Sodium Nitrate Attenuates Session Perceived Exertion During and After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise

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Therefore, nutritional interventions that alleviate both peripheral and central demand during exercise may interfere on RPE response. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test the effects of acute sodium nitrate supplementation on RPE and session RPE (RPE-s) during and after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), respectively. Fifteen subjects were submitted to an incremental exercise test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and afterwards randomly performed two HIIE (10 x 1 min at 100% of MAS and 1 min of passive recovery) 2h30min after the ingestion 8.4 mg·kg − 1 of both sodium nitrate (SN) and placebo. The RPE was measured during the warm-up (7 min at 75% of MAS), HIIE (after each effort), and 30 min after the HIIE (RPE-s). Area under the curve of RPE during HIIE was also calculated (RPE AUC ) The comparison of RPE during the effort was performed by the Friedman test, while the comparison between RPE at 75% of MAS, RPE AUC , and RPE-s was performed by paired Student’s t test. SN reduced RPE (75% of MAS) (t = 4.52; p < 0.05), RPE AUC (t = 4.28; p < 0.05), and RPE-s (t = 3.92; p < 0.05) compared to placebo. During the HIIE, SN promoted lower RPE from the 5th to the 10th effort (z = 2.6–3.0; p < 0.05). SN supplementation reduces overall RPE during warm-up, HIIE and after exercise. This indicate the SN can be used as a strategy to reduce the effort perception during intermittent exercises. Other studies may want to investigate whether SN changes interferes on training load. nitrate supplementation perceived exertion high-intensity intermittent training supplementation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a multidimensional psychophysiological construct developed to assess intensity of homeostatic disturbance during exercise (Morgan, 1994). Furthermore, it has been utilized extensively across various experimental designs (Coutts et al., 2007) and practical applications. In more recent studies, RPE has been adapted to monitor internal training load (Foster et al., 2001; Nakamura et al., 2010), and serves as an additional tool to monitor overtraining or overreaching conditions, which are important for optimal training and performance (Meeusen et al., 2006; Nakamura et al., 2010; Pyne et al., 2000). Studies have analyzed the use of RPE following a 30 minute recovery after exercise, described as the RPE value of the session (RPE-s), multiplied by the total exercise time (RPE-s x exercise duration in minutes) to represents the training load of that session (Haddad et al., 2017). This method has been shown to be a valid, reliable and very useful tool for assessing training load. RPE is characterized as an amalgamation of sensations, encompassing tension, pain, peripheral muscular and respiratory fatigability (Borg, 1998). Regarding peripheral sensations, there are various physiological mediators, notably metabolic acidosis (including blood lactate, blood pH, and muscle pH) (ROBERTSON, 2001) and the release of free energy and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Interestingly, Marcora et al. (2009) have suggested that RPE increase during exercise happens due to higher corollary discharge (the signal that leaves a sensory motor area as a movement command to activate motor neurons in order to produce movement, is also directed towards other parts of the brain) and independent of peripheral signals from afferent Group III and IV. In addition, Glaister et al. (2005) have proposed that intermittent exercise may result in an increase in RPE due to a decrease in electromyogram amplitude (Mendez-Villanueva et al., 2007), thus indicating that other sensors may also influence RPE during exercise (Nakamura and Perandini, 2009). In this scenario, nutritional supplementation that alleviates peripheral metabolic disturbance or reduces corollary discharge emerges as a possible intervention capable of alleviating RPE during intermittent exercise (Domínguez et al., 2021; Jodra et al., 2020). Among such supplements is nitrate (NO 3 − ), which can be ingested by consuming beetroot juice or in the form of its salt, sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 − ) (Larsen et al., 2011 ; Muggeridge et al., 2017). Indeed, nitrate (NO 3 − ) supplementation has been observed to impact peripheral metabolic byproducts during exercise (Bailey et al., 2010 ) and reduce the ATP cost for the same exercise intensity. Moreover, other studies have found that NO 3 − supplementation decreases firing rates (i.e., additional voluntary drive to recruited motor units) before and after fatiguing exercise (Flanagan et al., 2016), and improves excitation-contraction coupling, which would decrease the requirement of excitation and ATP cost to the same force level (Coggan et al., 2018). Moreover, it is suggested that NO 3 − supplementation may have a greater effect in type II fibers which are stimulated during high-intensity exercises (Jones, 2014). Indeed, we have recent demonstrated improved oxidative and reduced creatine phosphate contribution during HIIE after NO 3 − supplementation (Sacramento et al., 2024). Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of acute sodium nitrate (SN) supplementation on RPE and RPE-s during and after high-intensity intermittent exercise. It was expected that SN supplementation: (i) would reduce RPE in high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) performed in similar intensity and volume; and (ii) due to reduction in RPE during exercise, RPE-s would also be lower after SN supplementation. Methods Experimental design In order to examine the effect of an acute dose of sodium nitrate (SN) on RPE and RPE-s in high-intensity intermittent exercise, participants visited the laboratory on six non-consecutive days. On the first and second day, subjects were familiarized with incremental exercises (if the difference in the final stage was higher than 2 RPE units, a new familiarization was made). On the third day, subjects performed high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) (familiarization). Afterwards, the participants engaged in an incremental running test on a treadmill (4th day). On the 5th and 6th day, subjects randomly performed HIIE 2h30min after NaNO 3 − (SN) or Placebo supplementation. The supplementation protocol was double-blinded, random with a placebo control. The University's Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects (Human Research Ethics Committee) approved the procedures (Process number − 3.669.804), which were conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed about the experimental procedures and risks and completed a written informed consent form authorizing the athletes' participation in the study. Subjects Fifteen physically active subjects participated in the present study. The characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1 . Sample power was calculated a posteriori . Using the mean of training load of both groups, their correlation (r = 0.72) and effect size (1.00), fifteen subjects showed a statistical power of 0.97. Table 1 Mean and standard deviation (SD) of subjects age, stature, body mass, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) (n = 15). Variables Mean SD Age (years) 23.2 5.3 Height (cm) 176.8 5.7 Body mass index (kg.m 2 ) 23.59 2.4 Body mass (kg) 73.8 9.2 MAS (km·h − 1 ) 15.2 1.5 Incremental exercise test The incremental exercise test was performed on a treadmill (Super ATL, Inbrasport®, Porto Alegre, Brazil). A standardized warm-up lasting 5-min at 6 km·h − 1 was performed. After a five-minute passive recovery period, the subjects started the incremental exercise test at 7 km·h − 1 with intensity incremented in 1 km·h − 1 every 2 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was considered the final speed of the test as presented by Kuipers et al. ( 1985 ): MAS = LS + (T@IS/120), where LS is the last complete stage speed and T@IS is the time, in seconds, spent in the incomplete stage. NaNO 3 − supplementation Subjects were randomly assigned (by an independent researcher) to receive supplementation of sodium nitrate (SN) or Placebo (P) 2h30min prior to the HIIE. The supplementation was double-blinded. Subjects ingested 8.4 mg·kg − 1 of NaNO 3 , or the same concentration of starch [Placebo (P)] in the same capsules. Subjects were instructed not to use caffeine and/or alcohol 24 hours before the test, to avoid antibacterial mouthwashes and abstain from eating nitrate-rich foods (e.g., beetroot, lettuce, spinach, and arugula) throughout the study. High-intensity intermittent exercise In the HIIE trials, subjects rested for 30 minutes when arriving at the laboratory. Afterwards subjects warmed-up for 7-minutes at 75% of MAS, rested for 5 minutes and then started the HIIE. The HIIE consisted of 10 x 1-minute efforts at 100% of MAS with 1 minute of passive rest. Rating Perceived effort and RPE-s RPE was assessed after 7-minutes at 75% of MAS, during the HIIE session (during the last 10 seconds of each stimulus), and 30 minutes after the HIIE using the adapted Borg scale (0–10) (Borg, 1992). Prior to the exercise session, standardized instructions on the RPE scale were given to participants. Classification 0 ("no effort") was assigned to the resting situation, while 10 ("maximum effort") was attributed to the highest exercise intensity. The area under the RPE curve (RPE AUC ) during the HIIE session was also calculated. After the HIIE, subjects rested for 30 minutes, and then reported the RPE value. This value served as the quantification of RPE-s (Foster et al., 2011). Statistical analysis The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify data normality. RPE after 75% of MAS (warm-up), RPE AUC , and RPE 30 minutes after HIIE showed normal distribution, while RPE after some HIIE efforts did not show a normal distribution. Therefore, the effect of effort was compared using Friedman’s test for each condition (SN and P), with Conover’s post-hoc. Comparison of RPE between SN and P for each HIIE effort was performed using Wilcoxon test, and data were presented by median and interquartile interval. Comparison between RPE after 75% and RPE-s was performed using the paired Student t-test and presented with mean and standard deviation. The significance level was set at 5%. These analyses were performed with the JASP 0.17.1 (JASP Team (2023). JASP (Version 0.17.1) Computer software, Netherlands). The chances of a possible substantial effect of SN on RPE (after 75% of MAS) and RPE-s were calculated using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC – 0.2 multiplied by the between-subject deviation) (Miyagi et al., 2018). Results The effects of SN on RPE after 7 minutes at 75% of MAS are presented in Fig. 1 . There was a significantly difference between conditions (t = 4.52; p < 0.001; SN: 7.3 ± 1.4 a.u.; P: 8.2 ± 1.0 a.u.). Eleven of 15 subjects presented reduction in RPE at 75% of MAS above SWC (Fig. 1 ). Figure 2 shows the median and interquartile interval of RPE after each of the 10 efforts. A significant effect was found for both SN (X 2 = 121.1; p < 0001) and P (X 2 = 129.9; p < 0001). There was significantly difference between RPE from the 5th to the 10th effort between SN and P (Fig. 1 ; z = 2.6–3.0; p < 0.05). The RPE AUC was significantly lower in SN (24.3 ± 12.2 a.u.) than P (35.3 ± 15.1 a.u.) (t = 4.28; p < 0,05). The effect of SN supplementation on RPE-s is presented in Fig. 3 . The RPE-s was significantly lower in SN (5.0 ± 2.2 a.u.) than P (6.8 ± 2.3 a.u.) (t = 3.92; p = 0.002). Thirteen of 15 reported lower RPE-s in SN than P, while one presented the same RPE-s, and another increased RPE-s (Fig. 3 ). Discussion The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of NO 3 − supplementation on RPE during HIIE and RPE-s in physically active male subjects. The main findings of the present investigation were that SN supplementation reduced RPE during HIIE from the 5th effort until the 10th, RPE AUC , and RPE-s. Therefore, SN supplementation may be used in practical settings to reduce both RPE and RPE-s for a similar exercise intensity. Moreover, total perceived exertion during HIIE (RPE AUC ) was also lower in SN than P, which indicate a lower overall RPE during the session. Hypothetically SN supplementation could also allow increased exercise intensity when the intensity is prescribed based on perceived exertion However, this proposal requires addition testing in experimental settings. NO 3 − supplementation has been proposed to improve oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling efforts (Larsen et al., 2007 ; Lansley et al., 2011; Cermark et al., 2012), and performance in sports predominantly reliant on aerobic metabolism (Lorenzo et al., 2020; McMahon et al., 2017). Recently, attention has shifted to the effects of NO 3 − supplementation on performance during sprint or strength type activities (Coggan et al., 2018; Maider et al., 2014). If the conversion of NO 3 − to NO is enhanced under conditions of hypoxia and raised acidity, then the effects of the supplementation on performance may be more significant during sprint exercise where it could accelerate recovery via improved oxygen delivery between sprints (Roelfos et al., 2015), which may increase the number of repetitions that can be completed before failure (Alvares et al., 2021). In fact, animal studies have shown that nitrate enhanced exercise performance through effects on contractile function and blood flow in type II muscle fibers (Andrade et al., 1998; Fergunson et al., 2015). One mechanism that may influence the human performance in response to NO 3 − supplementation, could be through a change in RPE. In the present study, RPE during exercise was lower in SN compared to P trial. This can be explained by the lower PCr degradation, and consequently, lower Pi accumulation following SN (Bailey et al., 2010 ). In fact, we have recently shown that SN supplementation reduced PCr degradation during HIIE without changing total energy cost (Sacramento et al., 2024). The reduced Pi concentration could reduce the afferent feedback of Group III/IV to the central drive and thus lower RPE. On the other hand, Marcora (2009) argue that RPE is independent from afferent feedback of Group III/IV to central drive and suggested that RPE are related to the corollary discharge to somatosensory areas. If NO 3 − supplementation reduces the ATP cost (Haider and Folland, 2014), a lower excitation would be necessary to the same intensity, and a lower RPE could be expected. Flanagan et al. (2016) have observed a lower mean and maximum firing rates over the course of fatiguing resistance exercise after NO 3 − supplementation, indicating a higher neuromuscular efficiency after supplementation. RPE-s also reduced after SN supplementation (see Fig. 2 ), which may have important practical applications identifying training load, both for the athletes and the coaches, which may come as a useful tool for training prescription. Internal load is considered an important variable to control through training monitoring (Impellizeri et al., 2019), since both internal (RPE in our study) and external load (duration) contribute to training adaptation (Impellizeri et al., 2019; 2022). It has been proposed that session training load is affected after a period of training, however, our results suggest that SN acutely reduces session training load in physically active male subjects. Participants perceived global HIIE as less demanding, which allowed conditioning trainers to increase exercise volume (e.g., 15 instead of 10 efforts during HIIE) or exercise intensity (10 efforts at 110% of MAS). It is important to emphasize that additional investigation is needed to verify whether these results are reproductible in sequential training sessions (i.e. if SN reduces the weekly training load). Future investigations are necessary to extrapolate our single session findings to several sessions. In addition, blood samples were not taken from the subjects to confirm the higher blood nitrate concentrations after supplementation. Future studies are encouraged to test conditions not performed in our study, with changes in the intensity or volume of the session, as well as the effect of prolonged SN supplementation (e.g., in the weekly, monthly training load, etc.). Conclusion We conclude that NO 3 − supplementation reduces RPE during and after HIIE. This can be explained by the likely peripheral changes (reduced metabolic perturbations) and/or changes in firing rates to the muscles, and thus, reduces the perception of exercise intensity. The attenuation of RPE after SN supplementation indicates its use in practical settings. Declarations Competing interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests Funding: This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - 431168/2018-0). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4824291","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":336974666,"identity":"a0300d8e-335e-43a7-947d-dce67f62c04a","order_by":0,"name":"Henrique Silva Sacramento","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Pernambuco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Henrique","middleName":"Silva","lastName":"Sacramento","suffix":""},{"id":336974667,"identity":"e9ed3d17-c745-4953-9c19-13964c69e442","order_by":1,"name":"Alessandro Moura Zagatto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Paulista State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alessandro","middleName":"Moura","lastName":"Zagatto","suffix":""},{"id":336974668,"identity":"3e9ddeb2-d92c-4ff3-96cf-643f78ead1fe","order_by":2,"name":"Erico Caperuto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saint Jude Thaddeus University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erico","middleName":"","lastName":"Caperuto","suffix":""},{"id":336974669,"identity":"eaa45b41-e9f0-4155-a2dc-ecdde945c448","order_by":3,"name":"Rafael dos Santos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Pernambuco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafael","middleName":"dos","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""},{"id":336974670,"identity":"4f554108-e2f3-4627-9bc5-fc1913b9e33e","order_by":4,"name":"Edmund O. Acevedo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saint Jude Thaddeus University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edmund","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Acevedo","suffix":""},{"id":336974671,"identity":"fe0fade6-4f1f-4ea4-b54b-7a0f059fa4ba","order_by":5,"name":"Eduardo Zapaterra Campos","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABOUlEQVRIie3QsWrCQBjA8S8E4hLNei7mFU4CaQWhr3IixOVsC0LIUCRdkkXoat9CEIpjQiAuV+crAdulnaRYhGKX0otgKTFSunW4Pxc4PvLjuAOQyf5lRHxaybwBagSg+L+Q6MfcAo38kXT8I8So0ObGc9tghvfxZu0tL4wweZ5eesPeJK3GT8psWST10cqqs4UDyui8iyI2aI2ZY2djlvQnaa2LFTYoEswprl8HCahAMYoDgoGDnVWDqD95HNlICUiRnHFqfeREM1bWNv4k2OSVd0GGPZzqJ9sSghG1d6foYoNin2DM9fwUlQhiQwlB7MVt+QtHR+jVOWUpwU1G3fwuzVtxF9RhB8QIu9MH3203zJt+wr0rghvz+V0mXsysiRdbv80OyD59t/ap38OjYP/DIZHJZDIZwBexX3QwEQzSmAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Pernambuco","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"Zapaterra","lastName":"Campos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-29 20:26:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824291/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824291/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63191183,"identity":"e8548f13-34ba-4156-b0d5-782c80ed4312","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-24 15:30:06","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean and standard deviation of RPE at 75% of MAS (left panel), and individual variation of RPE in SN with SWC range (right panel). SN: sodium nitrate supplementation. The dotted lines represent SWC of changes in RPE. *denotes significant difference to Placebo.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4824291/v1/3fe3768f17760695613497b6.png"},{"id":63191185,"identity":"1fd1334f-7e59-415d-baf4-314a98694ed3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-24 15:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMedian and interquartile interval of RPE after each HIIE effort. ■ placebo, and ● sodium nitrate; *denotes significantly difference to sodium nitrate.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4824291/v1/b282637ff8cce5bfcd309cf1.png"},{"id":63191184,"identity":"f5dea7c2-9911-4566-a1a1-a496562d1ce6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-24 15:30:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean and standard deviation of RPE-s after HIIE (left panel), and individual variation of RPE-s in SN with SWC range (right panel). SN: sodium nitrate supplementation. The dotted lines represent SWC of changes in RPE-s. *denotes significant difference to Placebo.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4824291/v1/4863e573124d4294063d0f60.png"},{"id":77475443,"identity":"75a3915e-8b5a-4aed-90d9-573cc55d4711","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-01 07:31:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":618004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4824291/v1/0dc9d214-e21d-4719-9bcc-972568358ef1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSodium Nitrate Attenuates Session Perceived Exertion During and After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a multidimensional psychophysiological construct developed to assess intensity of homeostatic disturbance during exercise (Morgan, 1994). Furthermore, it has been utilized extensively across various experimental designs (Coutts et al., 2007) and practical applications. In more recent studies, RPE has been adapted to monitor internal training load (Foster et al., 2001; Nakamura et al., 2010), and serves as an additional tool to monitor overtraining or overreaching conditions, which are important for optimal training and performance (Meeusen et al., 2006; Nakamura et al., 2010; Pyne et al., 2000). Studies have analyzed the use of RPE following a 30 minute recovery after exercise, described as the RPE value of the session (RPE-s), multiplied by the total exercise time (RPE-s x exercise duration in minutes) to represents the training load of that session (Haddad et al., 2017). This method has been shown to be a valid, reliable and very useful tool for assessing training load.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPE is characterized as an amalgamation of sensations, encompassing tension, pain, peripheral muscular and respiratory fatigability (Borg, 1998). Regarding peripheral sensations, there are various physiological mediators, notably metabolic acidosis (including blood lactate, blood pH, and muscle pH) (ROBERTSON, 2001) and the release of free energy and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Interestingly, Marcora et al. (2009) have suggested that RPE increase during exercise happens due to higher corollary discharge (the signal that leaves a sensory motor area as a movement command to activate motor neurons in order to produce movement, is also directed towards other parts of the brain) and independent of peripheral signals from afferent Group III and IV. In addition, Glaister et al. (2005) have proposed that intermittent exercise may result in an increase in RPE due to a decrease in electromyogram amplitude (Mendez-Villanueva et al., 2007), thus indicating that other sensors may also influence RPE during exercise (Nakamura and Perandini, 2009). In this scenario, nutritional supplementation that alleviates peripheral metabolic disturbance or reduces corollary discharge emerges as a possible intervention capable of alleviating RPE during intermittent exercise (Dom\u0026iacute;nguez et al., 2021; Jodra et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong such supplements is nitrate (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e), which can be ingested by consuming beetroot juice or in the form of its salt, sodium nitrate (NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) (Larsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Muggeridge et al., 2017). Indeed, nitrate (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) supplementation has been observed to impact peripheral metabolic byproducts during exercise (Bailey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and reduce the ATP cost for the same exercise intensity. Moreover, other studies have found that NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation decreases firing rates (i.e., additional voluntary drive to recruited motor units) before and after fatiguing exercise (Flanagan et al., 2016), and improves excitation-contraction coupling, which would decrease the requirement of excitation and ATP cost to the same force level (Coggan et al., 2018). Moreover, it is suggested that NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation may have a greater effect in type II fibers which are stimulated during high-intensity exercises (Jones, 2014). Indeed, we have recent demonstrated improved oxidative and reduced creatine phosphate contribution during HIIE after NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation (Sacramento et al., 2024). Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of acute sodium nitrate (SN) supplementation on RPE and RPE-s during and after high-intensity intermittent exercise. It was expected that SN supplementation: (i) would reduce RPE in high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) performed in similar intensity and volume; and (ii) due to reduction in RPE during exercise, RPE-s would also be lower after SN supplementation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e In order to examine the effect of an acute dose of sodium nitrate (SN) on RPE and RPE-s in high-intensity intermittent exercise, participants visited the laboratory on six non-consecutive days. On the first and second day, subjects were familiarized with incremental exercises (if the difference in the final stage was higher than 2 RPE units, a new familiarization was made). On the third day, subjects performed high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) (familiarization). Afterwards, the participants engaged in an incremental running test on a treadmill (4th day). On the 5th and 6th day, subjects randomly performed HIIE 2h30min after NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (SN) or Placebo supplementation. The supplementation protocol was double-blinded, random with a placebo control. The University's Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects (Human Research Ethics Committee) approved the procedures (Process number \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.669.804), which were conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed about the experimental procedures and risks and completed a written informed consent form authorizing the athletes' participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubjects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFifteen physically active subjects participated in the present study. The characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Sample power was calculated \u003cem\u003ea posteriori\u003c/em\u003e. Using the mean of training load of both groups, their correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72) and effect size (1.00), fifteen subjects showed a statistical power of 0.97.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and standard deviation (SD) of subjects age, stature, body mass, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg.m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAS (km\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIncremental exercise test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incremental exercise test was performed on a treadmill (Super ATL, Inbrasport\u0026reg;, Porto Alegre, Brazil). A standardized warm-up lasting 5-min at 6 km\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was performed. After a five-minute passive recovery period, the subjects started the incremental exercise test at 7 km\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with intensity incremented in 1 km\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e every 2 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was considered the final speed of the test as presented by Kuipers et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e): MAS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;LS + (T@IS/120), where LS is the last complete stage speed and T@IS is the time, in seconds, spent in the incomplete stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjects were randomly assigned (by an independent researcher) to receive supplementation of sodium nitrate (SN) or Placebo (P) 2h30min prior to the HIIE. The supplementation was double-blinded. Subjects ingested 8.4 mg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, or the same concentration of starch [Placebo (P)] in the same capsules. Subjects were instructed not to use caffeine and/or alcohol 24 hours before the test, to avoid antibacterial mouthwashes and abstain from eating nitrate-rich foods (e.g., beetroot, lettuce, spinach, and arugula) throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHigh-intensity intermittent exercise\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the HIIE trials, subjects rested for 30 minutes when arriving at the laboratory. Afterwards subjects warmed-up for 7-minutes at 75% of MAS, rested for 5 minutes and then started the HIIE. The HIIE consisted of 10 x 1-minute efforts at 100% of MAS with 1 minute of passive rest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRating Perceived effort and RPE-s\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPE was assessed after 7-minutes at 75% of MAS, during the HIIE session (during the last 10 seconds of each stimulus), and 30 minutes after the HIIE using the adapted Borg scale (0\u0026ndash;10) (Borg, 1992). Prior to the exercise session, standardized instructions on the RPE scale were given to participants. Classification 0 (\"no effort\") was assigned to the resting situation, while 10 (\"maximum effort\") was attributed to the highest exercise intensity. The area under the RPE curve (RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e) during the HIIE session was also calculated. After the HIIE, subjects rested for 30 minutes, and then reported the RPE value. This value served as the quantification of RPE-s (Foster et al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify data normality. RPE after 75% of MAS (warm-up), RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e, and RPE 30 minutes after HIIE showed normal distribution, while RPE after some HIIE efforts did not show a normal distribution. Therefore, the effect of effort was compared using Friedman\u0026rsquo;s test for each condition (SN and P), with Conover\u0026rsquo;s post-hoc. Comparison of RPE between SN and P for each HIIE effort was performed using Wilcoxon test, and data were presented by median and interquartile interval. Comparison between RPE after 75% and RPE-s was performed using the paired Student t-test and presented with mean and standard deviation. The significance level was set at 5%. These analyses were performed with the JASP 0.17.1 (JASP Team (2023). JASP (Version 0.17.1) Computer software, Netherlands). The chances of a possible substantial effect of SN on RPE (after 75% of MAS) and RPE-s were calculated using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC \u0026ndash; 0.2 multiplied by the between-subject deviation) (Miyagi et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of SN on RPE after 7 minutes at 75% of MAS are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. There was a significantly difference between conditions (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.52; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; SN: 7.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4 a.u.; P: 8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 a.u.). Eleven of 15 subjects presented reduction in RPE at 75% of MAS above SWC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the median and interquartile interval of RPE after each of the 10 efforts. A significant effect was found for both SN (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121.1; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0001) and P (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129.9; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0001). There was significantly difference between RPE from the 5th to the 10th effort between SN and P (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.6\u0026ndash;3.0; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e was significantly lower in SN (24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2 a.u.) than P (35.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.1 a.u.) (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.28; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of SN supplementation on RPE-s is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The RPE-s was significantly lower in SN (5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2 a.u.) than P (6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3 a.u.) (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.92; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Thirteen of 15 reported lower RPE-s in SN than P, while one presented the same RPE-s, and another increased RPE-s (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of the present study was to examine the effects of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation on RPE during HIIE and RPE-s in physically active male subjects. The main findings of the present investigation were that SN supplementation reduced RPE during HIIE from the 5th effort until the 10th, RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e, and RPE-s. Therefore, SN supplementation may be used in practical settings to reduce both RPE and RPE-s for a similar exercise intensity. Moreover, total perceived exertion during HIIE (RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e) was also lower in SN than P, which indicate a lower overall RPE during the session. Hypothetically SN supplementation could also allow increased exercise intensity when the intensity is prescribed based on perceived exertion However, this proposal requires addition testing in experimental settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation has been proposed to improve oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling efforts (Larsen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Lansley et al., 2011; Cermark et al., 2012), and performance in sports predominantly reliant on aerobic metabolism (Lorenzo et al., 2020; McMahon et al., 2017). Recently, attention has shifted to the effects of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation on performance during sprint or strength type activities (Coggan et al., 2018; Maider et al., 2014). If the conversion of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e to NO is enhanced under conditions of hypoxia and raised acidity, then the effects of the supplementation on performance may be more significant during sprint exercise where it could accelerate recovery via improved oxygen delivery between sprints (Roelfos et al., 2015), which may increase the number of repetitions that can be completed before failure (Alvares et al., 2021). In fact, animal studies have shown that nitrate enhanced exercise performance through effects on contractile function and blood flow in type II muscle fibers (Andrade et al., 1998; Fergunson et al., 2015). One mechanism that may influence the human performance in response to NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation, could be through a change in RPE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, RPE during exercise was lower in SN compared to P trial. This can be explained by the lower PCr degradation, and consequently, lower Pi accumulation following SN (Bailey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, we have recently shown that SN supplementation reduced PCr degradation during HIIE without changing total energy cost (Sacramento et al., 2024). The reduced Pi concentration could reduce the afferent feedback of Group III/IV to the central drive and thus lower RPE. On the other hand, Marcora (2009) argue that RPE is independent from afferent feedback of Group III/IV to central drive and suggested that RPE are related to the corollary discharge to somatosensory areas. If NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation reduces the ATP cost (Haider and Folland, 2014), a lower excitation would be necessary to the same intensity, and a lower RPE could be expected. Flanagan et al. (2016) have observed a lower mean and maximum firing rates over the course of fatiguing resistance exercise after NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003esupplementation, indicating a higher neuromuscular efficiency after supplementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPE-s also reduced after SN supplementation (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which may have important practical applications identifying training load, both for the athletes and the coaches, which may come as a useful tool for training prescription. Internal load is considered an important variable to control through training monitoring (Impellizeri et al., 2019), since both internal (RPE in our study) and external load (duration) contribute to training adaptation (Impellizeri et al., 2019; 2022). It has been proposed that session training load is affected after a period of training, however, our results suggest that SN acutely reduces session training load in physically active male subjects. Participants perceived global HIIE as less demanding, which allowed conditioning trainers to increase exercise volume (e.g., 15 instead of 10 efforts during HIIE) or exercise intensity (10 efforts at 110% of MAS). It is important to emphasize that additional investigation is needed to verify whether these results are reproductible in sequential training sessions (i.e. if SN reduces the weekly training load).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture investigations are necessary to extrapolate our single session findings to several sessions. In addition, blood samples were not taken from the subjects to confirm the higher blood nitrate concentrations after supplementation. Future studies are encouraged to test conditions not performed in our study, with changes in the intensity or volume of the session, as well as the effect of prolonged SN supplementation (e.g., in the weekly, monthly training load, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conclude that NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e supplementation reduces RPE during and after HIIE. This can be explained by the likely peripheral changes (reduced metabolic perturbations) and/or changes in firing rates to the muscles, and thus, reduces the perception of exercise intensity. The attenuation of RPE after SN supplementation indicates its use in practical settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare there are no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - 431168/2018-0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData for any experiments involving the author are available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBailey SJ, Fulford J, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Benjamin N, Jones AM. 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The Effect of Dietary Nitrate on the Contractile Properties of Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022 May 23:1-12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhiarone T, Ataide-Silva T, Bertuzzi R, McConell GK, Lima-Silva AE. Effect of acute nitrate ingestion on V̇O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e response at different exercise intensity domains. Appl PhysiolNutrMetab. 2017 Nov;42(11):1127-1134.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGibala MJ, Jones AM. Physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2013;76:51-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGirard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med. 2017 Oct;47(10):1931-1949.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoon MW, Hopkins WG, Jones AM, Martin DT, Halson SL, West NP, Johnson NA, Burke LM. Nitrate supplementation and high-intensity performance in competitive cyclists. Appl PhysiolNutrMetab. 2014 Sep;39(9):1043-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, Geurten P, van Kranenburg G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. Int J Sports Med. 1985 Aug;6(4):197-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Borniquel S, Sahlin K, Ekblom B, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab. 2011 Feb 2;13(2):149-59. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Ekblom B. Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Sep;191(1):59-66. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNorouzirad R, Gholami H, Ghanbari M, Hedayati M, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Muniesa P, Jeddi S, Ghasemi A. Dietary inorganic nitrate attenuates hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress in obese type 2 diabetic male rats. Life Sci. 2019 Aug 1;230:188-196.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanissa VLG, Fukuda DH, Caldeira RS, Gerosa-Neto J, Lira FS, Zagatto AM, Franchini E. Is Oxygen Uptake Measurement Enough to Estimate Energy Expenditure During High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise? Quantification of Anaerobic Contribution by Different Methods. Front Physiol. 2018 Jul 9;9:868.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez A, Castillo D, Raya-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez J, Dom\u0026iacute;nguez R, Bailey SJ. Beetroot juice supplementation increases concentric and eccentric muscle power output. Original investigation. J Sci Med Sport. 2021 Jan;24(1):80-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSacramento HS (2024), Sodium nitrate improves oxidative energy contribution and reduces phosphocreatine contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Dissertation, Federal University of Pernambuco.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson C, Vanhatalo A, Jell H, Fulford J, Carter J, Nyman L, Bailey SJ, Jones AM. Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance. Nitric Oxide. 2016 Dec 30;61:55-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson C, Vanhatalo A, Kadach S, Wylie LJ, Fulford J, Ferguson SK, Blackwell JR, Bailey SJ, Jones AM. Discrete physiological effects of beetroot juice and potassium nitrate supplementation following 4-wk sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1519-1528.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson C, Wylie LJ, Blackwell JR, Fulford J, Black MI, Kelly J, McDonagh ST, Carter J, Bailey SJ, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on physiological and muscle metabolic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Mar 1;122(3):642-652.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTownsend JR, Hart TL, Haynes JT 4th, Woods CA, Toy AM, Pihera BC, Aziz MA, Zimmerman GA, Jones MD, Vantrease WC, Gonzalez AM. Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Physical Performance and Body Composition Following Offseason Training in Division I Athletes. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(4):534-549.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhitfield J, Gamu D, Heigenhauser GJF, VAN Loon LJC, Spriet LL, Tupling AR, Holloway GP. Beetroot Juice Increases Human Muscle Force without Changing Ca2+-Handling Proteins. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Oct;49(10):2016-2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhitfield J, Ludzki A, Heigenhauser GJ, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ, Spriet LL, Holloway GP. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2016 Jan 15;594(2):421-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nitrate supplementation, perceived exertion, high-intensity intermittent training, supplementation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824291/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824291/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRating of perceived exertion (RPE) is related to peripheral sensations and central discharge during exercise. Therefore, nutritional interventions that alleviate both peripheral and central demand during exercise may interfere on RPE response. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test the effects of acute sodium nitrate supplementation on RPE and session RPE (RPE-s) during and after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), respectively. Fifteen subjects were submitted to an incremental exercise test to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and afterwards randomly performed two HIIE (10 x 1 min at 100% of MAS and 1 min of passive recovery) 2h30min after the ingestion 8.4 mg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of both sodium nitrate (SN) and placebo. The RPE was measured during the warm-up (7 min at 75% of MAS), HIIE (after each effort), and 30 min after the HIIE (RPE-s). Area under the curve of RPE during HIIE was also calculated (RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e) The comparison of RPE during the effort was performed by the Friedman test, while the comparison between RPE at 75% of MAS, RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e, and RPE-s was performed by paired Student\u0026rsquo;s t test. SN reduced RPE (75% of MAS) (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.52; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), RPE\u003csub\u003eAUC\u003c/sub\u003e (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.28; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and RPE-s (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.92; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to placebo. During the HIIE, SN promoted lower RPE from the 5th to the 10th effort (z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.6\u0026ndash;3.0; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). SN supplementation reduces overall RPE during warm-up, HIIE and after exercise. This indicate the SN can be used as a strategy to reduce the effort perception during intermittent exercises. Other studies may want to investigate whether SN changes interferes on training load.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sodium Nitrate Attenuates Session Perceived Exertion During and After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-24 15:30:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824291/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7406645f-ec86-432a-a965-404def8e8636","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-01T07:23:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-24 15:30:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4824291","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4824291","identity":"rs-4824291","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}