Influence of citrine on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives

Influence of citrine on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of citrine on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives Adrian Krzysztof Antosik, Karolina Mozelewska, Katarzyna Wilpiszewska This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The presented article provides a detailed comparison of two silicone adhesives named 288 and 922. Various contents of dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, the cross-linking agent (0-3% by weight), were examined. A series of tests, including adhesion, tack, cohesion at room temperature and elevated temperature, SAFT test, and shrinkage, were conducted. Silicone-based self-adhesive adhesives are known for their excellent self-adhesive properties and find applications in various industrial sectors. However, their thermal resistance is relatively low. Therefore, the best composition was selected and modified with different filler concentrations, namely citrine, ranging from 0.1 to 3.0% by weight. During the conducted research, an increase in the thermal resistance of the adhesive up to a temperature of 225°C was observed, which constitutes a positive phenomenon in the field of self-adhesive adhesive technology. The purpose of these studies was to significantly improve the properties of silicone adhesives, and the modification using citron proved to be an effective means of achieving this goal. The obtained results indicate potential opportunities for refining and customizing silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives, which can significantly enhance their performance and flexibility in industrial applications. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction The history of pressure-sensitive adhesives dates back to 1845 when a patent was granted in the USA concerning the composition of a self-adhesive mixture based on natural rubber and adhesive resins. In 1985, the value of self-adhesive articles sold in the United States reached over 2.5 billion dollars (60% concerned adhesive tapes and 30% labels and decalcomania). In the same year, over 2.5 billion square meters of self-adhesive tapes were produced, where half were double-sided adhesive tapes, and over a billion square meters of labels and decals. About 7,000 tons of adhesives were used for adhesive tapes in the industry. The currently used self-adhesive materials play an essential role in many branches of the economy [1-3]. Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are organic polymeric systems that form a self-adhesive layer on the substrate after evaporation of the organic solvent (solvent adhesives), water (dispersion adhesives), or after cooling (solvent-free adhesives, so-called hot-melts) [4]. Among macromolecular compounds that are most often used for the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives, are: natural and synthetic rubbers, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, polyesters, polyvinyl ethers, polyurethanes, polysiloxanes, polyacrylates [5]. Pressure-sensitive adhesives have found application in many aspects of everyday life, such as various types of mounting tapes, labels, protective and decorative films, reusable self-adhesive products (patches, sticky notes), and a wide range of self-adhesive medical materials [6]. The most important parameters characterizing pressure-sensitive adhesives include: - cohesion, which is a measure of the self-adhesive layer strength, - adhesion, which characterizes the strength between the adhesive and the bonded surfaces, - tack, understood as stickiness [7-8]. Tack is defined as the ability of the adhesive to form a bond immediately after contact with the sticked surface. It is one of the most important parameters of PSAs. Good tack characteristics exhibit silicone adhesives, and in consequence, they do not require special additives to improve this property. Generally, low tack values are noted for thin and hard PSA layers showing insufficient contact with the glued material. On the other hand, high values of this parameter were typical for soft and thick layers of pressure-sensitive adhesive exhibiting optimal contact with the glued surface [9-11]. Adhesion is the interaction of ions, atoms, and molecules that allows two surfaces to adhere directly. This phenomenon is caused by interfacial attraction forces and could be physical or chemical nature. Generally, the chemical bonds is much stronger than physical one. There are many theories explaining the mechanism of adhesion. The most common are: diffusion, absorption, and electrostatic theories [12-13]. The adhesive failure is possible only when the adhesive force is smaller than the cohesive and the external loading forces together. Cohesion is responsible for the internal strength of the adhesive joint. The cohesive occurs when the forces of internal cohesion between the polymer molecules are smaller than the forces of adhesion and external loading. Generally, the pressure-sensitive adhesives are the macromolecular substances with high cohesion [14-15]. A good adhesive should exhibit the balance between the adhesive and cohesive forces, allowing full use of its internal and surface physicomechanical properties [8]. Citrine is a variety of quartz [16]. It is transparent yellow to orange-brown, and the name comes from the old French word “citrin”, which means yellow [17]. Natural citrine can be found in the same environment as smoked quartz, however the it could be synthetically-grown from seeds of natural rock crystal [18]. Potentially, due to its elemental composition, it may affect the thermal properties of self-adhesive tapes, which is currently desirable on the self-adhesive materials market. In the presented work, two commercial silicone resins were used for PSAs preparation. Subsequently, the effect of the cross-linking agent content was evaluated, and the compositions exhibiting the best adhesive performance were modified with citrine. The functional properties of such prepared self-adhesive systems were tested. Materials The following materials were used in this work: 288 silicone resin from Dow Corning (USA) Tab 1., SH-922 silicone resin from Hubei Zhao Zian Yung International Trading Co. Ltd “Sihaj” (China) - Tab 1., bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide (DClBPO) as the cross-linking agent bought from Novichem (Chorzów, Poland), toluene from Carl Roth (Germany) as the solvent, citrine (Fig 1.) from Surya (Poland) as the mineral additive in the form of finely ground powder. Table 1 : Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive resin properties. Properties Resin 288 SH-922 Appearance Clear to slightly hazy Translucent Diluent Xylene Tolene Active ingredients [%] 61 60 Viscosity at 25 °C [mPa·s] 51,600 20,000 Density 25 °C 0.98 0.98 -1.02 Features & Benefits Good penetration and adhesion to a variety of substrates, such as glass fiber cloth and mica sheet; Suitable for varying manufacturing processes, such as coating, dipping It is a kind of goods with low smoke, non- toxic, good stability, high temperature resistant and no carbon deposition. It also has the characteristics of excellent weather resistance, moisture resistance and electrical insulation. Composition 60% Polydimethylsiloxane polymer and resin dispersed in xylene solvent Polydimethylsiloxane resin among the methylbenzene; high-viscosity liquid Applications Binder for flame retardant mica tapes Adhesives for flame retardant mica tapes; Splicing and plating tapes Preparation of one-side self-adhesive tape To prepare a single-sided self-adhesive tape, to a composition of given silicone resin and toluene and the cross-linking agent dichlorobenzoyl peroxide (0.5 – 3 wt.% basing on the polymer content) was obtained, and mixed till homogeneoty. The PSA composition was coated onto a silicone foil, and dried for 10 minutes at 140°C. The obtained coatings were covered with foil to protect the adhesive layer. Subsequently, the adhesive properties were tested. The compositions based on with the best functional performance were selected for further test (PSA 288 and PSA 922, respectively). Citrine powder (0.1% - 3 wt. %) was added to the silicone resin containing 1.5 wt. % cross-linking agent and mixed till homogeneity. Subsequently, the PSA layer was coated on the PET, dried for 10 minutes at 140°C and protected with fluorosiliconized PET foil. Such a prepared one-sided adhesive tapes were used for adhesive properties measurements and themal resistance tests. Methods Cohesion measurement Cohesion (defined as the tangential force to peel off a 25 mm x 25 mm adhesive tape in a specified time under a specified load) was determined using the AFERA 4012 standard. It was tested both at room and elevated temperatures apllying a a thermostatic oven adapted to measurements according to the standard (laboratory equipment). Tack measurement Tack was determined using the AFERA 4015 standard, at room temperature, on the steel substrate. After reaching the required contact of the adhesive tape with the steel plate, the jaws of the testing machine - Zwick/Roell Z2.5 machine (ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) - moved upwards, peeling off the adhesive layer. The force necessary to detach the adhesive layer from the substrate was measured. Adhesion mesurement Adhesion was determined using the AFERA 4001 standard, at room temperature, using Zwick/Roell Z2.5 machine (ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany). It was defined as the force required to peel off a 2.5 cm wide adhesive tape at a 180° angle at a constant speed. The adhesion measured according to this method is defined as the force that must be used to remove the tape with pressure-sensitive adhesive coated on it from the steel plate. SAFT test The SAFT test is the key measurement for testing the PSA thermal resistance (defined as the tangential force to peel off a 25 mm x 25 mm adhesive tape in a specified temperature under a specified load). A 1 kg weight was suspended at end of the sample, and placed in an oven. Then, the temperature increased from room temperature up to 217°C at a heating rate of 1°C/min. The tests were performed 4 times for each formulation, and the average temperature resistance was determined. Shrinkage The shrinkage of the PSA is the dimensions change of the PET or PVC film coated with PSA after crosslinking. The foil with PSA layer way placed on a metal plate (adhesive down) and stored for specified time at 70°C. A shrinkage value above 0.5 % excluded the sample (exceeding the limits in the self-adhesives technology). Pot-life Pot life is defined as the maximum time that the adhesive composition can be homogeneously coated on a substrate. Usually, the viscosity of PSA significantly increases during storage storage (especially refers to the system containing the cross-linking agent), up to the so-called gel point. The viscosity tests were carried out using Brookfield viscometer at various time intervals, immediately after mixing and after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days, respectively. The DV-II Pro Extra viscometer (Brookfield, New York, NY, USA) was used for the tests. Results and discussion In Figure 2 the effect of benzoyl peroxide content on the peel adhesion of self-adhesive compositions based on 288 and 922 resins were presented. Despite the crosslinking agent content the peel adhesion of PSA 288 was substantially than PSA 922. Interestingly, for both adhesives, the highest values of this parameter were noted for 1.5 wt. % and 2.5 wt. % DClBPO content, indicating the compositions with the most promising potential for forming robust and durable bonds. The synergy between benzoyl peroxide concentration and adhesive adhesion indicates the careful balance required to optimize adhesive performance. Thus, the performance of adhesive essentially depends on the PSA composition. The practical consequences of these results are manifold. PSA 288, with its superior adhesion at specific DClBPO content could find applications where strong and reliable bonding is required. Whereas, PSA 922 could be applied where moderate adhesion values are desirable. Figure 2 presents results of the tack performance for pressure-sensitive adhesives 288 and 922. Much like the pattern observed in adhesion, adhesive 288 once again emerges as the frontrunner in terms of tack. The data points to higher tack values exhibited by adhesive 288 compared to adhesive 922. This consistency across adhesive properties suggests a fundamental divergence in the response of these formulations to benzoyl peroxide concentrations. In the case of adhesive 288, tack values demonstrate an intriguing trend. Initially, as the concentration of benzoyl peroxide increases, the tack values steadily ascend, reaching a critical threshold at around 2 wt. %. Beyond this point, however, an unexpected and significant drop in tack values is observed. This phenomenon raises questions about the underlying mechanisms that govern tack and how they interact with the presence of benzoyl peroxide. The subsequent decrease in tack values beyond the critical threshold could potentially be attributed to complex interactions between the adhesive matrix, crosslinking agent, and the substrate surface. On the other hand, adhesive 922 showcases a distinct behavior in relation to tack. Here, the tack values exhibit a consistent decline as the concentration of benzoyl peroxide rises up to 2 wt. %. This unexpected reduction in tack could be linked to the intricate interplay between adhesive components and the evolving chemical environment created by increasing benzoyl peroxide content. However, intriguingly, the trend reverses beyond the 2 wt. % mark, leading to an unexpected resurgence in tack values, peaking even at 8 N for 3 wt. % of benzoyl peroxide. This phenomenon opens up avenues for speculation about the influence of crosslinking dynamics, chemical interactions, and the delicate balance between adhesive and substrate. These results underscore the complexity inherent in adhesive behavior and the multifaceted influence of crosslinking agents such as benzoyl peroxide. The interplay between formulation components, curing reactions, and substrate interactions creates a rich tapestry of adhesive properties that is both challenging and exhilarating to decipher. From an application perspective, these insights carry immense value. The ability to predict and manipulate tack behavior based on benzoyl peroxide concentration offers engineers and manufacturers a powerful tool in tailoring adhesive solutions to specific needs. Adhesive 288's peak tack values within a controlled range could potentially make it an excellent choice for scenarios where quick, robust initial bonding is essential. Conversely, the tack resurgence observed in adhesive 922 at higher benzoyl peroxide concentrations could find applications where repositionability and tack recovery are desired. Figures 4 and 5 provide cohesion to varying concentrations of crosslinking agent at two distinct temperatures: 20°C and 70°C. In the case of adhesive 922, cohesion values exhibit remarkable cohesion, showcasing maximum values across the entire range of crosslinking agent concentrations. This robust and consistent underscores the inherent strength of cohesion within adhesive 922, rendering it resilient and reliable under different crosslinking conditions. The steady increase in cohesion as the concentration of the crosslinking agent rises signifies a direct relationship between the strength of the adhesive's internal bonds and the presence of benzoyl peroxide. Particularly noteworthy adhesive 288 is the observation of lower cohesion values at the lowest concentration of the crosslinking agent. This phenomenon calls for a nuanced understanding of the interplay between crosslinking dynamics and cohesion. It raises intriguing questions about the threshold at which adhesive 288's internal bonds attain optimal strength, suggesting that a certain concentration of benzoyl peroxide may be necessary to trigger cohesive forces effectively. The temperature dimension adds an extra layer of complexity to the cohesive behaviors exhibited by these adhesive formulations. At 20°C, both adhesives demonstrate intriguingly similar trends in response to varying crosslinking agent concentrations. The values follow an ascending trajectory with increasing benzoyl peroxide content, underscoring the role of crosslinking in enhancing cohesion. The differences in maximum cohesion values, however, highlight the distinct inherent properties of adhesives 288 and 922. The consistently higher cohesion values of adhesive 922 suggest a robustness that is unaffected by temperature fluctuations. At 70°C, the dynamics of cohesive behavior take on a more pronounced form. Adhesive 922 maintains its trend of increasing cohesion with higher crosslinking agent concentrations, indicative of the crosslinking-induced enhancement in internal bonding. In contrast, adhesive 288 showcases an interesting reversal in behavior. Here, the cohesion values increase more markedly with the inclusion of benzoyl peroxide, highlighting the temperature-sensitive interaction between cohesion and crosslinking dynamics. This observation hints at the complex interplay between crosslinking agent, temperature, and the adhesive matrix's propensity to form strong cohesive bonds. Figure 6 presents the results of the SAFT (Shear Adhesion Failure Temperature) test for both analyzed adhesives, PSA 922 and adhesive 288. The values depicted in the graph provide insights into the behavior of both adhesives in terms of thermal resistance, which is a crucial aspect in the use of pressure-sensitive adhesives across various applications. When examining these results, an interesting trend can be observed. At lower concentrations of the cross-linking compound, the SAFT test results are more favorable for samples made from PSA 922. This implies that at lower quantities of DCLBPO used, this adhesive demonstrates better thermal resistance. This is significant information, as it may indicate the ability of PSA 922 to maintain its cohesion and durability even at higher temperatures. In the case of adhesive 288, we observe that at higher concentrations of DCLBPO, the tapes made from this adhesive achieve higher SAFT test results. This suggests that, in the case of this adhesive, a higher concentration of the cross-linking compound is more advantageous in terms of thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is a key parameter, especially in applications where adhesives are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Adhesives that retain their properties at high temperatures can find utility in various industries, such as the aerospace and automotive sectors. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate composition, both in terms of the type of adhesive and the concentration of the cross-linking compound, is crucial in tailoring the adhesive to specific applications. These results are important as they provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the thermal properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives, which, in turn, can lead to the development of more optimized adhesive products in the future. Figures 7 and 8 present the results regarding the shrinkage of the tested materials in the case of pressure-sensitive adhesives. It is worth noting that the shrinkage is significantly lower for adhesive 922 compared to adhesive 288. Both of these results are relevant in the context of the adhesives' applications and performance. For adhesive 922, the shrinkage values remain relatively low across the entire range of concentrations of the tested substance. This means that even with varying concentrations of the cross-linking compound, the shrinkage does not exceed the critical threshold of 0.5%. This is important because the shrinkage of an adhesive can impact its practical use. Exceeding this level of shrinkage is unacceptable for pressure-sensitive adhesives and tapes, as it can lead to a loss of bond durability. Adhesives characterized by low shrinkage are more desirable, especially in applications where bond stability and durability are critical. In the case of adhesive 288, the shrinkage values show some dependency on the concentration of the cross-linking compound. Initially, the shrinkage values are the highest for the pure adhesive, without any modifications. However, as the concentration of the cross-linking compound increases, the shrinkage values decrease. This may suggest that the addition of a higher concentration of the cross-linking substance aids in controlling and reducing shrinkage. This is a significant finding, as it implies that the formulation of adhesive 288 can be optimized to achieve the desired shrinkage characteristics, depending on the specific application. To sum up, the results regarding the shrinkage of these pressure-sensitive adhesives are important as they affect their practical utility. Adhesives with low shrinkage are more desirable, and the ability to control this parameter can lead to more optimized adhesive products for various applications. Based on previous results, the most effective concentration values of the cross-linking compound were selected and these samples were modified with a filler called citrine at concentrations of 0.1 to 3.0 wt. %. Taking into account the above-obtained tack, adhesion, cohesion and shrinkage values, it was decided that the best results were achieved by samples containing 1.5 wt. % of the cross-linking compound. Table 2 shows the adhesion, tack, cohesion and SAFT test results for both tested adhesives with different filler concentrations for 922 adhesive. The analysis of adhesion, tack, cohesion, and SAFT test results provides valuable information about the properties of samples depending on the filler concentration. It is worth considering the reasons for the observed trends and their implications for the practical application of materials. The sample containing the highest amount of filler exhibited the highest adhesion value, while these values are relatively close (ranging from 6.5 to 8.8 N/25mm). In the case of adhesion, where the sample with the highest filler content achieved the highest value, it may suggest that adding a larger amount of filler positively influences the material's ability to adhere to surfaces. There are several potential reasons for this phenomenon, such as increased contact surface (a higher filler content may increase the contact surface between the material and the substrate, promoting better adhesion), improved internal structure (the addition of more filler may affect the material's internal structure, contributing to better adhesion through more complex interactions between particles), or better-matched mechanical properties (filler can improve the material's mechanical properties, which, in turn, can affect its ability to adhere). On the other hand, tack values were inversely correlated, with the highest value obtained for the lowest filler concentration. There are several possible explanations for this phenomenon: the sticky characteristics of lower concentrations (lower filler concentrations may favor a more sticky material characteristic, leading to better adhesion to the substrate during tack testing), a balance between elasticity and adhesion (lower filler concentrations may influence the material's elasticity, which is crucial for tack testing where the balance between elasticity and adhesion is key), environmental conditions (tack results may strongly depend on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, and lower filler concentrations may be more resistant to variable conditions), filler type (tack values may depend on the specific type of filler, as different fillers can have different adhesive and tack properties depending on their structure and interaction with the substrate), and complex interparticle interactions (tack may result from complex interparticle interactions between the filler and the polymer matrix, and this influence may be nonlinear and dependent on various factors). Regarding cohesion, all samples exhibited maximum values at 20°C across all concentrations, but only the highest filler concentration achieved a lower result at 70°C (56.4 h). The results suggest that a higher amount of filler may influence the stability of the material under elevated temperatures. Potential consequences of this phenomenon can be significant, especially in industries where temperature plays a crucial role, such as automotive, electronics, or construction. Several aspects are worth considering: structural stability (a higher filler content may improve the structural stability of the material under high temperatures, essential for structural components exposed to high temperatures), resistance to deformations (increased filler content may reduce the susceptibility to material deformations under elevated temperatures, crucial in many applications), and phase transformations (higher filler concentrations may decrease the material's tendency to undergo phase transformations due to temperature, crucial for materials used in variable temperature conditions). In the case of the SAFT test, high results were obtained for lower filler concentrations. Regarding the SAFT test results, where lower filler concentrations achieved high concentrations, this may indicate better flexibility of the samples. Lower filler concentrations may contribute to better flexibility of the material, which is beneficial in conditions of dynamic loads and variable temperatures. Table 2. The adhesive properties measured for PSA based on 922 resin with various citrine content Citrine content [wt. %] Adhesion [N/25 mm] Tack [N] Cohesion [h] SAFT test [°C] at 20 °C at 70 °C 0.1 6.445 4.11 >72 >72 >225 0.5 6.055 3.89 >72 >72 >225 1.0 7.895 3.26 >72 >72 197 3.0 8.835 2.11 >72 56 116 The analysis of the adhesive properties of adhesive 288 modified with different concentrations of citrine sheds new light on the impact of this filler on the adhesive’s characteristics (Tab. 3). In comparison to the previous adhesive, a clear trend of increased adhesion and tack is evident, suggesting that the addition of citrine positively affects the adhesive’s ability to effectively bond to various surfaces. This phenomenon may be particularly significant in diverse applications, where high adhesion is crucial, such as in the industrial or construction sectors. Simultaneously, the values of cohesion, indicating the internal consistency of the adhesive, show a decrease. This implies that the citrine modification influences the internal structure of the material, which can be perceived as a compromise between improved adhesion and internal consistency. Such changes may find application in situations where there is a need to achieve a balance between the adhesive nature and the internal cohesion of the material. Furthermore, the citrine-modified adhesive demonstrates increased thermal resistance, as confirmed by the results of the SAFT test. This discovery suggests that this type of adhesive may be more effective in conditions where higher temperatures are present, applicable in industries such as automotive, electronics, or the production of components exposed to elevated temperatures. Therefore, the modification of the adhesive with citrine opens up prospects for improving adhesive properties, and understanding these changes can contribute to better adapting such materials to specific applications. It is also worthwhile to continue research to delve into the detailed mechanisms of interactions between adhesive components and citrine, potentially leading to even more precise modifications and optimizations. Table 3. The adhesive properties measured for PSA based on 288 resin Citrine content [wt.%] Adhesion [N/25 mm] Tack [N] Cohesion [h] SAFT test [°C] at 20°C at 70°C [h] 0.1 12.85 14.1 >72 >72 >225 0.5 12.8 10.7 >72 >72 >225 1.0 12.2 9.91 >72 >72 221 3.0 11.6 2.4 42 12.3 186 The analysis of adhesive shrinkage results depending on various concentrations of citrine, presented in tables 4 and 5, provides significant insights into the material behavior over time. Shrinkage values in the first 10 minutes are higher for adhesive 922 compared to adhesive 288, and this trend persists throughout the entire study period, up to 7 days. An intriguing phenomenon is the observation that shrinkage values decrease with an increase in the amount of citrine in the adhesive sample. These values can offer insights into the impact of the filler on the curing and shrinking processes of the adhesive. The substantial shrinkage of adhesive 922 in the initial minutes may indicate intense curing processes in the early stages, which could be crucial for rapid applications or processes where curing speed is essential. Furthermore, the decreasing shrinkage values with an increase in citrine content may suggest that this filler influences the shrinking processes, perhaps by regulating chemical reactions or the internal structure of the material. This discovery may be crucial for adapting the adhesive to specific application conditions where shrinkage control is significant, such as in the production of precision components or applications where minimizing deformation is key. It is also worth noting that differences in the behavior of adhesives 922 and 288 may arise from their distinct chemical compositions, which can affect chemical reactions, curing rates, and overall mechanical properties. Therefore, continuing the analysis of these results, along with further research on the influence of citrine on other adhesive properties, may yield even more detailed and precise outcomes. Table 4. Shrinkage for PSA based on 922 in time Citrine content [wt.%] Shrinkage [%] 0.2 h 0.5 h 1 h 3 h 8 h 24 h 1 day 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 0.1 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.39 0.42 0.48 0.50 0.59 0.60 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.5 0.21 0.24 0.29 0.30 0.38 0.40 0.49 0.54 0.60 0.64 0.63 0.64 1 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.14 3 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 Table 5 . Shrinkage for PSA based on 288 in time Citrine content [wt.%] Shrinkage [%] 0.2 h 0.5 h 1 h 3 h 8 h 24 h 1 day 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 0.1 0.15 0.22 0.27 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.55 0.55 0.5 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.51 0.51 1 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.34 3 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 The next stage of the research involved examining the viscosity of the adhesives, and the obtained results are presented in Table 6. Viscosity was assessed for the highest filler concentration, which amounted to 3% by weight. The symbol "-" was used to indicate that the viscosity was exceptionally high, preventing the completion of the full study. It is worth noting that adhesive 288 exhibits a lower viscosity, allowing it to be coated even on the fifth day. In the case of adhesive 922, the viscosity reaches a very high level as early as the second day, making the coating process impossible by the third day. This discovery could be crucial for the practical application of adhesives in various industries. The lower viscosity of adhesive 288 makes it more accessible for later-stage applications, which may be significant for manufacturing processes requiring longer preparation or assembly times. On the other hand, the high viscosity of adhesive 922 on the second day may suggest the necessity of using this adhesive promptly after preparation, crucial for processes requiring rapid application or bonding. Table 5. Viscosity for PSA based on 922 and 288 after 1-7 days of PSA preparation Adhesive resin Viscosity [mPas] after 1 day 2 days 3 days 5 days 7 days 288 32.2 33.1 39.4 51.8 - 922 61 72 - - - “-“ - too high to be applied Conclusion In the context of the conducted research, a detailed comparison of the properties of adhesives 288 and 922 was successfully carried out, depending on the amount of crosslinking agent. In terms of adhesion and tack, adhesive 288 achieved higher results, while adhesive 922 exhibited increased cohesion. The shrinkage values were significantly higher for adhesive 922, whereas adhesive 288 exceeded permissible shrinkage values when utilizing self-adhesive bonding technology. During the study, the best results obtained in the preliminary investigations were utilized for modification by adding a filler called citron. The increase in tape cohesion occurred with a decrease in the amount of filler in the sample, and similar trends were observed for tack and adhesion values. This modification process leveraged the preliminary findings, where adhesive 288 demonstrated lower shrinkage values, suggesting that citron modification could contribute to the improvement of these adhesive properties. These results indicate potential opportunities for optimizing adhesive properties by adjusting the amount of crosslinking agent and introducing modifications using fillers. The final outcomes suggest that proper adjustment of these parameters can lead to adhesives with improved adhesive, tack, cohesive, and shrinkage characteristics, which is crucial in various industries and manufacturing applications. Declarations Acknowledgments Funding Research carried out as part of the Leader Program project of the National Center for Research and Development no. 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Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49175-7_5 Tolia G, Li SK. Silicone adhesive matrix of verapamil hydrochloride to provide pH-independent sustained release. J Am Assoc Pharm Sci 2013, 15, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-013-0004-8 Santamaria A, Munoz ME, Fernandez M, Landa M. Electrically conductive adhesives with a focus on adhesives that contain carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2013, 129, 1643-1652. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39137 Lobo, S., Sachdeva, S., Goswami, T. Role of pressure-sensitive adhesives in transdermal drug delivery systems. Therapeutic delivery 2016, 7, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.15.87 Wypych, G. Handbook of antiblocking, release, and slip additives. Elsevier 2021. ISBN 978-1-927885-78-9. Jovanovski, G., Šijakova-Ivanova, T., Boev, I., Boev, B., & Makreski, P. Intriguing minerals: quartz and its polymorphic modifications. Chem Texts, 2022, 8(3), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-022-00165-2 Clay, P. L., Baxter, E. F., Cherniak, D. J., Kelley, S. P., Thomas, J. B., & Watson, E. B. (2010). Two diffusion pathways in quartz: a combined UV-laser and RBS study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(20), 5906-5925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.014 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4208997","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":292950677,"identity":"08b54cc3-6511-4180-996e-ded7750e41a8","order_by":0,"name":"Adrian Krzysztof Antosik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"West Pomeranian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adrian","middleName":"Krzysztof","lastName":"Antosik","suffix":""},{"id":292950678,"identity":"2e4cc467-0760-4a6d-af32-789cffe0ab43","order_by":1,"name":"Karolina Mozelewska","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"West Pomeranian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karolina","middleName":"","lastName":"Mozelewska","suffix":""},{"id":292950679,"identity":"22632ba8-6f73-430e-8130-72d95fcb6cfb","order_by":2,"name":"Katarzyna Wilpiszewska","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"West Pomeranian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Katarzyna","middleName":"","lastName":"Wilpiszewska","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-02 23:14:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54967804,"identity":"72c75364-9dbc-430a-9223-56ce1553a7a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":825384,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCitrine - mineral additive in raw form\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/d03597999f1f4f14f1773fae.png"},{"id":54968577,"identity":"db6c723b-b207-4048-a876-2b8cc8014cb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:31:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePeel adhesion of the PSA adhesives based on 288 and 922 resins, with various corsslinking agent content.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/b54167b5f0dcaff1e8bfd962.png"},{"id":54968177,"identity":"b9936a90-4e0d-4dc1-9c22-d30c2d781f7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:23:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTack results for PSA based on 288 and 922, with various crosslinking agent content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/295a85eb38f7c768ef5af30e.png"},{"id":54968176,"identity":"52588553-891b-4ae1-93ae-37a4726603c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:23:18","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCohesion at 20°C for PSA 288 and 922\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/7514e1b650171b63025eccb4.png"},{"id":54967807,"identity":"82083ba3-5c3b-4bf7-82ce-116f9952e860","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCohesion at 70 °C for PSA 288 and 922.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/97224e2597bf5988dfd0b126.png"},{"id":54967801,"identity":"dfd4213c-2475-40df-bfc1-e2b0fa0ae475","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SAFT results for PSA 288 and 922 with various crosslinking agent content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/e16392b46b399099752684a9.png"},{"id":54967805,"identity":"b95b8f4e-b11b-43a1-93f3-6589d65133aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShrinkage results for PSA 288 with various DClBPO content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/be2dbf3e9de90d658cd7124c.png"},{"id":54967806,"identity":"fc01e94f-cf78-446e-9bdb-85837066a0d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 10:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShrinkage results for PSA 922 with various DClBPO content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/c5d57e3bf7be11215f64091a.png"},{"id":63359702,"identity":"e6dc3731-8de8-4983-9cd1-e08eb8f92ad1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 09:59:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1626613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208997/v1/bec58807-ba7e-457f-820d-b8780394afd4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of citrine on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe history of pressure-sensitive adhesives dates back to 1845 when a patent was granted in the USA concerning the composition of a self-adhesive mixture based on natural rubber and adhesive resins. In 1985, the value of self-adhesive articles sold in the United States reached over 2.5 billion dollars (60% concerned adhesive tapes and 30% labels and decalcomania). In the same year, over 2.5 billion square meters of self-adhesive tapes were produced, where half were double-sided adhesive tapes, and over a billion square meters of labels and decals. About 7,000 tons of adhesives were used for adhesive tapes in the industry. The currently used self-adhesive materials play an essential role in many branches of the economy [1-3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are organic polymeric systems that form a self-adhesive layer on the substrate after evaporation of the organic solvent (solvent adhesives), water (dispersion adhesives), or after cooling (solvent-free adhesives, so-called hot-melts) [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong macromolecular compounds that are most often used for the production of pressure-sensitive adhesives, are: natural and synthetic rubbers, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, polyesters, polyvinyl ethers, polyurethanes, polysiloxanes, polyacrylates [5].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePressure-sensitive adhesives have found application in many aspects of everyday life, such as various types of mounting tapes, labels, protective and decorative films, reusable self-adhesive products (patches, sticky notes), and a wide range of self-adhesive medical materials [6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most important parameters characterizing pressure-sensitive adhesives include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- cohesion, which is a measure of the self-adhesive layer strength,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- adhesion, which characterizes the strength between the adhesive and the bonded surfaces,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- tack, understood as stickiness [7-8].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTack is defined as the ability of the adhesive to form a bond immediately after contact with the sticked surface. It is one of the most important parameters of PSAs. Good tack characteristics exhibit silicone adhesives, and in consequence, they do not require special additives to improve this property. Generally, low tack values are noted for thin and hard PSA layers showing insufficient contact with the glued material. On the other hand, high values of this parameter were typical for soft and thick layers of pressure-sensitive adhesive exhibiting optimal contact with the glued surface [9-11].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdhesion is the interaction of ions, atoms, and molecules that allows two surfaces to adhere directly. This phenomenon is caused by interfacial attraction forces and could be physical or chemical nature. Generally, the chemical bonds is much stronger than physical one. There are many theories explaining the mechanism of adhesion. The most common are: diffusion, absorption, and electrostatic theories [12-13]. The adhesive failure is possible only when the adhesive force is smaller than the cohesive and the external loading forces together.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCohesion is responsible for the internal strength of the adhesive joint. The cohesive occurs when the forces of internal cohesion between the polymer molecules are smaller than the forces of adhesion and external loading. Generally, the pressure-sensitive adhesives are the macromolecular substances with high cohesion [14-15]. A good adhesive should exhibit the balance between the adhesive and cohesive forces, allowing full use of its internal and surface physicomechanical properties [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCitrine is a variety of quartz [16]. It is transparent yellow to orange-brown, and the name comes from the old French word \u0026ldquo;citrin\u0026rdquo;, which means yellow [17]. Natural citrine can be found in the same environment as smoked quartz, however the it could be synthetically-grown from seeds of natural rock crystal [18]. Potentially, due to its elemental composition, it may affect the thermal properties of self-adhesive tapes, which is currently desirable on the self-adhesive materials market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the presented work, two commercial silicone resins were used for PSAs preparation. Subsequently, the effect of the cross-linking agent content was evaluated, and the compositions exhibiting the best adhesive performance were modified with citrine. The functional properties of such prepared self-adhesive systems were tested.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following materials were used in this work:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e288 silicone resin from Dow Corning (USA) Tab 1.,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSH-922 silicone resin from Hubei Zhao Zian Yung International Trading Co. Ltd \u0026ldquo;Sihaj\u0026rdquo; (China) - Tab 1.,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ebis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide (DClBPO) as the cross-linking agent bought from Novichem (Chorz\u0026oacute;w, Poland),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003etoluene from Carl Roth (Germany) as the solvent,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ecitrine (Fig 1.) from Surya (Poland) as the mineral additive in the form of finely ground powder.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e: Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive resin properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProperties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"68.92361111111111%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.3551637279597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e288\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.6448362720403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSH-922\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClear to slightly hazy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTranslucent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiluent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXylene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTolene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActive ingredients [%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViscosity at 25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;C [mPa\u0026middot;s]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51,600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDensity 25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 -1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeatures \u0026amp; Benefits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood penetration and adhesion to a variety of substrates, such as glass fiber cloth and mica sheet;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitable for varying manufacturing processes, such as coating, dipping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is a kind of goods with low smoke, non- toxic, good stability, high temperature resistant and no carbon deposition. It also has the characteristics of excellent weather resistance, moisture resistance and electrical insulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60% Polydimethylsiloxane polymer and resin dispersed in xylene solvent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolydimethylsiloxane resin among the methylbenzene; high-viscosity liquid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.07638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.638888888888886%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBinder for flame retardant mica tapes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.28472222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdhesives for flame retardant mica tapes; Splicing and plating tapes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of one-side self-adhesive tape\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo prepare a single-sided self-adhesive tape, to a composition of given silicone resin and toluene and the cross-linking agent dichlorobenzoyl peroxide (0.5 \u0026ndash; 3 wt.% basing on the polymer content) was obtained, and \u0026nbsp;mixed till homogeneoty. The PSA composition was coated onto a silicone foil, and dried for 10 minutes at 140\u0026deg;C. The obtained coatings were covered with foil to protect the adhesive layer. Subsequently, the adhesive properties were tested. The compositions based on with the best functional performance were selected for further test (PSA 288 and PSA 922, respectively). Citrine powder (0.1% - 3 wt. %) was added to the silicone resin containing 1.5 wt. % cross-linking agent and mixed till homogeneity. Subsequently, \u0026nbsp;the PSA layer was coated on the PET, dried for 10 minutes at 140\u0026deg;C and protected with fluorosiliconized PET foil. Such a prepared one-sided adhesive tapes were used for adhesive properties measurements and themal resistance tests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCohesion measurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCohesion (defined as the tangential force to peel off a 25 mm x 25 mm adhesive tape in a specified time under a specified load) was determined using the AFERA 4012 standard. It was tested both at room and elevated temperatures apllying a a thermostatic oven adapted to measurements according to the standard (laboratory equipment). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTack measurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTack was determined using the AFERA 4015 standard, at room temperature, on the steel substrate. After reaching the required contact of the adhesive tape with the steel plate, the jaws of the testing machine - Zwick/Roell Z2.5 machine (ZwickRoell GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) - moved upwards, peeling off the adhesive layer. The force necessary to detach the adhesive layer from the substrate was measured.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdhesion mesurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdhesion was determined using the AFERA 4001 standard, at room temperature, using Zwick/Roell Z2.5 machine (ZwickRoell GmbH \u0026amp; Co. KG, Ulm, Germany). It was defined as the force required to peel off a 2.5 cm wide adhesive tape at a 180\u0026deg; angle at a constant speed. The adhesion measured according to this method is defined as the force that must be used to remove the tape with pressure-sensitive adhesive coated on it from the steel plate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAFT test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SAFT test is the key measurement for testing the PSA thermal resistance (defined as the tangential force to peel off a 25 mm x 25 mm adhesive tape in a specified temperature under a specified load). A 1 kg weight was suspended at end of the sample, and placed in an oven. Then, the temperature increased from room temperature up to 217\u0026deg;C at a heating rate of 1\u0026deg;C/min. The tests were performed 4 times for each formulation, and the average temperature resistance was determined.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShrinkage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe shrinkage of the PSA is the dimensions change of the PET or PVC film coated with PSA after crosslinking. The foil with PSA layer way placed on a metal plate (adhesive down) and stored for specified time at 70\u0026deg;C. A shrinkage value above 0.5 % excluded the sample (exceeding the limits in the self-adhesives technology).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePot-life\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePot life is defined as the maximum time that the adhesive composition can be homogeneously coated on a substrate. Usually, the viscosity of PSA significantly increases during storage storage (especially refers to the system containing the cross-linking agent), up to the so-called gel point. The viscosity tests were carried out using Brookfield viscometer at various time intervals, immediately after mixing and after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days, respectively. The DV-II Pro Extra viscometer (Brookfield, New York, NY, USA) was used for the tests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Figure 2 the effect of benzoyl peroxide content on the peel adhesion of self-adhesive compositions based on 288 and 922 resins were presented. Despite the crosslinking agent content the peel adhesion of PSA 288 was substantially than PSA 922. Interestingly, for both adhesives, the highest values of this parameter were noted for 1.5 wt. % and 2.5 wt. % DClBPO content, indicating the compositions with the most promising potential for forming robust and durable bonds. The synergy between benzoyl peroxide concentration and adhesive adhesion indicates the careful balance required to optimize adhesive performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, the performance of adhesive essentially depends on the PSA composition. The practical consequences of these results are manifold. PSA 288, with its superior adhesion at specific DClBPO content could find applications where strong and reliable bonding is required. Whereas, PSA 922 could be applied where moderate adhesion values are desirable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 presents results of the tack performance for pressure-sensitive adhesives 288 and 922. \u0026nbsp;Much like the pattern observed in adhesion, adhesive 288 once again emerges as the frontrunner in terms of tack. The data points to higher tack values exhibited by adhesive 288 compared to adhesive 922. This consistency across adhesive properties suggests a fundamental divergence in the response of these formulations to benzoyl peroxide concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of adhesive 288, tack values demonstrate an intriguing trend. Initially, as the concentration of benzoyl peroxide increases, the tack values steadily ascend, reaching a critical threshold at around 2 wt. %. Beyond this point, however, an unexpected and significant drop in tack values is observed. This phenomenon raises questions about the underlying mechanisms that govern tack and how they interact with the presence of benzoyl peroxide. The subsequent decrease in tack values beyond the critical threshold could potentially be attributed to complex interactions between the adhesive matrix, crosslinking agent, and the substrate surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, adhesive 922 showcases a distinct behavior in relation to tack. Here, the tack values exhibit a consistent decline as the concentration of benzoyl peroxide rises up to 2 wt. %. This unexpected reduction in tack could be linked to the intricate interplay between adhesive components and the evolving chemical environment created by increasing benzoyl peroxide content. However, intriguingly, the trend reverses beyond the 2 wt. % mark, leading to an unexpected resurgence in tack values, peaking even at 8 N for 3 wt. % of benzoyl peroxide. This phenomenon opens up avenues for speculation about the influence of crosslinking dynamics, chemical interactions, and the delicate balance between adhesive and substrate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results underscore the complexity inherent in adhesive behavior and the multifaceted influence of crosslinking agents such as benzoyl peroxide. The interplay between formulation components, curing reactions, and substrate interactions creates a rich tapestry of adhesive properties that is both challenging and exhilarating to decipher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom an application perspective, these insights carry immense value. The ability to predict and manipulate tack behavior based on benzoyl peroxide concentration offers engineers and manufacturers a powerful tool in tailoring adhesive solutions to specific needs. Adhesive 288\u0026apos;s peak tack values within a controlled range could potentially make it an excellent choice for scenarios where quick, robust initial bonding is essential. Conversely, the tack resurgence observed in adhesive 922 at higher benzoyl peroxide concentrations could find applications where repositionability and tack recovery are desired.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures 4 and 5 provide cohesion to varying concentrations of crosslinking agent at two distinct temperatures: 20\u0026deg;C and 70\u0026deg;C. \u0026nbsp;In the case of adhesive 922, cohesion values exhibit remarkable cohesion, showcasing maximum values across the entire range of crosslinking agent concentrations. This robust and consistent underscores the inherent strength of cohesion within adhesive 922, rendering it resilient and reliable under different crosslinking conditions. The steady increase in cohesion as the concentration of the crosslinking agent rises signifies a direct relationship between the strength of the adhesive\u0026apos;s internal bonds and the presence of benzoyl peroxide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Particularly noteworthy adhesive 288 \u0026nbsp;is the observation of lower cohesion values at the lowest concentration of the crosslinking agent. This phenomenon calls for a nuanced understanding of the interplay between crosslinking dynamics and cohesion. It raises intriguing questions about the threshold at which adhesive 288\u0026apos;s internal bonds attain optimal strength, suggesting that a certain concentration of benzoyl peroxide may be necessary to trigger cohesive forces effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe temperature dimension adds an extra layer of complexity to the cohesive behaviors exhibited by these adhesive formulations. At 20\u0026deg;C, both adhesives demonstrate intriguingly similar trends in response to varying crosslinking agent concentrations. The values follow an ascending trajectory with increasing benzoyl peroxide content, underscoring the role of crosslinking in enhancing cohesion. The differences in maximum cohesion values, however, highlight the distinct inherent properties of adhesives 288 and 922. The consistently higher cohesion values of adhesive 922 suggest a robustness that is unaffected by temperature fluctuations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt 70\u0026deg;C, the dynamics of cohesive behavior take on a more pronounced form. Adhesive 922 maintains its trend of increasing cohesion with higher crosslinking agent concentrations, indicative of the crosslinking-induced enhancement in internal bonding. In contrast, adhesive 288 showcases an interesting reversal in behavior. Here, the cohesion values increase more markedly with the inclusion of benzoyl peroxide, highlighting the temperature-sensitive interaction between cohesion and crosslinking dynamics. This observation hints at the complex interplay between crosslinking agent, temperature, and the adhesive matrix\u0026apos;s propensity to form strong cohesive bonds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 6 presents the results of the SAFT (Shear Adhesion Failure Temperature) test for both analyzed adhesives, PSA 922 and adhesive 288. The values depicted in the graph provide insights into the behavior of both adhesives in terms of thermal resistance, which is a crucial aspect in the use of pressure-sensitive adhesives across various applications. When examining these results, an interesting trend can be observed. At lower concentrations of the cross-linking compound, the SAFT test results are more favorable for samples made from PSA 922. This implies that at lower quantities of DCLBPO used, this adhesive demonstrates better thermal resistance. This is significant information, as it may indicate the ability of PSA 922 to maintain its cohesion and durability even at higher temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of adhesive 288, we observe that at higher concentrations of DCLBPO, the tapes made from this adhesive achieve higher SAFT test results. This suggests that, in the case of this adhesive, a higher concentration of the cross-linking compound is more advantageous in terms of thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is a key parameter, especially in applications where adhesives are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Adhesives that retain their properties at high temperatures can find utility in various industries, such as the aerospace and automotive sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the selection of the appropriate composition, both in terms of the type of adhesive and the concentration of the cross-linking compound, is crucial in tailoring the adhesive to specific applications. These results are important as they provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the thermal properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives, which, in turn, can lead to the development of more optimized adhesive products in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures 7 and 8 present the results regarding the shrinkage of the tested materials in the case of pressure-sensitive adhesives. It is worth noting that the shrinkage is significantly lower for adhesive 922 compared to adhesive 288. Both of these results are relevant in the context of the adhesives\u0026apos; applications and performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor adhesive 922, the shrinkage values remain relatively low across the entire range of concentrations of the tested substance. This means that even with varying concentrations of the cross-linking compound, the shrinkage does not exceed the critical threshold of 0.5%. This is important because the shrinkage of an adhesive can impact its practical use. Exceeding this level of shrinkage is unacceptable for pressure-sensitive adhesives and tapes, as it can lead to a loss of bond durability. Adhesives characterized by low shrinkage are more desirable, especially in applications where bond stability and durability are critical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of adhesive 288, the shrinkage values show some dependency on the concentration of the cross-linking compound. Initially, the shrinkage values are the highest for the pure adhesive, without any modifications. However, as the concentration of the cross-linking compound increases, the shrinkage values decrease. This may suggest that the addition of a higher concentration of the cross-linking substance aids in controlling and reducing shrinkage. This is a significant finding, as it implies that the formulation of adhesive 288 can be optimized to achieve the desired shrinkage characteristics, depending on the specific application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo sum up, the results regarding the shrinkage of these pressure-sensitive adhesives are important as they affect their practical utility. Adhesives with low shrinkage are more desirable, and the ability to control this parameter can lead to more optimized adhesive products for various applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on previous results, the most effective concentration values of the cross-linking compound were selected and these samples were modified with a filler called citrine at concentrations of 0.1 to 3.0 wt. %. Taking into account the above-obtained tack, adhesion, cohesion and shrinkage values, it was decided that the best results were achieved by samples containing 1.5 wt. % of the cross-linking compound.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows the adhesion, tack, cohesion and SAFT test results for both tested adhesives with different filler concentrations for 922 adhesive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of adhesion, tack, cohesion, and SAFT test results provides valuable information about the properties of samples depending on the filler concentration. It is worth considering the reasons for the observed trends and their implications for the practical application of materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample containing the highest amount of filler exhibited the highest adhesion value, while these values are relatively close (ranging from 6.5 to 8.8 N/25mm). In the case of adhesion, where the sample with the highest filler content achieved the highest value, it may suggest that adding a larger amount of filler positively influences the material\u0026apos;s ability to adhere to surfaces. There are several potential reasons for this phenomenon, such as increased contact surface (a higher filler content may increase the contact surface between the material and the substrate, promoting better adhesion), improved internal structure (the addition of more filler may affect the material\u0026apos;s internal structure, contributing to better adhesion through more complex interactions between particles), or better-matched mechanical properties (filler can improve the material\u0026apos;s mechanical properties, which, in turn, can affect its ability to adhere). On the other hand, tack values were inversely correlated, with the highest value obtained for the lowest filler concentration. There are several possible explanations for this phenomenon: the sticky characteristics of lower concentrations (lower filler concentrations may favor a more sticky material characteristic, leading to better adhesion to the substrate during tack testing), a balance between elasticity and adhesion (lower filler concentrations may influence the material\u0026apos;s elasticity, which is crucial for tack testing where the balance between elasticity and adhesion is key), environmental conditions (tack results may strongly depend on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, and lower filler concentrations may be more resistant to variable conditions), filler type (tack values may depend on the specific type of filler, as different fillers can have different adhesive and tack properties depending on their structure and interaction with the substrate), and complex interparticle interactions (tack may result from complex interparticle interactions between the filler and the polymer matrix, and this influence may be nonlinear and dependent on various factors).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding cohesion, all samples exhibited maximum values at 20\u0026deg;C across all concentrations, but only the highest filler concentration achieved a lower result at 70\u0026deg;C (56.4 h). The results suggest that a higher amount of filler may influence the stability of the material under elevated temperatures. Potential consequences of this phenomenon can be significant, especially in industries where temperature plays a crucial role, such as automotive, electronics, or construction. Several aspects are worth considering: structural stability (a higher filler content may improve the structural stability of the material under high temperatures, essential for structural components exposed to high temperatures), resistance to deformations (increased filler content may reduce the susceptibility to material deformations under elevated temperatures, crucial in many applications), and phase transformations (higher filler concentrations may decrease the material\u0026apos;s tendency to undergo phase transformations due to temperature, crucial for materials used in variable temperature conditions).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the SAFT test, high results were obtained for lower filler concentrations. Regarding the SAFT test results, where lower filler concentrations achieved high concentrations, this may indicate better flexibility of the samples. Lower filler concentrations may contribute to better flexibility of the material, which is beneficial in conditions of dynamic loads and variable temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e The adhesive properties measured for PSA based on 922 resin with various citrine content\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.562141491395792%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrine content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[wt. %]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.869980879541108%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdhesion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[N/25 mm]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.91395793499044%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTack\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[N]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.548757170172085%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCohesion [h]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.105162523900574%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAFT test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[\u0026deg;C]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eat 20 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eat 70 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.519083969465647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.885496183206106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.076335877862595%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.519083969465647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.885496183206106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.076335877862595%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.519083969465647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.885496183206106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.076335877862595%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.519083969465647%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.885496183206106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.83969465648855%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.076335877862595%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the adhesive properties of adhesive 288 modified with different concentrations of citrine sheds new light on the impact of this filler on the adhesive\u0026rsquo;s characteristics (Tab. 3). In comparison to the previous adhesive, a clear trend of increased adhesion and tack is evident, suggesting that the addition of citrine positively affects the adhesive\u0026rsquo;s ability to effectively bond to various surfaces. This phenomenon may be particularly significant in diverse applications, where high adhesion is crucial, such as in the industrial or construction sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimultaneously, the values of cohesion, indicating the internal consistency of the adhesive, show a decrease. This implies that the citrine modification influences the internal structure of the material, which can be perceived as a compromise between improved adhesion and internal consistency. Such changes may find application in situations where there is a need to achieve a balance between the adhesive nature and the internal cohesion of the material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the citrine-modified adhesive demonstrates increased thermal resistance, as confirmed by the results of the SAFT test. This discovery suggests that this type of adhesive may be more effective in conditions where higher temperatures are present, applicable in industries such as automotive, electronics, or the production of components exposed to elevated temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the modification of the adhesive with citrine opens up prospects for improving adhesive properties, and understanding these changes can contribute to better adapting such materials to specific applications. It is also worthwhile to continue research to delve into the detailed mechanisms of interactions between adhesive components and citrine, potentially leading to even more precise modifications and optimizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe adhesive properties measured for PSA based on 288 resin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"527\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06083650190114%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrine content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[wt.%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdhesion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[N/25 mm]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[N]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.58555133079848%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCohesion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[h]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAFT test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[\u0026deg;C]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.55357142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eat 20\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.44642857142857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eat 70\u0026deg;C [h]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06083650190114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.102661596958175%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06083650190114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.102661596958175%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06083650190114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.102661596958175%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06083650190114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.102661596958175%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.482889733840302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.935361216730039%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of adhesive shrinkage results depending on various concentrations of citrine, presented in tables 4 and 5, provides significant insights into the material behavior over time. Shrinkage values in the first 10 minutes are higher for adhesive 922 compared to adhesive 288, and this trend persists throughout the entire study period, up to 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn intriguing phenomenon is the observation that shrinkage values decrease with an increase in the amount of citrine in the adhesive sample. These values can offer insights into the impact of the filler on the curing and shrinking processes of the adhesive. The substantial shrinkage of adhesive 922 in the initial minutes may indicate intense curing processes in the early stages, which could be crucial for rapid applications or processes where curing speed is essential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the decreasing shrinkage values with an increase in citrine content may suggest that this filler influences the shrinking processes, perhaps by regulating chemical reactions or the internal structure of the material. This discovery may be crucial for adapting the adhesive to specific application conditions where shrinkage control is significant, such as in the production of precision components or applications where minimizing deformation is key.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is also worth noting that differences in the behavior of adhesives 922 and 288 may arise from their distinct chemical compositions, which can affect chemical reactions, curing rates, and overall mechanical properties. Therefore, continuing the analysis of these results, along with further research on the influence of citrine on other adhesive properties, may yield even more detailed and precise outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Shrinkage for PSA based on 922 in time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.676567656765677%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrine content\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;[wt.%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"84.32343234323433%\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShrinkage [%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.233791748526523%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.25147347740668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.728476821192054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.781456953642384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.728476821192054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.781456953642384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.728476821192054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.781456953642384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.728476821192054%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.781456953642384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.953642384105961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. Shrinkage for PSA based on 288 in time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.449915110356537%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrine content\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;[wt.%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"84.55008488964346%\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShrinkage [%]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6305220883534135%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.831325301204819%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24 h\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.433734939759036%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.634538152610443%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.449915110356537%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.621392190152801%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.300509337860781%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.449915110356537%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.621392190152801%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.300509337860781%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.449915110356537%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.621392190152801%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.300509337860781%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.449915110356537%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.621392190152801%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.130730050933786%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.300509337860781%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe next stage of the research involved examining the viscosity of the adhesives, and the obtained results are presented in Table 6. Viscosity was assessed for the highest filler concentration, which amounted to 3% by weight. The symbol \u0026quot;-\u0026quot; was used to indicate that the viscosity was exceptionally high, preventing the completion of the full study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is worth noting that adhesive 288 exhibits a lower viscosity, allowing it to be coated even on the fifth day. In the case of adhesive 922, the viscosity reaches a very high level as early as the second day, making the coating process impossible by the third day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis discovery could be crucial for the practical application of adhesives in various industries. The lower viscosity of adhesive 288 makes it more accessible for later-stage applications, which may be significant for manufacturing processes requiring longer preparation or assembly times. On the other hand, the high viscosity of adhesive 922 on the second day may suggest the necessity of using this adhesive promptly after preparation, crucial for processes requiring rapid application or bonding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eViscosity for PSA based on 922 and 288 after 1-7 days of PSA preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.411334552102378%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdhesive resin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.58866544789763%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViscosity [mPas]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.04889975550122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eafter 1 day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.04889975550122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.04889975550122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.04889975550122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 days\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.804400977995112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 days\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.364963503649633%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.781021897810218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.364963503649633%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.963503649635037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.781021897810218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;-\u0026ldquo; - too high to be applied\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the context of the conducted research, a detailed comparison of the properties of adhesives 288 and 922 was successfully carried out, depending on the amount of crosslinking agent. In terms of adhesion and tack, adhesive 288 achieved higher results, while adhesive 922 exhibited increased cohesion. The shrinkage values were significantly higher for adhesive 922, whereas adhesive 288 exceeded permissible shrinkage values when utilizing self-adhesive bonding technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the study, the best results obtained in the preliminary investigations were utilized for modification by adding a filler called citron. The increase in tape cohesion occurred with a decrease in the amount of filler in the sample, and similar trends were observed for tack and adhesion values. This modification process leveraged the preliminary findings, where adhesive 288 demonstrated lower shrinkage values, suggesting that citron modification could contribute to the improvement of these adhesive properties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results indicate potential opportunities for optimizing adhesive properties by adjusting the amount of crosslinking agent and introducing modifications using fillers. The final outcomes suggest that proper adjustment of these parameters can lead to adhesives with improved adhesive, tack, cohesive, and shrinkage characteristics, which is crucial in various industries and manufacturing applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch carried out as part of the Leader Program project of the National Center for Research and Development no. LIDER /9/0028/L-11/19/NCBR/2020\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntosik, A.K.; Czech, Z. Preparation of mounting mass. Inż. Mater. 2017, 38, 108\u0026ndash;112. https://doi.org/10.15199/28.2017.2.9.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabella, R.; Lambrechts, P.; Van Meerbeek, B.; Vanherle, G. Polymerization shrinkage and elasticity of flowable composites and filled adhesives. Dent. Mater. 1999, 15, 128\u0026ndash;137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(99)00022-6.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eHe, M.; Zhang, Q.Y.; Guo, J.Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Silicone Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesive. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 306, 1773\u0026ndash;1778. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1773.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCzech, Z. Development of solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesive acrylics. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2004, 24, 119\u0026ndash;125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2003.07.001.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eMozelewska, K.; Czech, Z.; Bartkowiak, M.; Nowak, M.; Bednarczyk, P.; Niezgoda, P.; Kabatc, J.; Skotnicka, A. Preparation and Characterization of Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Crosslinked with UV Radiation-Influence of Monomer Composition on Adhesive Properties. Materials 2022, 15, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010246.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eBartkowiak, M.; Czech, Z.; Mozelewska, K.; Kabatc, J. Comparison between thermal crosslinkers based on melamine-formaldehyde and benzoguanamine resin and their influence on main performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives as tack. peel adhesion. shear strength and pot-life. Polym. Test. 2020, 89, 106596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106596.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntosik, A.K.; Mozelewska, K.; Pełech, R.; Czech, Z.; Antosik, N.A. Conductive Electric Tapes Based on Silicone Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Silicon 2021, 13, 867\u0026ndash;875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00510-5.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eShaow, B.; LinLoren, D.; Durfee, R.; Ekeland, A.; McVie, J.; Schalau, G.K. Recent advances in silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 2007, 21, 605\u0026ndash;623. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856107781192274.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntosik, A.K.; Mozelewska, K.; Piątek-Hnat, M.; Czech, Z.; Bartkowiak, M. Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives with increased thermal resistance. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2021, 147, 7719\u0026ndash;7727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11048-y.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Czech, Z. Development of solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesive acrylics. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2004, 24, 119\u0026ndash;125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2003.07.001.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Huo Lee, S.; You, R.; Yoon, Y.; Ho Park, W. Preparation and characterization of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives based on UV and heat curing systems. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2017, 75, 190\u0026ndash;195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.007.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Riaz, R., Bashir, M., Imtiaz, K., Rahdar, A., Nazar, M. F., Sumrra, S. H., Mohammadi L; Zafar, M. N. Silicones and Their Applications. In Advances in Minerals Research 2024, 131-156. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49175-7_5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Tolia G, Li SK. Silicone adhesive matrix of verapamil hydrochloride to provide pH-independent sustained release. J Am Assoc Pharm Sci 2013, 15, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-013-0004-8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Santamaria A, Munoz ME, Fernandez M, Landa M. Electrically conductive adhesives with a focus on adhesives that contain carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2013, 129, 1643-1652. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39137\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Lobo, S., Sachdeva, S., Goswami, T. Role of pressure-sensitive adhesives in transdermal drug delivery systems. Therapeutic delivery 2016, 7, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.15.87\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Wypych, G. Handbook of antiblocking, release, and slip additives. Elsevier 2021. ISBN 978-1-927885-78-9.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Jovanovski, G., \u0026Scaron;ijakova-Ivanova, T., Boev, I., Boev, B., \u0026amp; Makreski, P. Intriguing minerals: quartz and its polymorphic modifications. Chem Texts, 2022, 8(3), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-022-00165-2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e Clay, P. L., Baxter, E. F., Cherniak, D. J., Kelley, S. P., Thomas, J. B., \u0026amp; Watson, E. B. (2010). Two diffusion pathways in quartz: a combined UV-laser and RBS study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(20), 5906-5925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.014\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The presented article provides a detailed comparison of two silicone adhesives named 288 and 922. Various contents of dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, the cross-linking agent (0-3% by weight), were examined. A series of tests, including adhesion, tack, cohesion at room temperature and elevated temperature, SAFT test, and shrinkage, were conducted. Silicone-based self-adhesive adhesives are known for their excellent self-adhesive properties and find applications in various industrial sectors. However, their thermal resistance is relatively low. Therefore, the best composition was selected and modified with different filler concentrations, namely citrine, ranging from 0.1 to 3.0% by weight.\nDuring the conducted research, an increase in the thermal resistance of the adhesive up to a temperature of 225°C was observed, which constitutes a positive phenomenon in the field of self-adhesive adhesive technology. The purpose of these studies was to significantly improve the properties of silicone adhesives, and the modification using citron proved to be an effective means of achieving this goal. The obtained results indicate potential opportunities for refining and customizing silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives, which can significantly enhance their performance and flexibility in industrial applications.","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of citrine on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-19 10:15:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208997/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"24222360-b0e7-4c52-8cd5-db81b7b1fd3c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-27T09:51:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-19 10:15:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4208997","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4208997","identity":"rs-4208997","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}