Assessment of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Tibebe Ghion Hospital Medical Ward, Hepatology Unit, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, A Cross-sectional Study, 2025

Assessment of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Tibebe Ghion Hospital Medical Ward, Hepatology Unit, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, A Cross-sectional Study, 2025 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Tibebe Ghion Hospital Medical Ward, Hepatology Unit, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, A Cross-sectional Study, 2025 Getie Baylie Alem¹, Dessalegne Nigatu Achenef¹, Tsion Adebabay Kassie², and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Gastroenterology → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a Liver vascular disease characterized by the development of a blood clot inside the portal vein's main branches or trunk. There is limited study on PVT and associated factors in Africa even with no study from Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and associated factors among patients at TGSH medical ward hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Ethiopia from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024. Method A retrospective Cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024, at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 422 patients. The Data was collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and a checklist for document review. Data was coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with PVT at 95% confidence interval. The ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Bahir Dar University. Result A total of 407 study subjects were included, and 64 (15.7%) had portal vein thrombosis. Having a diagnosis of CLD, the AOR is 2.139 (95% CI: 1.017–4.499) with a p-value of 0.045, patients with HCC with an AOR of 3.912 (95% CI: 1.609–9.512) and a significant p-value of 0. 003. Platelet count > 450K, with an AOR of 4.574 (95% CI: 1.989–10.519) and a p-value of 0.001 were significantly associated with portal vein thrombosis. Conclusion and Recommendations: This study found a high prevalence of PVT among hospitalized patients, while CLD, HCC and elevated platelets significantly increasing risk. Future research should explore causal factors, thrombophilia, and broader patient groups for better prevention. Portal vein thrombosis chronic liver disease hepatocellular carcinoma Ethiopia thrombocytosis Introduction Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) represents a significant vascular complication of the liver, characterized by the formation of a thrombus within the portal vein or its branches. As the portal vein delivers approximately 75% of hepatic blood flow, its patency is critical for normal liver function. Anatomically, the portal vein arises posterior to the pancreatic neck from the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins and lacks valves, predisposing it to hemodynamic disturbances that may lead to thrombosis(1). PVT is increasingly recognized in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic populations and is often associated with a spectrum of hepatic and systemic conditions. In cirrhotic patients, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal hypertension are major contributors, whereas in non-cirrhotic individuals, malignancies, inflammatory conditions (e.g., pancreatitis, diverticulitis), and systemic hypercoagulable states are dominant risk factors. Risk stratification is often dichotomized into local and systemic (general) factors, ranging from intra-abdominal infections and surgeries to inherited and acquired thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, protein C and S deficiencies, antiphospholipid syndrome, and myeloproliferative neoplasms (1–3). Clinically, PVT can present with subtle or nonspecific symptoms, and up to 43% of cases may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally through Doppler ultrasonography. When symptomatic, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites are common, especially in cases involving acute thrombosis or exacerbation of cirrhosis. Diagnostic evaluation typically begins with Doppler ultrasound, though contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides superior sensitivity and anatomical detail. In select cases, invasive angiographic studies remain the gold standard (1, 4–6). Despite its clinical significance, the epidemiology of PVT remains poorly characterized, especially in resource-limited settings. Global prevalence varies considerably depending on population and diagnostic methods—ranging from 5–64% in cirrhotic patients and 25–50% in those with HCC. Autopsy studies indicate an overall prevalence of 1%, with strong associations noted for cirrhosis (28%), primary hepatobiliary malignancies (23%), and secondary liver tumors (44%) (1, 7–10). Importantly, PVT significantly worsens clinical outcomes, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and mortality. Mortality rates in affected individuals vary between 7% and 50%, influenced by comorbid liver disease, malignancy status, and timeliness of intervention. Additionally, the involvement of mesenteric veins may lead to ischemic complications, further compounding the clinical burden (11, 12). Despite its implications, there is a striking lack of data on PVT in African populations. To date, no comprehensive studies have been conducted in Ethiopia. This absence of localized evidence hinders early recognition and optimal management of the condition. Given Ethiopia’s growing burden of chronic liver diseases, particularly hepatitis-related cirrhosis and hepatobiliary malignancies, a better understanding of PVT is urgently needed. This study aims to fill this critical knowledge gap by assessing the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and identifying associated clinical and demographic risk factors among patients admitted to the hepatology unit of Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital (TGSH), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Findings from this research are expected to inform diagnostic and management protocols, contribute to national data on vascular liver diseases, and facilitate future clinical and epidemiological studies in similar low-resource settings. Methods Study Design and Setting A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital (TGSH) in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024. TGSH is a tertiary-level teaching hospital with a capacity of 450 beds, including 72 beds for medical patients and a 12-bed intensive care unit (ICU). The hospital serves as a referral center for the Amhara region and offers comprehensive inpatient and outpatient medical services. Study Population The source population consisted of all patients admitted to the TGSH medical ward during the study period. The study population included all adult patients admitted to the hepatology unit of the TGSH medical ward between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2024. Inclusion Criteria: All adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) admitted to the TGSH hepatology unit within the study period. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with incomplete medical records. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, assuming a prevalence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) of 50% due to a lack of prior local studies. With a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error: n = Z(α⁄2)2 p(1-p) / w2 n=1.96^2 *0.5(1-0.5)/0.05^2= 384 Where; n= minimum sample size Z_(α⁄2)= The desired level of statistical significance (1.96) p(1-p) = A measure of variability W= the margin of error=5% No= 384, Accounting for a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was adjusted to 422. Eligible patient records were identified from the hospital registration book. Using a simple random sampling technique, 422 charts were selected from the sampling frame. Variables of the Study Dependent Variable: Portal vein thrombosis (yes/no) Independent Variables: Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status, education level) Clinical conditions (cirrhosis, malignancy, myeloproliferative disorder, coagulation abnormalities) Local risk factors (abdominal surgery, intra-abdominal infection) Operational Definitions PVT: Presence of thrombus in the portal vein or its branches, confirmed by imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRI). Cirrhosis: Chronic liver damage marked by fibrosis and nodular regeneration, confirmed via imaging. Malignancy: Includes both primary hepatobiliary cancers and liver metastases. Myeloproliferative Disorder: A group of diseases causing abnormal blood cell production. Coagulation Abnormality: Genetic or acquired conditions that predispose to excessive clot formation. Abdominal Surgery: Any surgical intervention involving the abdominal cavity. Intra-abdominal Infection: Infections originating within the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity. Data Collection Procedure Medical records were retrieved from the hospital archive following the random sampling procedure. Trained data collectors (three medical interns and two nurses) used a structured and pretested checklist to extract data on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and clinical findings. All records were documented in English, eliminating the need for translation. The principal investigator supervised the entire data collection process. Data Quality Assurance A pretest was conducted on 5% of the sample size to ensure tool reliability and clarity. Based on pretest findings, minor modifications were made. During data collection, completed forms were reviewed daily by the principal investigator to ensure accuracy and completeness. Data Management and Analysis Collected data were cleaned, coded, and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, proportions) were used to summarize variables. Bivariate analysis was first performed to identify candidate variables (p < 0.25), followed by multivariable logistic regression to determine independent predictors of PVT. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. A p-value of <0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used to declare statistical significance. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR, AOR) were calculated to estimate the strength of associations. The result of the analysis was presented using texts and tables. Results Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants A total of 407 patients were included in the final analysis, yielding a response rate of 96.4% from the initially targeted sample size of 422. Among these, 64 patients were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), corresponding to a prevalence of 15.7% (95% CI: 12.2–19.3%). The median age of the study population was 38 years, with an age range of 15 to 85 years. The majority of participants (44.5%) were between 21 and 40 years of age (n = 181). Males constituted 68.3% of the sample (n = 278), resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 2.12:1 (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients (n = 407) admitted at TGSH medical ward Hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021–2024. Characteristics N = 407 Age (years) ≤ 20 9.8% 21–40 181(44.5%) 41–60 137 (33.7%) > 60 69 (12.5%) Sex Male 278 (68.3%) Female 129 (31.7%) Residency Urban 135 (33.2%) Rural 272 (66.8%) Diagnosis CLD 199 (48.9%) HCC 37 (9.1% Pancreatitis 8 (2%) GI TB 37 (9.1%) IBD 22 (5.4%) Others 143(35.1%) biological investigations, average, value extreme INR 1.4 Bilirubin 1.2mg/dl Albumin 2.4mg/dl HGB 11mg/dl AST 48IU/L ALT 39IU/L Platelet 168 Sodium 137 RBS 105 At least one comorbidity was identified in 8.6% of participants. The most commonly reported comorbid conditions included renal diseases (2.5%), diabetes mellitus (2.2%), hypertension (2.2%), and respiratory disorders (1.2%). Cardiac abnormalities were observed in 0.5% of patients, while no cases of rheumatologic disorders were documented in the study population. (Table 1 ). Clinical characteristics of patients with PVT Among the 64 patients diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), the most frequently reported clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, observed in 81.3% of cases (n = 52), and gastrointestinal bleeding, reported in 18.8% (n = 12). On physical examination, ascites was present in 48.4% of patients (n = 31), while splenomegaly was identified in 26.6% (n = 17) Abdominal ultrasonography was the initial diagnostic modality in all patients, confirming PVT in 54 individuals (84.4%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in 44 patients (68.8%) either as a primary diagnostic tool or as a follow-up to ultrasonography. In total, 10 patients (15.6%) were diagnosed with PVT based on CT findings alone. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was performed in 25 patients (39.1%). Among these, esophageal varices were detected in 20 patients (31.3%), portal hypertensive gastropathy in 5 patients (7.8%), and normal endoscopic findings in 3 patients (4.7%) (Table 2 ). Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the patients with PVT (64) admitted at TGSH medical ward Hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021–2024. Characters N = 64 Diagnostic modality used Ultrasound 54 (84.4%) CT scan 44 (68.8%) Both 34 (53.1%) Report from imaging Complete thrombosis 36 (56.3%) Partial obstruction 3 (4.7%) Portal cavernoma 17 (26.6%) Splenic varices 10 (15.6%) Superior mesenteric vein extension 10 (15.6%) Splenic vein thrombosis 8 (12.5%) Primary cause CLD 45 (70.3%) Malignancy 21 (32.8%) HCC 18 (28.1%) Non-HCC 3 (4.7%) GI TB 2 (3.1%) Pancreatitis 2 (3.1%) Others Abdominal surgery 3 (4.7%) Abdominal infection 3 (4.7%) Not identified 8 Presenting symptoms and signs Abdominal pain 52 (81.3%) Splenomegaly 17 (26.6%) Jaundice 11 (17.2%) Fever 11 (17.2%) Digestive bleeding 12 (18.8%) Ascites 31 (48.4%) There was no discernible relationship between portal vein thrombosis with clinical features, age, and residency, pancreatitis, or test results, according to the study. Hepatitis virus-associated cirrhosis and cirrhosis severity (Child-Pugh class) were found to be significantly correlated(Table 3 ). Table 3 Correlation between different factors and Portal vein thrombosis (n = 64) admitted at TGSH Medical Ward GI unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021–2024 Characters PVT P value Age mean age (years) 41.48 0.446 Residency Urban 19 0.519 Rural 45 Pancreatitis 2 0.467 Others 17 0.118 Cause of cirrhosis Alcohol 2 0.205 Viral 17 0.034 Auto-immune 1 0.344 Child class A 0 B 7 0.001 C 20 0.001 Complications UGIB 11 0.302 Encephalopathy 8 0.27 SBP 7 0.716 HRS 2 0.317 Esophageal varices 20 0.329 Laboratory value INR mean 1.42 0.073 Bilirubin mean (mg/dl) 2.61 0.528 ALT 89.26 0.103 Sodium 135.15 0.317 RBS 101.62 0.2 Factors associated with portal vein thrombosis Binary logistic regression was initially employed to assess the association between various sociodemographic and clinical variables and the occurrence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were selected as candidates for multivariable logistic regression. These included: sex, chronic liver disease (CLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GI TB), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin level (HGB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Model adequacy was confirmed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (p = 0.175), indicating a good fit. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex was significantly associated with lower odds of PVT. Males had 53.3% reduced odds compared to females (AOR = 0.467; 95% CI: 0.22–0.992; p = 0.048). Patients diagnosed with CLD had significantly higher odds of developing PVT compared to those without CLD (AOR = 2.139; 95% CI: 1.017–4.499; p = 0.045). Similarly, HCC was strongly associated with PVT, with affected patients exhibiting nearly fourfold increased odds (AOR = 3.912; 95% CI: 1.609–9.512; p = 0.003). No statistically significant association was observed between GI TB and PVT (AOR = 0.432; 95% CI: 0.092–2.018; p = 0.286). Elevated platelet counts (> 450,000/µL) was significantly associated with PVT, with patients having more than four times higher odds compared to those with normal platelet levels (AOR = 4.574; 95% CI: 1.989–10.519; p 0.05). Although patients with AST > 300 IU/L had an AOR of 1.51, this was not statistically significant (95% CI: 0.505–4.521; p = 0.461). Similarly, hemoglobin levels were not significantly associated with PVT. While patients with HGB > 16 mg/dL had an elevated AOR of 2.992 (95% CI: 0.696–12.865), this association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.141) (Table 4 ). Table 4 Factors associated with Portal vein thrombosis among patients (n = 407) admitted at TGSH medical ward GI unit, Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2021–2024 Variable Category PVT COR (95% CI) AOR (955CI) P value Yes No Sex Male 53 225 0.396 (1.99 − 0.786) 0.467 (0.22–0.992) 0.048 Female 11 118 1 1 Dx of CLD Yes 45 154 2.907 (1.633–5.178) 2.139 (1.017–4.499) 0.045 No 19 189 1 1 HCC Yes 18 19 6.673 (3.265–13.638) 3.912 (1.609–9.512) 0.003 No 46 324 1 1 GI TB Yes 2 35 0.284 (0.067–1.211) 0.432 (0.092–2.018) 0.286 No 62 308 1 1 PLT 450K 18 33 3.545 (1.73–7.264) 4.574 (1.989–10.519) 0.000 AST 40-100IU/L 21 126 1.029 (0.543–1.948) 0.665 (0.323–1.369) 0.268 > 100-300IU/L 11 55 1.237 (0.564–2.702) 0.771 (0.308–1.93) 0.579 > 300IU/L 9 19 2.924 (1.18–7.245) 1.51 (0.505–4.521) 0.461 HGB 16mg/dl 4 8 3.406 (0.97-11.964) 2.992 (0.696–12.865) 0.141 Discussion This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) among hospitalized patients in a tertiary setting in Ethiopia. The observed prevalence of 15.7% is substantially higher than rates reported in similar studies, such as the 1.9% in Senegal, likely due to differences in study populations, with this study focusing on high-risk inpatients, including those with chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)(12, 13). A notable finding was that 22.6% of patients with CLD had PVT, consistent with existing literature, including a 28% rate reported in Malmö and a 17.2% rate in JIPMER(14, 15). This reinforces the established link between liver cirrhosis and thrombotic complications. The high proportion of male patients (82.8%) aligns with studies from Qatar, Mexico, and Italy and may reflect a higher burden of advanced liver disease and HCC in males in this setting. The median patient age in this study was 41 years, significantly younger than the cohorts in Mexico, Italy, and Qatar. This likely reflects regional demographic differences, including a younger general population and earlier onset of liver disease (2, 8, 11, 12, 16–21). Risk factor analysis demonstrated that HCC increased the likelihood of PVT nearly fourfold (AOR = 3.912), in agreement with studies from Rome and Malmö. Thrombocytosis (> 450,000/µL) was also a strong independent predictor (AOR = 4.574), supporting findings from Italian and German studies linking elevated platelet counts to thrombotic risk in cirrhotic patients. This association highlights the role of hypercoagulability in PVT pathogenesis. (11, 21, 22). Conversely, AST levels and hemoglobin were not significantly associated with PVT, consistent with previous findings done in China suggesting that liver enzyme elevations alone may not reliably indicate thrombotic events in cirrhosis. Although patients with hemoglobin > 16 mg/dL had higher odds of PVT, the association did not reach statistical significance, warranting further investigation. (23). This study identified PVT in 25% of patients with pancreatitis, higher than the 0.8% reported in the U.S. NIS database but consistent with data from a Polish study showing rates up to 22.6% in acute pancreatitis. The variability highlights the influence of imaging practices, disease severity upon presentation, and screening practices. (24, 25). Local causes of PVT such as prior abdominal surgery and gastrointestinal infections were also identified, aligning with reports from Vienna and other studies on pylephlebitis. The 4.7% prevalence of PVT due to GI infections in this cohort reflects the potential thrombotic complications of intra-abdominal sepsis. (26, 27). The absence of documented myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and coagulation disorders suggests possible underdiagnosis due to limited diagnostic resources. MPNs and inherited thrombophilias are known contributors to splanchnic vein thrombosis, and their exclusion from routine evaluation may underestimate their contribution to PVT in this setting. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of enhanced diagnostic capacity, routine PVT screening in high-risk patients, and the integration of thrombophilia testing to better understand the etiology of PVT. Future prospective studies incorporating genetic, hematologic, and advanced imaging assessments are needed to refine risk stratification and guide clinical management. Conclusion and recommendations This study identified a high prevalence of portal vein thrombosis (15.7%) among hospitalized patients in Ethiopia, with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma emerging as the strongest independent risk factors. Elevated platelet count was also significantly associated with PVT, reinforcing the role of hypercoagulability in its pathogenesis. The predominance of younger, male patients reflects local epidemiologic trends and highlights the need for tailored screening strategies. The absence of identified myeloproliferative or coagulation disorders suggests underdiagnosis and underscores the limitations in diagnostic capacity. These findings support the implementation of routine PVT screening in high-risk groups and call for prospective studies incorporating coagulation profiles and genetic markers to better inform prevention and management strategies in resource-limited settings. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Helsinki Declaration for medical research involving human subjects was complied with. Before the actual data-collection process, ethical clearance was obtained from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University. Then, data collection was commenced after permission with protocol number 3057/2024. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant. Confidentiality was maintained by omitting names and personal identification. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and material The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality issues but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Funding: No funding was received. Authors' contributions GB conceived and designed the research protocol, participated in data collection, analysis and result writing. DN, TA and GAB approved the proposal with extensive revisions, participated in the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] / PO Box: 79 Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process AI language modeling tools were utilized for the improvement of English language only in this Manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Bahir Dar University, the study participants, and the data collectors, without whom completing this task would have been impossible References del Carmen Manzano-Robleda M, Barranco-Fragoso B, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Portal vein thrombosis: What is new? Annals of Hepatology. 2015;14(1):20-7. Cruz-Ramon V, Chinchilla-Lopez P, Ramirez-Perez O, Aguilar-Olivos NE, Alva-Lopez LF, Fajardo-Ordonez E, et al. Thrombosis of the Portal Venous System in Cirrhotic vs. Non-Cirrhotic Patients. Ann Hepatol. 2018;17(3):476-81. DeLeve LD VD, Garcia-Tsao G. Vascular Disorders of the Liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729-64. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Gastroenterology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6623532","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":461571560,"identity":"827aa871-19d4-499d-8ec4-c605224ddf05","order_by":0,"name":"Getie Baylie Alem¹","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Getie","middleName":"Baylie","lastName":"Alem¹","suffix":""},{"id":461571561,"identity":"9be8d235-fe2b-440a-97c6-0ea9c732ffb3","order_by":1,"name":"Dessalegne Nigatu Achenef¹","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dessalegne","middleName":"Nigatu","lastName":"Achenef¹","suffix":""},{"id":461571562,"identity":"f90e6c5c-fd44-495d-8366-543a7fe5f6fa","order_by":2,"name":"Tsion Adebabay Kassie²","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tsion","middleName":"Adebabay","lastName":"Kassie²","suffix":""},{"id":461571563,"identity":"6e268e05-c3f9-47ec-b09d-674efd0022eb","order_by":3,"name":"Gebeyaw Addis Bezie³","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhgjweAAQ8UBxgYgU4IELWcQWvBoQ9LCwNhGhBZ5996Dj3lqDjPwtydvPPhz3h3ZDQeYD97mYbCpw6XF8My5ZGOeY4cZJM48KzjMu+2Z8YYDbMnWPAxpOG0xnJFjJs3DdpuB4UaOwWHGbYcTNxzgAYowHMatZf4b8988/24zyAO1HPw5B6SF/xtQy3/cfpHgMWPmbbvNYADUcoC3AWwLG1DLAZxaDHjykiXn9v3nMQT5hefYM+OZh9mMLecYJEs24LKl/ezBD2++pcnJHU/e/PFHzR3ZvuPND2+8qbDjx2nLAQYGJh6k2GFgYAaL49IAtAVoPeMP3PKjYBSMglEwChgYAGoMX7PeZasaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gebeyaw","middleName":"Addis","lastName":"Bezie³","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-08 21:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-025-04260-9","type":"published","date":"2025-09-26T15:57:44+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92430487,"identity":"ed959753-8edd-44a6-9d3b-c446e77a039a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-29 16:05:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":926607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6623532/v1/f2f75fb7-0d92-46f0-9a40-9b6bd8f9f11f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Tibebe Ghion Hospital Medical Ward, Hepatology Unit, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, A Cross-sectional Study, 2025","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePortal vein thrombosis (PVT) represents a significant vascular complication of the liver, characterized by the formation of a thrombus within the portal vein or its branches. As the portal vein delivers approximately 75% of hepatic blood flow, its patency is critical for normal liver function. Anatomically, the portal vein arises posterior to the pancreatic neck from the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins and lacks valves, predisposing it to hemodynamic disturbances that may lead to thrombosis(1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVT is increasingly recognized in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic populations and is often associated with a spectrum of hepatic and systemic conditions. In cirrhotic patients, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal hypertension are major contributors, whereas in non-cirrhotic individuals, malignancies, inflammatory conditions (e.g., pancreatitis, diverticulitis), and systemic hypercoagulable states are dominant risk factors. Risk stratification is often dichotomized into local and systemic (general) factors, ranging from intra-abdominal infections and surgeries to inherited and acquired thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, protein C and S deficiencies, antiphospholipid syndrome, and myeloproliferative neoplasms (1\u0026ndash;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinically, PVT can present with subtle or nonspecific symptoms, and up to 43% of cases may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally through Doppler ultrasonography. When symptomatic, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites are common, especially in cases involving acute thrombosis or exacerbation of cirrhosis. Diagnostic evaluation typically begins with Doppler ultrasound, though contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides superior sensitivity and anatomical detail. In select cases, invasive angiographic studies remain the gold standard (1, 4\u0026ndash;6).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its clinical significance, the epidemiology of PVT remains poorly characterized, especially in resource-limited settings. Global prevalence varies considerably depending on population and diagnostic methods\u0026mdash;ranging from 5\u0026ndash;64% in cirrhotic patients and 25\u0026ndash;50% in those with HCC. Autopsy studies indicate an overall prevalence of 1%, with strong associations noted for cirrhosis (28%), primary hepatobiliary malignancies (23%), and secondary liver tumors (44%) (1, 7\u0026ndash;10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, PVT significantly worsens clinical outcomes, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and mortality. Mortality rates in affected individuals vary between 7% and 50%, influenced by comorbid liver disease, malignancy status, and timeliness of intervention. Additionally, the involvement of mesenteric veins may lead to ischemic complications, further compounding the clinical burden (11, 12).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its implications, there is a striking lack of data on PVT in African populations. To date, no comprehensive studies have been conducted in Ethiopia. This absence of localized evidence hinders early recognition and optimal management of the condition. Given Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s growing burden of chronic liver diseases, particularly hepatitis-related cirrhosis and hepatobiliary malignancies, a better understanding of PVT is urgently needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to fill this critical knowledge gap by assessing the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and identifying associated clinical and demographic risk factors among patients admitted to the hepatology unit of Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital (TGSH), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Findings from this research are expected to inform diagnostic and management protocols, contribute to national data on vascular liver diseases, and facilitate future clinical and epidemiological studies in similar low-resource settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital (TGSH) in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024. TGSH is a tertiary-level teaching hospital with a capacity of 450 beds, including 72 beds for medical patients and a 12-bed intensive care unit (ICU). The hospital serves as a referral center for the Amhara region and offers comprehensive inpatient and outpatient medical services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe source population consisted of all patients admitted to the TGSH medical ward during the study period. The study population included all adult patients admitted to the hepatology unit of the TGSH medical ward between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll adult patients (age \u0026ge; 18 years) admitted to the TGSH hepatology unit within the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with incomplete medical records.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc190933494\"\u003eSample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, assuming a prevalence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) of 50% due to a lack of prior local studies. With a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;n = Z(\u0026alpha;\u0026frasl;2)2 p(1-p) / w2 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en=1.96^2 *0.5(1-0.5)/0.05^2= 384\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en= minimum sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZ_(\u0026alpha;\u0026frasl;2)= The desired level of statistical significance (1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep(1-p) = A measure of variability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW= the margin of error=5%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;No= 384,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccounting for a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was adjusted to 422.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligible patient records were identified from the hospital registration book. Using a simple random sampling technique, 422 charts were selected from the sampling frame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVariables of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDependent Variable:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePortal vein thrombosis (yes/no)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent Variables:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status, education level) Clinical conditions (cirrhosis, malignancy, myeloproliferative disorder, coagulation abnormalities) Local risk factors (abdominal surgery, intra-abdominal infection)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePVT:\u003c/strong\u003e Presence of thrombus in the portal vein or its branches, confirmed by imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCirrhosis:\u003c/strong\u003e Chronic liver damage marked by fibrosis and nodular regeneration, confirmed via imaging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalignancy:\u003c/strong\u003e Includes both primary hepatobiliary cancers and liver metastases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyeloproliferative Disorder:\u003c/strong\u003e A group of diseases causing abnormal blood cell production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoagulation Abnormality:\u003c/strong\u003e Genetic or acquired conditions that predispose to excessive clot formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbdominal Surgery:\u003c/strong\u003e Any surgical intervention involving the abdominal cavity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra-abdominal Infection:\u003c/strong\u003e Infections originating within the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Collection Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical records were retrieved from the hospital archive following the random sampling procedure. Trained data collectors (three medical interns and two nurses) used a structured and pretested checklist to extract data on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and clinical findings. All records were documented in English, eliminating the need for translation. The principal investigator supervised the entire data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Quality Assurance\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pretest was conducted on 5% of the sample size to ensure tool reliability and clarity. Based on pretest findings, minor modifications were made. During data collection, completed forms were reviewed daily by the principal investigator to ensure accuracy and completeness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Management and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollected data were cleaned, coded, and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, proportions) were used to summarize variables. Bivariate analysis was first performed to identify candidate variables (p \u0026lt; 0.25), followed by multivariable logistic regression to determine independent predictors of PVT. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer\u0026ndash;Lemeshow test. A p-value of \u0026lt;0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used to declare statistical significance. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR, AOR) were calculated to estimate the strength of associations. The result of the analysis was presented using texts and tables.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 407 patients were included in the final analysis, yielding a response rate of 96.4% from the initially targeted sample size of 422. Among these, 64 patients were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), corresponding to a prevalence of 15.7% (95% CI: 12.2\u0026ndash;19.3%). The median age of the study population was 38 years, with an age range of 15 to 85 years. The majority of participants (44.5%) were between 21 and 40 years of age (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;181). Males constituted 68.3% of the sample (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;278), resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 2.12:1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;407) admitted at TGSH medical ward Hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021\u0026ndash;2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181(44.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (33.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278 (68.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (31.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (33.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272 (66.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCLD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (48.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreatitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI TB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIBD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143(35.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebiological investigations, average, value extreme\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilirubin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlbumin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eALT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least one comorbidity was identified in 8.6% of participants. The most commonly reported comorbid conditions included renal diseases (2.5%), diabetes mellitus (2.2%), hypertension (2.2%), and respiratory disorders (1.2%). Cardiac abnormalities were observed in 0.5% of patients, while no cases of rheumatologic disorders were documented in the study population. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics of patients with PVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 64 patients diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), the most frequently reported clinical symptoms were abdominal pain, observed in 81.3% of cases (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52), and gastrointestinal bleeding, reported in 18.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12). On physical examination, ascites was present in 48.4% of patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31), while splenomegaly was identified in 26.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal ultrasonography was the initial diagnostic modality in all patients, confirming PVT in 54 individuals (84.4%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in 44 patients (68.8%) either as a primary diagnostic tool or as a follow-up to ultrasonography. In total, 10 patients (15.6%) were diagnosed with PVT based on CT findings alone. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was performed in 25 patients (39.1%). Among these, esophageal varices were detected in 20 patients (31.3%), portal hypertensive gastropathy in 5 patients (7.8%), and normal endoscopic findings in 3 patients (4.7%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics of the patients with PVT (64) admitted at TGSH medical ward Hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021\u0026ndash;2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic modality used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltrasound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (84.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCT scan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (68.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (53.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReport from imaging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial obstruction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortal cavernoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (26.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplenic varices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperior mesenteric vein extension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplenic vein thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary cause\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCLD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (70.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalignancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (32.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (28.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-HCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI TB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreatitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal surgery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresenting symptoms and signs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (81.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplenomegaly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (26.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJaundice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive bleeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (48.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no discernible relationship between portal vein thrombosis with clinical features, age, and residency, pancreatitis, or test results, according to the study. Hepatitis virus-associated cirrhosis and cirrhosis severity (Child-Pugh class) were found to be significantly correlated(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between different factors and Portal vein thrombosis (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64) admitted at TGSH Medical Ward GI unit, Bahirdar, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge mean age (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreatitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause of cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuto-immune\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUGIB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncephalopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEsophageal varices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINR mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilirubin mean (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eALT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with portal vein thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression was initially employed to assess the association between various sociodemographic and clinical variables and the occurrence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Variables with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the bivariate analysis were selected as candidates for multivariable logistic regression. These included: sex, chronic liver disease (CLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GI TB), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin level (HGB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Model adequacy was confirmed using the Hosmer\u0026ndash;Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.175), indicating a good fit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex was significantly associated with lower odds of PVT. Males had 53.3% reduced odds compared to females (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.467; 95% CI: 0.22\u0026ndash;0.992; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048). Patients diagnosed with CLD had significantly higher odds of developing PVT compared to those without CLD (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.139; 95% CI: 1.017\u0026ndash;4.499; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045). Similarly, HCC was strongly associated with PVT, with affected patients exhibiting nearly fourfold increased odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.912; 95% CI: 1.609\u0026ndash;9.512; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant association was observed between GI TB and PVT (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.432; 95% CI: 0.092\u0026ndash;2.018; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.286).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated platelet counts (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;450,000/\u0026micro;L) was significantly associated with PVT, with patients having more than four times higher odds compared to those with normal platelet levels (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.574; 95% CI: 1.989\u0026ndash;10.519; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAST levels did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with PVT across all categories (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Although patients with AST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300 IU/L had an AOR of 1.51, this was not statistically significant (95% CI: 0.505\u0026ndash;4.521; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.461).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, hemoglobin levels were not significantly associated with PVT. While patients with HGB\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;16 mg/dL had an elevated AOR of 2.992 (95% CI: 0.696\u0026ndash;12.865), this association did not reach statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.141) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with Portal vein thrombosis among patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;407) admitted at TGSH medical ward GI unit, Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2021\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (955CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.396 (1.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.786)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.467 (0.22\u0026ndash;0.992)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDx of CLD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.907 (1.633\u0026ndash;5.178)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.139 (1.017\u0026ndash;4.499)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.673 (3.265\u0026ndash;13.638)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.912 (1.609\u0026ndash;9.512)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI TB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.284 (0.067\u0026ndash;1.211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.432 (0.092\u0026ndash;2.018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;150K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150-450K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.929 (0.5-1.726)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.987 (0.476\u0026ndash;2.046)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;450K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.545 (1.73\u0026ndash;7.264)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.574 (1.989\u0026ndash;10.519)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40-100IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.029 (0.543\u0026ndash;1.948)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.665 (0.323\u0026ndash;1.369)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100-300IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.237 (0.564\u0026ndash;2.702)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.771 (0.308\u0026ndash;1.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300IU/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.924 (1.18\u0026ndash;7.245)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (0.505\u0026ndash;4.521)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHGB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;12mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12-16mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63 (0.36\u0026ndash;2.839)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.366 (0.713\u0026ndash;2.618)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;16mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.406 (0.97-11.964)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.992 (0.696\u0026ndash;12.865)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) among hospitalized patients in a tertiary setting in Ethiopia. The observed prevalence of 15.7% is substantially higher than rates reported in similar studies, such as the 1.9% in Senegal, likely due to differences in study populations, with this study focusing on high-risk inpatients, including those with chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)(12, 13).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA notable finding was that 22.6% of patients with CLD had PVT, consistent with existing literature, including a 28% rate reported in Malmö and a 17.2% rate in JIPMER(14, 15). This reinforces the established link between liver cirrhosis and thrombotic complications. The high proportion of male patients (82.8%) aligns with studies from Qatar, Mexico, and Italy and may reflect a higher burden of advanced liver disease and HCC in males in this setting. The median patient age in this study was 41 years, significantly younger than the cohorts in Mexico, Italy, and Qatar. This likely reflects regional demographic differences, including a younger general population and earlier onset of liver disease (2, 8, 11, 12, 16–21).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factor analysis demonstrated that HCC increased the likelihood of PVT nearly fourfold (AOR = 3.912), in agreement with studies from Rome and Malmö. Thrombocytosis (\u0026gt; 450,000/µL) was also a strong independent predictor (AOR = 4.574), supporting findings from Italian and German studies linking elevated platelet counts to thrombotic risk in cirrhotic patients. This association highlights the role of hypercoagulability in PVT pathogenesis. (11, 21, 22). Conversely, AST levels and hemoglobin were not significantly associated with PVT, consistent with previous findings done in China suggesting that liver enzyme elevations alone may not reliably indicate thrombotic events in cirrhosis. Although patients with hemoglobin \u0026gt; 16 mg/dL had higher odds of PVT, the association did not reach statistical significance, warranting further investigation. (23).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study identified PVT in 25% of patients with pancreatitis, higher than the 0.8% reported in the U.S. NIS database but consistent with data from a Polish study showing rates up to 22.6% in acute pancreatitis. The variability highlights the influence of imaging practices, disease severity upon presentation, and screening practices. (24, 25).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal causes of PVT such as prior abdominal surgery and gastrointestinal infections were also identified, aligning with reports from Vienna and other studies on pylephlebitis. The 4.7% prevalence of PVT due to GI infections in this cohort reflects the potential thrombotic complications of intra-abdominal sepsis. (26, 27).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of documented myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and coagulation disorders suggests possible underdiagnosis due to limited diagnostic resources. MPNs and inherited thrombophilias are known contributors to splanchnic vein thrombosis, and their exclusion from routine evaluation may underestimate their contribution to PVT in this setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, these findings emphasize the importance of enhanced diagnostic capacity, routine PVT screening in high-risk patients, and the integration of thrombophilia testing to better understand the etiology of PVT. Future prospective studies incorporating genetic, hematologic, and advanced imaging assessments are needed to refine risk stratification and guide clinical management.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identified a high prevalence of portal vein thrombosis (15.7%) among hospitalized patients in Ethiopia, with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma emerging as the strongest independent risk factors. Elevated platelet count was also significantly associated with PVT, reinforcing the role of hypercoagulability in its pathogenesis. The predominance of younger, male patients reflects local epidemiologic trends and highlights the need for tailored screening strategies. The absence of identified myeloproliferative or coagulation disorders suggests underdiagnosis and underscores the limitations in diagnostic capacity. These findings support the implementation of routine PVT screening in high-risk groups and call for prospective studies incorporating coagulation profiles and genetic markers to better inform prevention and management strategies in resource-limited settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Helsinki Declaration for medical research involving human subjects was complied with. Before the actual data-collection process, ethical clearance was obtained from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University. Then, data collection was commenced after permission with protocol number 3057/2024. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant. Confidentiality was maintained by omitting names and personal identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality issues but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGB conceived and designed the research protocol, participated in data collection, analysis and result writing. DN, TA and GAB approved the proposal with extensive revisions, participated in the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Email: [email protected]/ PO Box: 79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAI language modeling tools were utilized for the improvement of English language only in this Manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Bahir Dar University, the study participants, and the data collectors, without whom completing this task would have been impossible \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edel Carmen Manzano-Robleda M, Barranco-Fragoso B, Uribe M, M\u0026eacute;ndez-S\u0026aacute;nchez N. Portal vein thrombosis: What is new? Annals of Hepatology. 2015;14(1):20-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCruz-Ramon V, Chinchilla-Lopez P, Ramirez-Perez O, Aguilar-Olivos NE, Alva-Lopez LF, Fajardo-Ordonez E, et al. Thrombosis of the Portal Venous System in Cirrhotic vs. Non-Cirrhotic Patients. Ann Hepatol. 2018;17(3):476-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDeLeve LD VD, Garcia-Tsao G. Vascular Disorders of the Liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlzubaidi S, Patel I, Saini A, Knuttinen G, Naidu S, Kriegshuaser S, et al. Current concepts in portal vein thrombosis: etiology, clinical presentation and management. 2019;44:3453-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCagin YF, Atayan Y, Erdogan MA, Dagtekin F, Colak CJH, International PD. Incidence and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients. 2016;15(5):499-503.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAqel BAJPG, Liver H, Liver BD, Disease B. Vascular diseases of the liver. 2010:261-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStupia R, Lombardi R, Cattazzo F, Zoncape M, Mantovani A, De Marco L, et al. Prevalence of portal vein thrombosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2024;57(2):330-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiddiqui MTU, Fareed G, Khan MR, Riaz A, Hamid SS. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and early cirrhosis-prevalence and risk factors. Ecancermedicalscience. 2023;17:1581.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePrakash S, Bies J, Hassan M, Mares A, Didia SC. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: A literature review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1134801.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbhasnee Sobhonslidsuk MD, and K. Rajender Reddy, M.D., F.A.C.G. Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Concise Review. 2002;97.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFaccia M, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Pompili M, Zocco MA, Ponziani FR. Risk factors for portal vein thrombosis or venous thromboembolism in a large cohort of hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Intern Emerg Med. 2022;17(5):1327-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiallo S, Diagne CN, Bass\u0026egrave;ne ML, Gueye MN, Fall MP, Thioubou MA, et al. Portal Thrombosis: Clinical, Etiological and Therapeutic Aspects in the Hepato-Gastroenterology Department of the Aristide Le Dantec Hospital in Dakar (Senegal). Open Journal of Gastroenterology. 2021;11(11):220-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiallo S, Diagne CN, Bass\u0026egrave;ne ML, Gueye MN, Fall MP, Thioubou MA, et al. Portal Thrombosis: Clinical, Etiological and Therapeutic Aspects in the Hepato-Gastroenterology Department of the Aristide Le Dantec Hospital in Dakar (Senegal). 2021;11(11):220-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;gren M, Bergqvist D, Bj\u0026ouml;rck M, Acosta S, Eriksson H, Sternby NHJWjogW. Portal vein thrombosis: Prevalence, patient characteristics and lifetime risk: A population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies. 2006;12(13):2115.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKoumar L, Senthamizhselvan K, Barathi D, Verma A, Rao P, Selvaraj J, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: prevalence and risk factors. 2023;15(12).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhan FY, Habas E, Sulaiman TO, Hamid OA, Abdalhadi A, Khalaf A, et al. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of portal vein thrombosis: A five-year hospital-based study from Qatar. 2022;14(5):209.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCruz-Ram\u0026oacute;n V, Chinchilla-L\u0026oacute;pez P, Ram\u0026iacute;rez-P\u0026eacute;rez O, Aguilar-Olivos NE, Alva-L\u0026oacute;pez LF, Fajardo-Ordo\u0026ntilde;ez E, et al. Thrombosis of the portal venous system in cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients. 2018;17(3):476-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVioli F, Corazza RG, Caldwell SH, Perticone F, Gatta A, Angelico M, et al. Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: Italian Venous Thrombotic Events Registry. 2016;11:1059-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhan FY, Habas E, Sulaiman TO, Hamid OA, Abdalhadi A, Khalaf A, et al. Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcomes of Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Five-Year Hospital-Based Study From Qatar. J Clin Med Res. 2022;14(5):209-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKoumar L, Senthamizhselvan K, Barathi D, Verma A, Rao P, Selvaraj J, et al. Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50134.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMats \u0026Ouml;gren DB, Martin Bj\u0026ouml;rck, Stefan Acosta, Henry Eriksson, Nils H Sternby. Portal vein thrombosis: Prevalence, patient characteristics and lifetime risk: A population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12:2115-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAndrea Boccatonda 1, *, Fabio Piscaglia 2, \u0026nbsp;ECaWA, \u0026nbsp;SG, Elisa Zanata 3, Chiara Simion 4, Carla Serra 5 , Paolo Simioni 4. Portal Vein Thrombosis: State-of-the-Art Review. 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu X, Jin J, Liu Y, Li H. Analysis of related factors of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):26.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChaudhry H, Sohal A, Bains K, Dhaliwal A, Dukovic D, Singla P, et al. Incidence and factors associated with portal vein thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis: A United States national retrospective study. Pancreatology. 2023;23(4):350-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eŁukasz Nawacki M, PhD1 , Jarosław Matykiewicz, MD, PhD1, Ewa Stochmal, MD1, and Stanisław Głuszek, MD, PhD1. Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis in Acute Pancreatitis and Its Consequences. 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaria-Theresa Krauth, Klaus Lechner EAMN, 2 and Ingrid Pabinger. The postoperative splenic/portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy and its prevention \u0026ndash; an unresolved issue. 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLisa Fusaro 1 SDB, 2 , Paola Martingano 3, Lory Saveria Croc\u0026egrave; 1,4 and Mauro Giuffr\u0026egrave; 1,*. Pylephlebitis: A Systematic Review on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Portal Vein Thrombosis. 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-gastroenterology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmge","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Gastroenterology](http://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmge/default.aspx","title":"BMC Gastroenterology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Portal vein thrombosis, chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, Ethiopia, thrombocytosis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a Liver vascular disease characterized by the development of a blood clot inside the portal vein's main branches or trunk. There is limited study on PVT and associated factors in Africa even with no study from Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of portal vein thrombosis and associated factors among patients at TGSH medical ward hepatology unit, Bahirdar, Ethiopia from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA retrospective Cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024, at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a total of 422 patients. The Data was collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and a checklist for document review. Data was coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with PVT at 95% confidence interval. The ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Bahir Dar University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 407 study subjects were included, and 64 (15.7%) had portal vein thrombosis. Having a diagnosis of CLD, the AOR is 2.139 (95% CI: 1.017\u0026ndash;4.499) with a p-value of 0.045, patients with HCC with an AOR of 3.912 (95% CI: 1.609\u0026ndash;9.512) and a significant p-value of 0. 003. Platelet count\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;450K, with an AOR of 4.574 (95% CI: 1.989\u0026ndash;10.519) and a p-value of 0.001 were significantly associated with portal vein thrombosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion and Recommendations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found a high prevalence of PVT among hospitalized patients, while CLD, HCC and elevated platelets significantly increasing risk. Future research should explore causal factors, thrombophilia, and broader patient groups for better prevention.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Portal Vein Thrombosis and Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Tibebe Ghion Hospital Medical Ward, Hepatology Unit, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, A Cross-sectional Study, 2025","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-26 06:19:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6623532/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-11T07:43:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-29T08:56:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"29628411188663466411726129558293243653","date":"2025-05-27T09:45:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59606010352632792288357847449144200215","date":"2025-05-23T17:09:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-23T16:56:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"320816211487136716393479501943094255923","date":"2025-05-23T16:36:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-23T14:49:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-23T14:47:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-22T14:34:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-21T22:02:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Gastroenterology","date":"2025-05-21T13:32:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-gastroenterology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmge","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Gastroenterology](http://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmge/default.aspx","title":"BMC Gastroenterology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2cc6150a-3bfd-4eb5-bf1f-d05b476449fa","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-29T16:00:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6623532","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-025-04260-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-gastroenterology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Gastroenterology"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-26 15:57:44","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-26 06:19:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12876-025-04260-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-025-04260-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6623532","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6623532","identity":"rs-6623532","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}