Partner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data; A Multilevel Logistics Regression Analysis

Partner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data; A Multilevel Logistics Regression Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Partner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data; A Multilevel Logistics Regression Analysis Solomon Abrha Damtew, Niguse Tadele Atinafu, Mahari Yihdego Gidey, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Current intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia is considerably high which pronounced during pregnancy. Recent evidences showed that sexual violence is exceeding physical violence. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of the IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in six weeks postpartum among women in the extended six weeks postpartum period and identify its correlates. Documenting the magnitude of six weeks postpartum IPV during the index pregnancy as measured six weeks in the postpartum period and identifying factors affecting it contributes its share for the ministry and other relevant partners in tracking progress towards eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030. Methods This study used PMA merged cohort 1 baseline and six week postpartum data which enrolled and collected data from currently pregnant women. Frequency was computed to describe the study participant’s characteristics, and chi-square statistics was used to assess cell sample size adequacy. Multilevel binary logistics regression was employed to identify correlates of IPV at the extended six weeks postpartum period. Results were presented in the form percentages and odds ratio with 95% Confidence Intervals. Candidate variables were selected using p-value of 0.25. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of 0.05. Results The proportion of experiencing at least one for of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but statistically non-significant 8.09% (6.91%, 9.44%) percentage of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual IPV than the percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of women who reported experiencing at least one form of physical IPV. After controlling confounders, the likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) times higher among women whose husband had other wife’s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum. The Ministry of health and developmental partners need to plan and implement Activities and efforts which are specific to regions and that address the problem of polygamy are hoped to address the problem IPV. Such activities should be tailored along the maternal and new born care continuum to be effective. Maternal & Fetal Medicine Extended Postpartum Period Partner conflict Physical Violence Sexual violence Women Health Ethiopia PMA Follow up study Figures Figure 1 Introduction Intimate partner Violence (IPV) is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a self-reported experience of one or more acts of physical aggression and/or sexual violence by a current or former partner since the age of 15 years ( 1 ). IPV is one aspect of gender-based violence and/or domestic violence. It has one of the three forms: physical, sexual and emotional abuse and/or violence by a current and/or former intimate partner ( 1 – 4 ). IPV can be current, happened in the past one year, or a prior one that happened before one year ( 1 ) ( 2 , 3 , 5 – 7 ). This study focused on measuring women experience of at least on form of physical and/or sexual intimate partner during the extended six week postpartum period among women who were enrolled during their pregnancy and followed one year post-partum. IPV is more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, although it is common in both developing and developed countries ( 5 ) ( 2 , 3 , 6 , and 7 ). In Africa its prevalence ranges from 2–57%, with an average overall prevalence of 15.23% ( 5 , 8 ). In Ethiopia, one in three women of reproductive age group experienced at least one form of physical and/or sexual violence ( 2 ), and nearly half of women experience IPV during pregnancy in North West Ethiopia ( 9 ). IPV in Ethiopia ranged from 12% in Yirgalem ( 10 ) to 44.7% Abay Chome district ( 11 ), with an average prevalence of 26.1% nationally ( 12 ). Cultural and social acceptance of violence coupled with a male-dominant society exacerbates the impact of IPV during pregnancy and hampers prevention and control efforts. Women and husband sociodemographic factors ( 12 – 14 ), parity, cohabitation duration, and other reproductive health (RH) characteristics were found to affect IPV during the index pregnancy ( 8 , 15 , and 16 ), however, studies which use follow up data and studied whether women followed had experienced partner conflict six weeks postpartum are scanty. In addition, conducted studies are limited in geographic area, based on cross sectional data and; did not address all possible confounders, studied women who delivered in past 2 year or more along with pregnant women by the time of the survey, while this study used merged baseline data and six week postpartum data from a longitudinal study which asked currently pregnant women who were at various months of gestation during the survey whether they experienced any of the 10 physical and/or sexual IPV items during their index pregnancy. In addition, this study attempted to control available integral and possibly derived enumeration area level variables. Evidence shows that IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the six extended six weeks postpartum period and during pregnancy and has more prominent health effect on the mother and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Violence has an impact on the health of women apart from its economic and social impact. The impact is more pronounced when it’s committed in the postpartum period and pregnant women ( 3 , 8 , 17 , and 18 ). IPV during pregnancy is found to be associated with adverse health outcomes ( 13 , 19 ) including pregnancy loss, preterm labor, pregnancy complications, hypertension, delivering low birth weight baby, physical injuries and stress ( 8 , 19 , 20 ). To mitigate such considerable prevalence, minimize its health effect and address factors contributing towards it, violence against women has received an international attention as of 2016 in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), with target 5.2; claiming elimination of all forms violence against women and girls in public and private spheres of the SDG goal 5, which calls up on gender equality and empowerment of women and girls ( 21 ). This is extended to end abuse, exploitation, and trafficking and forms violence against children in target 16.2 under the SDG goal ( 1 , 3 , and 21 ). In addition, determining the prevalence of violence is one of the proposed indicators to monitor the progress in SDG 5.2: elimination of all forms of violence, which is achieved by national level evidence generation ( 3 ). In response to this international attention on reproductive health (RH) indicators in general and IPV in particular, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has adopted all RH and IPV SDG goals and targets. All RH-related SDG goals were included in the new national RH policy which run from 2021 to 2025. A directorate was established in the ministry and IPV focal person in region, zone, and woreda level health offices. Furthermore, large hospitals have opened one-stop centers for IPV survivor’s treatment, care, support, and linkage to the legal body as part of the national strategy ( 2 ). Therefore, being in the midst of SDG era, the aim of this study was to measure the magnitude of Partner conflict during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period and identify individual and community level factors affecting it by using nationally representative follow up community based data from PMA Ethiopia. This will be used as an input to monitor the achievement of target 5.2 ( 3 ) and; the finding of this study help the ministry and other developmental partners in tracking achievement of the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030 ( 2 , 3 ). Methods and Data Sources Nationally Representative 2 year cohort data collected from pregnant women in four rounds was used (merged baseline and the six weeks postpartum data were used and in terms of follow up, it accounts half of the follow up period, from a month one or two to 12 or 13 months). After the complete census was conducted in the selected enumeration areas all pregnant women with gestational age of 1 to 9 months who were either usual residents in the selected EAs or who came to the EA to deliver were enrolled and followed one year post from the selected randomly 35 households per EA were interviewed for the female questionnaire and the three subsequent follow up interviews. A total of 2,304 pregnant women of child bearing age who were in their extended six weeks postpartum period were included in this analysis. This analysis was restricted to women who were married or live together and completed all the three follow up interviews with complete response for the six week post-partum the ten items of pregnancy coercion (7 items asking if women experienced one of the 7 partner physical conflict and the 3 sexual partner conflict Items). The overall sample size and cell sample size adequacy was checked and found adequate to generating unbiased estimate for partner conflict during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. Data collection and Field Work. A merged cohort one data consisting baseline data and six week data from cohort one PMA survey conducted from 2019 to 2020 were used for this study ( 23 ). A two stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select enumeration areas. The first field work of the pane baseline survey was screening pregnant women and women who were less than 6 weeks post-partum. A two stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select enumeration areas. Complete census was conducted in the selected enumeration areas followed by selection of 35 households per enumeration area using simple random sampling. Data were collected at baseline and three follow up points, 6 week, 6 month and one year postpartum the and the details sampling procedure and field work operation are mentions elsewhere ( 23 ). It was executed by Addis Ababa University’s School of Public Health in collaborative efforts with the Ethiopian Public Health Association with assistance from the Federal Ministry of Health, Central Statistical Agency, Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health), and the source of funding is from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The main sample units or enumeration areas (EAs) were chosen using the frame to Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (PHC), which was performed in 2019 by the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. A total of 162 EAs were chosen in the first stage, with Independent selection in each sample stratum and a probability proportional to EA size. All pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 49 who were either long-term residents of the chosen households or who come to deliver there they were screened using enrollment criteria and those found eligible were consented to participate in the baseline line interview. The protocol Of PMA Ethiopia contains all the details on sample design and selection methods. More detail in the details on sampling design and selection procedures and field work implementation was described well elsewhere~. The protocol Of PMA Ethiopia contains all the details on sample design and selection methods. More detail in the details on sampling design and selection procedures and field work implementation was described well elsewhere ( 23 ). Variables: Outcome variable The outcome variable was IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period which was measured by asking a series of 10 yes/no questions (7 measure physical abuse and 3 sexual abuse). If a women respond yes for at least of the ten items she is considered as experiencing IPV during their pregnancy and no if otherwise. The ten yes/no questions were summed after excluding the do not know and no response. Women who reported that they experienced at least one of the ten items at any time during their index pregnancy were considered as experiencing at least one form of physical and or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) during their pregnancy while those reported not experiencing any of the ten items thus far in their pregnancy were considered as not experiencing IPV ( 14 ). (Table 1 ) Table 1 Items used to create the intimate partner violence composite variable, PMA Cohort 1 Merged Baseline and six week survey data, and 2019 to 20 IVP (Physical and Sexual Violence) Variable Question Items and Responses Items Response each (0 = No 1 = Yes) Categories, excluding NR Sometimes Conflict can occur in relationships. At any time during your pregnancy, did your husband/partner do any of the following things to you: A. Push you, shake you, or throw something at you? Yes (women experienced IPV): if the pregnant women reported a “YES” at least for one of the ten items their index pregnancy. B. Slap you? C. Twist your arm or pull your hair? D. Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you? E. Kick you, drag you, or beat you up? beat F. you up? Try to choke you or burn you on purpose? G. Threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon? H. Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him when you did not No (women not experienced IPV): the pregnant women reported “NO” for all the 10 items during their index I. Physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to. J. Used threats or pressure to make you have sex when you didn’t want to, but did not use physical force? Independent Variables Independent variables were classified into individual-level variables and enumeration area-level Variables. Individual-level independent variables further categorized into socio150 demographic/economic characteristics variables, parity and other RH characteristics, knowledge on contraceptive related characteristics, husband socio-demography and support related characteristics. Group or enumeration area (EA) level variables included two integral variables namely, region and place of residence while two derived EA level variables, EA level wealth derived from the household level wealth, while proportion of women who completed secondary or above educational level per EA were derived from the respective women and husband/partner educational status. “Region” was grouped into six categories, 1 = Tigray 2 = Afar, 3 = Amhara, 4 = Oromia, 7 = SNNPRs and 10 = Addis Ababa city administration. Place of residence follows the default urban/rural classification. Analysis and Measurement The panel baseline data set merged with and six weeks postpartum data sets were used for this analysis. Stata v17 was used for this analysis. Frequencies and percentages were computed to characterize the study population. Chi-square test statistics was computed to check cell sample size adequacy and the sample size was found to be adequate to provide unbiased estimate on the level of index pregnancy partner conflict as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. Exploratory data analysis was run for data cleaning thereby checking item nonresponse rate for every variable and don’t know (non knowledge assessing if any) response which were later excluded from the analysis. Following this variable were recoded to create biological plausible categories along with checking distribution of the recoded variables using mean and proportion as appropriate. Derived EA level variables such as proportion of pregnant women who completed secondary education per EA and proportion of women who were residing in the well to do household per EA were computed from the respective individual level variable and household level wealth index respectively. Chrombatch alpha was calculated and was found to be 0.87 for the household wealth index and EA level wealth, hence, the derived EA level wealth was not included in the final model, since it does not represent a unique construct, not serving as a measure of variation for the partner conflict that contributed by the individual household wealth index which is assigned as economic status of the women. Multilevel binary logistics regression was used to identify important predictors of encountering at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. At bivariate analysis a p value cut of 0.25 was used to select candidate variable for multilevel multivariable logistics regression analysis. Results were presented in the form of percentage, and odds ratio with 95% CI. Significance was declared at a significance level of 0.05. Results were reported based on weighted count. Design based analysis was applied. Four models were run; the first model is the null model: the intercept only model without any predictor variables but EA as random intercept, followed by computing intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) for the null. Model II: this model includes only individual level variable followed by ICC computation. Model III: this model includes only the five EA level variable followed by ICC computation and PVC for the model. Model IV: this is the final model in which both individual and EA level variables were accounted followed by ICC computation and PVC (null model as reference) along with computed Akaike and Bayesian information criteria and likelihood tests were used to assess model fitness and identify the best fitted model. Model IV was the best fitted model since it has the lower AIC and higher loglikelihood. Note that the null model is not displayed in the regression table while the crude OR is included as part of the regression table. Data Quality Management and Control Data completeness for variables and items for creating composite variables was checked by exploratory data analysis following which any item nonresponse was excluded from the analysis. Frequency run to exclude responses with do not know (DNK) and no response (NR). PMA Ethiopia used of standard and pretested tool, intensive training with mock interviews for resident enumerators was provided, close supervisor during filed work, timely progress report and correction, 10% random check were some of the modalities used to maintain the quality of the collected data, the detail is reported somewhere else ( 22 ). Results Magnitude of IPV during Pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks Postpartum Period This study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy among enrolled pregnant women during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the index pregnancy. The proportion of women who reported experiencing at least one for of physical or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended 6 weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but statistically not significance percentage 8.09% ((6.91%, 9.44%)) of women reported that they have experienced at least one of form of sexual IPV than the respective of percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of experiencing at least one form of physical IPV owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy (Fig. 1). Distribution IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured the extended Six weeks postpartum by selected Individual and community level variables, Evidence from merged panel baseline and six weeks This study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV among a cohort of enrolled pregnant women during the index pregnancy as measured during the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy. The proportion of women who have reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 9.29% in the women aged 40 to 49 years old to 14.93% among those six week postpartum women age 15 to 19 years. This same figure was 9.24% for the women in the well to do households to 11.18% those dwelling in the poorest households. Similarly, 13.57% of rural residents and 14.29% and people living in Tigray regions and 4.85% of residents of Addis Ababa reported that they have experienced at least one form of IPV by six week post-partum. Likewise, 12.89% of those with large family size and 11.73% of women with no formal education have reported that they have experienced at least one form of physical or sexual IPV while one in 10 six week postpartum women who followed orthodox religion also reported IPV experience (Table 2 ). In the same fashion, 14.28% of women who reported that their husband has other wife, 11.58% of those who married more than once and whose husband reaction for their most recent pregnancy was happy (10.63%) have reported that they have experienced at least one form of physical or sexual IPV by six week postpartum. Similarly, the proportion of women who have reported experiencing at least one form of IPV was 11.17% at six week postpartum among those who had 1 to 2 child while this proportion was 12.00% for women who reported did not wanted to have another child by enrollment. Likewise 13.87% of ever users 9.00% of those who reported that they have started using contraceptive by six week postpartum had experienced at least one form of IPV (Table 2 ). Last but not least, 11.40% of those whose desired place of birth for most recent pregnancy and 11.89 those whose desired birth attendant was health professional reported that they have experienced one form of IPV by six week postpartum (Table 2 ). Table 2 Distribution of Pregnant women Experienced IPV as measured in the extended 6 weeks Post-Partum period, Merged data from PMA Cohort 1 Baseline and Six weeks Variables Experiencing At least One Forms of IPV 6 During Pregnancy as measured in the extended postpartum period No % Yes % Total % Age Cat 15 to 19 years 209 85.07 37 14.93 246 10.66 20 to 24 years 481 89.70 55 10.30 536 23.26 25 to 29 years 610 88.45 80 11.55 690 29.93 30 to 34 years 376 85.42 64 14.58 440 19.11 35 to 39 years 258 88.15 35 11.85 293 12.72 40 to 49 years 90 90.71 9 9.29 99 4.32 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Religion Other Religion 47 96.22 2 3.78 49 2.13 Orthodox 785 90.52 82 9.48 867 37.62 Protestant 495 81.68 111 18.32 605 26.28 Moslem/Muslim 698 89.18 85 10.82 783 33.97 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Birth Order No Child 397 86.79 60 13.21 458 19.86 1_2 Children 732 88.83 92 11.17 824 35.76 3_14 Children 893 87.55 127 12.45 1020 44.25 Total 2022 87.86 279 12.14 2301 99.87 Hus Other Wifes No 1845 88.09 249 11.91 2095 90.91 Yes 176 85.72 29 14.28 205 8.91 Total 2021 87.88 279 12.12 2300 99.83 BL_ Partner Pregnancy Reaction Very Unhappy 279 87.20 41 12.80 320 13.90 A Sort Happy 682 86.78 104 13.22 786 34.11 Very Happy 981 89.37 117 10.63 1098 47.65 Total 1942 88.13 262 11.87 2204 95.66 FP Ever use No 778 86.16 125 13.84 903 39.20 Yes 1245 88.95 155 11.05 1400 60.75 Total 2023 87.86 280 12.14 2303 99.96 SW FP Commenced No 1675 87.23 245 12.77 1920 83.32 Yes 350 91.00 35 9.00 384 16.68 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Wealth Index Lowest quintile 404 88.82 51 11.18 454 19.72 Lower quintile 386 85.47 66 14.53 451 19.58 Middle quintile 407 85.28 70 14.72 477 20.70 Higher quintile 415 89.05 51 10.95 466 20.23 Highest quintile 413 90.76 42 9.24 456 19.77 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Family Size 1 to 3 members 663 87.64 93 12.36 756 32.82 4 to 5 members 700 88.80 88 11.20 789 34.23 6 to 14 members 661 87.11 98 12.89 759 32.95 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Educational Status No Formal Education 856 88.27 114 11.73 970 42.10 Primary Education 785 86.27 125 13.73 910 39.50 Secondary Higher Education 383 90.34 41 9.66 424 18.40 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 BL Fertility Intention Undecided/ know 170 91.07 17 8.93 187 8.10 Have a/another child 1223 86.76 187 13.24 1410 61.19 No more/ prefer no children 354 88.02 48 11.98 402 17.47 Total 1747 87.42 252 12.58 1999 86.76 Marriage Frequency Only once 1751 87.77 244 12.23 1995 86.58 More than once 273 88.42 36 11.58 309 13.42 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Desired Place of Delivery Home/ND 637 85.43 109 14.57 746 32.36 Health Facility 1111 88.60 143 11.40 1253 54.40 Total 1747 87.42 252 12.58 1999 86.76 Desired Birth Attendant No One/ND 102 88.44 13 11.56 115 4.99 HP 1137 88.11 153 11.89 1290 55.98 Family Member 508 85.70 85 14.30 593 25.74 Total 1746 87.41 252 12.59 1998 86.72 Place of Residence 1. Urban 471 92.95 36 7.05 507 22.00 2. Rural 1553 86.43 244 13.57 1797 78.00 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Region Tigray 134 85.71 22 14.29 157 6.79 Afar 47 96.93 1 3.07 49 2.11 Amhara 432 91.50 40 8.50 472 20.48 Oromiya 893 89.77 102 10.23 995 43.17 SNNP 437 79.93 110 20.07 547 23.75 Addis 81 95.15 4 4.85 85 3.70 Total 2024 87.86 280 12.14 2304 100.00 Factors affecting IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Six Weeks Postpartum Period This study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum among a cohort of pregnant women enrolled pregnant women expired during the index pregnancy as measured during the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy. The ICC of the intercept only model null was found to be 41.0% which indicates high clustering of observation IPV experience during the index pregnancy which in turn is not in agreement of the conventional regression assumption of independent observation assumption, hence, guaranteed the use of the multilevel model which relaxes the independent observation assumption of the conventional regression. About model fitness the final model was found it fit; details for the intercept only model-742.194 loglikilihood, AIC of 1488.387 and BIC of 1499.872 while its was reduced to -579.9988, 1205.998 and 1333.626 respectively in the final model, hence the final model was fit. This study investigated factors contributing to the women experience of one form of physical and/or sexual violence during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended seek weeks post-partum period. Those women whose husband had other wifes had higher likelihood of experiencing at least one form of Physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. On the other hand, those women who reside in Afar region had lower odds of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum. The likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) times higher among women whose husband had other wife’s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period (Table 3 ). Table 3 Multilevel Binary Logistics Regression of Factors affecting pregnant women Experienced IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks Post-Partum Period, PMA Cohort 1 Baseline and Six week Data Variables COR Model I Model II Model III AOR Age Cat 15 to 19 years 1 1 1 20 to 24 years 0.53 (0.26,1.05) 0.54 (0.22,1.37) 0.54 (0.22,1.33) 25 to 29 years 0.64 (0.32,1.29) 0.92 (0.37,2.30) 0.89 (0.36,2.23) 30 to 34 years 0.87 (0.46,1.63) 1.38 (0.5,3.84) 1.38 (0.51,3.78) 35 to 39 years 0.53 (0.24,1.16) 0.62 (0.17.2.22) 0.62 (0.17, 2.24) 40 to 49 years 0.23 (0.07,0.7) 0.47 (0.12,1.91) 0.46 (0.12,1.83) Wealth Index Lowest quintile 1 1 1 Lower quintile 1.45 (0.83,2.55) 1.51 (0.73,3.10) 1.51 (0.73,3.1) Middle quintile 1.52 (0.79,2.92) 1.36 (0.60.3.09) 1.36 (0.6,3.09) Higher quintile 1.22 (0.61,2.42) 1.0 (0.45,2.22) 1.00 (0.45,2.22) Highest quintile 0.84 (0.39,1.82) 0.7 (0.3,1.65) 0.7 (0.3,1.65) Religion Other 1 1 Orthodox 2.66 (0.56,12.64) 2.02 (0.36, 11.44) 2.7 (0.49,14.45) Protestant 4.31 (0.97,19.19) 2.36 (0.44,12.68) 1.96 (0.41,9.34) Moslem/Muslim 3.07 (0.60, 14.30) 1.96 (0.33,11.79) 2.53 (0.43,15.03) Order Border No child 1 1 1_2 Children 0.83 (0.47,1.45) 0.81 (0.38,1.75) 0.84 (0.40, 1.78) 3_14 Children 0.73 (0.47,1.15) 0.58 (0.26,1.28) 0.56 (0.25,1.25) other_wives_hus No 1 1 Yes 1.73 (1.0,3.0) 2.4 (1.19,4.85)* 2.14 (1.04,4.38)* Husband Reaction Recent Pregnancy Unhappy 1 1 1 A Sort Happy 0.63 (0.37,1.07) 0.75 (0.41,1.37) 0.73 (0.4,1.32) Very Happy 0.68 (0.40,1.14) 0.77 (0.41,1.42) 0.77 (0.41,1.44) Desired delivery Place No 1 1 Health Facility 0.64 (0.40,1.03) 0.71 (0.44,1.15) 0.70 (0.42,1.15) Region Tigray 1 1 1 Afar 0.23 (0.05,1.02) 0.19 (0.04.0.89)* 0.14 (0.03,0.79)* Amhara 0.72 (0.23,2.23) 0.67 (0.21,2.12) 0.6 (0.18,2.03) Oromiya 0.9 (0.30,2.69) 0.81 (0.26,2.49) 0.72 (0.21,2.49) SNNP 2.0 (0.64,6.32) 1.82 (0.57,5.79) 1.83 (0.51,6.54) Addis 0.48 (0.13,1.78) 0.9 (0.23,3.54) 0.95 (0.2,4.56) Residence Urban 1 1 1 Rural 2.29 (1.14,4.59)* 1.87 (0.67,5.2) 2.47 (0.77, 7.97) EA Education 0.99 (0.98,1.00) 1.00 (0.98,1.01 1.00 (0.98,1.02) *p < 0.05 Discussion In the SDG era, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of intimate partner violence among pregnant women during their index pregnancy and identify its correlates using merged baseline and six weeks data from PMA cohort 1 longitudinal study on maternal and newborn health. Accordingly, the experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but not statistically significance percentage IPV 8.09% ((6.91%, 9.44%) of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual than the percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of women during experiencing at least one form of physical IPV. Experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in extended six weeks postpartum period was lower than the pooled magnitude reported in different parts of Ethiopian and in East Africa ( 9 , 13 , 23 , and 24 ). This might be attributed to two studies are based on demographic and health survey data which include emotion/physiological violence while this study entertains only Physical and/or sexual IPV. Moreover, this study asked a cohort of pregnant women in the extended six weeks period by the time of the survey with the focus on IPV during the index pregnancy while the other studies asked women about their experience during their pregnancy in the past years. In line with the finding from a study from Kersa demographic and health surveillance system ( 25 ) sexual violence is higher than physical violence’s. The prevalence of IPV in line with a study from Peru ( 26 ). The finding that experiencing IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the six weeks postpartum period showed regional variation might be related with the varying degree of birth preparedness and complication readiness activities across regions and ( 29 ) and better implementation of the health sector transformation plans in general and the reproductive health policy running 2021 to 25 in particular ( 2 ). This is further related with the engagement and support of developmental partners working with the Federal Health Ministry Health and Regional health bureaus in terms of direct support and research fund support. The finding that women whose husband has other wifes had an increased odds of women experiencing IPV in the extended six week postpartum period, is likely to be related with male dominance in deciding the number of children that the family would possess along with the timing, since, women are living in a society where male dominance is socially and culturally accepted ( 30 – 32 ). The effect of male dominance can be extended to halting immediate postpartum women contraceptive use decision, resulting unintended pregnancy and women being unhappy when learned their pregnancy ( 33 , 34 ) which might increase the odds of exceprencing IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. Women sociodemographic characteristics were not found significant in this study while previous studies reported a finding like this study and an association report with IPV as well. Like studies (9, 35) age of the respondent is not found significant while studies ( 13 , 24 , 36 – 38 ) reported that advanced respondent age and lower to middle wealth index were found to increase the odds of IPV. In line with studies (23, 35) respondent educational status is not found significantly affecting IPV, while studies ( 9 , 13 , 16 , and 37 ) reported that no formal education was found to increase the odds of IPV. In this study husband educational status and age does not show significant association with IPV while studies ( 27 , 39 ) reported that husband better educational status lowers odds of IPV and other studies ( 13 , 23 , 37 ) reported that no or primary husband educational attainment increased the odds of IPV. Like a study ( 40 ) place of residence is not significant in this study and whereas studies ( 16 , 24 ) reported that rural residence is associated with an increased odds of IPV. In line with studies ( 16 , 24 ) couples age difference is not significant in this study. The above observed discrepancies might be related with difference in study design as this study is longitudinal while others are merely cross sectional; nature of the study population: in this study only currently pregnant women were asked about whether they encountered physical or sexual IPV during their index pregnancy using 10 items while other studies consider women who gave birth in the past years too; scope of the study and how the outcome variable was measured, this study used 10 items to measure physical and/or sexual violence while other studies use different set of questions and include physiological/emotional violence ( 13 , 24 , 39 ). For a number of studies ( 27 , 28 , and 38 ) the study setting is different, conducted in a clinical setting. This study is not spared from limitations. To mention, variables such as respondent and husband alcohol or substance use, childhood experience, media exposure, family and community support towards IPV prevention during pregnancy and postpartum period, household level decision making etc. are missing. As a strength though self-reported, it minimizes recall bias given postpartum women were asked whether they have experienced IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the postpartum period owing to partner conflict while other studies including EDHS asked women who delivered in the past 3 to 5 years prior to the survey which introduced a more recall bias leading to inflation of the finding give they may have multiple birth over past years since the study population in such studies is heterogeneous. Additionally, this study measured IPV during the index pregnancy by the extended six weeks postpartum periods for a cohort of women followed for a time period ranging from one or two months to 12 or 13 month, half of the entire follow up period Conclusion Experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher percentage of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual IPV 8.09% (6.91%, 9.44%) than experiencing at least one form of physical IPV 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%). After controlling confounders, the likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured six weeks postpartum was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) time higher among women whose husband had other wife’s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum. The overall burden of IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period is considerably high, more work needs to be done to achieve zero tolerance against any form of violence against women and girls in general and IPV among women in the extended six week postpartum period in particular. Activities and efforts which are specific to regions and that address the problem of polygamy are hoped to address the problem IPV. Efforts targeted in improving women perception on issue related with their contraceptive use, counseling women about how to prevent IPV during their ANC and postnatal visits along with advising them the use of inter pregnancy contraception and empowering them to decide on their family fertility desire and use of reproductive health services will hope to reduce the odds of IPV among postpartum women. Encouraging women to plan and space their pregnancy given women who have mixed feeling learned their index pregnancy reported an increased odd of experiencing IPV. Such activities should be tailored along the maternal and new born care continuum to be effcetive. Future PMA and similar surveys need to consider collecting data on potential confounder such as alcohol or substance abuse, childhood IPV experience, husband and community support with regard to challenging IPV. The authors are planning consider facility level factors by merging PMA service facility data with women and household data. Abbreviations AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio COR: Crude Odds Ration EA: Enumeration Areas HH: households PMA: Performance for Monitoring for Action Ethiopia SDP: Service Delivery Point SNNPR: Southern Nations, nationalities and Peoples Region. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study involved a secondary analysis of deidentified data from the PMA Ethiopia. The PMA 403 Ethiopia survey was conducted strictly under the ethical rules and regulations of world health 404 organization and IIRB of Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI). Informed consent was obtained from respondents during the data collection process of PMA Ethiopia on the baseline data collection on Oct 2021. PMA surrey has been also conducted after obtained ethical approval from Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, 408 USA. Consent for publication N/A not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during the study are publicly available from the PMA website. https://www.pmadata.org/data/request-access-datasets. Competing interests the authors declare that they have no competing interest. Funding The authors did not obtained any funding. Authors contribution SA conceptualized the study, obtained the data, conducted the Data curation and the formal analysis; and draft the manuscript and wrote the final the manuscript, interpreted the results and critically revised the manuscript. MY and NT contributed for the conception, coordinate and facilitating the project implementation and contributed intellectually in critically reviewing the manuscript. MY and NY participated in writing the draft manuscript. NT also participated in the data interpretation. TA involved in data curation and sets, assisted in the interpretation of the result along with intellectually reviewing the final draft. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors would like to pass their acknowledgement for PMA Ethiopia Project for providing the data set through the data lab the good hearted study participants and the dedicated field team. References Organization WH. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence: World Health Organization; 2013. FMOH. Reprodcutive Health Strategic Plan Ethiopia 2021-2025 2021. Garcia-Moreno C, Amin A. The sustainable development goals, violence and women's and children's health. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(5):396-7. Wirtz AL, Perrin NA, Desgroppes A, Phipps V, Abdi AA, Ross B, et al. 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Kebede AA, Aklil MB, Gessesse DN, Tsega NT, Temesgan WZ, Abegaz MY, et al. Nearly Half of Women Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021; The Role of Social Support and Decision-Making Power. Front Public Health. 2022;10:904792. Kassa ZY, AW. M. Physical violence and associated factors during pregnancy in Yirgalem town, South Ethiopia. Curr Pediatr Res. 2016;20(1). Abate BA, Wossen BA, TT. D. Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16(1):16. 2016. Alebel A, Kibret GD, Wagnew F, Tesema C, Ferede A, Petrucka P, et al. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):196. Liyew AM, Alem AZ, Ayalew HG. Magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence against pregnant women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):284. Abramsky T, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, Devries K, Kiss L, Ellsberg M, et al. What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multicountry study on women's health and domestic violence. 2011;11(1):1-17. Devries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stockl H, Bacchus LJ, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries. Reprod Health Matters. 2010;18(36):158-70. Bifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tadesse Tiruneh B, Zewoldie AZ. Domestic Violence among Pregnant Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Advances in Public Health. 2017;2017:1-6. Phillimore J, Pertek S, Alidou L. Sexual and gender-based violence and refugees. The impacts of and on integration domains’. 2018. Karmaliani R, Irfan F, Bann CM, McClure EM, Moss N, Pasha O, et al. Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(11):1194-201. Belay HG, Debebe GA, Ayele AD, Kassa BG, Mihretie GN, Bezabih LM, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0275836. Rosenberg JJPoS, Health R. Partner violence during pregnancy increases risk of adverse outcomes. 2003;35(5):238. Babu BV, Kusuma YS. Violence against women and girls in the Sustainable Development Goals. Health Promot Perspect. 2017;7(1):1-3. Zimmerman L, Desta S, Yihdego M, Rogers A, Amogne A, Karp C, et al. Protocol for PMA-Ethiopia: a new data source for cross-sectional and longitudinal data of reproductive, maternal, and newborn health. 2020;4. Adhena G, Oljira L, Dessie Y, Hidru HDJAiPH. Magnitude of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. 2020;2020:1-9. al. Ae. Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: Evidence from recent (2012–2018) demographic and health surveys. Archives of Public Health https://doiorg/101186/s13690-023-01065-8. 2023. Misgana T, Weldesenbet AB, Tamiru D, Tariku M, Tesfaye D, Alemu D, et al. Intimate Partner Violence and Its Predictors among Pregnant Women in Eastern Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling. Int J Reprod Med. 2022;2022:7827234. Perales MT, Cripe SM, Lam N, Sanchez SE, Sanchez E, Williams MA. Prevalence, types, and pattern of intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Violence Against Women. 2009;15(2):224-50. Makayoto LA, Omolo J, Kamweya AM, Harder VS, Mutai J. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(3):441-7. Nunes MA, Camey S, Ferri CP, Manzolli P, Manenti CN, Schmidt MI. Violence during pregnancy and newborn outcomes: a cohort study in a disadvantaged population in Brazil. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(1):92-7. JHPIEGO. monitoring birth preparedness and complication readiness tools and indicators for maternal and newborn health. 2004. Dereje G, Zewdie Birhanu, Michelle Kaufman, Bezawit Temesgen. Gender Norms and Family Planning Decision-Making Among Married Men and Women, Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. Science Journal of Public Health. 2015;3(2). Dereje G. Femininity, masculinity and family planning decision-making among married men and women in rural Ethiopia: A qualitative study. Journal of African Studies and Development. 2018;10(9):124-33. Mosha I, Ruben R, Kakoko DJBph. Family planning decisions, perceptions and gender dynamics among couples in Mwanza, Tanzania: a qualitative study. 2013;13(1):1-13. 33. Okunlola DA. Women's and male partners' socio-demographic and economic characteristics associated with contraceptive decision making in Nigeria. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):450. Karp C, Wood SN, Galadanci H, Sebina Kibira SP, Makumbi F, Omoluabi E, et al. 'I am the master key that opens and locks': Presentation and application of a conceptual framework for women's and girls' empowerment in reproductive health. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113086. 35. Ntaganira J, Muula AS, Siziya S, Stoskopf C, Rudatsikira EJR, health r. Factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant rural women in Rwanda. 2009;9(3):1- 7. Maharlouei N, Roozmeh S, Zahed Roozegar MH, Shahraki HR, Bazrafshan K, MoradiAlamdarloo S, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from South-west of Iran. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):325. Nasir K, Hyder AAJTEJoPH. Violence against pregnant women in developing countries: review of evidence. 2003;13(2):105-7. Nath A, Venkatesh S, Vindhya J, Balan S, Metgud CSJNmjoI. Prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India. 2021;34(3). Abebe Abate B, Admassu Wossen B, Tilahun Degfie T. Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16:16. Oche OM, Adamu H, Abubakar A, Aliyu MS, Dogondaji AS. Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy: Knowledge and Experiences of Pregnant Women and Controlling Behavior of Male Partners in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria. Int J Reprod Med. 2020;2020:7626741. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4230980","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":300322443,"identity":"2a2969a5-12ed-4869-93e9-51808a1c8fc9","order_by":0,"name":"Solomon Abrha Damtew","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRBRwCDHxsx88AGQycNHnBYDBmN+9rZkA5AWNmK1JM7sOaMGZhPUwj+79/GHDwY2jBtu5LBVfs2xk2FjYH746AY+S+4cN5OcYZDGbHAj99ht2W3JQIexGRvn4LPmRhobM4/BYTaDG3lptyW3MQO18LBJ49MifyON+TOPwX8egxs5ZsWS2+oJazG4kcYgzWNwQEKy54wZ48dthwlrMbxzjA3ol2QDUCBLM247zsPGTMAvcrfbmD98qLCrbwNG5cef26rt+dmbHz7G631kwMwDJolVDgKMP0hRPQpGwSgYBSMGAABhXUQgM4QPwQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-7348","institution":"Wolaita Sodo Univeristy","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"Abrha","lastName":"Damtew","suffix":""},{"id":300322444,"identity":"805d9bf5-b545-43bb-a483-6ed841686a77","order_by":1,"name":"Niguse Tadele Atinafu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa Univesrity","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Niguse","middleName":"Tadele","lastName":"Atinafu","suffix":""},{"id":300322445,"identity":"3f0c3d2e-83e9-48ca-be17-d2623aebbc9b","order_by":2,"name":"Mahari Yihdego Gidey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PMA project At Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahari","middleName":"Yihdego","lastName":"Gidey","suffix":""},{"id":300322446,"identity":"0bde5a98-3c63-4667-af5d-bc267aa2f490","order_by":3,"name":"Tesfamichael Awoke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PMA Project at Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tesfamichael","middleName":"","lastName":"Awoke","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-07 10:54:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56204855,"identity":"76d6e1bc-8815-45e4-99be-505498b35263","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 20:51:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":320135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4230980/v1/07471e68505e6a5c9a654cd3.jpg"},{"id":56204857,"identity":"1bba4166-f45b-4d23-b8ed-de9db6c321e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 20:52:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1654576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4230980/v1/b2749fc3-667e-495c-bd45-57806d886975.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePartner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data\u003c/strong\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eA Multilevel Logistics Regression Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntimate partner Violence (IPV) is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a self-reported experience of one or more acts of physical aggression and/or sexual violence by a current or former partner since the age of 15 years (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). IPV is one aspect of gender-based violence and/or domestic violence. It has one of the three forms: physical, sexual and emotional abuse and/or violence by a current and/or former intimate partner (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). IPV can be current, happened in the past one year, or a prior one that happened before one year (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This study focused on measuring women experience of at least on form of physical and/or sexual intimate partner during the extended six week postpartum period among women who were enrolled during their pregnancy and followed one year post-partum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIPV is more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, although it is common in both developing and developed countries (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). In Africa its prevalence ranges from 2\u0026ndash;57%, with an average overall prevalence of 15.23% (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, one in three women of reproductive age group experienced at least one form of physical and/or sexual violence (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and nearly half of women experience IPV during pregnancy in North West Ethiopia (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). IPV in Ethiopia ranged from 12% in Yirgalem (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) to 44.7% Abay Chome district (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), with an average prevalence of 26.1% nationally (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCultural and social acceptance of violence coupled with a male-dominant society exacerbates the impact of IPV during pregnancy and hampers prevention and control efforts. Women and husband sociodemographic factors (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), parity, cohabitation duration, and other reproductive health (RH) characteristics were found to affect IPV during the index pregnancy (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), however, studies which use follow up data and studied whether women followed had experienced partner conflict six weeks postpartum are scanty. In addition, conducted studies are limited in geographic area, based on cross sectional data and; did not address all possible confounders, studied women who delivered in past 2 year or more along with pregnant women by the time of the survey, while this study used merged baseline data and six week postpartum data from a longitudinal study which asked currently pregnant women who were at various months of gestation during the survey whether they experienced any of the 10 physical and/or sexual IPV items during their index pregnancy. In addition, this study attempted to control available integral and possibly derived enumeration area level variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvidence shows that IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the six extended six weeks postpartum period and during pregnancy and has more prominent health effect on the mother and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Violence has an impact on the health of women apart from its economic and social impact. The impact is more pronounced when it\u0026rsquo;s committed in the postpartum period and pregnant women (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). IPV during pregnancy is found to be associated with adverse health outcomes (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) including pregnancy loss, preterm labor, pregnancy complications, hypertension, delivering low birth weight baby, physical injuries and stress (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo mitigate such considerable prevalence, minimize its health effect and address factors contributing towards it, violence against women has received an international attention as of 2016 in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), with target 5.2; claiming elimination of all forms violence against women and girls in public and private spheres of the SDG goal 5, which calls up on gender equality and empowerment of women and girls (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). This is extended to end abuse, exploitation, and trafficking and forms violence against children in target 16.2 under the SDG goal (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, determining the prevalence of violence is one of the proposed indicators to monitor the progress in SDG 5.2: elimination of all forms of violence, which is achieved by national level evidence generation (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn response to this international attention on reproductive health (RH) indicators in general and IPV in particular, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has adopted all RH and IPV SDG goals and targets. All RH-related SDG goals were included in the new national RH policy which run from 2021 to 2025. A directorate was established in the ministry and IPV focal person in region, zone, and woreda level health offices. Furthermore, large hospitals have opened one-stop centers for IPV survivor\u0026rsquo;s treatment, care, support, and linkage to the legal body as part of the national strategy (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, being in the midst of SDG era, the aim of this study was to measure the magnitude of Partner conflict during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period and identify individual and community level factors affecting it by using nationally representative follow up community based data from PMA Ethiopia. This will be used as an input to monitor the achievement of target 5.2 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and; the finding of this study help the ministry and other developmental partners in tracking achievement of the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030 (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and Data Sources ","content":"\u003cp\u003eNationally Representative 2 year cohort data collected from pregnant women in four rounds was used (merged baseline and the six weeks postpartum data were used and in terms of follow up, it accounts half of the follow up period, from a month one or two to 12 or 13 months). After the complete census was conducted in the selected enumeration areas all pregnant women with gestational age of 1 to 9 months who were either usual residents in the selected EAs or who came to the EA to deliver were enrolled and followed one year post from the selected randomly 35 households per EA were interviewed for the female questionnaire and the three subsequent follow up interviews. A total of \u003cstrong\u003e2,304\u003c/strong\u003e pregnant women of child bearing age who were in their extended six weeks postpartum period were included in this analysis. This analysis was restricted to women who were married or live together and completed all the three follow up interviews with complete response for the six week post-partum the ten items of pregnancy coercion (7 items asking if women experienced one of the 7 partner physical conflict and the 3 sexual partner conflict Items). The overall sample size and cell sample size adequacy was checked and found adequate to generating unbiased estimate for partner conflict during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection and Field Work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA merged cohort one data consisting baseline data and six week data from cohort one PMA survey conducted from 2019 to 2020 were used for this study (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). A two stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select enumeration areas. The first field work of the pane baseline survey was screening pregnant women and women who were less than 6 weeks post-partum. A two stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select enumeration areas. Complete census was conducted in the selected enumeration areas followed by selection of 35 households per enumeration area using simple random sampling. Data were collected at baseline and three follow up points, 6 week, 6 month and one year postpartum the and the details sampling procedure and field work operation are mentions elsewhere (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was executed by Addis Ababa University\u0026rsquo;s School of Public Health in collaborative efforts with the Ethiopian Public Health Association with assistance from the Federal Ministry of Health, Central Statistical Agency, Bill \u0026amp; Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health), and the source of funding is from Bill \u0026amp; Melinda Gates Foundation. The main sample units or enumeration areas (EAs) were chosen using the frame to Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (PHC), which was performed in 2019 by the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. A total of 162 EAs were chosen in the first stage, with Independent selection in each sample stratum and a probability proportional to EA size. All pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 49 who were either long-term residents of the chosen households or who come to deliver there they were screened using enrollment criteria and those found eligible were consented to participate in the baseline line interview. The protocol Of PMA Ethiopia contains all the details on sample design and selection methods. More detail in the details on sampling design and selection procedures and field work implementation was described well elsewhere~. The protocol Of PMA Ethiopia contains all the details on sample design and selection methods. More detail in the details on sampling design and selection procedures and field work implementation was described well elsewhere (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable was IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period which was measured by asking a series of 10 yes/no questions (7 measure physical abuse and 3 sexual abuse). If a women respond yes for at least of the ten items she is considered as experiencing IPV during their pregnancy and no if otherwise. The ten yes/no questions were summed after excluding the do not know and no response. Women who reported that they experienced at least one of the ten items at any time during their index pregnancy were considered as experiencing at least one form of physical and or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) during their pregnancy while those reported not experiencing any of the ten items thus far in their pregnancy were considered as not experiencing IPV (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems used to create the intimate partner violence composite variable, PMA Cohort 1 Merged Baseline and six week survey data, and 2019 to 20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIVP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Physical and Sexual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eViolence)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestion Items and Responses\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems Response each (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategories, excluding NR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"10\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict can occur in relationships. At any time during your pregnancy, did your\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehusband/partner do any of the following things to you:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. Push you, shake you, or throw something at you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes (women experienced IPV): if the pregnant women reported a \u0026ldquo;YES\u0026rdquo; at least for one of the ten items their index pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. Slap you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. Twist your arm or pull your hair?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. Punch you with his fist or with something that could hurt you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE. Kick you, drag you, or beat you up? beat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF. \u003csup\u003eyou up?\u003c/sup\u003e Try to choke you or burn you on purpose?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG. Threaten or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH. Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him when you did not\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo (women not experienced IPV): the pregnant women reported\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;NO\u0026rdquo; for all the 10 items during their index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI. Physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJ. Used threats or pressure to make you have\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esex when you didn\u0026rsquo;t want to, but did not use physical force?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent variables were classified into individual-level variables and enumeration area-level Variables. Individual-level independent variables further categorized into socio150 demographic/economic characteristics variables, parity and other RH characteristics, knowledge on contraceptive related characteristics, husband socio-demography and support related characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGroup or enumeration area (EA) level variables included two integral variables namely, region and place of residence while two derived EA level variables, EA level wealth derived from the household level wealth, while proportion of women who completed secondary or above educational level per EA were derived from the respective women and husband/partner educational status. \u0026ldquo;Region\u0026rdquo; was grouped into six categories, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Tigray 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Afar, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Amhara, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Oromia, 7\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SNNPRs and 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Addis Ababa city administration. Place of residence follows the default urban/rural classification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis and Measurement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe panel baseline data set merged with and six weeks postpartum data sets were used for this analysis. Stata v17 was used for this analysis. Frequencies and percentages were computed to characterize the study population. Chi-square test statistics was computed to check cell sample size adequacy and the sample size was found to be adequate to provide unbiased estimate on the level of index pregnancy partner conflict as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploratory data analysis was run for data cleaning thereby checking item nonresponse rate for every variable and don\u0026rsquo;t know (non knowledge assessing if any) response which were later excluded from the analysis. Following this variable were recoded to create biological plausible categories along with checking distribution of the recoded variables using mean and proportion as appropriate. Derived EA level variables such as proportion of pregnant women who completed secondary education per EA and proportion of women who were residing in the well to do household per EA were computed from the respective individual level variable and household level wealth index respectively. Chrombatch alpha was calculated and was found to be 0.87 for the household wealth index and EA level wealth, hence, the derived EA level wealth was not included in the final model, since it does not represent a unique construct, not serving as a measure of variation for the partner conflict that contributed by the individual household wealth index which is assigned as economic status of the women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultilevel binary logistics regression was used to identify important predictors of encountering at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. At bivariate analysis a p value cut of 0.25 was used to select candidate variable for multilevel multivariable logistics regression analysis. Results were presented in the form of percentage, and odds ratio with 95% CI. Significance was declared at a significance level of 0.05. Results were reported based on weighted count. Design based analysis was applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour models were run; the first model is the null model: the intercept only model without any predictor variables but EA as random intercept, followed by computing intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) for the null. Model II: this model includes only individual level variable followed by ICC computation. Model III: this model includes only the five EA level variable followed by ICC computation and PVC for the model. Model IV: this is the final model in which both individual and EA level variables were accounted followed by ICC computation and PVC (null model as reference) along with computed Akaike and Bayesian information criteria and likelihood tests were used to assess model fitness and identify the best fitted model. Model IV was the best fitted model since it has the lower AIC and higher loglikelihood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote that the null model is not displayed in the regression table while the crude OR is included as part of the regression table.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Quality Management and Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData completeness for variables and items for creating composite variables was checked by exploratory data analysis following which any item nonresponse was excluded from the analysis. Frequency run to exclude responses with do not know (DNK) and no response (NR).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePMA Ethiopia used of standard and pretested tool, intensive training with mock interviews for resident enumerators was provided, close supervisor during filed work, timely progress report and correction, 10% random check were some of the modalities used to maintain the quality of the collected data, the detail is reported somewhere else (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnitude of IPV during Pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks Postpartum Period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy among enrolled pregnant women during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the index pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of women who reported experiencing at least one for of physical or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended 6 weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but statistically not significance percentage 8.09% ((6.91%, 9.44%)) of women reported that they have experienced at least one of form of sexual IPV than the respective of percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of experiencing at least one form of physical IPV owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured the extended Six weeks postpartum by selected Individual and community level variables, Evidence from merged panel baseline and six weeks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV among a cohort of enrolled pregnant women during the index pregnancy as measured during the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of women who have reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 9.29% in the women aged 40 to 49 years old to 14.93% among those six week postpartum women age 15 to 19 years. This same figure was 9.24% for the women in the well to do households to 11.18% those dwelling in the poorest households. Similarly, 13.57% of rural residents and 14.29% and people living in Tigray regions and 4.85% of residents of Addis Ababa reported that they have experienced at least one form of IPV by six week post-partum. Likewise, 12.89% of those with large family size and 11.73% of women with no formal education have reported that they have experienced at least one form of physical or sexual IPV while one in 10 six week postpartum women who followed orthodox religion also reported IPV experience (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the same fashion, 14.28% of women who reported that their husband has other wife, 11.58% of those who married more than once and whose husband reaction for their most recent pregnancy was happy (10.63%) have reported that they have experienced at least one form of physical or sexual IPV by six week postpartum. Similarly, the proportion of women who have reported experiencing at least one form of IPV was 11.17% at six week postpartum among those who had 1 to 2 child while this proportion was 12.00% for women who reported did not wanted to have another child by enrollment. Likewise 13.87% of ever users 9.00% of those who reported that they have started using contraceptive by six week postpartum had experienced at least one form of IPV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLast but not least, 11.40% of those whose desired place of birth for most recent pregnancy and 11.89 those whose desired birth attendant was health professional reported that they have experienced one form of IPV by six week postpartum (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Pregnant women Experienced IPV as measured in the extended 6 weeks Post-Partum period, Merged data from PMA Cohort 1 Baseline and Six weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperiencing At least One Forms of IPV 6 During Pregnancy as measured in the extended postpartum period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Cat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15 to 19 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20 to 24 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e481\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25 to 29 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e690\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30 to 34 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35 to 39 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40 to 49 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther Religion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrthodox\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e785\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e867\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtestant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e605\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoslem/Muslim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e698\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e783\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirth Order\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e458\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1_2 Children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e732\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e824\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3_14 Children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2301\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHus Other Wifes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1845\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2095\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2300\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBL_ Partner Pregnancy Reaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Unhappy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Sort Happy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e682\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e786\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Happy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e981\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1098\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1942\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2204\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFP Ever use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e778\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1245\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2303\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSW FP Commenced\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1675\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLowest quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e451\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e477\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigher quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e466\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e413\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 to 3 members\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e663\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e756\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4 to 5 members\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6 to 14 members\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e661\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e759\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo Formal Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e856\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e970\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e785\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecondary Higher Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e383\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBL Fertility Intention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUndecided/ know\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave a/another child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1223\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1410\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo more/ prefer no children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1747\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarriage Frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnly once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1751\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1995\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMore than once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesired Place of Delivery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHome/ND\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e637\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e746\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth Facility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1111\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1253\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1747\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1999\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesired Birth Attendant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo One/ND\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1137\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1290\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Member\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e508\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e593\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1746\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1998\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Urban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e471\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Rural\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1553\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1797\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTigray\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmhara\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e432\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOromiya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e995\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSNNP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e437\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e547\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAddis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors affecting IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Six Weeks Postpartum Period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum among a cohort of pregnant women enrolled pregnant women expired during the index pregnancy as measured during the extended six weeks postpartum period owing to paternal conflict during the pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ICC of the intercept only model null was found to be 41.0% which indicates high clustering of observation IPV experience during the index pregnancy which in turn is not in agreement of the conventional regression assumption of independent observation assumption, hence, guaranteed the use of the multilevel model which relaxes the independent observation assumption of the conventional regression. About model fitness the final model was found it fit; details for the intercept only model-742.194 loglikilihood, AIC of 1488.387 and BIC of 1499.872 while its was reduced to -579.9988, 1205.998 and 1333.626 respectively in the final model, hence the final model was fit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated factors contributing to the women experience of one form of physical and/or sexual violence during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended seek weeks post-partum period. Those women whose husband had other wifes had higher likelihood of experiencing at least one form of Physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period. On the other hand, those women who reside in Afar region had lower odds of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) times higher among women whose husband had other wife\u0026rsquo;s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultilevel Binary Logistics Regression of Factors affecting pregnant women Experienced IPV during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks Post-Partum Period, PMA Cohort 1 Baseline and Six week Data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel I\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel II\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel III AOR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Cat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15 to 19 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20 to 24 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.26,1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.22,1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.22,1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25 to 29 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.32,1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.37,2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.36,2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30 to 34 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.46,1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38 (0.5,3.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38 (0.51,3.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35 to 39 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.24,1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.17.2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.17, 2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40 to 49 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.07,0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47 (0.12,1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.12,1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWealth Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLowest quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45 (0.83,2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51 (0.73,3.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51 (0.73,3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.52 (0.79,2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.60.3.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.6,3.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigher quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.22 (0.61,2.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.45,2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.45,2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest quintile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.39,1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.3,1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.3,1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrthodox\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.66 (0.56,12.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.02 (0.36, 11.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.7 (0.49,14.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtestant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.31 (0.97,19.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.36 (0.44,12.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.96 (0.41,9.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoslem/Muslim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.07 (0.60, 14.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.96 (0.33,11.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.53 (0.43,15.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrder Border\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1_2 Children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.47,1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.38,1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.40, 1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3_14 Children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.47,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.26,1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56 (0.25,1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eother_wives_hus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.73 (1.0,3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 (1.19,4.85)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.14 (1.04,4.38)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusband Reaction Recent Pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnhappy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Sort Happy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63 (0.37,1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.41,1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.4,1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Happy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.40,1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.41,1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.41,1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesired delivery Place\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth Facility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.40,1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.44,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.42,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTigray\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.05,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19 (0.04.0.89)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14 (0.03,0.79)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmhara\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.23,2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.21,2.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6 (0.18,2.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOromiya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.30,2.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.26,2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.21,2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSNNP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0 (0.64,6.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.82 (0.57,5.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.83 (0.51,6.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAddis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48 (0.13,1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 (0.23,3.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.2,4.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.29 (1.14,4.59)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.87 (0.67,5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.47 (0.77, 7.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEA Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.98,1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.98,1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.98,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the SDG era, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of intimate partner violence among pregnant women during their index pregnancy and identify its correlates using merged baseline and six weeks data from PMA cohort 1 longitudinal study on maternal and newborn health. Accordingly, the experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but not statistically significance percentage IPV 8.09% ((6.91%, 9.44%) of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual than the percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of women during experiencing at least one form of physical IPV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in extended six weeks postpartum period was lower than the pooled magnitude reported in different parts of Ethiopian and in East Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). This might be attributed to two studies are based on demographic and health survey data which include emotion/physiological violence while this study entertains only Physical and/or sexual IPV. Moreover, this study asked a cohort of pregnant women in the extended six weeks period by the time of the survey with the focus on IPV during the index pregnancy while the other studies asked women about their experience during their pregnancy in the past years. In line with the finding from a study from Kersa demographic and health surveillance system (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) sexual violence is higher than physical violence\u0026rsquo;s. The prevalence of IPV in line with a study from Peru (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). The finding that experiencing IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the six weeks postpartum period showed regional variation might be related with the varying degree of birth preparedness and complication readiness activities across regions and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) and better implementation of the health sector transformation plans in general and the reproductive health policy running 2021 to 25 in particular (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This is further related with the engagement and support of developmental partners working with the Federal Health Ministry Health and Regional health bureaus in terms of direct support and research fund support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding that women whose husband has other wifes had an increased odds of women experiencing IPV in the extended six week postpartum period, is likely to be related with male dominance in deciding the number of children that the family would possess along with the timing, since, women are living in a society where male dominance is socially and culturally accepted (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). The effect of male dominance can be extended to halting immediate postpartum women contraceptive use decision, resulting unintended pregnancy and women being unhappy when learned their pregnancy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e) which might increase the odds of exceprencing IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen sociodemographic characteristics were not found significant in this study while previous studies reported a finding like this study and an association report with IPV as well. Like studies (9, 35) age of the respondent is not found significant while studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR37\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e) reported that advanced respondent age and lower to middle wealth index were found to increase the odds of IPV. In line with studies (23, 35) respondent educational status is not found significantly affecting IPV, while studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e) reported that no formal education was found to increase the odds of IPV. In this study husband educational status and age does not show significant association with IPV while studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e) reported that husband better educational status lowers odds of IPV and other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e) reported that no or primary husband educational attainment increased the odds of IPV. Like a study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) place of residence is not significant in this study and whereas studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) reported that rural residence is associated with an increased odds of IPV. In line with studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) couples age difference is not significant in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above observed discrepancies might be related with difference in study design as this study is longitudinal while others are merely cross sectional; nature of the study population: in this study only currently pregnant women were asked about whether they encountered physical or sexual IPV during their index pregnancy using 10 items while other studies consider women who gave birth in the past years too; scope of the study and how the outcome variable was measured, this study used 10 items to measure physical and/or sexual violence while other studies use different set of questions and include physiological/emotional violence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). For a number of studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e) the study setting is different, conducted in a clinical setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is not spared from limitations. To mention, variables such as respondent and husband alcohol or substance use, childhood experience, media exposure, family and community support towards IPV prevention during pregnancy and postpartum period, household level decision making etc. are missing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a strength though self-reported, it minimizes recall bias given postpartum women were asked whether they have experienced IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the postpartum period owing to partner conflict while other studies including EDHS asked women who delivered in the past 3 to 5 years prior to the survey which introduced a more recall bias leading to inflation of the finding give they may have multiple birth over past years since the study population in such studies is heterogeneous. Additionally, this study measured IPV during the index pregnancy by the extended six weeks postpartum periods for a cohort of women followed for a time period ranging from one or two months to 12 or 13 month, half of the entire follow up period\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eExperiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was found to be 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher percentage of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual IPV 8.09% (6.91%, 9.44%) than experiencing at least one form of physical IPV 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%). After controlling confounders, the likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured six weeks postpartum was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) time higher among women whose husband had other wife\u0026rsquo;s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall burden of IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period is considerably high, more work needs to be done to achieve zero tolerance against any form of violence against women and girls in general and IPV among women in the extended six week postpartum period in particular. Activities and efforts which are specific to regions and that address the problem of polygamy are hoped to address the problem IPV. Efforts targeted in improving women perception on issue related with their contraceptive use, counseling women about how to prevent IPV during their ANC and postnatal visits along with advising them the use of inter pregnancy contraception and empowering them to decide on their family fertility desire and use of reproductive health services will hope to reduce the odds of IPV among postpartum women. Encouraging women to plan and space their pregnancy given women who have mixed feeling learned their index pregnancy reported an increased odd of experiencing IPV. Such activities should be tailored along the maternal and new born care continuum to be effcetive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture PMA and similar surveys need to consider collecting data on potential confounder such as alcohol or substance abuse, childhood IPV experience, husband and community support with regard to challenging IPV. The authors are planning consider facility level factors by merging PMA service facility data with women and household data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR: Crude Odds Ration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEA: Enumeration Areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHH: households\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePMA: Performance for Monitoring for Action Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDP: Service Delivery Point\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSNNPR: Southern Nations, nationalities and Peoples Region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involved a secondary analysis of deidentified data from the PMA Ethiopia. The PMA 403 Ethiopia survey was conducted strictly under the ethical rules and regulations of world health 404 organization and IIRB of Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI). Informed consent was obtained from respondents during the data collection process of PMA Ethiopia on the baseline data collection on Oct 2021. PMA surrey has been also conducted after obtained ethical approval from Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, 408 USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/A not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the study are publicly available from the PMA website. https://www.pmadata.org/data/request-access-datasets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe authors declare that they have no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not obtained any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA conceptualized the study, obtained the data, conducted the Data curation and the formal analysis; and draft the manuscript and wrote the final the manuscript, interpreted the results and critically revised the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMY and NT contributed for the conception, coordinate and facilitating the project implementation and contributed intellectually in critically reviewing the manuscript. MY and NY participated in writing the draft manuscript. NT also participated in the data interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTA involved in data curation and sets, assisted in the interpretation of the result along with intellectually reviewing the final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to pass their acknowledgement for PMA Ethiopia Project for providing the data set through the data lab the good hearted study participants and the dedicated field team.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence: World Health Organization; 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFMOH. 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Front Public Health. 2022;10:904792.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKassa ZY, AW. M. Physical violence and associated factors during pregnancy in Yirgalem town, South Ethiopia. Curr Pediatr Res. 2016;20(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbate BA, Wossen BA, TT. D. Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16(1):16. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlebel A, Kibret GD, Wagnew F, Tesema C, Ferede A, Petrucka P, et al. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):196.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiyew AM, Alem AZ, Ayalew HG. Magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence against pregnant women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):284.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbramsky T, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, Devries K, Kiss L, Ellsberg M, et al. What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multicountry study on women\u0026apos;s health and domestic violence. 2011;11(1):1-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stockl H, Bacchus LJ, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries. Reprod Health Matters. 2010;18(36):158-70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tadesse Tiruneh B, Zewoldie AZ. Domestic Violence among Pregnant Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Advances in Public Health. 2017;2017:1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhillimore J, Pertek S, Alidou L. Sexual and gender-based violence and refugees. The impacts of and on integration domains\u0026rsquo;. 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarmaliani R, Irfan F, Bann CM, McClure EM, Moss N, Pasha O, et al. Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(11):1194-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBelay HG, Debebe GA, Ayele AD, Kassa BG, Mihretie GN, Bezabih LM, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0275836.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosenberg JJPoS, Health R. Partner violence during pregnancy increases risk of adverse outcomes. 2003;35(5):238.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBabu BV, Kusuma YS. Violence against women and girls in the Sustainable Development Goals. Health Promot Perspect. 2017;7(1):1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZimmerman L, Desta S, Yihdego M, Rogers A, Amogne A, Karp C, et al. Protocol for PMA-Ethiopia: a new data source for cross-sectional and longitudinal data of reproductive, maternal, and newborn health. 2020;4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdhena G, Oljira L, Dessie Y, Hidru HDJAiPH. Magnitude of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. 2020;2020:1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eal. Ae. Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: Evidence from recent (2012\u0026ndash;2018) demographic and health surveys. Archives of Public Health https://doiorg/101186/s13690-023-01065-8. 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMisgana T, Weldesenbet AB, Tamiru D, Tariku M, Tesfaye D, Alemu D, et al. Intimate Partner Violence and Its Predictors among Pregnant Women in Eastern Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling. Int J Reprod Med. 2022;2022:7827234.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerales MT, Cripe SM, Lam N, Sanchez SE, Sanchez E, Williams MA. Prevalence, types, and pattern of intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Violence Against Women. 2009;15(2):224-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMakayoto LA, Omolo J, Kamweya AM, Harder VS, Mutai J. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(3):441-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNunes MA, Camey S, Ferri CP, Manzolli P, Manenti CN, Schmidt MI. Violence during pregnancy and newborn outcomes: a cohort study in a disadvantaged population in Brazil. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(1):92-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJHPIEGO. monitoring birth preparedness and complication readiness tools and indicators for maternal and newborn health. 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDereje G, Zewdie Birhanu, Michelle Kaufman, Bezawit Temesgen. Gender Norms and Family Planning Decision-Making Among Married Men and Women, Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. Science Journal of Public Health. 2015;3(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDereje G. Femininity, masculinity and family planning decision-making among married men and women in rural Ethiopia: A qualitative study. Journal of African Studies and Development. 2018;10(9):124-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMosha I, Ruben R, Kakoko DJBph. Family planning decisions, perceptions and gender dynamics among couples in Mwanza, Tanzania: a qualitative study. 2013;13(1):1-13. 33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkunlola DA. Women\u0026apos;s and male partners\u0026apos; socio-demographic and economic characteristics associated with contraceptive decision making in Nigeria. BMC Womens Health. 2022;22(1):450.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarp C, Wood SN, Galadanci H, Sebina Kibira SP, Makumbi F, Omoluabi E, et al. \u0026apos;I am the master key that opens and locks\u0026apos;: Presentation and application of a conceptual framework for women\u0026apos;s and girls\u0026apos; empowerment in reproductive health. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113086. 35. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNtaganira J, Muula AS, Siziya S, Stoskopf C, Rudatsikira EJR, health r. Factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant rural women in Rwanda. 2009;9(3):1- 7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaharlouei N, Roozmeh S, Zahed Roozegar MH, Shahraki HR, Bazrafshan K, MoradiAlamdarloo S, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from South-west of Iran. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):325.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasir K, Hyder AAJTEJoPH. Violence against pregnant women in developing countries: review of evidence. 2003;13(2):105-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNath A, Venkatesh S, Vindhya J, Balan S, Metgud CSJNmjoI. Prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India. 2021;34(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe Abate B, Admassu Wossen B, Tilahun Degfie T. Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16:16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOche OM, Adamu H, Abubakar A, Aliyu MS, Dogondaji AS. Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy: Knowledge and Experiences of Pregnant Women and Controlling Behavior of Male Partners in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria. Int J Reprod Med. 2020;2020:7626741.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Extended Postpartum Period, Partner conflict, Physical Violence, Sexual violence, Women Health, Ethiopia PMA, Follow up study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia is considerably high which pronounced during pregnancy. Recent evidences showed that sexual violence is exceeding physical violence. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of the IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in six weeks postpartum among women in the extended six weeks postpartum period and identify its correlates. Documenting the magnitude of six weeks postpartum IPV during the index pregnancy as measured six weeks in the postpartum period and identifying factors affecting it contributes its share for the ministry and other relevant partners in tracking progress towards eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used PMA merged cohort 1 baseline and six week postpartum data which enrolled and collected data from currently pregnant women. Frequency was computed to describe the study participant\u0026rsquo;s characteristics, and chi-square statistics was used to assess cell sample size adequacy. Multilevel binary logistics regression was employed to identify correlates of IPV at the extended six weeks postpartum period. Results were presented in the form percentages and odds ratio with 95% Confidence Intervals. Candidate variables were selected using p-value of 0.25. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proportion of experiencing at least one for of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum period was 12.14% (10.66%, 13.79%). Over the same period a slightly higher but statistically non-significant 8.09% (6.91%, 9.44%) percentage of women reported that they have experienced at least of form of sexual IPV than the percentage 6.02% (4.94%, 7.31%) of women who reported experiencing at least one form of physical IPV. After controlling confounders, the likelihood of experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum was 2.14 (1.04, 4.38) times higher among women whose husband had other wife\u0026rsquo;s compared to those who do not have. On the contrary, women who were residents of Afar region had 86% 0.14 (0.03, 0.79) lower odds of experiencing one form of physical and/or sexual IPV during the index pregnancy as measured in the extended six weeks postpartum. The Ministry of health and developmental partners need to plan and implement Activities and efforts which are specific to regions and that address the problem of polygamy are hoped to address the problem IPV. Such activities should be tailored along the maternal and new born care continuum to be effective.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Partner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data; A Multilevel Logistics Regression Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-09 20:51:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230980/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"147c062c-7e66-422a-ae37-fe38c3a45084","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31689836,"name":"Maternal \u0026 Fetal Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-09T20:51:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-09 20:51:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4230980","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4230980","identity":"rs-4230980","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}