Role of Local Level Stakeholders in Adapting to Emerging Natech Risks Due to Climate Change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia

Role of Local Level Stakeholders in Adapting to Emerging Natech Risks Due to Climate Change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Role of Local Level Stakeholders in Adapting to Emerging Natech Risks Due to Climate Change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia Nurul Syazwani Yahaya, Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Mohd Raihan Taha, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Climate change has been linked to the aggravation of environmental degradation but adaptation measures to address local emerging issues are limited. Developing countries with growing industrial activities may be especially vulnerable to emerging pollution risk due to climate change. This paper investigates adaptation plans and the role of local stakeholders in addressing industrial pollution under the impacts of climate change. National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) submitted by selected countries in the Asia Pacific to the UNFCCC were initially analysed to determine the status of local-level measures. This was followed by semi-structured interviews with stakeholders exposed to floods and coastal inundation in an industrial area of the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia, to determine preparedness towards emerging risks. The findings revealed that NAPs do not explicitly address adaptation towards emerging risks of industrial pollution due to climate change. However, there are several potential entry points that can be used to incorporate this dimension. Interviews with stakeholders in a small coastal industrial area within the Selangor River Basin established that although 30% of the respondents have already been affected by floods or coastal inundation, less than 10% are prepared for emerging risks. This study provides insights for formulating local-level adaptation strategies to emerging climate and pollution risks, especially in developing nations with limited resources and capacity. Environmental Policy climate change pollution adaptation disaster risk reduction Selangor River Basin Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change pose challenges to humans and activities as it aggravates the impact of climate-influenced natural hazards resulting in higher unpredictability and unprecedented magnitude and frequency of floods, coastal erosion, soil erosion, and landslides, among others (IPCC 2023 ). Under such unprecedented climate hazards, natural hazards triggering technological accidents known as Natech has become increasingly concerning. Based on e-Natech database, most of natural disasters that had triggered Natech in the past are climate-related (Fig. 1). Under the impact of climate change, as flood magnitude increases and flood area expanded, flood may occur at unprecedented levels that are higher than the level that facilities were built to prepare for (Kumasaki & King 2020 ). Of particular interest is the impacts on industrial facilities that store or uses potentially hazardous materials (hazmat) in their activities. In areas prone to flood, flooding at industrial areas or hazardous facilities will have the proclivity to cause the mobilization of hazardous materials (hazmat) off-site, in addition to other risks including flotation or damage of equipment, tanks to collapse or implode, short circuits or power failure, and toxic or flammable vapours from released chemicals that react violently with water (OECD, 2022). Ensuing pollution from the release of hazardous materials to wider environment include immediate impacts to humans and ecosystem health, as well as long term environmental degradation due to accumulation of legacy pollutants with increased frequency of flooding (Ponting et al., 2021 ; J. Jarsjö et al. 2020 ; Miller et al. 2017). At coastal areas, sea level rise may further aggravate the risk of coastal and inland flooding (Nicholls et al. 2018 ). Understanding local-level adaptation to Natech is crucial, especially in the case of hazmat release. Since the impacts of Natech from industrial facilities are experienced locally, a better understanding of the issue including exposure, awareness and preparedness at local level is crucial to carry out appropriate adaptation actions. While Natech risk under the impact of climate change has been commonly investigated (Pilone et al., 2021 ; Ricci et al., 2023 ; Lou et al., 2021), adaptation by various stakeholders at local level is scarce. Studies on Natech and practical local level adaptation to emerging risks are scarce for developing countries in the Asia Pacific, even though the region is expected to have the highest annual production growth in chemical industry and is prone to extreme weather events due to climate change (Chatterjee et al., 2021; IPCC 2023 ). It is therefore important to identify potential ways for developing economies in the region to prepare for emerging risks associated with Natech due to climate change. Given the influence of climate on Natech, adaptation towards its risks need to be integrated with national adaptation plans for climate change. The purpose of this paper is to determine the presence or absence of local-level adaptation measures for environmental pollution from industries under the impacts of climate change, particularly floods, in selected countries from the Asia Pacific. The study also identifies potential roles of stakeholders to build resilience to climate and pollution hazards at the local level, drawing on a case study in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia. 2. METHODS 2.1 Document Analysis To explore the presence or absence of local level adaptation plans towards environmental pollution from industries under the impacts of climate change, the study conducted a review of the National Adaptation Plans submitted to the UNFCCC by developing countries in Asia Pacific region. Malaysia has not yet developed a National Adaptation Plan for the country. There are seven submissions from the Asia Pacific available on the UNFCCC website ( https://napcentral.org/submitted-naps ) as of 31 March 2024. Of these, five were selected based on closer comparisons of their geographic location and climate to Malaysia. Where available, strategies and goals that could become entry points were extracted from the reports and tabulated (Table 1). 2.2 Semi-Structured Interview Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a case study area in the Selangor River Basin. The area is generally warm and humid all year round with daily temperature ranging between 25 o C and 32 o C, two monsoon seasons and an annual rainfall average about 2154 mm/year (Suhaila et al. 2010; Wong et al., 2016; Mohd Akhir et al. 2014 ). The Selangor River Basin comprises ten sub-basins that are undergoing rapid land use change due to development since the 1970s (LUAS 2014 ; Nurhidayu, 2015 ). Industrial areas are scattered in the upstream and mid-stream areas, and these are projected to expand in the coming decade (JPBD, 2017 ). Current distribution of manufacturing industrial sites and municipal solid waste landfills within the Selangor River basin is illustrated in Fig. 2. A total of 35 respondents were interviewed in the IKS Kuala Selangor case study area, located at the western boundary of the Selangor River Basin (Fig. 3). Four groups of stakeholders were interviewed, comprising representatives from government agencies, industries/private sectors, communities, and NGOs. Guidance for interview questions was developed and pilot-tested before its deployment in the field. The interview aims to learn about the stakeholders' exposure to floods and coastal hazards as well as their preparedness towards emerging risks. Emphasis was also given towards their interest and preferred medium towards early warning. Interviews were performed in person, and interviewers visited the business premises, residential areas, and government agencies by walk-in and prior appointments. During the interviews, at least two interviewers were present. Audio recording, and when permitted, photos and videos were taken during the interview process. Location coordinates of the premises and village where the communities reside were also recorded. Interviewers were careful to be sensitive to the respondents and to make them feel comfortable and at ease during the entire process. Where relevant, respondents were probed to explain their responses to the questions further. All the findings from the interviews were qualitatively analysed. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Integration of Natech in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) The process of formulating and implementing National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) in developing countries or least developed countries was first established by the UNFCCC’s Sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) with a view to identifying medium- and long-term adaptation needs, as well as strategies and programmes to address those needs (UNFCCC, 2023 ). As such, NAPS is formulated and implemented with two main objectives including “to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience”; and “facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate” (UNFCCC, 2023 ). The NAPs could serve as living documents with updating/revision cycle aligned with the countries’ development planning. Given the relevance, adaptation plan for Natech could be integrated in the national adaptation plan for climate. Based on review of the NAPs submitted by Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka, although none of the countries report mentioned about the Natech risks explicitly, there are several entry points for integrating actions towards the emerging risks of Natech (Table 1). Proper implementation of the identified entry points may indirectly help ensuring the resilience of the community towards emerging Natech risks. 3.2 Pollution and Influence of Climate in the Selangor River Basin River water is of the most important natural resources in the basin, supporting many economic activities in Selangor and has been supplying is about 60% of total requirement of water in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Putrajaya, supporting more than 4 million people in the areas (LUAS, 2017 ). However, under the impact of the development, the river water is often the most directly affected resources from the industries and human activities. In recent years, river pollution incidences have often cause disruptions to water supplies in the Selangor and Kuala Lumpur area (Tan 2020 ; Jason and Tan 2021; Ida Lim 2019 ). The surrounding industries and urbanization activities in the Rawang sub-basin could become significant point sources and non-point sources to pollutants in the basin. Environmental issues in the Selangor River Basin are likely due to industrial pollutions especially pertaining to areas with small manufacturing industries that are more prevalent in Malaysia and are not strictly regulated (LUAS, 2014 ). Incidences resulting from industrial pollutants are commonly reported that often causing disruptions to water supplies in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur area (Tan, 2020 ; Timbuong, 2020 ; Ahmad, 2020 ; Lai, 2020 ; Thestar, 2014a ; TFTY, 2014; Thestar, 2014b ). The area is also prone to fluvial, pluvial floods (local floods), as well as monsoon floods at the low-lying areas and riparian areas along Rawang, Bestari Jaya, and Kundang, among others (Engku Shariful 2022; Mohd Hasbi & Amirul 2017; Norhayati 2017). While landslides are more pronounced on the hilly areas at the northern part of the district around Hulu Selangor and Gombak (Harrith Hisham 2022 ; Bernama, 2014; D. Kanyakumari 2014). The Kuala Selangor on the other hand is a flat coastal plain and are prone to fluvial floods as well as coastal erosion and coastal inundation. As reported in the Malaysia Third National Communication and Second Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC (Malaysia, 2018 ), the Selangor River basin is prone to flood with 224.9 km 2 coverage of current flood prone area. An assessment on projected 100-year flood for year 2030 and 2050 shows an increase of flood-prone areal extent by 38.3% and 39.6% respectively (Malaysia, 2018 ). Climate and weather-related events also play important influence towards the dynamics of environmental pollution. Hydrometeorological conditions experienced as dry period (low flow) and wet period (high or flood flow) play significant influence on pollution dynamics. In the river system, extreme low flow conditions may increase concentration of dissolved substances, decrease concentration of dissolved oxygen, and increase temperature, widespread bacterial contamination, among others, that could lead to deterioration of water quality (Caruso, 2002 ). Although higher discharge during high or flood flow generally means more intensive dilution where lowering the concentration of pollutants could be expected, the case may not always hold true. Surface runoff, especially under high magnitude floods, could enhance mobilization of pollutants from upstream areas and bringing in new sources of water pollution (Lyubimova et al., 2016 ), as well as remobilize persistent pollutants from contaminated floodplains (Ciszewski et al., 2016). In a monitoring study conducted in the Selangor River, generally higher concentrations of organic pollutants were detected during the dry season (Santhi et al., 2013). As such, concentrations of certain organic pollutants during the dry season doubled compared to the rainy season at downstream of the river. However, the same study also found that the concentrations of some organic pollutants doubled during the rainy season compared to the dry season at the upstream of the river (Santhi et al., 2013). For coastal areas, the river could also experience salinity increases during the extreme low flow period due to decreased catchment inputs and increased influence of saline groundwater inputs (Mosley et al., 2012 ). Further study is needed to understand the dynamics of water and soil pollution within the Selangor River basin under the flood and low flow extremes, taking into consideration future scenarios under the influence of climate change. It is also crucial to understand if and how the pollution dynamics under flood and low flow extremes could trigger disruption to water supply (immediate impact), as well as the long-term impacts on the security of the resources and exposed elements. 3.3 Perception and Preparedness of Local Stakeholders to Emerging Risks Based on the semi-structured interview with 35 local stakeholders in IKS Kuala Selangor, the study found that over 30% of the interviewed stakeholders were affected by floods or coastal inundation. Of these, three respondents claimed that the floods that they experienced recently were unexpected. 19 respondents (over 50%) reported having experienced or having dealt with secondary impacts after floods and coastal inundation in the area. Most common environmental impacts include pollution, bad odour, accumulation of garbage carried by the floodwater, subsidence, flood deposits and erosion. Health impacts were also reported that include increasing case of dengue, leptospirosis, skin rashes and fever. The interview also revealed that 23 (over 65%) of the respondents keep themselves informed of early warnings for floods and coastal inundation, most of them prefer to use social media (80%), which the rest prefer television or radio station, and other forms of communication. Only 3 respondents took actions for potential floods including preparing bug out bag and elevate building foundation. At least 17 respondents view that insurance is helpful, but only one respondent from community purchased insurance for climate disaster. 4. DISCUSSION A major gap that is impeding adaptation towards emerging risks of Natech due to climate change relates to policy. Policy plays crucial role in regulating practices that potentially affect or bear the consequences of climate and pollution hazards at the country level. Formulation and implementation of effective policies is imperative in reducing adverse consequences of climate and pollution hazards. Guidelines for formulating National Adaptation Plans at the global level need to be made more comprehensive. This is to ensure that the best policy options are being implemented to address emerging challenges at the country level. Policy analysis involve laying out the goal of a potential policy, identify various potential policy options, examine their strengths and weaknesses, and identify the most appropriate policy options for local situation. It is instrumental to conduct engagement with stakeholders (e.g., through dialogues or interviews) comprising community groups, industrial players, and policy makers to provide context and input on workable practices to manage emerging risks and reducing adverse impacts on humans and environmental resources. Another major gap is the general lack of comprehensive assessment of the risk for Natech at the local level. Studies of potential exposure (i.e. industries that are exposed to extreme flood conditions) and potential impacts as well receptors need to be studied using basin approach. Consideration of the impact of climate change on Natech risk should be integral for comprehensive adaptation plan to future climate. To perform more effective appraisal of pollutant mobilization under current and emerging climate, more comprehensive monitoring information on sources of pollutant is needed comprising both point-sources and non-point sources. To assess potential impacts on the ecosystems and their services, projection should consider both the future scenarios of climate change and anthropogenic causes e.g., land use change, population growth, wastewater production and treatment, etc. (Kumar et al., 2018 ). A downscaled climate model is crucial in identifying areas that will become prone to under emerging climate conditions including rising sea level and intensification of rainfall event. Downscaled climate model is required to perform catchment level assessment of future impacts using both bottom up and top-down approach (e.g. climate model coupled with water or soil quality model) (Whitehead et al., 2019 ; Mishra et al. 2018). In Malaysia, hydrological model parameters, global climate models (GCMs), and emission scenario uncertainties were considered the main uncertainty contributors in local-scale impact studies (Galavi et al., 2015). Sustainable management of legacy pollutants in soils are essential for maintaining the ecosystem services. To address the issue, identification of areas that are susceptible to soil pollution is imperative. This include areas that are already polluted and those that will potentially by polluted under the consideration of the impact of climate change and deposition of legacy pollutants. Detailed investigation on the exposure of hazmat bearing activities including landfills and manufacturing industries to climatic hazards such as floods, landslides, and sea level rise as well as the cascading effects are vital to support pragmatic disaster risk reduction at local level. Such studies will help the understanding of the behaviour (reaction and mobility) of the hazmat by the floodwater, as well as the sediment deposited from the flood. For this purpose, adoption of transdisciplinary framework is imperative (Kumar et al., 2018 ). Roles by Stakeholder Towards Building Resilience in the Selangor River Basin Based on the case study of Selangor River Basin, there are several key areas where knowledge and operational gaps have been identified regarding the current and emerging risk of climate and pollution hazards. To prepare toward the highlighted climate and pollution risks, building of resilience among all concerned stakeholders is imperative. Resilience toward both current and emerging risks need to be built among all related stakeholders within the area (in this case the whole catchment of the Selangor River Basin) comprising industry, government, community, as well as academia and professional bodies. a. Industry To build the resilience of manufacturing industries and facilities that store potential hazmat, there is a need to enhance their preparedness to cope with unprecedented weather events and the emerging risks. Disaster risk reduction through the implementation of proper structural and non-structural measures at both existing and newly constructed manufacturing industries and landfills that could stand extreme weather events is crucial. Cultivating of awareness on current and emerging climate hazards in the area is of utmost importance for these industries. More rigorous control is being imposed upon larger enterprises including the requirement for EIA report (DOE, 2016). As an important potential point sources for pollutants, manufacturing industries play crucial role in controlling the exposure as well as prevention of Natech at the sites, including SMEs. To prevent incidents at the site, industries that are exposed to climate hazards need to ensure preparedness in both structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures to mitigate flood risk at industrial sites include building of flood embankment and water retention ponds, and redesign building to retrofit flood-proofing (Khailani and Perera, 2013 ). Non-structural measures include inventory control, warning systems, and drills and training on Natech prevention. b. Government and Local Authorities In Malaysia, various government agencies play crucial role in the management and control of both climate hazards and pollution hazards. The commitment towards addressing climate change and better management of pollution from various points sources has also been put in place, including the National Policy on Climate Change (2009) and Environmental Quality Act (1974). In the IKS Kuala Selangor case study, it was found from the interview survey that the coastal inundation and flood issues in the area have significantly reduced since the construction of the coastal bunds and river bunds. However, there are also cases where the bunds were severely affected under extreme events such as concurrent events of spring high tide and landfall, that resulted in the coastal areas being inundated by coastal flooding. Such events point to the need for greater preparedness toward future worst-case scenarios, considering the influence of sea level rise. In Selangor, the land development and control of industrial activities are under the jurisdiction of both the Federal and State Government. As the nation front that controls the issue of license/permit for industries, the State government need to be informed about the current and emerging risks as well as be able to use best available science in making their decisions on the land development. c. Community As the largest constituent of the stakeholders, the community are also the most crucial group of the receptors, that are at risk to the consequences from the current and emerging climate and pollution hazards. For community group, it is important for disaster awareness to be cultivated by following news, alert, and take part to contribute data as citizen scientists on digital platforms for hazards/disasters. At the local level, it is noted that NGOs to play key role in spreading awareness and mobilizing actions among communities. Therefore, more incentives and support should be given toward this group to mobilize actions at the local levels. It is also important for the community to participate in the engagement events and become active players. d. Academia and Professional Bodies Awareness of disaster and emerging risks is impetus for preparedness towards the risk. Risk communication is grounded in an assumption that the public should have a generalised right to know about hazards and risks (Reynolds & Seeger, 2005 ). The availability of information allows the public to make informed choices regarding risk and, in this way, risk communication facilitates both decision-making and risk sharing (Thompson et al. 2020 ). As the platform for the subject matter experts, the academia and professional bodies can play crucial role to mobilize risk communication, especially through identification of areas susceptible to hazards. Risk communication is ‘‘an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions’’ (National Research Council (US) Committee on Risk Perception and Communication, 1989 ). Examples of such communication include the development of advisory reports to authorities, outreach programmes, and writing articles on the issue in mass media. 5. CONCLUSION The review of National Adaptation Plans of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka revealed several entry points for incorporating emerging risks of climate change on Natech. This is despite the fact that none of the countries report explicitly on the risks of Natech due to climate hazards such as floods. Clearly, the global guideline for the preparation of National Adaptation Plans could be further improved in this regard. The case study of the Selangor River Basin revealed a practical way to marshal local knowledge and stakeholder inputs for developing local-level adaptation strategies to emerging climate and pollution risk. A river basin approach could be adopted, to delineate areas that susceptible, and involving stakeholders from industry, government, community as well as academia and professional bodies. The structured engagement of local stakeholders would result in area-specific identification of current and emerging issues, and the means to resolve them. This would be useful for developing nations with limited resources and capacity, to ensure long term resilience to the impacts of climate hazards and the emerging risks. Declarations All respondents have consented to participate in the interviews for the study. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada [Grant No: 109162-001 and XX-2019-011]. The authors would also like to acknowledge Prof. Datuk Dr. Mazlin Mokhtar and officers from the Drainage and Irrigation Department Malaysia, Department of Environment Malaysia, as well as everyone who contributed to the study. References Ahmad, N. 2020. Four Brothers Held over Sungai Gong Pollution Incident. Bernama. General News. 5 September 2020. https://blis.bernama.com/index.php?mod=articles&opt=la&cid=1&scid=5&aid=8043367 Bangladesh. 2022. National Adaptation Plan of Bangladesh (2023-2050). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. https://unfccc.int/documents/637588 Bernama. 2016. 1 cedera dalam insiden tanah runtuh Serendah. 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Government of Nepal. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAP_Nepal.pdf Nicholls, R. J., Brown, S., Goodwin, P., Wahl, T., Lowe, J., Solan, M., et al. 2018. Stabilization of global temperature at 1.5°C and 2.0°C: implications for coastal areas. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 376:20160448. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0448 Norhayati Umor. 2017. Flood victims in Kuala Selangor rise. Selangor Journal . 4 September 2017. https://selangorjournal.my/2017/09/flood-victims-in-kuala-selangor-rise/ Nurhidayu, S., & Azhar, M. (2015). Long-Term Sediment Pattern of The Selangor River Basin, Malaysia Impacted By Land-Use And Climate Changes. 1995–1998. Pilone, E., Casson Moreno, V., Cozzani, V., & Demichela, M. (2021). Climate change and NaTech events: A step towards local-scale awareness and preparedness. Safety Science , 139 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105264 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2022. The Impact of Natural Hazards on Hazardous Installations. https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/chemical-accidents/impact-of-natural-hazards-on-hazardous-installations.pdf. Accessed 21 December 2023. Ponting, J., Kelly, T. J., Verhoef, A., Watts, M. J., & Sizmur, T. 2021. Science of the Total Environment The impact of increased flooding occurrence on the mobility of potentially toxic elements in fl oodplain soil – A review. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142040 Reynolds, B. & Seeger, M. W. 2005. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication as an Integrative Model. Journal of Health Communication , 10(1): 43–55. Ricci, F., Casson Moreno, V., & Cozzani, V. (2023). Natech Accidents Triggered by Heat Waves. Safety , 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9020033 Royal Government of Cambodia (2013). Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2023. National Climate Change Committee. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/Cambodia_CCCSP.pdf RSN 2035. 2015. Laporan Tinjauan Kajian Rancangan Struktur Negeri Selangor 2035. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Santhi, V. A., & Mustafa, A. M. (2013). Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and plasticisers in the Selangor River basin and possible pollution sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(2), 1541–1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2649-2’ Sri Lanka. 2016. National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka 2016-2015. Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Sri Lanka. Tan, T. 2020. Patience runs out as taps go dry. Thestar. Nation. 11 November 2020. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/11/patience-runs-out-as-taps-go-dry TFTY SNS MB. 2014. Water Rationing in S’gor Continues till April 30 as Dam Levels Fall. Bernama. General News. 28 March 2014. https://blis.bernama.com/index.php?mod=articles&opt=la&cid=1&scid=5&aid=5502148 Timbuong, J. 2020. Water cuts: Over 1mil accounts in S’ngor affected as plants shut down due to contamination again. Thestar. Nation. 19 October 2020. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/10/19/water-cuts-in-selangor-yet-again-as-treatment-plants-shut-down-due-to-contamination Thestar. 2014a. Water cuts in Klang Valley due to contamination in Sungai Selangor. Thestar. Nation. 12 October 2014. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/10/12/water-cuts-in-klang-valley Thestar. 2014b. Only 8,500 in Shah Alam, Gombak still facing water supply disruption. Thestar. Nation. 4 September 2014. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/09/04/klang-valley-water-cut-gombak-shah-alam Thompson, D.R., A. Braverman, P. Brodrick, A. Candela, N. Carmon, R.N. Clark, D. Connelly, R.O. Green, R.F. Kokaly, L. Li, N. Mahowald, R.L. Miller, G.S. Okin, T.H. Painter, G.A. Swayze, M. Turmon, J. Susilouto, and D.S. Wettergreen, 2020. Quantifying uncertainty for remote spectroscopy of surface composition. Remote Sensing Environment, 247: 111898. UNFCCC. 2023. National Adaptation Plans 2023. Progress in the Formulation and Implementation of NAPs. UNFCCC LDC Expert Group. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAP-progress-publication-2023.pdf Whitehead, P. G., Jin, L., Bussi, G., Voepel, H. E., Darby, S. E., Vasilopoulos, G., … Hung, N. N. 2019. Water quality modelling of the Mekong River basin: Climate change and socioeconomics drive flow and nutrient flux changes to the Mekong Delta. Science of the Total Environment, 673, 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.315 Yahaya, N.S. 2023. Climate and Pollution Hazards in Selangor River Basin, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis. University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Table Table 1 Entry points for managing the emerging risks of Natech under the submitted NAPs by five countries from the Asia Pacific region Country Entry Points for Natech in NAPs Bangladesh Goal 3 : Develop climate-smart cities for improved urban environment and well-being. Goal 5 : Impart good governance through integration of adaptation into the planning process Bhutan Strategic Objective: Climate proof critical infrastructures and settlements against floods and landslides Strategic Objective: Protect critical infrastructures and settlements. Strategic Objective: Enhanced early warning, and response & recovery capacity. Strategic Objective: Ensuring climate resilient supply of safe drinking water under climate change. Strategic Objective: Securing the natural resource base for livestock grazing feed and fodder sources Cambodia (2013) “ Strategic Objective 1 : Promote climate resilience through improving food, water and energy security (Integrate climate change in the Environmental Impact Assessment process)” “ Strategic Objective 2 : Reduce vulnerability of sectors, regions, gender and health to climate change impacts (Promote community-based adaptation approaches and strengthen partnerships between development partners, civil society, private sectors and the government; Provide climate proofing to rural infrastructure (roads, irrigation, wells and culverts) to be resilient to flood and drought)” “Strategic Objective 5: Improve capacities, knowledge, and awareness for climate change responses (Strengthen the capacity for collection, analysis, modelling and interpretation of climate data and information dissemination to various end-users, including seasonal forecasting for adaptation and community early-warning facilities for disaster risk management)” “Strategic Objective 6: Promote adaptive social protection and participatory approaches in reducing loss and damage (Promote and encourage insurance schemes for reducing climate-risk and disaster burdens on society; Institute public engagement, participation, and consultations as primary entry points for adaptation planning, promoting the involvement of multiple stakeholders including NGOs, community-based organizations (CBOs), youths, indigenous communities, and the private sector)” Nepal Priority Adaptation Programmes : Rural and Urban Settlements: “Programme Title: Updating and promoting climate resilient building design, codes, practices and construction technologies and national capacity building to further implementation” Sri Lanka Water Resources : Adaptation Need: Ensure the safety of water management facilities and minimize disturbances to supply due to extreme weather events (Adaptation Option: C. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management) Coastal and Marine Sector : Adaptation Need: Enhance the resilience of coastal systems against increased extreme events (Adaptation Option: A. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management) Health : Adaptation Need: Assess and prepare for health risks caused by concentration of climate altering pollutants (Adaptation Option: A. Conducting research studies to assess health impacts of climate altering pollutants; B. Improvement of monitoring of climate altering pollutants; C. Capacity development for managing health impacts of climate altering pollutant) Human Settlements and Infrastructures : Adaptation Need: Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure to extreme weather events (Adaptation Option: A. Promotion of disaster resilient buildings and construction; B. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management Adaptation Need: Minimize the impacts of sea level rise on coastal settlements and infrastructure (Adaptation Option: A. Increase the resilience of coastal settlements; B. Strengthening the monitoring of sea level rise) Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4393357","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":300503057,"identity":"fb2c18b7-b02a-4dce-b0af-ec69a1bb3511","order_by":0,"name":"Nurul Syazwani Yahaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nurul","middleName":"Syazwani","lastName":"Yahaya","suffix":""},{"id":300503059,"identity":"2b06414f-871f-46ea-b693-d3fea68ca5ed","order_by":1,"name":"Joy Jacqueline Pereira","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGxgcMB0DMBOK1MBuQpgUI2CRI08Lc3mNWzXNmGwM/e44B0802YhzWc8bsNs+N2wySPW8MmHOJ0jIjB6jlw20Ggxs5JGgpBmmxJ0kLM8hhBhJEa+k5Viw558xtHokzzwoO55wjQothe/PGD2+O3Zbjb0/e+DinjBgtDRwGIJoHRBxgZCNCizwD+wMk7h8itIyCUTAKRsGIAwAFOTiCIXUj7AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joy","middleName":"Jacqueline","lastName":"Pereira","suffix":""},{"id":300503061,"identity":"62b1386a-3737-40c3-b334-130815c2e93f","order_by":2,"name":"Mohd Raihan Taha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd","middleName":"Raihan","lastName":"Taha","suffix":""},{"id":300503063,"identity":"e85c64bd-7dcd-46b6-a991-c59bb8d7045f","order_by":3,"name":"Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wan","middleName":"Zuhairi Wan","lastName":"Yaacob","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-09 07:26:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56432432,"identity":"313fd540-7e1d-4a8b-bd61-0fffd9aa7691","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-14 06:34:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNatural hazards (primary scenarios) in Natech events as reported globally from 1923 to 2023 (Source: e-Natech Database)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393357/v1/6f0b5fff1b67a0c9a9024788.jpg"},{"id":56432433,"identity":"159a25ab-4a96-4a93-9cf9-4e988fbfcced","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-14 06:34:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of potential point sources for environmental pollution comprising industrial sites and landfills in the Selangor River Basin (Source: Yahaya, 2023)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393357/v1/baed60262dbd68857753d6fb.png"},{"id":56432435,"identity":"9ee1b177-a142-471e-99f5-b6c3c5597ffa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-14 06:34:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1089135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of the extent of the IKS Kuala Selangor case study area for the semi-structured interview with four groups of stakeholders at the local level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393357/v1/103f3c0729099ff93e796248.png"},{"id":56433047,"identity":"b2d897cd-1681-4c26-8ccf-ec1170354596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-14 06:42:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2135276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393357/v1/8fcad3df-c030-493b-b3b8-986202b94f31.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of Local Level Stakeholders in Adapting to Emerging Natech Risks Due to Climate Change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change pose challenges to humans and activities as it aggravates the impact of climate-influenced natural hazards resulting in higher unpredictability and unprecedented magnitude and frequency of floods, coastal erosion, soil erosion, and landslides, among others (IPCC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Under such unprecedented climate hazards, natural hazards triggering technological accidents known as Natech has become increasingly concerning. Based on e-Natech database, most of natural disasters that had triggered Natech in the past are climate-related (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Under the impact of climate change, as flood magnitude increases and flood area expanded, flood may occur at unprecedented levels that are higher than the level that facilities were built to prepare for (Kumasaki \u0026amp; King \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf particular interest is the impacts on industrial facilities that store or uses potentially hazardous materials (hazmat) in their activities. In areas prone to flood, flooding at industrial areas or hazardous facilities will have the proclivity to cause the mobilization of hazardous materials (hazmat) off-site, in addition to other risks including flotation or damage of equipment, tanks to collapse or implode, short circuits or power failure, and toxic or flammable vapours from released chemicals that react violently with water (OECD, 2022). Ensuing pollution from the release of hazardous materials to wider environment include immediate impacts to humans and ecosystem health, as well as long term environmental degradation due to accumulation of legacy pollutants with increased frequency of flooding (Ponting et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; J. Jarsj\u0026ouml; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Miller et al. 2017). At coastal areas, sea level rise may further aggravate the risk of coastal and inland flooding (Nicholls et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding local-level adaptation to Natech is crucial, especially in the case of hazmat release. Since the impacts of Natech from industrial facilities are experienced locally, a better understanding of the issue including exposure, awareness and preparedness at local level is crucial to carry out appropriate adaptation actions. While Natech risk under the impact of climate change has been commonly investigated (Pilone et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ricci et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Lou et al., 2021), adaptation by various stakeholders at local level is scarce. Studies on Natech and practical local level adaptation to emerging risks are scarce for developing countries in the Asia Pacific, even though the region is expected to have the highest annual production growth in chemical industry and is prone to extreme weather events due to climate change (Chatterjee et al., 2021; IPCC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It is therefore important to identify potential ways for developing economies in the region to prepare for emerging risks associated with Natech due to climate change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the influence of climate on Natech, adaptation towards its risks need to be integrated with national adaptation plans for climate change. The purpose of this paper is to determine the presence or absence of local-level adaptation measures for environmental pollution from industries under the impacts of climate change, particularly floods, in selected countries from the Asia Pacific. The study also identifies potential roles of stakeholders to build resilience to climate and pollution hazards at the local level, drawing on a case study in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Document Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo explore the presence or absence of local level adaptation plans towards environmental pollution from industries under the impacts of climate change, the study conducted a review of the National Adaptation Plans submitted to the UNFCCC by developing countries in Asia Pacific region. Malaysia has not yet developed a National Adaptation Plan for the country. There are seven submissions from the Asia Pacific available on the UNFCCC website (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://napcentral.org/submitted-naps\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) as of 31 March 2024. Of these, five were selected based on closer comparisons of their geographic location and climate to Malaysia. Where available, strategies and goals that could become entry points were extracted from the reports and tabulated (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Semi-Structured Interview\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-structured interviews were conducted in a case study area in the Selangor River Basin. The area is generally warm and humid all year round with daily temperature ranging between 25\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 32\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, two monsoon seasons and an annual rainfall average about 2154 mm/year (Suhaila et al. 2010; Wong et al., 2016; Mohd Akhir et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The Selangor River Basin comprises ten sub-basins that are undergoing rapid land use change due to development since the 1970s (LUAS \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Nurhidayu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Industrial areas are scattered in the upstream and mid-stream areas, and these are projected to expand in the coming decade (JPBD, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Current distribution of manufacturing industrial sites and municipal solid waste landfills within the Selangor River basin is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA total of 35 respondents were interviewed in the IKS Kuala Selangor case study area, located at the western boundary of the Selangor River Basin (Fig. 3). Four groups of stakeholders were interviewed, comprising representatives from government agencies, industries/private sectors, communities, and NGOs. Guidance for interview questions was developed and pilot-tested before its deployment in the field. The interview aims to learn about the stakeholders\u0026apos; exposure to floods and coastal hazards as well as their preparedness towards emerging risks. Emphasis was also given towards their interest and preferred medium towards early warning. Interviews were performed in person, and interviewers visited the business premises, residential areas, and government agencies by walk-in and prior appointments. During the interviews, at least two interviewers were present. Audio recording, and when permitted, photos and videos were taken during the interview process. Location coordinates of the premises and village where the communities reside were also recorded. Interviewers were careful to be sensitive to the respondents and to make them feel comfortable and at ease during the entire process. Where relevant, respondents were probed to explain their responses to the questions further. All the findings from the interviews were qualitatively analysed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Integration of Natech in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe process of formulating and implementing National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) in developing countries or least developed countries was first established by the UNFCCC\u0026rsquo;s Sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) with a view to identifying medium- and long-term adaptation needs, as well as strategies and programmes to address those needs (UNFCCC, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). As such, NAPS is formulated and implemented with two main objectives including \u0026ldquo;to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience\u0026rdquo;; and \u0026ldquo;facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate\u0026rdquo; (UNFCCC, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The NAPs could serve as living documents with updating/revision cycle aligned with the countries\u0026rsquo; development planning. Given the relevance, adaptation plan for Natech could be integrated in the national adaptation plan for climate. Based on review of the NAPs submitted by Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka, although none of the countries report mentioned about the Natech risks explicitly, there are several entry points for integrating actions towards the emerging risks of Natech (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Proper implementation of the identified entry points may indirectly help ensuring the resilience of the community towards emerging Natech risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Pollution and Influence of Climate in the Selangor River Basin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRiver water is of the most important natural resources in the basin, supporting many economic activities in Selangor and has been supplying is about 60% of total requirement of water in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Putrajaya, supporting more than 4\u0026nbsp;million people in the areas (LUAS, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, under the impact of the development, the river water is often the most directly affected resources from the industries and human activities. In recent years, river pollution incidences have often cause disruptions to water supplies in the Selangor and Kuala Lumpur area (Tan \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jason and Tan 2021; Ida Lim \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The surrounding industries and urbanization activities in the Rawang sub-basin could become significant point sources and non-point sources to pollutants in the basin. Environmental issues in the Selangor River Basin are likely due to industrial pollutions especially pertaining to areas with small manufacturing industries that are more prevalent in Malaysia and are not strictly regulated (LUAS, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Incidences resulting from industrial pollutants are commonly reported that often causing disruptions to water supplies in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur area (Tan, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Timbuong, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmad, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lai, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Thestar, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014a\u003c/span\u003e; TFTY, 2014; Thestar, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe area is also prone to fluvial, pluvial floods (local floods), as well as monsoon floods at the low-lying areas and riparian areas along Rawang, Bestari Jaya, and Kundang, among others (Engku Shariful 2022; Mohd Hasbi \u0026amp; Amirul 2017; Norhayati 2017). While landslides are more pronounced on the hilly areas at the northern part of the district around Hulu Selangor and Gombak (Harrith Hisham \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Bernama, 2014; D. Kanyakumari 2014). The Kuala Selangor on the other hand is a flat coastal plain and are prone to fluvial floods as well as coastal erosion and coastal inundation. As reported in the Malaysia Third National Communication and Second Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC (Malaysia, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the Selangor River basin is prone to flood with 224.9 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e coverage of current flood prone area. An assessment on projected 100-year flood for year 2030 and 2050 shows an increase of flood-prone areal extent by 38.3% and 39.6% respectively (Malaysia, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClimate and weather-related events also play important influence towards the dynamics of environmental pollution. Hydrometeorological conditions experienced as dry period (low flow) and wet period (high or flood flow) play significant influence on pollution dynamics. In the river system, extreme low flow conditions may increase concentration of dissolved substances, decrease concentration of dissolved oxygen, and increase temperature, widespread bacterial contamination, among others, that could lead to deterioration of water quality (Caruso, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Although higher discharge during high or flood flow generally means more intensive dilution where lowering the concentration of pollutants could be expected, the case may not always hold true. Surface runoff, especially under high magnitude floods, could enhance mobilization of pollutants from upstream areas and bringing in new sources of water pollution (Lyubimova et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), as well as remobilize persistent pollutants from contaminated floodplains (Ciszewski et al., 2016). In a monitoring study conducted in the Selangor River, generally higher concentrations of organic pollutants were detected during the dry season (Santhi et al., 2013). As such, concentrations of certain organic pollutants during the dry season doubled compared to the rainy season at downstream of the river. However, the same study also found that the concentrations of some organic pollutants doubled during the rainy season compared to the dry season at the upstream of the river (Santhi et al., 2013). For coastal areas, the river could also experience salinity increases during the extreme low flow period due to decreased catchment inputs and increased influence of saline groundwater inputs (Mosley et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Further study is needed to understand the dynamics of water and soil pollution within the Selangor River basin under the flood and low flow extremes, taking into consideration future scenarios under the influence of climate change. It is also crucial to understand if and how the pollution dynamics under flood and low flow extremes could trigger disruption to water supply (immediate impact), as well as the long-term impacts on the security of the resources and exposed elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Perception and Preparedness of Local Stakeholders to Emerging Risks\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the semi-structured interview with 35 local stakeholders in IKS Kuala Selangor, the study found that over 30% of the interviewed stakeholders were affected by floods or coastal inundation. Of these, three respondents claimed that the floods that they experienced recently were unexpected. 19 respondents (over 50%) reported having experienced or having dealt with secondary impacts after floods and coastal inundation in the area. Most common environmental impacts include pollution, bad odour, accumulation of garbage carried by the floodwater, subsidence, flood deposits and erosion. Health impacts were also reported that include increasing case of dengue, leptospirosis, skin rashes and fever. The interview also revealed that 23 (over 65%) of the respondents keep themselves informed of early warnings for floods and coastal inundation, most of them prefer to use social media (80%), which the rest prefer television or radio station, and other forms of communication. Only 3 respondents took actions for potential floods including preparing bug out bag and elevate building foundation. At least 17 respondents view that insurance is helpful, but only one respondent from community purchased insurance for climate disaster.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA major gap that is impeding adaptation towards emerging risks of Natech due to climate change relates to policy. Policy plays crucial role in regulating practices that potentially affect or bear the consequences of climate and pollution hazards at the country level. Formulation and implementation of effective policies is imperative in reducing adverse consequences of climate and pollution hazards. Guidelines for formulating National Adaptation Plans at the global level need to be made more comprehensive. This is to ensure that the best policy options are being implemented to address emerging challenges at the country level. Policy analysis involve laying out the goal of a potential policy, identify various potential policy options, examine their strengths and weaknesses, and identify the most appropriate policy options for local situation. It is instrumental to conduct engagement with stakeholders (e.g., through dialogues or interviews) comprising community groups, industrial players, and policy makers to provide context and input on workable practices to manage emerging risks and reducing adverse impacts on humans and environmental resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother major gap is the general lack of comprehensive assessment of the risk for Natech at the local level. Studies of potential exposure (i.e. industries that are exposed to extreme flood conditions) and potential impacts as well receptors need to be studied using basin approach. Consideration of the impact of climate change on Natech risk should be integral for comprehensive adaptation plan to future climate. To perform more effective appraisal of pollutant mobilization under current and emerging climate, more comprehensive monitoring information on sources of pollutant is needed comprising both point-sources and non-point sources. To assess potential impacts on the ecosystems and their services, projection should consider both the future scenarios of climate change and anthropogenic causes e.g., land use change, population growth, wastewater production and treatment, etc. (Kumar et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). A downscaled climate model is crucial in identifying areas that will become prone to under emerging climate conditions including rising sea level and intensification of rainfall event. Downscaled climate model is required to perform catchment level assessment of future impacts using both bottom up and top-down approach (e.g. climate model coupled with water or soil quality model) (Whitehead et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mishra et al. 2018). In Malaysia, hydrological model parameters, global climate models (GCMs), and emission scenario uncertainties were considered the main uncertainty contributors in local-scale impact studies (Galavi et al., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSustainable management of legacy pollutants in soils are essential for maintaining the ecosystem services. To address the issue, identification of areas that are susceptible to soil pollution is imperative. This include areas that are already polluted and those that will potentially by polluted under the consideration of the impact of climate change and deposition of legacy pollutants. Detailed investigation on the exposure of hazmat bearing activities including landfills and manufacturing industries to climatic hazards such as floods, landslides, and sea level rise as well as the cascading effects are vital to support pragmatic disaster risk reduction at local level. Such studies will help the understanding of the behaviour (reaction and mobility) of the hazmat by the floodwater, as well as the sediment deposited from the flood. For this purpose, adoption of transdisciplinary framework is imperative (Kumar et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoles by Stakeholder Towards Building Resilience in the Selangor River Basin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the case study of Selangor River Basin, there are several key areas where knowledge and operational gaps have been identified regarding the current and emerging risk of climate and pollution hazards. To prepare toward the highlighted climate and pollution risks, building of resilience among all concerned stakeholders is imperative. Resilience toward both current and emerging risks need to be built among all related stakeholders within the area (in this case the whole catchment of the Selangor River Basin) comprising industry, government, community, as well as academia and professional bodies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea. Industry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo build the resilience of manufacturing industries and facilities that store potential hazmat, there is a need to enhance their preparedness to cope with unprecedented weather events and the emerging risks. Disaster risk reduction through the implementation of proper structural and non-structural measures at both existing and newly constructed manufacturing industries and landfills that could stand extreme weather events is crucial. Cultivating of awareness on current and emerging climate hazards in the area is of utmost importance for these industries. More rigorous control is being imposed upon larger enterprises including the requirement for EIA report (DOE, 2016). As an important potential point sources for pollutants, manufacturing industries play crucial role in controlling the exposure as well as prevention of Natech at the sites, including SMEs. To prevent incidents at the site, industries that are exposed to climate hazards need to ensure preparedness in both structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures to mitigate flood risk at industrial sites include building of flood embankment and water retention ponds, and redesign building to retrofit flood-proofing (Khailani and Perera, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Non-structural measures include inventory control, warning systems, and drills and training on Natech prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb. Government and Local Authorities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Malaysia, various government agencies play crucial role in the management and control of both climate hazards and pollution hazards. The commitment towards addressing climate change and better management of pollution from various points sources has also been put in place, including the National Policy on Climate Change (2009) and Environmental Quality Act (1974). In the IKS Kuala Selangor case study, it was found from the interview survey that the coastal inundation and flood issues in the area have significantly reduced since the construction of the coastal bunds and river bunds. However, there are also cases where the bunds were severely affected under extreme events such as concurrent events of spring high tide and landfall, that resulted in the coastal areas being inundated by coastal flooding. Such events point to the need for greater preparedness toward future worst-case scenarios, considering the influence of sea level rise. In Selangor, the land development and control of industrial activities are under the jurisdiction of both the Federal and State Government. As the nation front that controls the issue of license/permit for industries, the State government need to be informed about the current and emerging risks as well as be able to use best available science in making their decisions on the land development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec. Community\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the largest constituent of the stakeholders, the community are also the most crucial group of the receptors, that are at risk to the consequences from the current and emerging climate and pollution hazards. For community group, it is important for disaster awareness to be cultivated by following news, alert, and take part to contribute data as citizen scientists on digital platforms for hazards/disasters. At the local level, it is noted that NGOs to play key role in spreading awareness and mobilizing actions among communities. Therefore, more incentives and support should be given toward this group to mobilize actions at the local levels. It is also important for the community to participate in the engagement events and become active players.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed. Academia and Professional Bodies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAwareness of disaster and emerging risks is impetus for preparedness towards the risk. Risk communication is grounded in an assumption that the public should have a generalised right to know about hazards and risks (Reynolds \u0026amp; Seeger, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The availability of information allows the public to make informed choices regarding risk and, in this way, risk communication facilitates both decision-making and risk sharing (Thompson et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). As the platform for the subject matter experts, the academia and professional bodies can play crucial role to mobilize risk communication, especially through identification of areas susceptible to hazards. Risk communication is \u0026lsquo;\u0026lsquo;an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; (National Research Council (US) Committee on Risk Perception and Communication, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). Examples of such communication include the development of advisory reports to authorities, outreach programmes, and writing articles on the issue in mass media.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe review of National Adaptation Plans of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal and Sri Lanka revealed several entry points for incorporating emerging risks of climate change on Natech. This is despite the fact that none of the countries report explicitly on the risks of Natech due to climate hazards such as floods. Clearly, the global guideline for the preparation of National Adaptation Plans could be further improved in this regard. The case study of the Selangor River Basin revealed a practical way to marshal local knowledge and stakeholder inputs for developing local-level adaptation strategies to emerging climate and pollution risk. A river basin approach could be adopted, to delineate areas that susceptible, and involving stakeholders from industry, government, community as well as academia and professional bodies. The structured engagement of local stakeholders would result in area-specific identification of current and emerging issues, and the means to resolve them. This would be useful for developing nations with limited resources and capacity, to ensure long term resilience to the impacts of climate hazards and the emerging risks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll respondents have consented to participate in the interviews for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada [Grant No: 109162-001 and XX-2019-011]. The authors would also like to acknowledge Prof. Datuk Dr. Mazlin Mokhtar and officers from the Drainage and Irrigation Department Malaysia, Department of Environment Malaysia, as well as everyone who contributed to the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad, N. 2020. Four Brothers Held over Sungai Gong Pollution Incident. Bernama. General News. 5 September 2020. https://blis.bernama.com/index.php?mod=articles\u0026amp;opt=la\u0026amp;cid=1\u0026amp;scid=5\u0026amp;aid=8043367 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBangladesh. 2022. National Adaptation Plan of Bangladesh (2023-2050). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of the People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh. https://unfccc.int/documents/637588 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBernama. 2016. 1 cedera dalam insiden tanah runtuh Serendah. 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National Climate Change Committee. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/Cambodia_CCCSP.pdf \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRSN 2035. 2015. Laporan Tinjauan Kajian Rancangan Struktur Negeri Selangor 2035. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSanthi, V. A., \u0026amp; Mustafa, A. M. (2013). Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and plasticisers in the Selangor River basin and possible pollution sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(2), 1541\u0026ndash;1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2649-2\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSri Lanka. 2016. National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka 2016-2015. Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Sri Lanka.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan, T. 2020. Patience runs out as taps go dry. Thestar. 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Only 8,500 in Shah Alam, Gombak still facing water supply disruption. Thestar. Nation. 4 September 2014. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/09/04/klang-valley-water-cut-gombak-shah-alam\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThompson, D.R., A. Braverman, P. Brodrick, A. Candela, N. Carmon, R.N. Clark, D. Connelly, R.O. Green, R.F. Kokaly, L. Li, N. Mahowald, R.L. Miller, G.S. Okin, T.H. Painter, G.A. Swayze, M. Turmon, J. Susilouto, and D.S. Wettergreen, 2020. Quantifying uncertainty for remote spectroscopy of surface composition. Remote Sensing Environment, 247: 111898.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNFCCC. 2023. National Adaptation Plans 2023. Progress in the Formulation and Implementation of NAPs. UNFCCC LDC Expert Group. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAP-progress-publication-2023.pdf \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhitehead, P. G., Jin, L., Bussi, G., Voepel, H. E., Darby, S. E., Vasilopoulos, G., \u0026hellip; Hung, N. N. 2019. Water quality modelling of the Mekong River basin: Climate change and socioeconomics drive flow and nutrient flux changes to the Mekong Delta. Science of the Total Environment, 673, 218\u0026ndash;229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.315\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYahaya, N.S. 2023. Climate and Pollution Hazards in Selangor River Basin, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis. University Kebangsaan Malaysia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Entry points for managing the emerging risks of Natech under the submitted NAPs by five countries from the Asia Pacific region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEntry Points for Natech in NAPs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoal 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Develop climate-smart cities for improved urban environment and well-being.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoal 5\u003c/strong\u003e: Impart good governance through integration of adaptation into the planning process\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhutan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Objective:\u0026nbsp;Climate proof critical infrastructures and settlements against floods and landslides\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Objective:\u0026nbsp;Protect critical infrastructures and settlements.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Objective:\u0026nbsp;Enhanced early warning, and response \u0026amp; recovery capacity.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Objective:\u0026nbsp;Ensuring climate resilient supply of safe drinking water under climate change.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Objective:\u0026nbsp;Securing the natural resource base for livestock grazing feed and fodder sources\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCambodia\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003eStrategic Objective 1\u003c/strong\u003e: Promote climate resilience through improving food, water and energy security (Integrate climate change in the Environmental Impact Assessment process)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cstrong\u003eStrategic Objective 2\u003c/strong\u003e: Reduce vulnerability of sectors, regions, gender and health to climate change impacts (Promote community-based adaptation approaches and strengthen partnerships between development partners, civil society, private sectors and the government; Provide climate proofing to rural infrastructure (roads, irrigation, wells and culverts) to be resilient to flood and drought)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Strategic Objective 5: Improve capacities, knowledge, and awareness for climate change responses (Strengthen the capacity for collection, analysis, modelling and interpretation of climate data and information dissemination to various end-users, including seasonal forecasting for adaptation and community early-warning facilities for disaster risk management)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Strategic Objective 6: Promote adaptive social protection and participatory approaches in reducing loss and damage (Promote and encourage insurance schemes for reducing climate-risk and disaster burdens on society; Institute public engagement, participation, and consultations as primary entry points for adaptation planning, promoting the involvement of multiple stakeholders including NGOs, community-based organizations (CBOs), youths, indigenous communities, and the private sector)\u0026rdquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNepal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePriority Adaptation Programmes\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural and Urban Settlements: \u0026ldquo;Programme Title: Updating and promoting climate resilient building design, codes, practices and construction technologies and national capacity building to further implementation\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.770034843205575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSri Lanka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"82.22996515679442%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater Resources\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdaptation Need: Ensure the safety of water management facilities and minimize disturbances to supply due to extreme weather events (Adaptation Option: C. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoastal and Marine Sector\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdaptation Need: Enhance the resilience of coastal systems against increased extreme events (Adaptation Option: A. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdaptation Need: Assess and prepare for health risks caused by concentration of climate altering pollutants (Adaptation Option: A. Conducting research studies to assess health impacts of climate altering pollutants; B. Improvement of monitoring of climate altering pollutants; C. Capacity development for managing health impacts of climate altering pollutant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Settlements and Infrastructures\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdaptation Need: Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure to extreme weather events (Adaptation Option: A.\u0026nbsp;Promotion of disaster resilient buildings and construction; B. Improvement of disaster risk preparedness and management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdaptation Need: Minimize the impacts of sea level rise on coastal settlements and infrastructure (Adaptation Option: A. Increase the resilience of coastal settlements; B. Strengthening the monitoring of sea level rise)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"climate change, pollution, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, Selangor River Basin","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change has been linked to the aggravation of environmental degradation but adaptation measures to address local emerging issues are limited. Developing countries with growing industrial activities may be especially vulnerable to emerging pollution risk due to climate change. This paper investigates adaptation plans and the role of local stakeholders in addressing industrial pollution under the impacts of climate change. National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) submitted by selected countries in the Asia Pacific to the UNFCCC were initially analysed to determine the status of local-level measures. This was followed by semi-structured interviews with stakeholders exposed to floods and coastal inundation in an industrial area of the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia, to determine preparedness towards emerging risks. The findings revealed that NAPs do not explicitly address adaptation towards emerging risks of industrial pollution due to climate change. However, there are several potential entry points that can be used to incorporate this dimension. Interviews with stakeholders in a small coastal industrial area within the Selangor River Basin established that although 30% of the respondents have already been affected by floods or coastal inundation, less than 10% are prepared for emerging risks. This study provides insights for formulating local-level adaptation strategies to emerging climate and pollution risks, especially in developing nations with limited resources and capacity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Role of Local Level Stakeholders in Adapting to Emerging Natech Risks Due to Climate Change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-14 06:34:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393357/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"47cf8230-2d9b-4850-b7a4-e61702bc9ebd","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31881247,"name":"Environmental Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-14T06:34:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-14 06:34:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4393357","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4393357","identity":"rs-4393357","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}