Chemical surface densification of sugar maple through Michael addition reaction

Chemical surface densification of sugar maple through Michael addition reaction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Chemical surface densification of sugar maple through Michael addition reaction Vahideh Akbari, Stéphanie Vanslambrouck, Veronic Landry This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979989/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 May, 2024 Read the published version in Wood Science and Technology → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wood densification is a technique to enhance wood density and hardness, presenting a promising solution to expand wood use across various applications. However, current densification methods have cost and environmental impact limitations. This project introduces a potential environmentally friendly approach involving surface chemical densification through in-situ polymerization, using carbon Michael addition reaction between biobased acrylate and malonate monomers. This reaction, conducted in mild conditions with low energy and solvent consumption, aims to enhance wood densification while minimizing environmental impact. Various malonate-acrylate systems were formulated, and were optimized based on their viscosity, conversion rate, glass transition temperature, crosslinking density, and hardness. Then, sugar maple wood samples were densified with the most effective formulations. Monomers with lower viscosity demonstrated higher level of chemical retention. Density profile and penetration depth were also higher for the samples impregnated with lower viscosity formulations, as confirmed by X-Rray densitometer and scanning electron microscopy. Confocal Raman spectroscopy confirmed that formulations successfully filled lumens and vessels without reacting with the cell wall components. The brinell hardness was used to determine the hardness of natural and densified woods. One-way ANOVA data analysis showed a significant increase in hardness of densified samples compared to untreated wood; however, based on TUKEY Anova analysis, no noticeable difference was reported between impregnated samples with different formulations. Overall, results showed the potential effectiveness of the Michael addition reaction in wood impregnation. Michael addition wood densification wood hardness impregnation acrylate Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 May, 2024 Read the published version in Wood Science and Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 07 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 08 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 22 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3979989","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274465661,"identity":"f9f4872f-fbb5-436f-b0ca-a695e18b52a1","order_by":0,"name":"Vahideh Akbari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Laval","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vahideh","middleName":"","lastName":"Akbari","suffix":""},{"id":274465662,"identity":"c0e22351-9308-41c1-b9d5-e8438f4f4e2c","order_by":1,"name":"Stéphanie Vanslambrouck","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"EMCO-Inortech ULC","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stéphanie","middleName":"","lastName":"Vanslambrouck","suffix":""},{"id":274465663,"identity":"e40e8a78-e92f-4e78-bb62-31cf95a57aeb","order_by":2,"name":"Veronic Landry","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Université Laval","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Veronic","middleName":"","lastName":"Landry","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-22 22:30:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979989/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979989/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-024-01564-z","type":"published","date":"2024-05-31T12:05:53+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58414521,"identity":"70735013-82a6-422f-9075-b6e9270dffe2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-15 12:06:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1898126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptVA.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3979989/v1_covered_dc3a0822-e4bd-4a67-98f3-7b653ddc2217.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Chemical surface densification of sugar maple through Michael addition reaction","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"wood-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wsat","sideBox":"Learn more about [Wood Science and Technology](http://link.springer.com/journal/226)","snPcode":"226","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/226/3","title":"Wood Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Michael addition, wood densification, wood hardness, impregnation, acrylate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979989/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979989/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Wood densification is a technique to enhance wood density and hardness, presenting a promising solution to expand wood use across various applications. 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