Developing reactive CO₂ removal materials from thermally activated lizardite and marble waste: A pathway toward sustainable climate mitigation

Developing reactive CO₂ removal materials from thermally activated lizardite and marble waste: A pathway toward sustainable climate mitigation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Developing reactive CO₂ removal materials from thermally activated lizardite and marble waste: A pathway toward sustainable climate mitigation Arshad Ali, Mohamed El-Ghali, Sobhi Nasir, Mohamed Moustafa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To maximize the utilization of Mg-rich natural resources for CO 2 removal (CDR), an integrated strategy has been proposed that focuses on synthesizing reactive CDR materials aimed at both climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability. This study demonstrates the use of lizardite-rich natural feedstock, an abundant and accessible resource, combined with industrial marble waste. Through thermal treatment at elevated temperatures, this mixture yields a reactive CDR material primarily composed of forsterite and lime. Carbonation experiments of the synthesized material show complete transformation of lime into calcite and substantial weathering of forsterite into hydrated and carbonated secondary minerals. Compared to the Ca₂SiO₄ + MgO system, the synthesized material exhibits higher eco-efficiency with comparable CO₂ sequestration, storing ~ 21% as CaCO₃ and ~ 6% as MgCO₃ in 30 days versus ~ 25% and ~ 5% over 7 weeks (Chen and Kanan 2025 ), while promoting sustainable industrial waste valorization. Additionally, forsterite is more suitable for ocean alkalinity enhancement applications, whereas Ca₂SiO₄ is better aligned with use in the cement industry. Taken together, we propose that our material has strong potential for large-scale deployment in ex-situ carbon mineralization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, soil amendment, industrial point-source capture, and in-situ geological carbonation. This potential depends on developing sustainable infrastructure to capture CO₂ emissions from material synthesis. carbon dioxide removal climate change mitigation environmental sustainability carbon mineralization ocean alkalinity enhancement marble waste Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7858452","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542984583,"identity":"27dc4aa2-3748-4307-b503-89fa0a96ab08","order_by":0,"name":"Arshad Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhCSYWNvAPMYG4jVwsPGc4BULQwSCURq4Z99/NmDH2V2PHySzx/e5mGwkd1wgPnoBnxaJM7lmBv2nEvmYZPOMbbmYUgz3nCALe0GXmvO8LBJ8LYxg7SwSfMwHE7ccIDHDK8W+TPszyT/ttXzsEkefwbU8p+wFoMzDGbSvG2HgXYBGTwMBwhrMTzDYyYtc+44MJBzjC3nGCQbzzxMwC9yIIe9KauWk28//vDGmwo72b7jzcfwex8ZSDAYAElmotWDtYyCUTAKRsEowAIAEs9B7WQSIj8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sultan Qaboos University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arshad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":542984584,"identity":"cba223e8-081a-4ae9-91db-01cd6bd8c0cd","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamed El-Ghali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sultan Qaboos University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"El-Ghali","suffix":""},{"id":542984586,"identity":"b25322da-9d0f-43bb-8a8e-a3d426103a35","order_by":2,"name":"Sobhi Nasir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sultan Qaboos University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sobhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Nasir","suffix":""},{"id":542984588,"identity":"f63e50a2-6ed3-404b-b815-64b93ef53f6a","order_by":3,"name":"Mohamed Moustafa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sultan Qaboos University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Moustafa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-14 12:08:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96209764,"identity":"01cb02f8-0e04-47a8-820c-52860db88b9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50025193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptEES.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/6708b5c91eed28f16db221c1.docx"},{"id":96209738,"identity":"1b1f8961-9494-46d4-ad98-845ea9692712","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:20","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8d0b700beb324756bf5587f2e2bdbed2.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/c136af17150724113ac7322d.json"},{"id":96252566,"identity":"59db0171-db6a-4ada-a57a-5fe41bbc7841","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:12","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8d0b700beb324756bf5587f2e2bdbed21enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/a108cbce6e77b78ad479d8ed.xml"},{"id":96209745,"identity":"cc2186c2-9bd9-41fe-8dfb-6b8d3e021735","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"eps","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":263937,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/edfa32651d1664ffbd934fa2.eps"},{"id":96209739,"identity":"28d6ce17-4061-4827-9653-23b8ac02c290","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"eps","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage2.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/329d375a52e71498fc023c99.eps"},{"id":96209744,"identity":"a52450f4-2ff4-43cd-aab0-e5b8639a999e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/08aeadf767de764cd91a5dff.jpeg"},{"id":96209742,"identity":"679a693a-a3cc-42ff-a88b-03a1d4b6173e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/9434816ada79aa90d7881853.jpeg"},{"id":96252501,"identity":"ba9a986c-c851-4bbc-92fb-676650412595","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/e9700277a39dbe9faf6ecec8.jpeg"},{"id":96209740,"identity":"2e2d0327-ec76-4be4-a2c2-f8274d0fa03d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/8e279e2e15e301291a27b7b2.jpeg"},{"id":96209749,"identity":"b2112c3a-4948-4f22-9762-28c0b4aad02f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/1d3f26ad9b1051cdc46aaf34.jpeg"},{"id":96253099,"identity":"00f4523a-d07b-4d2b-b020-73ec10593f15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":138355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/c12af71e605806488fcf0568.jpeg"},{"id":96209754,"identity":"ec263fa3-f260-4e05-ab22-d2080fd5b78e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/886798efc56284018814524c.jpeg"},{"id":96251960,"identity":"80d08e10-11cf-498d-a76e-3ebdb3dba480","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/0086aa5430c50cbec79a9fc6.jpeg"},{"id":96251967,"identity":"c34b775d-16c0-40b8-b8b0-bd7c7a16fb31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:40:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/cb8eeb00a8692be6d69bc227.jpeg"},{"id":96209759,"identity":"c874272e-339d-46e7-b266-cbc0044da73b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/906d90c09c174ed2fec9d071.jpeg"},{"id":96252556,"identity":"939877bf-3cef-4ff3-a325-7ea3d5d492a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/80a8f5b31e899342be8ee759.jpeg"},{"id":96209757,"identity":"86c5e08d-7234-4be0-8e9f-8d813e8c1413","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54165,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/064b167f0343cbf90b692c9c.jpeg"},{"id":96209766,"identity":"3a2aaf94-4273-4a1f-9d1b-d08e05380b66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/77628deee6ed06eb24c1bbdd.jpeg"},{"id":96209765,"identity":"ff160dbc-e4ee-4de1-934a-0f93aa8551c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/c83b6af205ca9c1dbdd50dd8.jpeg"},{"id":96209752,"identity":"5656fc33-6d25-42e1-84b1-c5d96e255b4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/7e8a3d9c2ceeb0c7d8d4d243.png"},{"id":96209747,"identity":"61644760-39a1-4809-a6dc-388aa6c3db9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/1afe82510030a6c087a6eb95.png"},{"id":96209755,"identity":"d919afe2-4895-4dad-901d-0085e73c658f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/e3718a323de5f06ee20dc407.png"},{"id":96209768,"identity":"9fa90ca1-9d22-4d09-b6de-adae6cc7cf9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/62e80e62bdd7e75579be9c82.png"},{"id":96209748,"identity":"19eda283-a2af-4703-8706-bcf49cb03844","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/50e5cfe3a0005e7a6a3c703e.png"},{"id":96209760,"identity":"3fe291c0-b5fd-409b-9f61-855caae0ff4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74795,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/7dadcbc7a330c45947e6bfd0.png"},{"id":96252864,"identity":"eeb2d850-44d8-46f1-8dfa-f59bb2b6cd18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:34","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/6710959f04ae4c333aa65696.png"},{"id":96209758,"identity":"127c5fce-ebd1-4693-8495-19f910602429","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/3a029202e1390542ab9ddf78.png"},{"id":96252611,"identity":"5d25a42f-c8b5-4091-9b16-e58737c07ed0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:16","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/973db47c59e62cd82392ac75.png"},{"id":96209761,"identity":"3af77409-7d3e-4b30-991d-afe06d447f4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/4f583eb01e7d2f716f64b70b.png"},{"id":96252630,"identity":"ad266862-2ca4-45d0-95e7-59b7dcc61cc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:41:17","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/2ea1c92108b129d91cd26f5c.png"},{"id":96250588,"identity":"79ba865f-a35d-45e3-9b49-cea9656cff68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:44","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/cf0b6fcbc57e2af124897da7.png"},{"id":96209770,"identity":"da7e260a-8f2c-4682-9bd4-77720f2bde17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/c19e80d5fb30b0e22e8c265f.png"},{"id":96209762,"identity":"2092d570-8ba0-4745-9c1d-ea0f01716b52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/db7e7ca9a3cd3931be28e264.png"},{"id":96209769,"identity":"9eb0aebb-9d26-480b-8581-dd66b3b21ea5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:21","extension":"xml","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8d0b700beb324756bf5587f2e2bdbed21structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/924f05d39881850f0268c01e.xml"},{"id":96209773,"identity":"a177fe12-97c3-4922-a6e4-89391ab9a7ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 18:14:22","extension":"html","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1/c09098af7c103f222722c19d.html"},{"id":97672037,"identity":"d0a42558-1c29-4cb2-9406-0bee8a5681a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:33:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":989128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptEES.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7858452/v1_covered_fe99920a-aad7-4c98-9fd8-49609eb6ced4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Developing reactive CO₂ removal materials from thermally activated lizardite and marble waste: A pathway toward sustainable climate mitigation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"carbon dioxide removal, climate change mitigation, environmental sustainability, carbon mineralization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, marble waste","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo maximize the utilization of Mg-rich natural resources for CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e removal (CDR), an integrated strategy has been proposed that focuses on synthesizing reactive CDR materials aimed at both climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability. This study demonstrates the use of lizardite-rich natural feedstock, an abundant and accessible resource, combined with industrial marble waste. Through thermal treatment at elevated temperatures, this mixture yields a reactive CDR material primarily composed of forsterite and lime. Carbonation experiments of the synthesized material show complete transformation of lime into calcite and substantial weathering of forsterite into hydrated and carbonated secondary minerals. Compared to the Ca₂SiO₄ + MgO system, the synthesized material exhibits higher eco-efficiency with comparable CO₂ sequestration, storing\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;21% as CaCO₃ and ~\u0026thinsp;6% as MgCO₃ in 30 days versus ~\u0026thinsp;25% and ~\u0026thinsp;5% over 7 weeks (Chen and Kanan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), while promoting sustainable industrial waste valorization. Additionally, forsterite is more suitable for ocean alkalinity enhancement applications, whereas Ca₂SiO₄ is better aligned with use in the cement industry. Taken together, we propose that our material has strong potential for large-scale deployment in ex-situ carbon mineralization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, soil amendment, industrial point-source capture, and in-situ geological carbonation. This potential depends on developing sustainable infrastructure to capture CO₂ emissions from material synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Developing reactive CO₂ removal materials from thermally activated lizardite and marble waste: A pathway toward sustainable climate mitigation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 18:14:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7858452/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e8503053-4569-48a9-81ec-907e20acda4a","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-07T20:38:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 18:14:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7858452","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7858452","identity":"rs-7858452","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}