Breast or Bottle: A Content Analysis of Infant Feeding Recommendation Videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok

Breast or Bottle: A Content Analysis of Infant Feeding Recommendation Videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Breast or Bottle: A Content Analysis of Infant Feeding Recommendation Videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok Linlin Guo, Youfu He, Yuhui Guo, Ruoming Wang, Xiujuan Wang, Wenjun Fu, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Social media has become a primary source of infant feeding guidance, but content accuracy remains unverified. While World Health Organization(WHO) and American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) endorse breastfeeding for its health benefits, formula feeding is frequently promoted as an alternative.This study evaluates the quality, engagement patterns, and feeding recommendations of infant-feeding videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok to inform platform content policies and viewer decision-making. Methods On November 1, 2024, searches were conducted with the terms “Breastfeeding” and “Formula Feeding” on YouTube, along with “母乳喂养” (breastfeeding) and “奶粉喂养” (formula feeding) on Bilibili and TikTok. The first 100 videos from each platform were collected based on the default sorting, with promotional and unrelated material excluded. Video details were documented, and their quality was measured using the Global Quality Score (GQS), the Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), and a modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool. Results A total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos posted between September 2019 and November 2024 qualified for this study. TikTok clips drew the most audience interaction, while YouTube clips showed higher reliability based on mDISCERN ratings. No major differences emerged regarding feeding advice or the proportion of professional creators across platforms. However, professional content was of markedly higher quality and tended to favor breastfeeding, whereas non-professionals more often highlighted formula feeding. Additionally, formula-related videos generally attracted stronger engagement. Correlation tests revealed a clear positive association between engagement metrics and video quality on Bilibili, but this pattern was less pronounced on YouTube and TikTok. Conclusions Short-form platforms amplify formula-feeding narratives driven by algorithmic biases and unregulated commercial interests, often conflicting with WHO guidelines. Professional health entities predominantly share evidence-based breastfeeding guidance through less engaging long-form content. Systemic interventions are needed: Algorithmic prioritization of certified health content;WHO Code-compliant digital marketing regulations;AI-driven misinformation filters;Micro-influencer partnerships for breastfeeding advocacy. This multi-platform analysis highlights critical tensions between engagement-driven content ecosystems and public health priorities in infant nutrition. Breastfeeding Formula feeding Social media Public education Public health YouTube Bilibili TikTok Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Social media now serves as a leading channel for health information, shaping how the public views and chooses among various medical and lifestyle options [ 1 ]. Within this sphere, infant feeding generates considerable debate, particularly concerning breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mixed approaches [ 2 , 3 ]. Although organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) strongly endorse breastfeeding due to its well-established benefits for both infants and mothers [ 4 ], formula feeding remains widely accepted for its convenience and accessibility [ 5 ]. Many parents turn to online platforms in search of guidance when considering how best to feed their children. YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok rank among the most influential video-sharing services, each with unique features. YouTube, recognized worldwide as the largest video-hosting site, primarily accommodates long-form content and is commonly used for educational purposes, though it remains inaccessible within China. Conversely, Bilibili and TikTok are widely available in China: Bilibili includes both long and short videos with an active community, while TikTok presents short clips driven by a robust recommendation system. Though this system fosters wide reach and engagement, it can also raise questions about the depth and reliability of the information being shared [ 6 ]. Despite rising reliance on social media for infant feeding advice, relatively little is understood about the accuracy, quality, and biases found in these videos. Past research has highlighted concerns regarding misinformation in health-related social media content, prompting discussions about whether online recommendations align with recognized medical guidelines [ 7 ]. Furthermore, engagement indicators—likes, comments, and shares—may not necessarily mirror the overall quality of the material, potentially amplifying less credible sources [ 8 ]. This study aims to systematically evaluate infant feeding recommendation videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, focusing on content standards, viewer interaction, and feeding endorsements. By distinguishing between professional and non-professional uploaders, as well as breastfeeding, formula, and mixed-feeding stances, this work seeks to illustrate how social media influences public perceptions of infant feeding and to determine whether high-quality, evidence-based information is reaching audiences effectively. Methods Ethical considerations All information was obtained from publicly released YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok videos, and none of the data involved personal privacy concerns. Therefore, no ethics review was needed. Video Collection On November 1, 2024, a search was conducted on YouTube using the keywords “Breastfeeding” and “Formula Feeding,” while Bilibili and TikTok were searched using “母乳喂养” (breastfeeding) and “奶粉喂养” (formula feeding). The top 100 videos from each platform were collected based on the default sorting algorithm. To ensure data stability, videos that were advertisements, uploaded within the past seven days, or irrelevant to infant feeding were excluded. After screening, a total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos were included in the analysis (Supplementary table S1 ). The selected videos covered a time span from September 2019 to November 2024. Video characteristics Descriptive statistics were used to analyze video characteristics, including video length, number of likes, comments, shares, and collections. Notably, collections and shares were not accessible on YouTube. Uploader characteristics Video uploaders were categorized into three groups: professionals, official media, and self-media. Professionals included doctors certified by hospitals, ensuring their medical expertise. Official media consisted of government-recognized news or health organizations that provided regulated content. Self-media refers to independent creators who lacked formal medical or institutional certification. Both official media and self-media were classified as non-professionals. Feeding recommendations Each video was classified based on its feeding recommendation as promoting breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding. Mixed feeding refers to videos that present both breastfeeding and formula feeding as acceptable options without favoring one over the other. These videos either recommend a combination of both methods or emphasize that the choice depends on individual circumstances, such as maternal health, infant needs, or lifestyle factors. Quality assessment The quality of the videos was assessed using three established tools: GQS, VIQI and mDISCERN. Each tool evaluates different aspects of video quality, including information accuracy, presentation style, reliability, and overall usefulness. GQS provides a global assessment of the overall usefulness and credibility of a video. It is rated on a five-point scale, where 1 represents poor quality with misleading or unhelpful information, while 5 represents excellent quality with comprehensive, evidence-based content that is beneficial for viewers [ 9 ]. VIQI assesses video quality across four dimensions: information flow, accuracy, audiovisual elements, and title relevance [ 10 ]. Information flow measures how well the content is structured and whether it is easy to follow. Accuracy evaluates whether the information aligns with established medical knowledge. Audiovisual elements assess the use of images, animations, subtitles, and other features that enhance comprehension. Title relevance examines whether the video title accurately reflects its content. Each dimension is rated on a scale from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating better quality. mDISCERN is a modified version of the DISCERN tool, specifically adapted for evaluating video content [ 11 ]. It consists of five criteria: clarity of purpose, reliability of information sources, balance in presenting different perspectives, inclusion of references or citations, and acknowledgment of uncertainties in medical information. Each criterion is scored as 0 (no) or 1 (yes), with higher total scores indicating greater reliability. Two independent reviewers evaluated all videos, and discrepancies in scores were resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. These tools have been widely used in previous studies assessing the quality of health-related content on social media platforms [ 6 – 14 ]. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.2.2. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize video characteristics, including video length, number of likes, comments, shares, and collections. The Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to assess the normality of continuous variables. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, while non-normally distributed variables were reported as median, min–max values, and 25–75 percentiles. Comparisons between platforms (YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok), uploader types (professional vs. non-professional) and feeding recommendations (breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mixed feeding) were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, as the data did not follow a normal distribution. Categorical variables, such as uploader type and feeding recommendation, were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when expected frequencies were low. Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between video engagement (likes, comments, shares and collections) and video quality scores (VIQI, GQS, and mDISCERN). A positive correlation (r > 0) indicated that higher engagement was associated with higher video quality, while a negative correlation (r < 0) suggested that increased engagement was linked to lower video quality. Correlation strength was classified as follows: |r| ≤ 0.2 (no correlation), 0.2 < |r| ≤ 0.4 (weak), 0.4 < |r| ≤ 0.6 (moderate), 0.6 0.8 (very strong). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with Bonferroni-adjusted thresholds applied for multiple comparisons. Results Video characteristics A total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos were included in the analysis (Fig. 1 ). All variables were continuous and did not follow a normal distribution. Across different platforms, TikTok videos had the highest audience engagement, with significantly more likes, comments, shares, and collections compared to Bilibili and YouTube. Bilibili ranked second in audience engagement, while YouTube had the lowest interaction levels. Regarding video length, TikTok videos were the shortest, whereas there was no significant difference between YouTube and Bilibili (Table 1 lines 489–491). Table 1 Characteristics of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms Platform YouTube (N1 = 88) Bilibili (N2 = 83) TikTok (N3 = 84) P-value Characteristic M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 PY-B PB-T PY-T Likes 8.5 0-791634 1-132 90 0-21000 19-402.5 3527.5 3-71420 386.5-12124.5 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Comments 0.5 0-6273 0-7.25 176 6-888 70.5–466 638.5 0-14703 114.25-1746.5 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Collections - - - 61 0-8234 17-281.5 2941 0-93095 279.75-11473.25 - < 0.001 - Shares - - - 52 0-7831 4-289.5 1133.5 0-27882 146–5178 - < 0.001 - Video length (s) 159.5 6-2646 53.5-377.5 197 22-1554 108–354 82.5 19–409 55-117.75 0.321 < 0.001 0.002 In terms of feeding recommendations, videos promoting formula feeding showed significantly higher audience engagement, receiving more likes and comments than videos recommending breastfeeding or mixed feeding. Interestingly, despite higher engagement, formula-feeding videos were the shortest in duration (Table 2 lines 492–494 ). Table 2 Characteristics of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different ways of feeding Feeding Breastfeeding (N1 = 112) Formula feeding (N2 = 66) Mixed feeding (N3 = 77) P-value Characteristic M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 PB-F PB-M PF-M Likes 129.5 0-41056 8-1946 504.5 0-791634 49.75-6569.5 81 3-55717 3-1663 0.004 0.647 0.005 Comments 90 0-12730 1-468.25 313.5 0-27882 11.25-2231.5 79 0-6701 1-631 0.005 0.990 0.011 Video length (s) 139.5 0-12730 1-272.75 93.5 8-1276 49.25-197.75 135 6-1070 71–243 0.012 0.495 0.068 Uploader characteristics Among all videos, 41 were uploaded by official media, 138 by self-media, and 76 by professional individuals. When comparing across platforms, the proportion of professional uploaders did not differ significantly among YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok. However, within non-professional uploaders, YouTube had the highest proportion of official media and the lowest proportion of self-media. In contrast, the distribution of official media and self-media on Bilibili and TikTok showed no significant difference (Table 3 , Fig. 2 A). Table 3 Categorization of video uploaders about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms Platform YouTube (N = 88) Bilibili (N = 83) TikTok (N = 84) PY-B PB-T PY-T Type of uploaders, n (%) Official media 33 (37.5%) 6 (7.2%) 2 (2.4%) < 0.001 0.269 < 0.001 Self-media 32 (36.4%) 47 (56.6%) 59 (70.2%) 0.012 0.096 < 0.001 Professional individuals 23 (26.1%) 30 (36.1%) 23 (27.4%) 0.212 0.294 0.990 Feeding recommendations The distribution of feeding recommendations across platforms is shown in Table 4 and Fig. 2 B. There were no significant differences among YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok in the proportion of videos recommending breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding. Table 4 Categorization of recommended ways of infant feeding across different platforms Platform YouTube (N = 88) Bilibili (N = 83) TikTok (N = 84) PY-B PB-T PY-T Ways of feeding, n (%) Breastfeeding 41 (46.6%) 40 (48.2%) 31 (36.9%) 0.955 0.187 0.257 Formula feeding 22 (25.0%) 17 (20.5%) 27 (32.1%) 0.602 0.125 0.385 Mixed feeding 25 (28.4%) 26 (31.3%) 26 (31.0%) 0.803 1.000 0.843 When comparing uploader types, professional individuals were more likely to recommend breastfeeding, with less than 10% of their videos promoting formula feeding. In contrast, non-professional uploaders were more inclined to recommend formula feeding compared to professionals, while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of videos endorsing mixed feeding. Self-media creators had the highest proportion of videos promoting formula feeding, whereas official media did not significantly differ from professionals in their feeding recommendations (Table 5 , Fig. 2 B). Table 5 Categorization of recommended ways of infant feeding across different types of uploaders Uploader Official media (N = 41) Self-media (N = 138) Professional individuals (N = 76) PO-S PS-P PO-P Ways of feeding, n (%) Breastfeeding 17 (41.5%) 48 (34.8%) 47 (61.8%) 0.551 < 0.001 0.055 Formula feeding 9 (22.0%) 50 (36.2%) 7 (9.2%) 0.129 < 0.001 0.103 Mixed feeding 15 (36.6%) 40 (29.0%) 22 (28.9%) 0.463 1.000 0.523 Video quality The quality assessment across different platforms is presented in Table 6 (lines 507–510) and Fig. 2 C. When comparing across platforms, there was no significant difference in GQS scores between Bilibili and TikTok, but both were significantly higher than YouTube. For VIQI, TikTok had the highest total score, with all four subcategories (information flow, accuracy, audiovisual elements, and title relevance) scoring higher than the other two platforms. In contrast, mDISCERN scores were highest on YouTube, with a higher proportion of videos scoring 1 in categories 1, 2, 4, and 5 compared to Bilibili and TikTok. The total mDISCERN scores did not significantly differ between Bilibili and TikTok, though Bilibili outperformed TikTok in mDISCERN-1 (clarity of purpose) and mDISCERN-3 (balance of information), while TikTok had higher scores in mDISCERN-5 (discussion of uncertainty). There were no significant differences between Bilibili and TikTok in mDISCERN-2 (reliability) or mDISCERN-4 (citation of references). Table 6 Quality assessment of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms Platform YouTube (N = 88) Bilibili (N = 83) TikTok (N = 84) P-value Scores M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 PY-B PB-T PY-T GQS 3 1–4 2–3 4 2–5 3–4 4 2–5 3–4 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 VIQI-sum 9 4–17 7–10 11 5–20 8–13 15 10–20 14–16 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 VIQI-1 1 1–5 1–2 2 1–5 2–3 4 1–5 3–5 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 VIQI-2 2 1–4 2–3 3 1–5 2–3 3 2–5 3–4 0.071 < 0.001 < 0.001 VIQI-3 2 1–4 1.75-3 3 0–5 2–3 3 1–5 3–3 0.012 0.004 < 0.001 VIQI-4 2 1–4 2–3 3 2–5 2–3 5 3–6 5–5 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 mDISCERN-sum 3 1–5 2–3 2 0–4 1–3 2 1–4 1–2 < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 mDISCERN-1 64 (72.7%) 74 (89.2%) 84 (100.0%) 0.012 0.006 < 0.001 mDISCERN-2 65 (73.9%) 20 (24.1%) 15 (17.9%) < 0.001 0.424 < 0.001 mDISCERN-3 38 (43.2%) 49 (59.0%) 28 (33.33%) 0.055 0.001 0.242 mDISCERN-4 34 (38.6%) 8 (9.6%) 3 (3.6%) < 0.001 0.205 < 0.001 mDISCERN-5 39 (44.3%) 4 (4.8%) 19 (22.6%) < 0.001 0.002 0.004 Regarding uploader type, professional uploaders produced videos with significantly higher GQS and mDISCERN scores than non-professionals, while VIQI scores showed no significant difference between the two groups (Table 7 , Fig. 2 C). Table 7 Quality comparison of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different types of uploaders Uploader Non-professionals (N = 179) Professionals (N = 76) P-value Scores M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 GQS 3 1–5 3–4 4 2–5 3–4 0.032 VIQI-sum 11 4–20 8–15 12 6–20 9–15 0.220 VIQI-1 2 1–5 2–3 3 1–5 2–4 0.341 VIQI-2 3 1–5 2–3 3 1–5 2.75-4 0.016 VIQI-3 3 0–5 2–3 3 1–5 2–3 0.254 VIQI-4 3 1–6 2–5 3 1–5 2–5 0.724 mDISCERN-sum 2 0–5 1–3 3 0–4 2–3 0.001 mDISCERN-1 151 (84.4%) 71 (93.4%) 0.077 mDISCERN-2 62 (34.6%) 38 (50.0%) 0.031 mDISCERN-3 68 (38.0%) 47 (61.8%) < 0.001 mDISCERN-4 28 (15.6%) 17 (22.4%) 0.267 mDISCERN-5 50 (27.9%) 12 (15.8%) 0.056 For feeding recommendations, videos promoting breastfeeding did not differ from those recommending mixed feeding in any of the quality assessments. However, both breastfeeding and mixed feeding videos had significantly higher GQS and mDISCERN scores compared to formula-feeding videos, while VIQI scores did not differ among the three groups (Table 8 lines 515–517, Fig. 2 C). Table 8 Quality comparison of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different ways of feeding Platform Breastfeeding (N = 112) Formula feeding (N = 66) Mixed feeding (N = 77) P-value Scores M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 M Min-Max P25-P75 PB-F PB-M PF-M GQS 4 1–5 3–4 3 1–5 2–4 3 1–5 3–4 < 0.001 0.191 0.016 VIQI-sum 12 4–20 9–14 9 4–20 8–15 11 4–20 9–15 0.328 0.992 0.367 VIQI-1 2 1–5 1-3.25 3 1–5 2–4 2 1–5 1–3 0.007 0.853 0.012 VIQI-2 3 1–5 2–4 3 1–5 2–3 3 1–5 2–4 0.006 0.980 0.012 VIQI-3 3 1–5 2–3 2 0–5 1.25-3 3 1–5 2–3 < 0.001 0.548 0.002 VIQI-4 3 1–5 2–5 3 1–6 2–5 3 1–6 2–5 0.382 0.938 0.395 mDISCERN-sum 2 0–5 2–3 2 0–4 1–2 2 0–4 1–3 < 0.001 0.092 0.004 mDISCERN-1 101 (90.2%) 53 (80.3%) 68 (88.3%) 0.102 0.866 0.275 mDISCERN-2 59 (52.7%) 12 (18.1%) 29 (37.7%) < 0.001 0.059 0.017 mDISCERN-3 60 (53.6%) 14 (21.2%) 41 (53.2%) < 0.001 1.000 < 0.001 mDISCERN-4 24 (21.4%) 8 (12.1%) 13 (16.9%) 0.174 0.557 0.572 mDISCERN-5 27 (24.1%) 21 (31.8%) 14 (18.1%) 0.345 0.429 0.090 Correlation analysis The relationships between audience engagement metrics (likes, comments, shares, and collections) and video quality scores (VIQI, GQS, and mDISCERN) varied across platforms, as shown in Table 9 (lines 518–520) and Fig. 2 D. Table 9 Spearman correlation between video quality and audience engagement across different platforms r, P-value YouTube (N = 88) Bilibili (N = 83) TikTok (N = 84) GQS VIQI mDISCERN GQS VIQI mDISCERN GQS VIQI mDISCERN Likes -0.099, 0.357 -0.221, 0.039 -0.011, 0.920 0.284, 0.009 0.666, < 0.001 0.306, 0.005 0.084, 0.445 0.674, < 0.001 0.021, 0.852 Comments -0.096, 0.374 -0.114, 0.288 -0.080, 0.458 -0.003, 0.981 0.115, 0.301 -0.082, 0.463 0.146, 0.184 0.601, < 0.001 -0.046, 0.679 Collections - - - 0.323, 0.003 0.634, < 0.001 0.360, < 0.001 0.188, 0.086 0.702, < 0.001 0.129, 0.242 Shares - - - 0.358, < 0.001 0.603, < 0.001 0.423, < 0.001 0.207, 0.058 0.712, < 0.001 0.167, 0.129 On YouTube, there were no significant correlations between engagement metrics and video quality scores, except for a weak negative correlation between likes and VIQI scores. On Bilibili, likes, shares, and collections showed positive correlations with all three quality scores, with correlation strengths ranging from weak to strong. Notably, VIQI scores had a strong positive correlation with likes, shares, and collections. Comments, however, did not exhibit significant correlations with any of the quality scores. On TikTok, VIQI scores were strongly positively correlated with all engagement metrics. In contrast, neither GQS nor mDISCERN scores showed significant correlations with any engagement metric. Discussion Social media has become a key source of health information, influencing public perceptions and decision-making on infant feeding [ 2 , 15 – 18 ]. While health authorities routinely recommend breastfeeding for its documented benefits, formula feeding remains a common alternative, often highlighted for its convenience and ease of use. Given the millions who seek guidance on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, questions arise as to whether these platforms present accurate, high-quality guidance on infant feeding. Recent work has increasingly scrutinized social media’s health-related content, drawing attention to the spread of misinformation and the influence of platform algorithms on public understanding.In this investigation, we examined the characteristics, caliber, and engagement of feeding recommendation videos on these three platforms, noting differences linked to uploader type and feeding stance. We also explored whether popular content aligns with higher informational reliability by evaluating the relationship between viewer engagement and overall video quality. A total of 88 YouTube, 83 Bilibili, and 84 TikTok videos were included, spanning September 2019 to November 2024. Among them, TikTok drew the highest viewer engagement, whereas YouTube scored highest for reliability using mDISCERN. Across platforms, neither feeding recommendations nor the proportion of professional uploaders showed marked differences. Compared with non-professional content, professionally produced videos stood out for their significantly higher quality and a greater emphasis on breastfeeding; non-professionals tended to highlight formula feeding. Furthermore, formula-focused videos prompted stronger audience interaction. Correlation analysis revealed a notable positive link between engagement and video quality on Bilibili, but this association was less pronounced on the other platforms. Variations in viewer engagement across platforms likely stem from each platform’s distinctive features and user demographics. TikTok, a short-video service driven by algorithmic feeds, emphasizes attention-grabbing, visually dynamic, and concise clips, which may account for its notably higher likes, comments, shares, and saves. Its format encourages swift content consumption and interaction, making it especially successful in propagating viral health-related posts [ 19 ]. In contrast, YouTube primarily hosts long-form content, where engagement often requires sustained viewer attention [ 20 ]. This additional cognitive investment may reduce the inclination to interact, resulting in comparatively lower engagement. Bilibili, which accommodates both short and extended content, registered an intermediate level of engagement, potentially reflecting a more balanced content consumption pattern [ 21 ]. The heightened engagement around formula-feeding videos, as opposed to breastfeeding or mixed-feeding content, may reflect factors such as convenience, maternal autonomy, and the hurdles that breastfeeding can present. These topics frequently invite more interaction, with viewers seeking support or entering debates [ 22 , 23 ]. Additionally, the tendency for formula-related videos to be shorter could match viewers’ desire for quick, straightforward information, further driving engagement. This observation underscores how video length and topic sensitivity together shape audience responses on social media. A comparable percentage of professional contributors across platforms suggests that healthcare experts recognize social media’s potential for sharing feeding information. However, they remain outnumbered by non-professional uploaders, possibly due to limited time or worries about professional standing.YouTube’s relatively high number of official channels could stem from its reputation for more in-depth, structured content, making it a preferred venue for institutions such as hospitals and public health agencies [ 24 , 25 ]. Meanwhile, Bilibili and TikTok lean toward user-generated, interactive formats: TikTok’s short-video style suits independent creators looking to attract wide attention, while Bilibili’s culture emphasizes personal storytelling [ 8 ]. These trends indicate that platform-specific norms and audience expectations shape the distribution of uploader types, influencing how infant feeding information is shared and received. The absence of notable differences in feeding recommendations across YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok indicates that no single platform inherently supports one feeding approach over another. Instead, the mix of viewpoints appears to stem from each creator’s perspective rather than explicit platform bias. Though platform algorithms often amplify engaging content, feeding recommendations may depend more on who is uploading the information than on the platform itself.Self-media creators, often independent influencers or parent bloggers may be more influenced by sponsorships from formula companies or personal experiences that resonate with a broad audience. Unlike professional uploaders who emphasize medical guidelines, self-media content often focuses on relatability and lifestyle factors, which may contribute to a more favorable portrayal of formula feeding [ 15 ]. In contrast, official media, despite being categorized as non-professional, did not significantly differ from professionals in their feeding recommendations, likely due to their institutional responsibility to align with established health guidelines [ 26 ].These findings illustrate how an uploader’s background can shape feeding advice. Professional channels typically reflect established medical standards, whereas self-media creators may add perspectives rooted in individual experiences, social influences, or commercial partnerships. Quality differences across platforms reflect their unique content dynamics. YouTube’s lower GQS scores suggest that longer videos do not always enhance viewer experience, while Bilibili and TikTok’s engagement-driven environments may encourage better presentation. TikTok’s highest VIQI scores highlight its emphasis on concise, visually appealing content, whereas YouTube’s higher mDISCERN scores suggest greater reliability, likely due to a stronger focus on educational content [ 27 , 28 ]. Bilibili and TikTok had similar mDISCERN scores, with Bilibili excelling in clarity and TikTok in discussing uncertainties [ 29 ].Professional uploaders produced higher-quality content in GQS and mDISCERN but did not differ from non-professionals in VIQI, suggesting production quality is driven more by engagement strategies than expertise. Formula-feeding videos had lower GQS and mDISCERN scores than breastfeeding and mixed-feeding videos, likely due to their prevalence among self-media creators who prioritize relatability over evidence-based information. However, VIQI scores did not differ across feeding recommendations, indicating that production quality remains consistent regardless of stance. The correlation between video quality and engagement varied across platforms, reflecting differences in content consumption and algorithmic influence. On YouTube, engagement was largely unrelated to quality, with a weak negative correlation between likes and VIQI scores, suggesting that highly engaging videos may prioritize accessibility over structured information [ 30 ].On Bilibili, likes, shares, and collections were positively correlated with all quality scores, especially VIQI, indicating that well-structured and visually appealing content attracts more interaction [ 31 ]. However, comments showed no significant correlation, suggesting they may be driven more by personal opinions than video quality.TikTok’s strong positive correlation between VIQI scores and all engagement metrics highlights the platform’s emphasis on high production quality [ 32 ]. However, the lack of correlation between engagement and GQS or mDISCERN scores suggests that reliability and overall informativeness are not primary drivers of audience interaction, emphasizing the challenge of aligning engagement with content accuracy on social media. Limitation This study has several limitations. First, the analysis was limited to videos available at a specific time, and social media content is constantly evolving. Future studies could incorporate longitudinal data to assess trends over time. Second, we only included videos in English and Chinese, which may not fully represent global perspectives on infant feeding recommendations. Expanding to other languages could provide a more comprehensive understanding. Third, while we categorized uploaders as professional or non-professional, we did not assess individual credentials beyond hospital certification, meaning variations in expertise within each category were not accounted for. Fourth, engagement metrics such as likes and shares do not necessarily indicate information absorption or behavioral impact, and future studies could explore user perception and decision-making. Finally, platform algorithms influence video visibility, but we did not analyze how recommendation systems affect content exposure, which could be an important factor in shaping public perceptions of infant feeding. Conclusion In conclusion, this study analysed infant feeding recommendation videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, evaluating their content quality, audience interaction, and feeding advice. The results indicate that short-video platforms like TikTok attract more audience engagement but have lower content quality. In contrast, professional videos on YouTube are of higher quality and mostly recommend breastfeeding, while non-professional videos tend to favour formula feeding. The study highlights the significant role of platform characteristics and uploader background in influencing video quality and audience interaction. To improve information quality, it is recommended that social media platforms optimise their recommendation algorithms to prioritise evidence-based health content and strengthen the filtering of misinformation. Furthermore, in terms of medical knowledge dissemination, it is suggested that healthcare professionals collaborate more with non-professionals to make the content more engaging and readable. Additionally, platforms should further screen short videos involving medical knowledge to prevent the spread of incorrect or inappropriate information to the public. Abbreviations List of abbreviations WHO: World Health Organization AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics GQS: Global Quality Score VIQI: Video Information and Quality Index mDISCERN: modified DISCERN Declarations Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the short video creators involved in this study. Authors' contributions Conceptualization: LG and YH. Funding acquisition: YH and JD. Project administration: LH and JD. Supervision: YG. Validation: RW, XW and WF. Visualization: ZLG and YH. Writing-original draft: LG and YH. Writing review and editing: LH and JD.This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version Funding This work was financially supported by the Nursing Research Special Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No. HLKY2023015);the [Guizhou Provincial Health and Wellness Commission] under Grant [gzwkj 2021-102]; The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82260084); Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Agency Project (Qian Ke He Foundation ZK [2023] General 217); and Support by Key Advantageous Discipline Construction Project of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission in 2023. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Competing interests The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Mohamed F, Shoufan A. Users’ experience with health-related content on YouTube: an exploratory study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:86. Skelton KR, Evans R, LaChenaye J, Amsbary J, Wingate M, Talbott L. Exploring Social Media Group Use Among Breastfeeding Mothers: Qualitative Analysis. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2018;1:e11344. Griauzde DH, Kieffer EC, Domoff SE, Hess K, Feinstein S, Frank A, et al. The influence of social media on child feeding practices and beliefs among Hispanic mothers: A mixed methods study. Eat Behav. 2020;36:101361. Westerfield KL, Koenig K, Oh R. Breastfeeding: Common Questions and Answers. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98:368–73. Young BE. Formula Feeding Exposure Not Homogenous. Pediatrics. 2017;140:e20171918. Kong W, Song S, Zhao YC, Zhu Q, Sha L. TikTok as a Health Information Source: Assessment of the Quality of Information in Diabetes-Related Videos. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:e30409. Wang M, Yao N, Wang J, Chen W, Ouyang Y, Xie C. Bilibili, TikTok, and YouTube as sources of information on gastric cancer: assessment and analysis of the content and quality. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:57. Liu Z, Chen Y, Lin Y, Ai M, Lian D, Zhang Y, et al. YouTube/ Bilibili/ TikTok videos as sources of medical information on laryngeal carcinoma: cross-sectional content analysis study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1594. Zheng S, Tong X, Wan D, Hu C, Hu Q, Ke Q. 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Evaluation of YouTube videos on complementary feeding: Content quality and reliability analysis. Appetite. 2023;188:106766. Orbatu D, Yildirim Karaca S, Alaygut D, Karaca I. Educational Features of YouTube Videos Depicting Breastfeeding: Quality, Utility, and Reliability Analysis. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16:635–9. Almoayad F, Alhashem A, Alotaibi R, Alashwl R, Albahouth A, Benajiba N, et al. YouTube Video Clips on Breastfeeding Education and Promotion for Arabic-Speaking Populations: A Social Media Content Analysis. Breastfeed Med. 2024;19:734–41. Abrahams SW. Milk and social media: online communities and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. J Hum Lact. 2012;28:400–6. Chao M, Lei J, He R, Jiang Y, Yang H. TikTok use and psychosocial factors among adolescents: Comparisons of non-users, moderate users, and addictive users. Psychiatry Res. 2023;325:115247. Kılınç DD. Is the information about orthodontics on Youtube and TikTok reliable for the oral health of the public? A cross sectional comparative study. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;123:e349–54. Deczkowska A, Keren-Shaul H, Weiner A, Colonna M, Schwartz M, Amit I. Disease-Associated Microglia: A Universal Immune Sensor of Neurodegeneration. Cell. 2018;173:1073–81. Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton N, Fidler Mis N, et al. Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64:119–32. Martin CR, Ling P-R, Blackburn GL. Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients. 2016;8:279. Demirtas MS, Alici N. The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell. Ital J Pediatr. 2024;50:8. Kim KY, Jang CW, Chung SY, Kim M, Cho S-R, Cho HE. Usefulness of YouTube in Sharing Information about New Gene Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Content Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11:147. Seyyar SA, Tıskaoğlu NS. YouTube as a source of information on keratoconus: a social media analysis. Clin Exp Optom. 2023;106:10–4. Liang J, Wang L, Song S, Dong M, Xu Y, Zuo X, et al. Quality and Audience Engagement of Takotsubo Syndrome-Related Videos on TikTok: Content Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24:e39360. Gad B, Shanmugasundaram S, Kumar A, Shukla P. Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on Uterine Fibroid Embolization. J Am Coll Radiol. 2022;19:905–12. Zheng S, Tong X, Wan D, Hu C, Hu Q, Ke Q. Quality and Reliability of Liver Cancer-Related Short Chinese Videos on TikTok and Bilibili: Cross-Sectional Content Analysis Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e47210. Aragon-Guevara D, Castle G, Sheridan E, Vivanti G. The Reach and Accuracy of Information on Autism on TikTok. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06084-6. Chen Y, Yin J, Ding Y, Wang C, Zhu J, Niu L. Evaluation of the quality of depression-related information on Chinese websites and video platforms: a cross-sectional comparative analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1408384. Lahooti A, Hassan A, Critelli B, Westerveld D, Newberry C, Kumar S, et al. Quality and Popularity Trends of Weight Loss Procedure Videos on TikTok. Obes Surg. 2023;33:714–9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementarytableS1.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Apr, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6321827","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":446947499,"identity":"be0b5651-0fb8-4559-9583-7968c3001bde","order_by":0,"name":"Linlin Guo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNv7m4z8/VEjYsbE3H3yQUFFDWAufxLEEaYkzNsn8PMeSDR6cOUZYixxDjoIEb0sa48wZOWqSD1uYiXAYwxkGA8mGw8wGN3LYKhIb2Bj427sT8Gth7j2QULjjMJ/BmbfHbiTukGGQOHN2AwFbziUckDwDtOV4XtqNxDNsDAYSuYS05Bg28LYdZtxwIMesILGNmSgtxgy8bUDvd+SYMRCnReJYGjMskCUSzhzjIegX+f7mY4ywqPz4o6JGjr+9F78WDMBDmvJRMApGwSgYBVgBAJFVTTSrRc4IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linlin","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":446947500,"identity":"ba5c4af0-6ce0-449c-84fb-7c2592de2947","order_by":1,"name":"Youfu He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youfu","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":446947501,"identity":"37f4d0d3-82e8-47b6-8e1f-864d3918ea96","order_by":2,"name":"Yuhui Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinmi maternal and child health hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuhui","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":446947502,"identity":"19960357-f430-4a18-9b69-4cdd719e1561","order_by":3,"name":"Ruoming Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruoming","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":446947503,"identity":"d5001b25-e640-46e1-a934-f2b57790f5b9","order_by":4,"name":"Xiujuan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiujuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":446947504,"identity":"956d7084-6be4-4853-89f8-934fc4858615","order_by":5,"name":"Wenjun Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":446947505,"identity":"80aaf71f-6637-4cda-be25-a720dce15c0c","order_by":6,"name":"Liping Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liping","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":446947506,"identity":"e91777e7-fb22-453c-a16b-1650dea45c44","order_by":7,"name":"Juan Ding","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ding","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-27 15:23:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82120772,"identity":"af68256e-2547-451c-8393-26f6fc1bdca9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 03:20:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSearch strategy for videos on infant feeding recommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6321827/v1/8f87b4cf5dac0330f8ff243b.png"},{"id":82119923,"identity":"f43c7afe-79d9-4394-9929-1bdad0a46552","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 03:12:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":258784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics, quality assessment and correlation analysis of infant feeding videos. \u003c/strong\u003e(A) Stacked bar charts showing the distribution of uploaders across three platforms: YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, including official media, self-media, and professional individuals. (B) Stacked bar charts illustrating the proportion of videos recommending breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mixed feeding across different platforms, differentiated by uploader type (professional vs non-professional). (C) Violin plots showing the distribution of video quality scores (GQS, VIQI, mDISCERN) by platform (YouTube, Bilibili, TikTok) and uploader type (professional vs non-professional), highlighting the influence of platform and uploader type on video quality. (D) A heatmap showing the correlation between the three video quality scores (GQS, VIQI, mDISCERN) and audience engagement metrics (likes, comments, shares, collections), reflecting the relationship between engagement and content quality across platforms.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6321827/v1/88f69390210f98968a7568e4.png"},{"id":82122300,"identity":"5bb7dd00-360e-4b82-a94d-1ebf0634fe70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 03:28:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1590062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6321827/v1/d6bf42e5-b590-4d72-9921-ef19fbc149ca.pdf"},{"id":82119919,"identity":"2aa29429-1dcb-48c1-b4f9-976472d6f79e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 03:12:18","extension":"xlsx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":38278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementarytableS1.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6321827/v1/84300ba7d544be069f04ea04.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Breast or Bottle: A Content Analysis of Infant Feeding Recommendation Videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocial media now serves as a leading channel for health information, shaping how the public views and chooses among various medical and lifestyle options [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Within this sphere, infant feeding generates considerable debate, particularly concerning breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mixed approaches [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Although organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) strongly endorse breastfeeding due to its well-established benefits for both infants and mothers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], formula feeding remains widely accepted for its convenience and accessibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Many parents turn to online platforms in search of guidance when considering how best to feed their children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok rank among the most influential video-sharing services, each with unique features. YouTube, recognized worldwide as the largest video-hosting site, primarily accommodates long-form content and is commonly used for educational purposes, though it remains inaccessible within China. Conversely, Bilibili and TikTok are widely available in China: Bilibili includes both long and short videos with an active community, while TikTok presents short clips driven by a robust recommendation system. Though this system fosters wide reach and engagement, it can also raise questions about the depth and reliability of the information being shared [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite rising reliance on social media for infant feeding advice, relatively little is understood about the accuracy, quality, and biases found in these videos. Past research has highlighted concerns regarding misinformation in health-related social media content, prompting discussions about whether online recommendations align with recognized medical guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, engagement indicators\u0026mdash;likes, comments, and shares\u0026mdash;may not necessarily mirror the overall quality of the material, potentially amplifying less credible sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to systematically evaluate infant feeding recommendation videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, focusing on content standards, viewer interaction, and feeding endorsements. By distinguishing between professional and non-professional uploaders, as well as breastfeeding, formula, and mixed-feeding stances, this work seeks to illustrate how social media influences public perceptions of infant feeding and to determine whether high-quality, evidence-based information is reaching audiences effectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll information was obtained from publicly released YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok videos, and none of the data involved personal privacy concerns. Therefore, no ethics review was needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVideo Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn November 1, 2024, a search was conducted on YouTube using the keywords \u0026ldquo;Breastfeeding\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Formula Feeding,\u0026rdquo; while Bilibili and TikTok were searched using \u0026ldquo;母乳喂养\u0026rdquo; (breastfeeding) and \u0026ldquo;奶粉喂养\u0026rdquo; (formula feeding). The top 100 videos from each platform were collected based on the default sorting algorithm. To ensure data stability, videos that were advertisements, uploaded within the past seven days, or irrelevant to infant feeding were excluded. After screening, a total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos were included in the analysis (Supplementary table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). The selected videos covered a time span from September 2019 to November 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVideo characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were used to analyze video characteristics, including video length, number of likes, comments, shares, and collections. Notably, collections and shares were not accessible on YouTube.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUploader characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVideo uploaders were categorized into three groups: professionals, official media, and self-media. Professionals included doctors certified by hospitals, ensuring their medical expertise. Official media consisted of government-recognized news or health organizations that provided regulated content. Self-media refers to independent creators who lacked formal medical or institutional certification. Both official media and self-media were classified as non-professionals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFeeding recommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach video was classified based on its feeding recommendation as promoting breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding. Mixed feeding refers to videos that present both breastfeeding and formula feeding as acceptable options without favoring one over the other. These videos either recommend a combination of both methods or emphasize that the choice depends on individual circumstances, such as maternal health, infant needs, or lifestyle factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of the videos was assessed using three established tools: GQS, VIQI and mDISCERN. Each tool evaluates different aspects of video quality, including information accuracy, presentation style, reliability, and overall usefulness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS provides a global assessment of the overall usefulness and credibility of a video. It is rated on a five-point scale, where 1 represents poor quality with misleading or unhelpful information, while 5 represents excellent quality with comprehensive, evidence-based content that is beneficial for viewers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. VIQI assesses video quality across four dimensions: information flow, accuracy, audiovisual elements, and title relevance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Information flow measures how well the content is structured and whether it is easy to follow. Accuracy evaluates whether the information aligns with established medical knowledge. Audiovisual elements assess the use of images, animations, subtitles, and other features that enhance comprehension. Title relevance examines whether the video title accurately reflects its content. Each dimension is rated on a scale from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating better quality. mDISCERN is a modified version of the DISCERN tool, specifically adapted for evaluating video content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. It consists of five criteria: clarity of purpose, reliability of information sources, balance in presenting different perspectives, inclusion of references or citations, and acknowledgment of uncertainties in medical information. Each criterion is scored as 0 (no) or 1 (yes), with higher total scores indicating greater reliability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo independent reviewers evaluated all videos, and discrepancies in scores were resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. These tools have been widely used in previous studies assessing the quality of health-related content on social media platforms [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.2.2. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize video characteristics, including video length, number of likes, comments, shares, and collections. The Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to assess the normality of continuous variables. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, while non-normally distributed variables were reported as median, min\u0026ndash;max values, and 25\u0026ndash;75 percentiles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparisons between platforms (YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok), uploader types (professional vs. non-professional) and feeding recommendations (breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mixed feeding) were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, as the data did not follow a normal distribution. Categorical variables, such as uploader type and feeding recommendation, were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test when expected frequencies were low. Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between video engagement (likes, comments, shares and collections) and video quality scores (VIQI, GQS, and mDISCERN). A positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0) indicated that higher engagement was associated with higher video quality, while a negative correlation (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0) suggested that increased engagement was linked to lower video quality. Correlation strength was classified as follows: |r| \u0026le; 0.2 (no correlation), 0.2 \u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.4 (weak), 0.4 \u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.6 (moderate), 0.6 \u0026lt; |r| \u0026le; 0.8 (strong), and |r| \u0026gt; 0.8 (very strong).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with Bonferroni-adjusted thresholds applied for multiple comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVideo characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos were included in the analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). All variables were continuous and did not follow a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross different platforms, TikTok videos had the highest audience engagement, with significantly more likes, comments, shares, and collections compared to Bilibili and YouTube. Bilibili ranked second in audience engagement, while YouTube had the lowest interaction levels. Regarding video length, TikTok videos were the shortest, whereas there was no significant difference between YouTube and Bilibili (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lines 489\u0026ndash;491).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube (N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilibili (N2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok (N3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-791634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-21000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19-402.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3527.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-71420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.5-12124.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-6273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-7.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u0026ndash;466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e638.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-14703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.25-1746.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-8234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-281.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2941\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-93095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279.75-11473.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-7831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-289.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1133.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-27882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u0026ndash;5178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVideo length (s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-2646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5-377.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22-1554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u0026ndash;354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55-117.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of feeding recommendations, videos promoting formula feeding showed significantly higher audience engagement, receiving more likes and comments than videos recommending breastfeeding or mixed feeding. Interestingly, despite higher engagement, formula-feeding videos were the shortest in duration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e lines 492\u0026ndash;494 ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different ways of feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding (N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula feeding (N2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding (N3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF-M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-41056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8-1946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-791634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.75-6569.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-55717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-1663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-12730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-468.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-27882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25-2231.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-6701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVideo length (s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-12730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-272.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8-1276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.25-197.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-1070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u0026ndash;243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUploader characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong all videos, 41 were uploaded by official media, 138 by self-media, and 76 by professional individuals. When comparing across platforms, the proportion of professional uploaders did not differ significantly among YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok. However, within non-professional uploaders, YouTube had the highest proportion of official media and the lowest proportion of self-media. In contrast, the distribution of official media and self-media on Bilibili and TikTok showed no significant difference (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorization of video uploaders about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilibili (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of uploaders, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOfficial media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-media\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (56.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (70.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (26.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (36.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (27.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFeeding recommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of feeding recommendations across platforms is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB. There were no significant differences among YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok in the proportion of videos recommending breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorization of recommended ways of infant feeding across different platforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilibili (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays of feeding, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (46.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (48.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (36.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (32.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (28.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (31.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (31.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing uploader types, professional individuals were more likely to recommend breastfeeding, with less than 10% of their videos promoting formula feeding. In contrast, non-professional uploaders were more inclined to recommend formula feeding compared to professionals, while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of videos endorsing mixed feeding. Self-media creators had the highest proportion of videos promoting formula feeding, whereas official media did not significantly differ from professionals in their feeding recommendations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorization of recommended ways of infant feeding across different types of uploaders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUploader\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOfficial media (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-media (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;138)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional individuals (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePO-S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePO-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWays of feeding, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (41.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (34.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (61.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (36.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (29.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVideo quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality assessment across different platforms is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(lines 507\u0026ndash;510) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC. When comparing across platforms, there was no significant difference in GQS scores between Bilibili and TikTok, but both were significantly higher than YouTube. For VIQI, TikTok had the highest total score, with all four subcategories (information flow, accuracy, audiovisual elements, and title relevance) scoring higher than the other two platforms. In contrast, mDISCERN scores were highest on YouTube, with a higher proportion of videos scoring 1 in categories 1, 2, 4, and 5 compared to Bilibili and TikTok. The total mDISCERN scores did not significantly differ between Bilibili and TikTok, though Bilibili outperformed TikTok in mDISCERN-1 (clarity of purpose) and mDISCERN-3 (balance of information), while TikTok had higher scores in mDISCERN-5 (discussion of uncertainty). There were no significant differences between Bilibili and TikTok in mDISCERN-2 (reliability) or mDISCERN-4 (citation of references).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality assessment of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different platforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilibili (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePY-T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (89.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (100.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (73.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (43.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (59.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (33.33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (38.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (44.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding uploader type, professional uploaders produced videos with significantly higher GQS and mDISCERN scores than non-professionals, while VIQI scores showed no significant difference between the two groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality comparison of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different types of uploaders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUploader\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-professionals (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessionals (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (84.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (93.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (34.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (38.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (61.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (22.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (27.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor feeding recommendations, videos promoting breastfeeding did not differ from those recommending mixed feeding in any of the quality assessments. However, both breastfeeding and mixed feeding videos had significantly higher GQS and mDISCERN scores compared to formula-feeding videos, while VIQI scores did not differ among the three groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e lines 515\u0026ndash;517, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality comparison of videos about infant feeding recommendation across different ways of feeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula feeding (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP25-P75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePB-M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF-M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-sum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (90.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (80.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (88.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (52.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (53.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (53.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.557\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (31.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationships between audience engagement metrics (likes, comments, shares, and collections) and video quality scores (VIQI, GQS, and mDISCERN) varied across platforms, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(lines 518\u0026ndash;520) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation between video quality and audience engagement across different platforms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er, P-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYouTube (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilibili (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIQI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emDISCERN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.099, 0.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.221, 0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011, 0.920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.284, 0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.666, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.306, 0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084, 0.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.674, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021, 0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.096, 0.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.114, 0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.080, 0.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003, 0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115, 0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.082, 0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146, 0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.601, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.046, 0.679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.323, 0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.634, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.360, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.188, 0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129, 0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.358, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.603, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.423, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207, 0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.712, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167, 0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn YouTube, there were no significant correlations between engagement metrics and video quality scores, except for a weak negative correlation between likes and VIQI scores. On Bilibili, likes, shares, and collections showed positive correlations with all three quality scores, with correlation strengths ranging from weak to strong. Notably, VIQI scores had a strong positive correlation with likes, shares, and collections. Comments, however, did not exhibit significant correlations with any of the quality scores. On TikTok, VIQI scores were strongly positively correlated with all engagement metrics. In contrast, neither GQS nor mDISCERN scores showed significant correlations with any engagement metric.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocial media has become a key source of health information, influencing public perceptions and decision-making on infant feeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. While health authorities routinely recommend breastfeeding for its documented benefits, formula feeding remains a common alternative, often highlighted for its convenience and ease of use. Given the millions who seek guidance on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, questions arise as to whether these platforms present accurate, high-quality guidance on infant feeding. Recent work has increasingly scrutinized social media\u0026rsquo;s health-related content, drawing attention to the spread of misinformation and the influence of platform algorithms on public understanding.In this investigation, we examined the characteristics, caliber, and engagement of feeding recommendation videos on these three platforms, noting differences linked to uploader type and feeding stance. We also explored whether popular content aligns with higher informational reliability by evaluating the relationship between viewer engagement and overall video quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 88 YouTube, 83 Bilibili, and 84 TikTok videos were included, spanning September 2019 to November 2024. Among them, TikTok drew the highest viewer engagement, whereas YouTube scored highest for reliability using mDISCERN. Across platforms, neither feeding recommendations nor the proportion of professional uploaders showed marked differences. Compared with non-professional content, professionally produced videos stood out for their significantly higher quality and a greater emphasis on breastfeeding; non-professionals tended to highlight formula feeding. Furthermore, formula-focused videos prompted stronger audience interaction. Correlation analysis revealed a notable positive link between engagement and video quality on Bilibili, but this association was less pronounced on the other platforms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariations in viewer engagement across platforms likely stem from each platform\u0026rsquo;s distinctive features and user demographics. TikTok, a short-video service driven by algorithmic feeds, emphasizes attention-grabbing, visually dynamic, and concise clips, which may account for its notably higher likes, comments, shares, and saves. Its format encourages swift content consumption and interaction, making it especially successful in propagating viral health-related posts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, YouTube primarily hosts long-form content, where engagement often requires sustained viewer attention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This additional cognitive investment may reduce the inclination to interact, resulting in comparatively lower engagement. Bilibili, which accommodates both short and extended content, registered an intermediate level of engagement, potentially reflecting a more balanced content consumption pattern [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The heightened engagement around formula-feeding videos, as opposed to breastfeeding or mixed-feeding content, may reflect factors such as convenience, maternal autonomy, and the hurdles that breastfeeding can present. These topics frequently invite more interaction, with viewers seeking support or entering debates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the tendency for formula-related videos to be shorter could match viewers\u0026rsquo; desire for quick, straightforward information, further driving engagement. This observation underscores how video length and topic sensitivity together shape audience responses on social media.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparable percentage of professional contributors across platforms suggests that healthcare experts recognize social media\u0026rsquo;s potential for sharing feeding information. However, they remain outnumbered by non-professional uploaders, possibly due to limited time or worries about professional standing.YouTube\u0026rsquo;s relatively high number of official channels could stem from its reputation for more in-depth, structured content, making it a preferred venue for institutions such as hospitals and public health agencies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, Bilibili and TikTok lean toward user-generated, interactive formats: TikTok\u0026rsquo;s short-video style suits independent creators looking to attract wide attention, while Bilibili\u0026rsquo;s culture emphasizes personal storytelling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. These trends indicate that platform-specific norms and audience expectations shape the distribution of uploader types, influencing how infant feeding information is shared and received.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of notable differences in feeding recommendations across YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok indicates that no single platform inherently supports one feeding approach over another. Instead, the mix of viewpoints appears to stem from each creator\u0026rsquo;s perspective rather than explicit platform bias. Though platform algorithms often amplify engaging content, feeding recommendations may depend more on who is uploading the information than on the platform itself.Self-media creators, often independent influencers or parent bloggers may be more influenced by sponsorships from formula companies or personal experiences that resonate with a broad audience. Unlike professional uploaders who emphasize medical guidelines, self-media content often focuses on relatability and lifestyle factors, which may contribute to a more favorable portrayal of formula feeding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, official media, despite being categorized as non-professional, did not significantly differ from professionals in their feeding recommendations, likely due to their institutional responsibility to align with established health guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].These findings illustrate how an uploader\u0026rsquo;s background can shape feeding advice. Professional channels typically reflect established medical standards, whereas self-media creators may add perspectives rooted in individual experiences, social influences, or commercial partnerships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality differences across platforms reflect their unique content dynamics. YouTube\u0026rsquo;s lower GQS scores suggest that longer videos do not always enhance viewer experience, while Bilibili and TikTok\u0026rsquo;s engagement-driven environments may encourage better presentation. TikTok\u0026rsquo;s highest VIQI scores highlight its emphasis on concise, visually appealing content, whereas YouTube\u0026rsquo;s higher mDISCERN scores suggest greater reliability, likely due to a stronger focus on educational content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Bilibili and TikTok had similar mDISCERN scores, with Bilibili excelling in clarity and TikTok in discussing uncertainties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].Professional uploaders produced higher-quality content in GQS and mDISCERN but did not differ from non-professionals in VIQI, suggesting production quality is driven more by engagement strategies than expertise. Formula-feeding videos had lower GQS and mDISCERN scores than breastfeeding and mixed-feeding videos, likely due to their prevalence among self-media creators who prioritize relatability over evidence-based information. However, VIQI scores did not differ across feeding recommendations, indicating that production quality remains consistent regardless of stance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation between video quality and engagement varied across platforms, reflecting differences in content consumption and algorithmic influence. On YouTube, engagement was largely unrelated to quality, with a weak negative correlation between likes and VIQI scores, suggesting that highly engaging videos may prioritize accessibility over structured information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].On Bilibili, likes, shares, and collections were positively correlated with all quality scores, especially VIQI, indicating that well-structured and visually appealing content attracts more interaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. However, comments showed no significant correlation, suggesting they may be driven more by personal opinions than video quality.TikTok\u0026rsquo;s strong positive correlation between VIQI scores and all engagement metrics highlights the platform\u0026rsquo;s emphasis on high production quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the lack of correlation between engagement and GQS or mDISCERN scores suggests that reliability and overall informativeness are not primary drivers of audience interaction, emphasizing the challenge of aligning engagement with content accuracy on social media.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, the analysis was limited to videos available at a specific time, and social media content is constantly evolving. Future studies could incorporate longitudinal data to assess trends over time. Second, we only included videos in English and Chinese, which may not fully represent global perspectives on infant feeding recommendations. Expanding to other languages could provide a more comprehensive understanding. Third, while we categorized uploaders as professional or non-professional, we did not assess individual credentials beyond hospital certification, meaning variations in expertise within each category were not accounted for. Fourth, engagement metrics such as likes and shares do not necessarily indicate information absorption or behavioral impact, and future studies could explore user perception and decision-making. Finally, platform algorithms influence video visibility, but we did not analyze how recommendation systems affect content exposure, which could be an important factor in shaping public perceptions of infant feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study analysed infant feeding recommendation videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok, evaluating their content quality, audience interaction, and feeding advice. The results indicate that short-video platforms like TikTok attract more audience engagement but have lower content quality. In contrast, professional videos on YouTube are of higher quality and mostly recommend breastfeeding, while non-professional videos tend to favour formula feeding. The study highlights the significant role of platform characteristics and uploader background in influencing video quality and audience interaction. To improve information quality, it is recommended that social media platforms optimise their recommendation algorithms to prioritise evidence-based health content and strengthen the filtering of misinformation. Furthermore, in terms of medical knowledge dissemination, it is suggested that healthcare professionals collaborate more with non-professionals to make the content more engaging and readable. Additionally, platforms should further screen short videos involving medical knowledge to prevent the spread of incorrect or inappropriate information to the public.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eList of abbreviations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAAP: American Academy of Pediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGQS: Global Quality Score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVIQI: Video Information and Quality Index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emDISCERN: modified DISCERN\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all the short video creators involved in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: LG and YH. Funding acquisition: YH and JD. Project administration: LH and JD. Supervision: YG. Validation: RW, XW and WF. Visualization: ZLG and YH. Writing-original draft: LG and YH. Writing review and editing: LH and JD.This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was financially supported by the Nursing Research Special Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No. HLKY2023015);the [Guizhou Provincial Health and Wellness Commission] under Grant [gzwkj 2021-102]; The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82260084); Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Agency Project (Qian Ke He Foundation ZK [2023] General 217); and Support by Key Advantageous Discipline Construction Project of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohamed F, Shoufan A. 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Obes Surg. 2023;33:714\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Breastfeeding, Formula feeding, Social media, Public education, Public health, YouTube, Bilibili, TikTok","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media has become a primary source of infant feeding guidance, but content accuracy remains unverified. While World Health Organization(WHO) and American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) endorse breastfeeding for its health benefits, formula feeding is frequently promoted as an alternative.This study evaluates the quality, engagement patterns, and feeding recommendations of infant-feeding videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok to inform platform content policies and viewer decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn November 1, 2024, searches were conducted with the terms \u0026ldquo;Breastfeeding\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Formula Feeding\u0026rdquo; on YouTube, along with \u0026ldquo;母乳喂养\u0026rdquo; (breastfeeding) and \u0026ldquo;奶粉喂养\u0026rdquo; (formula feeding) on Bilibili and TikTok. The first 100 videos from each platform were collected based on the default sorting, with promotional and unrelated material excluded. Video details were documented, and their quality was measured using the Global Quality Score (GQS), the Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), and a modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) tool.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 88 YouTube videos, 83 Bilibili videos, and 84 TikTok videos posted between September 2019 and November 2024 qualified for this study. TikTok clips drew the most audience interaction, while YouTube clips showed higher reliability based on mDISCERN ratings. No major differences emerged regarding feeding advice or the proportion of professional creators across platforms. However, professional content was of markedly higher quality and tended to favor breastfeeding, whereas non-professionals more often highlighted formula feeding. Additionally, formula-related videos generally attracted stronger engagement. Correlation tests revealed a clear positive association between engagement metrics and video quality on Bilibili, but this pattern was less pronounced on YouTube and TikTok.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort-form platforms amplify formula-feeding narratives driven by algorithmic biases and unregulated commercial interests, often conflicting with WHO guidelines. Professional health entities predominantly share evidence-based breastfeeding guidance through less engaging long-form content. Systemic interventions are needed: Algorithmic prioritization of certified health content;WHO Code-compliant digital marketing regulations;AI-driven misinformation filters;Micro-influencer partnerships for breastfeeding advocacy. This multi-platform analysis highlights critical tensions between engagement-driven content ecosystems and public health priorities in infant nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Breast or Bottle: A Content Analysis of Infant Feeding Recommendation Videos on YouTube, Bilibili, and TikTok","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 03:12:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6321827/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T01:58:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186648249959582382527642835607759263489","date":"2025-08-15T03:28:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"114348481059728543722292988517758272715","date":"2025-08-14T15:13:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"292244673146607001382125188176823297671","date":"2025-04-25T08:12:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-23T05:41:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-01T11:11:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-28T05:01:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-28T04:59:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-03-27T15:21:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a992c230-316f-4b6b-b969-3457e3ea811d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-07T03:12:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 03:12:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6321827","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6321827","identity":"rs-6321827","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}