Cumulative Effects Due to Seismic Sequences in RC Frames Designed With Force- And Energy-Based Approaches

Cumulative Effects Due to Seismic Sequences in RC Frames Designed With Force- And Energy-Based Approaches | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cumulative Effects Due to Seismic Sequences in RC Frames Designed With Force- And Energy-Based Approaches Jesus Donaire-Ávila, David Galé-Lamuela, Amadeo Benavent-Climent, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7935137/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Assessing the long-term seismic performance of buildings under sequential earthquake events is a significant challenge in earthquake engineering. Recent seismic events, such as the 2023 Turkey series, consistently demonstrate that the cumulative effects of multiple seismic actions can lead to severe structural damage or collapse, even when not exceeding design-level peak ground accelerations. This highlights a critical gap in current seismic standards, which predominantly focus on a single reference earthquake for each hazard level, neglecting the cumulative impact of an earthquake sequence. The energy-based methodology offers a robust framework to address this, as it directly quantifies the cumulative energy dissipated through plastic deformations, an indicator of cumulative damage. This paper investigates the seismic response of a 6-story reinforced concrete bare frame, explicitly considering P-Δ effects, when subjected to near- and far-field earthquake sequences. The frame was designed using both force-based and energy-based approaches to evaluate their performance under these events. The response under seismic sequences is assessed at both local (story-level) and global (entire frame) scales, utilizing deformations, dissipated energy, and the Park and Ang damage index. Our findings indicate that maximum deformation is an unsuitable parameter for evaluating the evolution of damage during a seismic sequence, as it does not necessarily increase during aftershocks despite ongoing structural degradation. Dissipated energy is a much more adequate parameter since it is a cumulative magnitude. cumulative damage seismic sequences energy-based methods force-based methods P-Δ effects Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7935137","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536621332,"identity":"4b0832fc-acc2-4629-8433-bc75a205fbc4","order_by":0,"name":"Jesus Donaire-Ávila","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Jaen: Universidad de Jaen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jesus","middleName":"","lastName":"Donaire-Ávila","suffix":""},{"id":536621333,"identity":"2db044fa-e513-405c-9536-58d4722c8bc7","order_by":1,"name":"David Galé-Lamuela","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid: 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Recent seismic events, such as the 2023 Turkey series, consistently demonstrate that the cumulative effects of multiple seismic actions can lead to severe structural damage or collapse, even when not exceeding design-level peak ground accelerations. This highlights a critical gap in current seismic standards, which predominantly focus on a single reference earthquake for each hazard level, neglecting the cumulative impact of an earthquake sequence. The energy-based methodology offers a robust framework to address this, as it directly quantifies the cumulative energy dissipated through plastic deformations, an indicator of cumulative damage. This paper investigates the seismic response of a 6-story reinforced concrete bare frame, explicitly considering P-Δ effects, when subjected to near- and far-field earthquake sequences. The frame was designed using both force-based and energy-based approaches to evaluate their performance under these events. The response under seismic sequences is assessed at both local (story-level) and global (entire frame) scales, utilizing deformations, dissipated energy, and the Park and Ang damage index. Our findings indicate that maximum deformation is an unsuitable parameter for evaluating the evolution of damage during a seismic sequence, as it does not necessarily increase during aftershocks despite ongoing structural degradation. 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