Neutrosophic PPS sampling design

Neutrosophic PPS sampling design | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Neutrosophic PPS sampling design Muhammad Azeem This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6531507/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Quality & Quantity → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In sampling theory, PPS (probability proportional to size) design is a sampling procedure used in situations where the population units have unequal probabilities of selection. The existing PPS sampling design works only with precise, determinate, and complete measurements on all units. In practice, data points with imprecise, indeterminate, and incomplete measurements are inevitable issues often faced by survey statisticians. This study modifies the traditional PPS sampling design to incorporate both precise and imprecise measurements. Using hypothetical populations with indeterminate measurements, the sample selection procedure for sampling with and without replacement methods have been explained. Additionally, a neutrosophic ratio estimator is proposed for use with populations containing imprecise, incomplete, and indeterminate values. A neutrosophic real-world data set on daily temperatures has been used for assessment of the performance of various neutrosophic ratio estimators. The comparative analysis reveals that the proposed neutrosophic estimator performs better than its competitors. Applied Statistics Applied Mathematics Auxiliary variable mean estimator neutrosophy population PPS sampling Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Quality & Quantity → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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