items 15-17). On the scale, responses are scored as 1= never, 2= rarely, 3= sometimes, 4= yes, usually, 5= always. The score that can be obtained from the scale is in the range of 17-85, and the increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates an increase in sustainable consumption behaviors [21]. Data analysis SPSS 22.0 program was used in the evaluation of the study data. In data analysis, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation values were calculated and presented. The relationship between eco-anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors was evaluated by multivariate linear regression analysis [enter method]. Model accuracy was assessed by adjusted R-squared. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF < 4) and Durbin Watson (DW: 1.5-2.5) values were considered in the evaluation of multicollinearity and autocorrelation. The level of significance for statistical tests was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval The study was conducted according to the ethical principles outlined by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Health Sciences Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University [04.12.2023/2023-191]. Written consent was obtained from all participants for participation in this study. Results The mean age of the participants was 20.6 + 2.5 years, 71.3% were female, 96.7% were single, 92.9% had a bachelor's degree, and 72% perceived their income as moderate. The proportion of participants who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol with varying frequency and quantity were 18.7% and 32.4%, respectively. 62.8% of the participants reported at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week. 95.6% of the participants did not have any chronic disease, and 10.0% used nutritional supplements. The mean body weight, height and BMI of the students were 64.12±14.40 kg, 167.91±9.01 cm, and 22.60±3.96 kg/m 2 respectively (Table 1). The mean total score of the Eco-anxiety Scale is 12.8±7.00, and the mean scores of the Emotional Symptoms, Behavioral Symptoms, Personal Information About Anxiety, and Rumination sub-dimensions of the scale are 4.34±2.71, 3.19±2.25, 2.80±2.11, 2.52±1.99, respectively. The mean scores of Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste, Healthy and Balanced Nutrition, Local Food, Reducing Meat Consumption, Animal Health and Low Fat sub-dimensions are 3.38±1.09, 3.89±1.09, 4.19±1.35, 2.98±1.33, 4.84±1.65, 3.08±1.45 and 5.15±1.59, respectively. The mean total score of the Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale is 48.36±10.08, and the mean scores of the Environmental Sensitivity, Non-Essential Purchasing, Saving, and Reusability sub-dimensions of the scale are 13.79±4.61, 12.99±4.96, 12.57±4.25, 9.00±2.87, respectively (Table 2). Ecological anxiety was negatively associated with Healthy and Balanced Diet [Model 1 (β: -0.086, p<0.05), Model 2 (β:-0.079, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β:-0.073, p<0.05)], whereas it was not found to be association with the other components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors such as Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoidance of Food Waste, local foods, reducing meat consumption, animal health, low fat (Table 3). Ecological anxiety is positively association with Environmental awareness [Model 1 (β:0.077, p<0.05), Model 2 (β:0.083, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.088, p<0.05)] and Reusability [Model 1 (β:0.107, p<0.05), Model 2 (β:0.100, p<0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.100, p<0.05)] components of sustainable consumption behaviours (Table 4). Discussion This study examined the relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors. In the study, it was determined that ecological anxiety level had a negative relationship with healthy and balanced eating behavior, whereas ecological anxiety level was not associated with other components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors such as quality labels, seasonal foods, local production preferences, and reduction of meat consumption. On the other hand, in this study, it was determined that ecological anxiety was positively associated with environmental awareness and reusability components of sustainable consumption behaviors, but not with behaviors such as non-essential purchasing and saving. These results suggest that ecological anxiety has complex effects on sustainable and healthy eating and sustainable consumption behaviors, and therefore, ecological anxiety should be considered in strategies that promote sustainable lifestyles. Ecological anxiety is defined as anxiety about the uncertainties about the future of living things on earth and ecological problems that may be caused by climate change [6]. Individuals with ecological anxiety experience various negative emotional reactions such as fear, anger, exhaustion, powerlessness, fealing of loss, helplessness, and phobia and despair [6]. The literature suggests that the ecological anxiety of these individuals may increase their tendency to develop environmentally-conscious behaviors and adopt more sustainable lifestyles [8]. A study conducted in Germany revealed high levels of climate change anxiety among young people, full-time workers, and individuals with chronic diseases [22]. A study in Portugal found that the majority of university students reported high levels of anxiety about climate change and that this anxiety significantly affected their daily lives. It was also observed that high ecological anxiety scores were more associated with environmentally sensitive behaviors in these students [23]. In a study conducted on university students in Turkey, the mean total score of the ecological anxiety scale was found to be 14.03±7.99 and it was found that the score was higher in female students [24]. In this study, the mean total score of the ecological anxiety scale was found to be 12.8±7.00 and it was observed that ecological anxiety was at low levels according to the maximum score that could be obtained from the scale. This may be because students do not have enough knowledge about climate change and ecological problems, or that students are more focused on education, career, social life, and personal problems, and therefore ecological concerns are not a priority concern for students. In addition, students may have developed defense mechanisms by unconsciously avoiding learning about climate change and environmental problems. Such mechanisms may also prevent high ecological anxiety in students. Sustainable dietary behaviors have an important role in health protection and promotion. It is important to understand what influences individuals' food preferences in sustainable nutrition, and knowing what influences preferences can lead to the spread of sustainable diets [25]. Understanding the behaviors of young populations, especially university students, on sustainable nutrition is critical in promoting sustainable nutrition approaches for future generations [26]. In this study, sustainable and healthy eating behaviors were assessed with seven sub-dimensions. The quality labels sub-dimension includes individuals' interest in foods with recognizable qualities such as local and organic food [19]. In this study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety level and quality cues, seasonal foods and avoidance of food waste. The healthy and balanced diet sub-dimension includes consuming enough of each food group [27]. The mean score of the healthy and balanced diet subscale of the participants was 4.19±1.35. In our study, a negative relationship was found between ecological anxiety and healthy and balanced eating behaviors in students. A systematic review by Aucoin et al. on anxiety and diet showed that there was a relationship between high anxiety levels and high-fat diets, high sugar and refined carbohydrate intake, and unhealthy and unsustainable diets [28]. These results suggest that ecological anxiety in students may increase their unhealthy dietary preferences. Our study supports that ecological anxiety may play a determinant role in students' unhealthy dietary choices. In addition, the reason why there was no relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors may be the students' lack of knowledge about nutrition. Nutrition education is critical for individuals to have a healthy and balanced diet and to make environmentally friendly and sustainable dietary choices. In a study conducted at Baskent University Faculty of Health Sciences in 2020, it was determined that nutrition education was effective in sustainable and healthy eating behaviors [29]. These findings reveal the importance of examining the effect of ecological anxiety on dietary preferences in more depth and the importance of education to develop sustainable eating habits for students. The local foods sub-dimension evaluates whether regionally produced foods are preferred or not. The mean score of the participants' consumption of local foods subscale was 2.98±1.33. In our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and local foods subscale. When the scale factor scores were analyzed, it was observed that the lowest score was in the sub-dimension of consumption of local foods [Table 2]. In another recent study, it was reported that the lowest subscale score was for reducing meat consumption and consuming local foods [30]. These results may indicate that students living in urban areas have difficult access to local foods and therefore have low local food consumption. The lack of preference for local foods may also be associated with limited access to local producers or limited availability of local foods in grocery stores. The subscale of reducing meat consumption questions the nutritional approach in which animal-based foods are reduced and plant-based foods are increased [19]. The mean score of the participants in the subscale of reducing meat consumption was 4.84±1.65. In our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and meat consumption. Macdiarmid et al. reported that meat consumption is linked to individual and cultural values and social relations [31]. In Turkish society, meat has a culturally important place and is one of the main components of dietary habits. Therefore, it is expected that even if ecological anxiety levels increase, no change is observed in the direction of reducing meat consumption. This result suggests that cultural norms and habits have a strong influence on dietary behaviors. The animal health sub-dimension examines the preference for seafood and free-range chicken eggs within the scope of sustainable fisheries. The mean animal health subscale score of the participants was 3.08±1.45. No significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and animal health factors. This finding suggests that even individuals with increased ecological awareness may have a low level of awareness about animal health or may not prefer sustainable seafood and animal welfare foods due to reasons such as price and access. It can be said that more awareness campaigns and educational programs are needed in this area. The low-fat subscale assesses behaviors that encourage the consumption of food products with reduced fat content [19]. The mean score of the low-fat consumption subscale was 5.15±1.59. When the factor scores of the scale were analyzed, it was seen that the highest score was in the sub-dimension of reducing fat consumption [Table 2]. However, in our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and reduction of fat consumption. This result suggests that ecological anxiety focuses more on environmental concerns and may not directly affect dietary behaviors. It can be concluded that health-oriented dietary habits, such as reducing fat consumption, may not be directly related to ecological concerns; instead, it may depend on individuals' personal health awareness and education level. Sustainable consumption is a form of consumption based on realizing that the world's resources are not unlimited and protecting these resources [32]. The sustainable consumption scale used in our study was evaluated through four main components such as environmental awareness, non-essential purchasing, thrift and reusability. The findings make an important contribution to understanding the effect of ecological anxiety on these sub-dimensions. A statistically significant relationship was found between the environmental sensitivity sub-dimension and ecological anxiety. This indicates that individuals with higher levels of ecological anxiety are more sensitive to the environment. Ecological anxiety may cause individuals to take more conscious steps to protect the environment and to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors. For example, behaviors such as saving energy and water, learning about environmental problems, and preferring environmentally friendly modes of transportation may be a result of this anxiety [33]. In line with the literature, it has been found that environmental awareness can increase ecological anxiety and that this sensitivity is positively correlated with the level of eco-anxiety [2]. On the other hand, no relationship was found between ecological anxiety and non-essential purchasing behavior. This finding suggests that ecological anxiety does not affect every sustainable behavior in the same way and that although individuals may be more conscious in certain areas, this consciousness and behavior change may not occur in other areas. For example, while ecological anxiety has a positive effect on environmental awareness, it may not have the same effect on other areas such as non-essential purchasing behavior. This shows that individuals' personal and social habits, especially their consumption and spending behaviors, may not change easily despite ecological concerns. The Saving Behavior subscale includes consumption restrictions that are not caused by economic hardship [34]. In our study, the mean score of the Saving Behavior subscale was found to be 12.57±4.25. No statistically significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety level and saving behavior . Findings in the literature show that individuals with different personality traits may also have different sustainable consumption behaviors [35]. Therefore, it can be suggested that saving behaviors may be more closely related to personality traits and this sub-dimension may not be directly related to ecological anxiety. The reusability subscale is a dimension that covers the sale and distribution of used and recycled products to be reused with the same function [36]. The mean reusability subscale score of the participants was 9.00±2.87. In our study, a statistically significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and reusability subscale. In the literature, it was reported that ecological anxiety was higher in individuals with high environmental sensitivity [37]. This finding supports that environmental sensitivity is related to ecological anxiety and that individuals developing environmentally sensitive behaviors can facilitate the transition to a sustainable future. Considering that reusability behavior is also a reflection of environmental sensitivity, the significant relationship between ecological anxiety and reusability in our study can be considered as a finding consistent with the literature. Conclusion In our study, it was found that ecological anxiety was negatively associated with a healthy and balanced diet, one of the components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors, but not with other components of sustainable eating behaviors such as reading quality labels, consuming seasonal foods, preventing food waste, consuming local foods, reducing meat consumption, paying attention to animal health and reducing fat consumption. Our findings also reveal that ecological anxiety level is associated with sustainable consumption behaviors such as environmental awareness and reusability, but not with non-essential purchasing and saving behaviors. Ecological anxiety is an important factor shaping individuals' sustainable consumption and healthy eating habits. However, these effects may vary positively or negatively depending on the level of ecological anxiety. While low and controllable levels of ecological anxiety may contribute to individuals to adopt more environmentally friendly and healthy eating approaches, high levels of anxiety may lead to the opposite results and direct individuals to negative behaviors. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of ecological anxiety on sustainable and healthy eating behaviors requires a more comprehensive examination of this area. Declarations Corresponding author Assoc. Prof. Kevser TARI SELCUK , Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University Faculty of Health Science, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] , ORCID: 0000-0003-1766-4914 Authors' contributions KTS, BG, ND, SA, and HOY designed the study. KTS, BG, NA analyzed data. KTS, BG, ND and SA prepared the first draft. KTS, SA, and HOY revised the drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data availability statement Data will be made available on request. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was conducted according to the ethical principles outlined by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Health Sciences Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University [04.12.2023/2023-191]. Written consent was obtained from all participants for participation in this study. 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Evaluation of Different Personality Types in Terms of Sustainable Consumption Behavior: A Research on Type A and Type B Personality. Journal of Business Research, 16 (1), 423-436. Ergin, R. G., & Dal, N. E. (2023). A research on the effect of behavioral environmental awareness on sustainable consumption behavior. Bilge International Journal of Social Research , 7(1), 28-53. Edwards, R. C., Larson, B. M., & Clayton, S. (2024). Navigating eco-anxiety and eco-detachment: Educators' strategies for raising environmental awareness given students' disconnection from nature. Environmental Education Research , 30(6), 864-880. Tables Table 1. Descriptive Characteristics (n= 689) Characteristics Number (n) Percentage (%) Age (Mean±SD: 20.6 + 2.5 years) 17-19 240 34.8 20-22 354 51.4 ≥23 95 13.8 Gender Women 491 71.3 Men 198 28.7 Marital Status Married 23 3.3 Single 666 96.7 Perceived Income Status Good 120 17.4 Moderate 496 72.0 Bad 73 10.6 Type of Education License 640 92.9 Associate Degree 15 2.2 Postgraduate 34 4.9 Place of Residence Student House 182 26.4 Family home 79 11.5 Dormitory 428 62.1 Smoking Current smoker 129 18.7 Nonsmoker 560 81.3 Alcohol Intake Status Yes 223 32.4 No 466 67.6 Physical Activity (150 minutes per week, moderate) Yes 433 62.8 No 253 37.2 Chronic Disease * No 659 95.6 There is 30 4.4 -Asthma/COPD 16 2.3 -Diabetes 10 1.5 -Cardiovascular diseases 6 0.9 Use of Nutritional Supplements * No. 619 90.0 Yes 69 10.0 -Omega 3 12 1.7 -Vitamin D 38 5.5 -Collagen 3 0.4 -Iron 15 2.2 -B12 29 4.2 Anthropometric measurements Mean±SD Body Weight 64.12±14.40kg Height Length 167.91±9.01cm BMI 22.60±3.96kg/m 2 SD: Standard Deviation. *More than one option was selected. BMI Body Mass Index. Table 2. Total and Subscale Mean Scores of Students' Eco-Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale, and Sustainable Consumption Behaviors Scale Scales and subscales Mean±SD Min-Max Value Range Eco-Anxiety Scale Emotional Symptoms 4.34±2.71 0-12 0-12 Behavioral Symptoms 3.19±2.25 0-9 0-9 Personal Information About Anxiety 2.80±2.11 0-9 0-9 Rumination 2.52±1.99 0-9 0-9 Total Score 12.8±7.00 0-39 0-39 Sustainable and Healthy Eating Scale Quality Labels 3.38±1.09 1-7 1-7 Seasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste 3.89±1.09 1-7 1-7 Healthy and Balanced Nutrition 4.19±1.35 1-7 1-7 Local Food 2.98±1.33 1-7 1-7 Reducing Meat Consumption 4.84±1.65 1-7 1-7 Animal Health 3.08±1.45 1-7 1-7 Low Fat 5.15±1.59 1-7 1-7 Total Score 27.51±9.55 7-49 7-49 Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale Environmental Awareness 13.79±4.61 5-25 5-25 Non-Essential Purchases 12. 99±4 .96 5-25 5-25 Saving Behavior 12.57±4.25 4-20 5-20 Reusability 9.00±2.87 3-15 3-15 Total Score 48.36±10.08 17-80 17-85 Table 3. The relationship between ecological anxiety level and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 β SE 95% CI β SE 95% CI β SE 95% CI Sustainable and healthy eating behaviors Quality Labels Ecological anxiety -0.033 0.006 -0.017;0.007 -0.028 0.006 -0.016;0.007 0.003 0.006 -0.011;0.012 Seasonal Foods and Avoidance of Food Waste Ecological anxiety 0.003 0.006 -0.011;0.012 -0.003 0.006 -0.012;0.011 0.034 0.006 -0.006;0.017 Healthy and Balanced Diet Ecological anxiety -0.086 0.007 -0.031;-0.002 * -0.079 0.007 -0.030;-0.001 * -0.073 0.007 -0.028;-0.001 * Local Foods Ecological anxiety 0.052 0.007 -0.004;0.024 0.058 0.007 -0.003;0.025 0.076 0.007 -0.001;0.029 Reducing Meat Consumption Ecological anxiety 0.035 0.009 -0.009;0.026 0.032 0.009 -0.010;0.026 0.060 0.009 -0.003;0.032 Animal Health Ecological anxiety 0.038 0.009 -0.007;0.023 0.014 0.008 -0.013;0.019 0.038 0.008 -0.008;0.024 Low Fat Ecological anxiety -.040 0.009 -0.026;0.008 -0.39 0.009 -0.026;0.008 -0.019 0.009 -0.022;0.013 *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. SE: Standard Error. β: Standardized regression coefficient. CI: Confidence Interval. Variables included in the model: Model 1. Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Model 2: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Model 3: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Marital status (Single: 0, Married 1), Perceived income status (Good/Moderate: 0, Bad:1), Type of education (Graduate: 0, Associate/License: 1), Education unit (Faculty of Health Sciences: 0, Other: 1), Smoking status (Nonsmoker: 0, Current smoker: 1), Alcohol intake status (No: 0, Yes: 1), Physical activity status (Yes: 0, No: 1), Nutritional supplement use (Yes: 0, No: 1), BMI (Continuous). Table 4. The relationship between ecological anxiety level and sustainable consumption behaviors Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 β SE 95% CI β SE 95% CI β SE 95% CI Sustainable consumption behaviors Environmental Awareness Ecological anxiety 0,077 0,025 0,001;0,100 * 0,083 0,025 0,004;0,104 * 0,088 0,025 0,008;0,108 * Non-essential Purchasing Ecological anxiety 0,070 0,027 -0,003;-0,104 0,065 0,027 -0,008;0,099 0,069 0,027 -0,005;0,102 Saving Behavior Ecological anxiety 0,018 0,023 -0,035;0,056 0,035 0,023 -0,025;0,067 0,032 0,023 -0,026;0,065 Reusability Ecological anxiety 0,107 0,016 0,013;0,074 ** 0,100 0,016 0,010;0,072 ** 0,100 0,016 0,010;0,072 * *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. SE: Standard Error. β: Standardized regression coefficient. CI: Confidence Interval. Variables included in the model: Model 1. Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Model 2: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Model 3: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Marital status (Single: 0, Married 1), Perceived income status (Good/Moderate: 0, Bad:1), Type of education (Graduate: 0, Associate/License: 1), Education unit (Faculty of Health Sciences: 0, Other: 1), Smoking status (Nonsmoker: 0, Current smoker: 1), Alcohol intake status (No: 0, Yes: 1), Physical activity status (Yes: 0, No: 1), Nutritional supplement use (Yes: 0, No: 1), BMI (Continuous). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change is defined as \u0026ldquo;a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., through statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In the literature, it has been stated that negative emotional reactions to climate change can be observed in some individuals and that climate change is associated with psychological problems such as depression, stress, fatalism, helplessness, and anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to climate change, ecological crises such as environmental pollution, rapid depletion of natural resources and loss of biodiversity cause anxiety by threatening individuals' right to live in a healthy environment, causing fear that basic needs such as water, energy and agricultural resources will not be adequately met in the future, damaging the balance of ecosystems and people's ties with nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Ecological anxiety, which refers to individuals' concerns about the future effects of climate change and ecological crises and their negative emotional states resulting from these concerns, is a complex emotional state that requires reevaluating humanity's relationship with nature and the effects of environmental problems on life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, it is important to understand that eco-anxiety can be a dimension of the general concerns and problems of individuals or groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sustainable and healthy diet adopts an approach that protects ecosystems and biodiversity, reduces carbon footprint, and is nutritionally adequate, safe, and healthy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Adopting sustainable and healthy eating behaviors increases individuals' environmental awareness and strengthens their health and responsibility to protect resources for future generations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The literature suggests that promoting sustainable and healthy eating behaviors among consumers can reduce the health and environmental burdens caused by food. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the OECD report, sustainable consumption is defined as \"the efficient use of natural resources, reduction of toxic substances and environmental pollutants, and consideration of the needs of future generations\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In the literature, studies examining the relationship between ecological anxiety and healthy eating and sustainable consumption behaviors are very limited and have contradictory results [1213,14]. In some of these studies, it is reported that individuals in the younger age group are more concerned about climate change, show more interest in environmental sustainability issues, and ecological anxiety increases the likelihood of individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Some studies have reported that individuals with ecological anxiety prefer less healthy and less varied diets and that ecological anxiety may negatively affect individuals' sustainable consumption and dietary behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering that young people, who are the actors of the future, are the most sensitive group to climate change and environmental problems, understanding the relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable nutrition and consumption behaviors in young people is vital both in terms of developing strategies to promote healthy and sustainable lifestyles for the future of the planet and contributing to the evidence that will eliminate the contradiction in the literature on the subject. Based on this rationale, this study aims to examine the relationship between ecological anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors in young adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy type and sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research is cross-sectional. \u0026nbsp;The population of the study consists of students enrolled in the faculties and vocational schools of X University. The minimum sample size to be reached in the study was calculated as 652 people with 95% power, α=0.05 significance level, and d=0.02 effect size in G*Power 3.1.9.7 program [15,16].\u0026nbsp;The study included 696 students who were actively continuing their education, spoke Turkish and agreed to participate in the study, and the data of 689 students were evaluated within the scope of the study by excluding students diagnosed with eating disorders and/or psychiatric diseases (n=17).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Collection Method\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the scope of the study, students were informed about the purpose and scope of the study and were asked to sign the informed consent form. The questionnaire consisting of four sections was administered by the researchers to the students who signed the informed consent form by face-to-face interview method.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data of the study were collected by the researchers through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire form including the Descriptive Information Form, Eco-Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale and Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive Information Form:\u003c/em\u003eIt consists of 13 questions inquiring students' sociodemographic characteristics, health status, physical activity status, and use of food supplements.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEco-anxiety Scale:\u003c/em\u003eThe scale, which was developed by Hogg et al. (2021) and adapted into Turkish by Uzun et al. (2022) to evaluate the psychological reactions of individuals when they encounter environmental problems, consists of 4 sub-dimensions [Emotional symptoms, Behavioral symptoms, Personal impact on anxiety, Rumination] and 13 questions. The response options of the scale are \"0=never, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=almost always\" and the increase in the sub-dimension and total score of the scale indicates an increase in the level of eco-anxiety [17,18].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale:\u003c/em\u003eThe scale developed by Zakowska-Biemans et al. (2019) to assess individuals' sustainable and healthy eating behaviors was adapted into Turkish by Erdoğan et al. (2019) . The scale consists of 7 factors and 32 items: Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste, Healthy and Balanced Nutrition, Local Food, Reducing Meat Consumption, Animal Health and Low Fat. In the evaluation of the scale, the questions belonging to the factors are averaged, and an increase in the average score is considered as an increase in behavior [19,20].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSustainable Consumption Behavior Scale:\u003c/em\u003e The scale was developed by Doğan et al. in 2015 and a validity and reliability study was conducted. The scale consists of 4 sub-dimensions and 17 items: environmental awareness (items 1-5), non-essential purchasing (items 6-10), saving (items 11-14), and reusability (items 15-17). On the scale, responses are scored as 1= never, 2= rarely, 3= sometimes, 4= yes, usually, 5= always. The score that can be obtained from the scale is in the range of 17-85, and the increase in the score obtained from the scale indicates an increase in sustainable consumption behaviors [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS 22.0 program was used in the evaluation of the study data. In data analysis, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation values were calculated and presented. The relationship between eco-anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors was evaluated by multivariate linear regression analysis [enter method]. Model accuracy was assessed by adjusted R-squared. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF \u0026lt; 4) and Durbin Watson (DW: 1.5-2.5) values were considered in the evaluation of multicollinearity and autocorrelation. The level of significance for statistical tests was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted according to the ethical principles outlined by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Health Sciences Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University [04.12.2023/2023-191]. Written consent was obtained from all participants for participation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the participants was 20.6 \u003cu\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e2.5 years, 71.3% were female, 96.7% were single, 92.9% had a bachelor's degree, and 72% perceived their income as moderate. The proportion of participants who smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol with varying frequency and quantity were 18.7% and 32.4%, respectively. 62.8% of the participants reported at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week. 95.6% of the participants did not have any chronic disease, and 10.0% used nutritional supplements. The mean body weight, height and BMI of the students were 64.12±14.40 kg, 167.91±9.01 cm, and 22.60±3.96 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e respectively (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean total score of the Eco-anxiety Scale is 12.8±7.00, and the mean scores of the Emotional Symptoms, Behavioral Symptoms, Personal Information About Anxiety, and Rumination sub-dimensions of the scale are 4.34±2.71, 3.19±2.25, 2.80±2.11, 2.52±1.99, respectively. The mean scores of Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste, Healthy and Balanced Nutrition, Local Food, Reducing Meat Consumption, Animal Health and Low Fat sub-dimensions are 3.38±1.09, 3.89±1.09, 4.19±1.35, 2.98±1.33, 4.84±1.65, 3.08±1.45 and 5.15±1.59, respectively. The mean total score of the Sustainable Consumption Behavior Scale is 48.36±10.08, and the mean scores of the Environmental Sensitivity, Non-Essential Purchasing, Saving, and Reusability sub-dimensions of the scale are 13.79±4.61, 12.99±4.96, 12.57±4.25, 9.00±2.87, respectively (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety was negatively associated with Healthy and Balanced Diet [Model 1 (β: -0.086, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β:-0.079, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β:-0.073, p\u0026lt;0.05)], whereas it was not found to be association with the other components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors such as Quality Labels, Seasonal Foods and Avoidance of Food Waste, local foods, reducing meat consumption, animal health, low fat (Table 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety is positively association with Environmental awareness [Model 1 (β:0.077, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β:0.083, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.088, p\u0026lt;0.05)] and Reusability [Model 1 (β:0.107, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β:0.100, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.100, p\u0026lt;0.05)] components of sustainable consumption behaviours (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors. In the study, it was determined that ecological anxiety level had a negative relationship with healthy and balanced eating behavior, whereas ecological anxiety level was not associated with other components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors such as quality labels, seasonal foods, local production preferences, and reduction of meat consumption. On the other hand, in this study, it was determined that ecological anxiety was positively associated with environmental awareness and reusability components of sustainable consumption behaviors, but not with behaviors such as non-essential purchasing and saving. \u0026nbsp;These results suggest that ecological anxiety has complex effects on sustainable and healthy eating and sustainable consumption behaviors, and therefore, ecological anxiety should be considered in strategies that promote sustainable lifestyles.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety is defined as anxiety about the uncertainties about the future of living things on earth and ecological problems that may be caused by climate change [6]. Individuals with ecological anxiety experience various negative emotional reactions such as fear, anger, exhaustion, powerlessness, fealing of loss, helplessness, and phobia and despair [6]. The literature suggests that the ecological anxiety of these individuals may increase their tendency to develop environmentally-conscious behaviors and adopt more sustainable lifestyles [8]. A study conducted in Germany revealed high levels of climate change anxiety among young people, full-time workers, and individuals with chronic diseases [22]. A study in Portugal found that the majority of university students reported high levels of anxiety about climate change and that this anxiety significantly affected their daily lives. It was also observed that high ecological anxiety scores were more associated with environmentally sensitive behaviors in these students [23]. \u0026nbsp;In a study conducted on university students in Turkey, the mean total score of the ecological anxiety scale was found to be 14.03±7.99 and it was found that the score was higher in female students [24]. In this study, the mean total score of the ecological anxiety scale was found to be 12.8±7.00 and it was observed that ecological anxiety was at low levels according to the maximum score that could be obtained from the scale. This may be because students do not have enough knowledge about climate change and ecological problems, or that students are more focused on education, career, social life, and personal problems, and therefore ecological concerns are not a priority concern for students. In addition, students may have developed defense mechanisms by unconsciously avoiding learning about climate change and environmental problems. Such mechanisms may also prevent high ecological anxiety in students.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSustainable dietary behaviors have an important role in health protection and promotion. It is important to understand what influences individuals' food preferences in sustainable nutrition, and knowing what influences preferences can lead to the spread of sustainable diets [25]. Understanding the behaviors of young populations, especially university students, on sustainable nutrition is critical in promoting sustainable nutrition approaches for future generations [26]. In this study, sustainable and healthy eating behaviors were assessed with seven sub-dimensions. The quality labels sub-dimension includes individuals' interest in foods with recognizable qualities such as local and organic food [19]. In this study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety level and quality cues, seasonal foods and avoidance of food waste. \u0026nbsp;The healthy and balanced diet sub-dimension includes consuming enough of each food group [27]. The mean score of the healthy and balanced diet subscale of the participants was 4.19±1.35. In our study, a negative relationship was found between ecological anxiety and healthy and balanced eating behaviors in students. A systematic review by Aucoin et al. on anxiety and diet showed that there was a relationship between high anxiety levels and high-fat diets, high sugar and refined carbohydrate intake, and unhealthy and unsustainable diets [28]. These results suggest that ecological anxiety in students may increase their unhealthy dietary preferences. Our study supports that ecological anxiety may play a determinant role in students' unhealthy dietary choices. In addition, the reason why there was no relationship between ecological anxiety and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors may be the students' lack of knowledge about nutrition. Nutrition education is critical for individuals to have a healthy and balanced diet and to make environmentally friendly and sustainable dietary choices. In a study conducted at Baskent University Faculty of Health Sciences in 2020, it was determined that nutrition education was effective in sustainable and healthy eating behaviors [29]. These findings reveal the importance of examining the effect of ecological anxiety on dietary preferences in more depth and the importance of education to develop sustainable eating habits for students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe local foods sub-dimension evaluates whether regionally produced foods are preferred or not. The mean score of the participants' consumption of local foods subscale was 2.98±1.33. In our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and local foods subscale. When the scale factor scores were analyzed, it was observed that the lowest score was in the sub-dimension of consumption of local foods [Table 2]. In another recent study, it was reported that the lowest subscale score was for reducing meat consumption and consuming local foods [30]. These results may indicate that students living in urban areas have difficult access to local foods and therefore have low local food consumption. The lack of preference for local foods may also be associated with limited access to local producers or limited availability of local foods in grocery stores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subscale of reducing meat consumption questions the nutritional approach in which animal-based foods are reduced and plant-based foods are increased [19]. The mean score of the participants in the subscale of reducing meat consumption was 4.84±1.65. In our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and meat consumption. Macdiarmid et al. reported that meat consumption is linked to individual and cultural values and social relations [31]. In Turkish society, meat has a culturally important place and is one of the main components of dietary habits. Therefore, it is expected that even if ecological anxiety levels increase, no change is observed in the direction of reducing meat consumption. This result suggests that cultural norms and habits have a strong influence on dietary behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe animal health sub-dimension examines the preference for seafood and free-range chicken eggs within the scope of sustainable fisheries. The mean animal health subscale score of the participants was 3.08±1.45. No significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and animal health factors. This finding suggests that even individuals with increased ecological awareness may have a low level of awareness about animal health or may not prefer sustainable seafood and animal welfare foods due to reasons such as price and access. It can be said that more awareness campaigns and educational programs are needed in this area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe low-fat subscale assesses behaviors that encourage the consumption of food products with reduced fat content [19]. The mean score of the low-fat consumption subscale was 5.15±1.59. When the factor scores of the scale were analyzed, it was seen that the highest score was in the sub-dimension of reducing fat consumption [Table 2]. However, in our study, no significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and reduction of fat consumption. This result suggests that ecological anxiety focuses more on environmental concerns and may not directly affect dietary behaviors. It can be concluded that health-oriented dietary habits, such as reducing fat consumption, may not be directly related to ecological concerns; instead, it may depend on individuals' personal health awareness and education level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSustainable consumption is a form of consumption based on realizing that the world's resources are not unlimited and protecting these resources [32]. The sustainable consumption scale used in our study was evaluated through four main components such as environmental awareness, non-essential purchasing, thrift and reusability. The findings make an important contribution to understanding the effect of ecological anxiety on these sub-dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA statistically significant relationship was found between the environmental sensitivity sub-dimension and ecological anxiety. This indicates that individuals with higher levels of ecological anxiety are more sensitive to the environment. Ecological anxiety may cause individuals to take more conscious steps to protect the environment and to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors. For example, behaviors such as saving energy and water, learning about environmental problems, and preferring environmentally friendly modes of transportation may be a result of this anxiety [33].\u0026nbsp;In line with the literature, it has been found that environmental awareness can increase ecological anxiety and that this sensitivity is positively correlated with the level of eco-anxiety [2].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, no relationship was found between ecological anxiety and non-essential purchasing behavior. This finding suggests that ecological anxiety does not affect every sustainable behavior in the same way and that although individuals may be more conscious in certain areas, this consciousness and behavior change may not occur in other areas. For example, while ecological anxiety has a positive effect on environmental awareness, it may not have the same effect on other areas such as non-essential purchasing behavior. This shows that individuals' personal and social habits, especially their consumption and spending behaviors, may not change easily despite ecological concerns.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Saving Behavior subscale includes consumption restrictions that are not caused by economic hardship [34]. In our study, the mean score of the Saving Behavior subscale was found to be 12.57±4.25. No statistically significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety level and saving behavior . Findings in the literature show that individuals with different personality traits may also have different sustainable consumption behaviors [35]. Therefore, it can be suggested that saving behaviors may be more closely related to personality traits and this sub-dimension may not be directly related to ecological anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reusability subscale is a dimension that covers the sale and distribution of used and recycled products to be reused with the same function [36]. The mean reusability subscale score of the participants was 9.00±2.87. In our study, a statistically significant relationship was found between ecological anxiety and reusability subscale. In the literature, it was reported that ecological anxiety was higher in individuals with high environmental sensitivity [37]. This finding supports that environmental sensitivity is related to ecological anxiety and that individuals developing environmentally sensitive behaviors can facilitate the transition to a sustainable future. Considering that reusability behavior is also a reflection of environmental sensitivity, the significant relationship between ecological anxiety and reusability in our study can be considered as a finding consistent with the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, it was found that ecological anxiety was negatively associated with a healthy and balanced diet, one of the components of sustainable and healthy eating behaviors, but not with other components of sustainable eating behaviors such as reading quality labels, consuming seasonal foods, preventing food waste, consuming local foods, reducing meat consumption, paying attention to animal health and reducing fat consumption. Our findings also reveal that ecological anxiety level is associated with sustainable consumption behaviors such as environmental awareness and reusability, but not with non-essential purchasing and saving behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety is an important factor shaping individuals' sustainable consumption and healthy eating habits. However, these effects may vary positively or negatively depending on the level of ecological anxiety. While low and controllable levels of ecological anxiety may contribute to individuals to adopt more environmentally friendly and healthy eating approaches, high levels of anxiety may lead to the opposite results and direct individuals to negative behaviors. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of ecological anxiety on sustainable and healthy eating behaviors requires a more comprehensive examination of this area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssoc. Prof. Kevser TARI SELCUK\u003c/strong\u003e, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University Faculty of Health Science, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-1766-4914\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKTS, BG, ND, SA, and HOY designed the study. KTS, BG, NA analyzed data. KTS, BG, ND and SA prepared the first draft. KTS, SA, and HOY revised the drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted according to the ethical principles outlined by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Health Sciences Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University [04.12.2023/2023-191]. Written consent was obtained from all participants for participation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. M\u0026ouml;ller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. M\u0026eacute;ndez, S. 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Sustainable consumption: A conceptual study. \u003cem\u003eOguzhan Journal of Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, 5(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.55580/oguzhan.1291379\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStevenson, K., \u0026amp; Peterson, N. (2015). Motivating Action through Fostering Climate Change Hope and Concern and Avoiding Despair among Adolescents. Sustainability, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvans, D. (2011). Thrifty, green or frugal: Reflections on sustainable consumption in a changing economic climate. \u003cem\u003eGeoforum,\u003c/em\u003e 42(5), 550-557.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCan, F. and \u0026Ccedil;ağan, H.\u0026Ouml;. (2024). Evaluation of Different Personality Types in Terms of Sustainable Consumption Behavior: A Research on Type A and Type B Personality. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Research,\u003c/em\u003e 16 (1), 423-436.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErgin, R. G., \u0026amp; Dal, N. E. (2023). A research on the effect of behavioral environmental awareness on sustainable consumption behavior. \u003cem\u003eBilge International Journal of Social Research\u003c/em\u003e, 7(1), 28-53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEdwards, R. C., Larson, B. M., \u0026amp; Clayton, S. (2024). Navigating eco-anxiety and eco-detachment: Educators\u0026apos; strategies for raising environmental awareness given students\u0026apos; disconnection from nature. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Education Research\u003c/em\u003e, 30(6), 864-880.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Descriptive Characteristics (n= 689)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(Mean\u0026plusmn;SD: 20.6 \u003cu\u003e+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e2.5 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived Income Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLicense\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent House\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily home\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDormitory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNonsmoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol Intake Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Activity (150 minutes per week, moderate)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChronic Disease\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Asthma/COPD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Cardiovascular diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of Nutritional Supplements\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Omega 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Vitamin D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Collagen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Iron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-B12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnthropometric measurements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Weight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.12\u0026plusmn;14.40kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeight Length\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.91\u0026plusmn;9.01cm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.60\u0026plusmn;3.96kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard Deviation. *More than one option was selected. BMI Body Mass Index.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Total and Subscale Mean Scores of Students\u0026apos; Eco-Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale, and Sustainable Consumption Behaviors Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScales and subscales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin-Max Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEco-Anxiety Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026plusmn;2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBehavioral Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026plusmn;2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Information About Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026plusmn;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRumination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026plusmn;1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026plusmn;7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSustainable and Healthy Eating Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality Labels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal Foods and Avoiding Food Waste\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy and Balanced Nutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026plusmn;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal Food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducing Meat Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026plusmn;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal Health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u0026plusmn;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow Fat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026plusmn;1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.51\u0026plusmn;9.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSustainable Consumption Behavior Scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.79\u0026plusmn;4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Essential Purchases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003cstrong\u003e99\u0026plusmn;4\u003c/strong\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaving Behavior\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.57\u0026plusmn;4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReusability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026plusmn;2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.36\u0026plusmn;10.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17-85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. The relationship between ecological anxiety level and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"916\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSustainable and healthy eating behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality Labels\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011;0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeasonal Foods and Avoidance of Food Waste\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011;0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.012;0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006;0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy and Balanced Diet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.031;-0.002\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.030;-0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.028;-0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocal Foods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003;0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001;0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing Meat Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009;0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010;0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003;0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimal Health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007;0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.013;0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow Fat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022;0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05, **p\u0026lt;0.01, ***p\u0026lt;0.001. SE: Standard Error. \u0026beta;: Standardized regression coefficient. CI: Confidence Interval. Variables included in the model: Model 1. Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Model 2: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Model 3: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Marital status (Single: 0, Married 1), Perceived income status (Good/Moderate: 0, Bad:1), Type of education (Graduate: 0, Associate/License: 1), Education unit (Faculty of Health Sciences: 0, Other: 1), Smoking status (Nonsmoker: 0, Current smoker: 1), Alcohol intake status (No: 0, Yes: 1), Physical activity status (Yes: 0, No: 1), Nutritional supplement use (Yes: 0, No: 1), BMI (Continuous).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. The relationship between ecological anxiety level and sustainable consumption behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"916\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSustainable consumption behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Awareness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,001;0,100\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,004;0,104\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,008;0,108\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-essential Purchasing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,003;-0,104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,008;0,099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,005;0,102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaving Behavior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,035;0,056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,025;0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,026;0,065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReusability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,013;0,074\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,010;0,072\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,010;0,072\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05, **p\u0026lt;0.01, ***p\u0026lt;0.001. SE: Standard Error. \u0026beta;: Standardized regression coefficient. CI: Confidence Interval. Variables included in the model: Model 1. Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Model 2: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Model 3: Ecological anxiety (Continuous), Age (Continuous), Sex (Female: 0, Male: 1), Marital status (Single: 0, Married 1), Perceived income status (Good/Moderate: 0, Bad:1), Type of education (Graduate: 0, Associate/License: 1), Education unit (Faculty of Health Sciences: 0, Other: 1), Smoking status (Nonsmoker: 0, Current smoker: 1), Alcohol intake status (No: 0, Yes: 1), Physical activity status (Yes: 0, No: 1), Nutritional supplement use (Yes: 0, No: 1), BMI (Continuous).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nutrire","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nutrire](https://www.springer.com/journal/41110)","snPcode":"41110","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41110/3","title":"Nutrire","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Ecological anxiety, sustainable nutrition, eating behaviors, sustainable consumption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7880384/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7880384/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e This study aims to examine the relationship between ecological anxiety levels and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors and sustainable consumption behaviors in young adults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, the data of 689 students studying at X University were evaluated. Data were collected using the Ecological Anxiety Scale, Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale, and Sustainable Consumption Behaviors Scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eEcological anxiety is negatively associated with Healthy and Balanced Nutrition [Model 1 (β: -0.086, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β: -0.079, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β: -0.073, p\u0026lt;0.05)] which is a component of sustainable and healthy eating behaviours. Ecological anxiety is positively associated with Environmental Awareness [Model 1 (β:0.077, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β:0.083, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.088, p\u0026lt;0.05)] and Reusability [Model 1 (β:0.107, p\u0026lt;0.05), Model 2 (β:0.100, p\u0026lt;0.05) and Model 3 (β:0.100, p\u0026lt;0.05)] which are components of sustainable consumption behaviours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003eIncreased ecological anxiety negatively affects healthy and balanced nutrition behavior, while encouraging sustainable consumption behaviors such as environmental awareness and reusability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Does Ecological Anxiety Undermine Healthy and Balanced Nutrition While Boosting Sustainable Consumption in Young Adults? A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 19:29:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7880384/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-09T11:47:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T12:19:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"76392330101883532798422267887856106083","date":"2025-12-05T10:20:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T10:09:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"69629576484087390965094316770639513784","date":"2025-10-22T13:09:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T11:42:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T11:39:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T07:53:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Nutrire","date":"2025-10-16T18:34:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nutrire","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nutrire](https://www.springer.com/journal/41110)","snPcode":"41110","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41110/3","title":"Nutrire","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05c718aa-b9f8-478a-98c3-2b52a76cdb2c","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-03T14:23:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 19:29:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7880384","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7880384","identity":"rs-7880384","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}