The Mediating Role of Smartphone Addiction in the Relationship between Electronic Blackmail Awareness and Escapism among Nursing Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

The Mediating Role of Smartphone Addiction in the Relationship between Electronic Blackmail Awareness and Escapism among Nursing Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Mediating Role of Smartphone Addiction in the Relationship between Electronic Blackmail Awareness and Escapism among Nursing Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Samia Ibrahim Mabrouk Baraka, Samia Mohamed Sobhi Mohamed, Nagwa Ibrahim Mabrouk Baraka This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7741852/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Digital threats include smartphone addiction, escapist tendencies, and electronic blackmail are becoming more prevalent among nursing students. Although being aware of electronic blackmail is crucial, it is yet unknown how it affects behavioral results. This study looked at how nursing students' knowledge of electronic blackmail and their desire for escape are mediated by smartphone addiction. Methods Following the STROBE criteria, a descriptive correlational research design was used for this investigation. Given the complexity of the model and the use of a 27 items measurement tool, a convenience sample of 440 student nurses from the faculty of nursing in Tanta University, Egypt, was deemed adequate to satisfy the requirements of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Four validated instruments were used in the data collection process: students’ knowledge assessment sheet, students’ knowledge regarding electronic extortion, smartphone addiction scale and escapism social scale. Results results of path modeling shed light on the potential connections between participants' awareness of electronic blackmail, smartphone addiction, and escapism. The relationship between smartphone addiction and awareness of electronic blackmail was not statistically significant (B = 0.019, β = 0.012, SE = 0.072, CR = 0.261, p = 0.794), indicating that levels of smartphone addiction are not significantly influenced by awareness of electronic blackmail. This kind of awareness does not directly influence escapist behavior, as evidenced by the nonsignificant direct path from electronic blackmail awareness to escapism (B = 0.010, β = 0.012, SE = 0.034, CR = 0.285, p = 0.775). On the other hand, escapism and smartphone addiction were strongly and statistically significantly correlated (B = 0.297, β = 0.532, SE = 0.023, CR = 13.154, p < 0.001). Conclusions While knowledge of electronic blackmail has no direct impact on nursing students' escapism, smartphone addiction is a major contributing factor. Interventions aimed at ethical smartphone use and psychosocial support should be incorporated into preventive measures in addition to awareness campaigns. Increasing digital resilience may improve academic and personal well-being by lessening the negative effects of smartphone addiction and escapism. addiction blackmail escapism nursing smartphone students Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7741852","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":535180005,"identity":"e2099793-0416-478d-b9d1-e89733a8c6ee","order_by":0,"name":"Samia Ibrahim Mabrouk Baraka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tanta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samia","middleName":"Ibrahim Mabrouk","lastName":"Baraka","suffix":""},{"id":535180006,"identity":"05d6c4d3-239a-46ba-9f3b-f2a958d82921","order_by":1,"name":"Samia Mohamed Sobhi 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Structural Equation Modeling Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"addiction, blackmail, escapism, nursing, smartphone, students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7741852/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7741852/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigital threats include smartphone addiction, escapist tendencies, and electronic blackmail are becoming more prevalent among nursing students. Although being aware of electronic blackmail is crucial, it is yet unknown how it affects behavioral results. This study looked at how nursing students' knowledge of electronic blackmail and their desire for escape are mediated by smartphone addiction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing the STROBE criteria, a descriptive correlational research design was used for this investigation. Given the complexity of the model and the use of a 27 items measurement tool, a convenience sample of 440 student nurses from the faculty of nursing in Tanta University, Egypt, was deemed adequate to satisfy the requirements of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Four validated instruments were used in the data collection process: students\u0026rsquo; knowledge assessment sheet, students\u0026rsquo; knowledge regarding electronic extortion, smartphone addiction scale and escapism social scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eresults of path modeling shed light on the potential connections between participants' awareness of electronic blackmail, smartphone addiction, and escapism. The relationship between smartphone addiction and awareness of electronic blackmail was not statistically significant (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019, β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.072, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.261, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.794), indicating that levels of smartphone addiction are not significantly influenced by awareness of electronic blackmail. This kind of awareness does not directly influence escapist behavior, as evidenced by the nonsignificant direct path from electronic blackmail awareness to escapism (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.285, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.775). On the other hand, escapism and smartphone addiction were strongly and statistically significantly correlated (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.297, β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.532, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.154, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile knowledge of electronic blackmail has no direct impact on nursing students' escapism, smartphone addiction is a major contributing factor. Interventions aimed at ethical smartphone use and psychosocial support should be incorporated into preventive measures in addition to awareness campaigns. Increasing digital resilience may improve academic and personal well-being by lessening the negative effects of smartphone addiction and escapism.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Mediating Role of Smartphone Addiction in the Relationship between Electronic Blackmail Awareness and Escapism among Nursing Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-29 14:14:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7741852/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-10T04:20:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T07:50:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T12:43:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T08:58:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"332967439104918080850446487407459267041","date":"2025-11-03T08:14:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160599564904642714886690758149927691401","date":"2025-10-31T21:43:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173770526690379368741671794661401825577","date":"2025-10-31T16:03:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"263387587995879955165226787694011894472","date":"2025-10-29T09:02:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"294529231532492904953936474049576472904","date":"2025-10-29T05:22:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-26T10:21:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"218091680530555593077563194827024111170","date":"2025-10-18T18:38:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T04:43:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T11:43:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T06:11:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T06:10:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2025-09-29T11:54:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a3d6a5b-2a00-4799-b973-a01b484790ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T08:55:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-29 14:14:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7741852","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7741852","identity":"rs-7741852","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}