Knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals

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However, there are a few studies on nurses' knowledge and practice related to intravenous cannulation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional survey with an institutional focus was carried out among 423 nurses employed by Dessie City public hospitals between May 10 and May 30, 2024. Participants in the study were chosen using a simple random sampling method. A standardized, self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data. Data was entered into Epidata version 4.6.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Binary logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 from the multivariable analysis were declared as statistically significant, coupled with a 95% confidence interval. Results 56% of nurses were females, and the mean (± SD) age was 29.8 (± 0.2) years. 58.4% of nurses had good knowledge. Age 20–29 years (AOR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.63, P = 0.002), surgical ward (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.95, P = 0.001), females (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.54, P = 0.0001), workload (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.89, P = 0.021), and training (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.49, P = 0.045) were factors of knowledge. 51.5% of nurses had good practice. Age 30–39 years (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.58, P = 0.002), Diploma (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI: 1.96, 11.98, P = 0.01), experience (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25–0.9, P = 0.023), pediatric ward (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.27, P = 0.036), workload (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.3, P = 0.016), frequency of handling IV (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI: 1.15, 12.68, P = 0.028), and good knowledge (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI: 3.06, 8.06, P = 0.0001) were factors of practice. Conclusion The majority of participants had good knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation. The availability of antiseptic solution, sex, age, working unit, workload, and training were significantly associated knowledge. However, age, marital status, educational level, professional experience, working unit, existence of infection prevention guidelines, frequency of handling intravenous cannulation, and having good knowledge were predictors of practice. Clinical trial number Not applicable Knowledge Practice Factors intravenous cannulation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC) is the act of temporarily inserting a plastic tube into a vein in a patient by making a puncture in their skin with a needle [ 1 ]. It is most commonly used to administer food, fluids, blood, and drugs[ 2 ]. Over 25% of hospitalized patients receive intravenous therapy for fluid replenishment and medication administration[ 3 ]. Hospitals in the United States spend $ 10,895 on patients who are admitted due to problems from intravenous therapy [ 4 ]. Hospitalized patients may experience complications like phlebitis, infiltration, blockage, dislodgement, device difficulties, and fluid overload due to peripheral venous cannulation problems[ 5 ]. Of the complications, phlebitis was the most common, which accounts for 44%[ 6 ]. PIVC is the most common invasive procedure in hospitals[ 7 ]. Nurses must possess knowledge, skills, and experience to insert intravenous cannulas [ 2 ]. Nurses are vital in preventing infections related to intravenous cannulas by monitoring the site, setting up necessary tools, and maintaining sterility during insertion, drug delivery, and removal [ 8 , 9 ]. Studies in South Korea reveal that nurses' understanding and application of PIVC care and maintenance are influenced by clinical experience, knowledge, patient safety perception, education, and training[ 10 ]. A study conducted at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia, showed that the incidence of phlebitis was 70%, and it is linked to catheter dwelling duration, gender, infectious disease, and forearm insertion [ 11 – 13 ]. Nurses' knowledge and practice regarding intravenous cannula infections are influenced by factors like age, sex, work experience, education, and training, working units, access to guidelines [ 14 – 16 ]. To decrease IV cannula-related infections, education, training, and adherence to standardized recommendations are crucial strategies [ 17 , 18 ]. Intravenous therapy complications increase a patient's death risk, require expensive care, and prolong hospital stays. Nurses’ are responsible for providing care for patients undergoing intravenous therapy. However, there are a few studies on nurses' knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation in Ethiopia[ 11 , 15 ]. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods and materials Study setting, period and design An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dessie City public hospitals from May 10 to 30, 2024. Dessie city is located 401 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (DCSH) and Boru Meda General Hospital (BMGH) are the two public hospitals in Dessie City. There are around 600 nurses in Dessie City public hospitals. Study participants The study population included all nurses who had worked in public hospitals in Dessie City. Those on sick or maternity leave were excluded from the study. Sample size determination The population proportion of 50%, the 95% confidence interval, and the 5% marginal error (d) were taken into account when calculating the sample size using the single population proportion formula. $$\:{n}_{i}=\frac{(Za/2{)}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}$$ Where n i = initial sample size d = margin of error z = confidence interval p = proportion Sampling procedure and technique There are two public hospitals in Dessie City, namely Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Boru Meda General Hospital. In these hospitals, there are 600 employed nurses. DCSH has 510 nurses, whereas Boru Meda General Hospital has 90 nurses. A proportionate number of nurses were assigned to each of the two hospitals. After proportional allocation, 63 participants were selected from Boru Meda General Hospital and 360 participants in DCSH. Participants included nurses from emergency and outpatient departments, pediatrics wards, medical wards, and surgical wards. A total of 191 nurses from the surgical ward, 35 from the pediatric ward, 35 from the outpatient department, 11 from the emergency department, and 88 from the medical ward participated from DCSH. Whereas 34 participants from the surgical ward, 6 from the pediatric ward, 6 from the outpatient department, 2 from the emergency department, and 15 from the medical wards participated from BMGH. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Study variables Outcome variables Knowledge (Good and Poor) Practices (Good and poor) Independent variables Socio demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income, and year of experience) Institutional/professional related factors ( professional title, presence of personal protective equipment, availability of infection prevention guide line, anti-septic solution, PIVC Training, work load, working unit, frequency of handling PIVC). Operational definitions Good knowledge Participants who scored more than the median of 18 knowledge questions[ 15 ]. Poor knowledge Participants who scored below the median of 18 knowledge questions[ 15 ] Good practice Participants who scored greater the median of 15 practice questions[ 15 ]. Poor practice Participants who scored below the median of 15 practice questions[ 15 ]. Data collection tool (instrument) The information was gathered via self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: sociodemographic characteristics (part 1), institution/profession related factors (part 2), knowledge-related questions (part 3), and practice-related questions (part 4). The questionnaire used in this study was taken from previously published research [ 19 ]. Two supervisors and four skilled nurses from each facility collected the data. In the current study, the reliability was checked using Cronbach’s alpha. The reliability of knowledge and practice was 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. The validity of the tool was checked by nursing instructors and senior nurses in hospitals. Data quality control and management The tool was pretested two weeks before the commencement of the actual data collection at Kombolcha Hospital on 5% (21) samples. Supervisors and data collectors received half-day training regarding the purpose of the study and the procedures involved in gathering data. Every day following the collection of data, each completed questionnaire was reviewed to ensure its accuracy. Data processing and analysis The collected data was coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6.1, then exported to SPSS version 23 for additional analysis. Binary logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used. Variables in the bivariable analysis with p-values less than 0.25 were candidates for multivariable analysis. Variables from the multivariable analysis that had a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Hosmer-Lemshow test was used to evaluate model fitness, and the scores for practice and knowledge were 0.867 and 0.946, respectively. Multicollinearity was evaluated using the variance inflation factor. Results Socio demographic characteristics of nurses’ In this study, all 423 participants respond, ensuring a 100% response rate. The majority, 237 (56%) were females, and the mean (± SD) age of participants was 29.8(± 0.2) years. In terms of educational status, 298 people (70.4%) had degrees (Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participants (N = 423) Variables Variables category Frequency Percent (%) Sex Male Female 186 237 44.0 56.0 Age(years) 20–29 30–39 ≥ 40 256 127 40 60.5 30.0 9.5 Marital status Single Married Divorced 212 192 16 50.1 46.1 3.8 Educational level Diploma Degree MSC/MPH 66 298 59 15.6 70.4 13.9 Monthly income(birr) < 7071 ≥ 7071 266 157 62.9 37.1 Working experience < 5 years ≥ 5 years 220 203 52.0 48.0 Institutional/ professional related factors Senior nurses made up 262 (61.9%) of the participants; 346 (81.8%) of them explained that the hospital has a workload; 251 (59.3%) of them did not receive peripheral intravascular cannulation training; and 83.1 percent of them said that their working unit has an infection prevention guideline ( Table 2 ). Table 2 Institutional/ professional related factors (N = 423) Variables Category Frequency (n) Percent (%) Professional title Junior nurses Senior nurses Sister Others* 117 262 25 19 27.7 61.9 5.9 4.5 Working unit Surgical Ward Pediatric Ward Outpatient department Emergency Medical ward 225 41 41 13 103 53.2 9.2 9.2 3.1 24.3 Having work load in the hospital Yes No 346 77 81.8 18.2 Training about PIVC Yes No 172 251 40.7 59.3 Presence of personal protective equipment Yes No 356 67 84 15.8 Is there infection prevention guideline Yes No 351 72 83.0 17.0 Availability antiseptic solution Yes No 377 46 89.1 10.9 Frequency of Handling PIVC Daily Once weak Once a month 298 102 23 70.8 24.1 5.4 *Others Matron, heads/coordinators Knowledge towards care and maintenance of intravenous cannulation Of the participants, 377 (72.2%) are aware that the peripheral IV cannula needs to be taken out every 12 to 72 hours after placement. Eighty-one percent of participants said that phlebitis is the most common infection-related PIVC. Three hundred and thirty-four (79.0%) of the participants are aware of the need for hand cleanliness in preventing infection prior to IV insertion ( Table 3 ). Table 3 Nurses’ Knowledge on care and maintenance of PIVC (N = 423) Items Yes No I do not Know n (%) n (%) n(%) 1. The cannula gauge 14G, 16G, and 18G, 20 G and 22G are suitable to use) for peripheral intravenous cannulation 17(4.0) 42(9.9) 364(86.1) 2. Veins use for intravenous cannulation normally located at dorsal and ventral surface of the upper extremities right and left hand/arm 377(89) 38(9.0) 8(1.9) 3. Peripheral IV cannula must be removed every 12–72 hours from insertion time 307(72.2) 111(26.1) 5 (1.2) 4. Based on universal infection control guidelines, IV cannula can be used 48–72 hours if no signs and symptoms of complication 312(73.8) 102(24.1) 9(2.1) 5. Phlebitis is the most identifiable infection related to IV Cannulation 339(80.1) 78(18.4) 6(1.4) 6. The environmental situation e.g. cleanliness) will influent the risk of infection related to IV Cannulation. 318(75.2) 95(22.5) 10(2.4) 7. Hand hygiene before procedure IV insertion is important in order to prevent infection 334(79.0) 81(19) 8(1.9) 8. Maintaining aseptic technique only during insertion of IV cannula will help to prevent infection occur 261(61.7) 158(37.4) 4(0.9) 9. Wearing non-sterile gloves during insertion of IV cannula is advisable 221(52.2) 192(46.3) 6(1.4) 10. Skin preparation at insertion site is require before IV cannula inserted 306(72.3) 107(25.3) 10(24) 11. Increase attempts for cannulation will increase the risk of infection 294(69.6) 117(27.7) 12(2.8) 12. Using transparent dressing will help to recognize early signs and symptoms of infection 263(62.2) 130(30.7) 30(7.1) 13. Removing IV cannula immediately if not in use, will help to reduce risk of infection occur. 304(71.9) 107(25.3) 12(2.8) 14. Staphylococcus aureus is the most associated with cannula tips. 259(61.2) 147(34.8) 17(4.0) 15. Factors like catheter material, catheter size, catheter movement, experience of the staff, duration of catheterization, composition of infuscate, frequency of dressing change will influence of risk of infection occur 260(61.2) 156(36.9) 7(1.7) 16. Giving intravenous therapy will increase risk of infection through) peripheral IV catheter. 218(51.5) 186(44.0) 19(4.5) 17. Patient on high risk to get nosocomial infection when receiving IV therapy. 229(54.1) 177(41.8) 17(4.0) 18. Patient education on how to care IV cannula is important as it does help to reduce risk of infection 254(60.0) 162(38.3) 7(1.7) Overall knowledge about intravenous cannualtion The median was determined after calculating each participant's response. A median score of 48.0 was employed to divide the subjects into two groups. As a result, 247 nurses (58.4%, 95% CI: 54.1–63.1) had good knowledge, while 179 participants (41.6%, 95% CI: 36.9–45.9) had poor knowledge (Fig. 1). Factors associated with Knowledge The bivariable analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with knowledge at p values less than 0.25: sex, age, educational status, working unit, professional title, and work load; additionally, training regarding PIVC, the presence of personal protective equipment, and the availability of antiseptic solution were all linked to knowledge. Sex, age, working unit, workload, training, and the availability of antiseptic solution were all strongly correlated with good knowledge in multivariable analysis, with a p-value of less than 0.05. Compared to male participants, female participants had a 66% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.54, P = 0.0001). Participants between the ages of 20 and 29 had a 72% lower likelihood of having good knowledge than participants over the age of 40 (AOR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.63, P = 0.002). Compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wards had a three-fold higher likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.95, P = 0.001). Workload has a strong correlation with knowledge. Compared to their counterparts, nurses with a workload had a 51% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.89, P = 0.021). Compared to counterparts, participants who had received PIVC training were 1.6 times more likely to have strong knowledge (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.49, P = 0.045). When it came to having good knowledge, participants with antiseptic solution in their department were 2.15 times more likely than those without it (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.39, P = 0.036) ( Table 4 ). Table 4 Bivariable and multivariable analysis to identify factors related to knowledge Variables Variable category Knowledge COR(95%CI) AOR(95%CI P-value Good Poor Sex Female Male 85 162 101 75 0.39(0.26,0.58)* 1 0.34(0.22,0.54) 1 0.0001 Age(yrs) 20–29 30–39 ≥ 40 138 80 29 118 47 11 0.44(0.21,0.93)* 0.65 (0.30,1.41) 1 0.28(0.12,0.63) 0.61(0.26,1.43) 1 0.002 0.260 Educational level Diploma Degree MSC/MPH 33 179 35 33 119 24 1.5(0.88,2.57)* 1.46(0.72,2.96) 1 0.96(0.42,2.21) 1.04(0.52,2.07) 0.92 0.911 Working unit Surgical Ward Pediatric Gynecology Critical Care Medical ward 70 22 22 9 53 155 19 19 4 50 2.35(1.6,3.8)* 0.92(0.44,1.9) 0.92(0.44,1.9) 0.47(0.4,1.63) 1 2.87(1.66,4.95) 0.85(0.38,1.88) 1.38(0.60,3.19) 0.58(0.16,2.08) 1 0.001 0.68 0.45 0.40 Professional title Junior nurses Senior nurses Sister Others 73 156 14 4 44 106 11 15 6.22(1.94,19.9)* 5.519(1.8,17.1) 4.77(1.23,18.5) 1 2.42(0.59, 9.94) 2.25(0.58,8.77) 3.03(0.60,15.29) 1 0.22 0.24 0.18 Having work load in the hospital Yes No 192 55 154 22 0.499(0.29,0.9)* 1 0.49(0.27,0.89) 1 0.021 Peripheral intra venous Training Yes No 110 137 62 114 1.48(0.99,2.199)* 1 1.59(1.01,2.49) 1 0.045 Presence of PPE Yes No 201 26 150 26 0.694(0.402,1.198)* 1 0.52(0.28,1.09) 1 0.053 Availability anti septic solution Yes No 229 18 148 28 2.407(1.29,4.51)* 1 2.15(1.05,4.39) 1 0.036 1-reference category, * p < 0.25 Practice towards care and maintenance of intravenous cannulation Two hundred seventy-three nurses (64.5%) changed the IV cannula right away when they noticed symptoms of infection, such as phlebitis. Of the participants, over half (58.9%) felt competent enough to do intravenous cannulation ( Table 5 ) . Table 5 Nurses’ practice on care and maintenance of PIVC (N = 423) Items Always Sometimes Not at all N% N% N% 1. I always change IV cannula after 72 hours inserted 197(46.6) 211(49.9) 15(3.5) 2. When I saw there is a sign of phlebitis I immediately change the IV cannula to non-affected part. 273(64.5) 134(31.7) 16(3.8) 3. I always use transparent dressing when securing IV cannula 177(41.8) 195(46.1) 51(12.1) 4. I always write date, time, site, size, due date change and name of) person annulated 236(55.8) 147(34.8) 40(9.5) 5. I use administration set for IV cannula within 72 hours 245(57.9) 177(41.8) 1(0.2) 6. I aware of complications of IV Cannulation for instance infiltration, phlebitis and extravasation. 265(62.6) 136(32.2) 22(5.2) 7. I always maintain aseptic technique during preparing, inserting and removing of IV cannula. 275(65.0) 131(31.0) 17(4.0) 8. I always change the dressing when it wet or dislodge 234(55.3) 172(40.7) 17(4.0) 9. I always educate my patient how to care the IV cannula 243(57.5) 160(37.8) 20(4.7) 10. I always educate my patient how to recognize the signs and symptoms of IV Cannulation infection. 202(47.8) 217(51.3) 4(0.9) 11. I aware the important of hand hygiene before IV Cannulation) being carried out. 210(49.6) 197(46.6) 16(3.8) 12. I aware the important of doing skin preparation before the procedure insertion of IV cannula 272(64.3) 133(31.4) 18(3.8) 13. I aware the factors that influence the risk of infection occur 290(68.6) 117(27.7) 16(38) 14. I always follow guidelines that given by my management when carried out IV Cannulation. 258(61.0) 155(36.6) 10(2.4) 15. I am confident enough to carried out this procedure (IV Cannulation) because I have enough knowledge and experience. 249(58.9) 164(38.8) 10(2.4) Overall practice about intravenous cannualtion The median was determined after calculating each participant's response. Using this median (36.0), two groups of participants were identified. As a result, 205 participants (48.5%, 95% CI: 43.7, 53.2) had poor practice, whereas 218 participants (51.5%, 95% CI: 46.8, 56.3) had good practice (Fig. 2). Factors associated with practice In a bivariable analysis, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with good practice at p-values less than 0.25: age, marital status, educational attainment, working experience, working unit, professional title, work load, presence of personal protective equipment (PPE), presence of guidelines, presence of antiseptic solution, frequency of handling PIVC, and knowledge. Age, marital status, educational level, working experience, working unit, work load, presence of personal protective equipment, existence of infection prevention guidelines, frequency of handling PIVC, and knowledge were all deemed statistically significant in the adjusted odds ratio (multivariable analysis) with p values less than 0.05. Compared to those over 40, those between the ages of 30 and 39 had a 77% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.58, P = 0.002). Compared to divorced participants, single participants had an 80% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.79, P = 0.021). Similarly, compared to divorced participants, married people had an 82% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.7, P = 0.015). Participants with diplomas were 4.85 times more likely than those with MPHs or MScs to have good practice (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI: 1.96, 11.98, P = 0.01). Comparatively speaking, degree holders had a 3.25 times higher likelihood of having good practice than MPH/MSc holders (AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.59, 6.66, P = 0.01). Compared to those with more than five years of work experience, those with fewer than five years were 52% less likely to have good practice (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI; 0.25, 0.90, P = 0.023). Compared to participants who had worked in a medical ward, those who had worked in a surgical ward were 2.15 times more likely to have good practice (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.87, P = 0.01). Similarly, individuals who had experience working in a pediatric ward had nearly three times higher odds of having good practice compared to those who had experience working in a medical ward (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.27, P = 0.036). Compared to participants without a workload, those with a workload had a 2.24-fold higher likelihood of having good practice (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.3, P = 0.016). The presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) was associated with practice. Those nurses who had PPE in their working unit were 2.66 times more likely to have good practice as compared to counterparts (AOR = 2.66 (95% CI: 1.36, 5.22, P = 0.004). The presence of infection prevention guidelines within the work unit was found to have a substantial impact on practice. As a result, those with an infection prevention guideline in their working unit had a 2.53-fold higher likelihood of having good practice than individuals without one (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.30, 4.91, P = 0.006). Compared to individuals who performed peripheral intravenous cannulation once a month, those who performed PIVC once a week had a 3.83-fold higher likelihood of having good practice (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI: 1.15, 12.68, P = 0.028). Compared to those with weak understanding, those with good knowledge were approximately five times more likely to have good practice (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI: 3.06, 8.06, P = 0.0001) (Table 6 ). Table 6 Bivariable and multivariable analysis to identify factors associated with practice Variables Variable category Practice COR(95%CI) AOR(95%CI P-value Good Poor Age(years) 20–29 30–39 ≥ 40 130 58 30 126 69 10 0.344(0.16,0.73)* 0.280(0.13,0.621 1 0.42(0.16, 1.13) 0.23(0.09, 0.58) 1 0.087 0.002 Marital status Single Married Divorced 111 95 12 101 100 4 0.366(0.114,1.2)* 0.317(0.99,1.02) 1 0.2(0.05,0.79) 0.18(0.05, 0.7) 1 0.021 0.015 Educational level Diploma Degree MSC/MPH 37 160 21 29 138 38 2.31(1.12,4.8)* 2.098(1.18,3.8) 1 4.85(1.96,11.98) 3.25(1.59, 6.66) 1 0.001 0.001 Working experience < 5 years ≥ 5 years 107 111 113 92 0.785(0.54,1.15)* 1 0.48(0.25,0.90) 1 0.023 Working unit Surgical ward Pediatric Ward Gynecology Critical Care Medical ward 130 23 20 5 40 95 18 21 8 63 2.16(1.34,3.5)* 2.012(0.97,4.2) 1.50(0.723,3.1) 0.98(0.301,3.2) 1 2.15(1.9,3.87) 2.79(1.07,7.27) 1.21(0.49,2.97) 1.89(0.50,7.20) 1 0.01 0.036 0.68 0.35 Professional title Junior nurses Senior nurses Sister Others 62 136 15 5 55 126 10 14 3.156(1.07,9.33)* 3.022(1.06,8.632) 4.20(1.15,15.37) 1 2.69(0.71,10.21) 2.05(0.58,7.3) 4.93(0.97,25.07) 0.144 0.267 0.055 Having work load in the hospital Yes No 183 35 162 42 1.35(0.821,2.212)* 1 2.24(1.17,4.31) 0.016 Presence of PPE Yes No 197 21 159 46 2.714(1.56,4.74)* 1 2.66(1.36,5.22) 1 0.004 Is there infection prevention guideline Yes No 195 23 156 49 2.66(1.56,4.62)* 1 2.53(1.30,4.91) 0.006 Availability antiseptic solution Yes No 206 12 17 36 3.413(1.714,6.8)* 1 1.33(0.54,3.26) 0.537 Frequency of Handling PIVC Daily Once weak Once a month 152 58 8 146 44 15 1.952(0.804,4.7)* 2.472(0.962,6.35) 1 2.26(0.74,6.91) 3.83(1.15,12.68) 0.153 0.028 Knowledge Good Poor 160 58 87 118 3.74(2.49,5.63)* 1 4.97(3.06,8.06) 0.0001 1-reference category, * p < 0.25 Discussion Many difficulties in hospitals can arise from inadequate maintenance and treatment of intravenous cannulation. It is the duty of nurses to carry out this mission and to stop the growth of this problem; therefore, researching nurses' expertise and practices is essential. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia. The current study's findings showed that 58.4% (95% CI: 54.1, 63.1) of nurses knew how to maintain and manage peripheral intravenous cannulation. This result was consistent with earlier research conducted in Amhara region hospitals (54.9%)[ 15 ], Kathmandu medical college and teaching hospital, Nepal(55.2%)[ 20 ], Malaysia(58.8%)[ 21 ],Lahore Hospital, Pakistan[ 2 ], and Purbanchal University, Nepal (55.8%)[ 22 ]. The similarity indicates that nurses across different countries had proper knowledge about intravenous cannulation. However, this result is higher than research from Bharatpur, Nepal (49.1%)[ 14 ], Egypt (50.6%)[ 23 ], and University in Seremban, Malaysia (40.6%)[ 24 ]. On the other hand, this finding is lower than studies conducted in Chitwan medical college teaching hospital, Nepal(82.47%)[ 25 ], Pantai hospital, Malaysia (75.9%)[ 19 ], Saidu group of teaching hospital, Pakistan (77%)[ 26 ], Dhaka City, Bangladesh (71.4%)[ 27 ], and India (65%)[ 28 ]. The sociodemographic composition of the participants, the use of various instruments, the kind of questionnaire employed, and variations in sample size could all contribute to the variation. For example, there were 18 questions about knowledge in the current study, compared to 36 questions in Egypt. In Bangladesh, the authors employed a self-administered questionnaire together with an observational checklist. Compared to male participants, female participants had a 66% lower likelihood of having good knowledge. This result is in line with research from Saidu group of teaching hospitals in Pakistan [ 26 ], Amhara regional hospitals in Ethiopia[ 15 ], and China[ 17 ]. Age was a reliable indicator of knowledge level. When compared to those over 40 years old, those between the ages of 20 and 29 had a 72% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge. Research from China[ 17 ], Bharatpur, Nepal[ 14 ] and Wollega University, Ethiopia[ 16 ] support this study. This suggests that sociodemographic characteristics such as age and gender played a role in various nations. Women who devote their time to domestic tasks, such as cooking, child care, and maintaining household hygiene. Consequently, they might not have the time to raise their knowledge. When compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wards were three times more likely to have good expertise. This result is consistent with earlier research conducted in Amhara regional hospitals[ 15 ] ,China[ 17 ], and Italy[ 29 ]. Workload has a strong correlation with knowledge. Compared to their counterparts, nurses with hospital workloads were 51% less likely to possess high-quality knowledge. One possible explanation is that nurses who are busy and have little time may not have the incentive to read, and the workload was varied between working wards/units. Completing PIVC training was a determinant in knowledge. As a result, compared to counterparts, those who had received training were 1.6 times more likely to possess solid knowledge. Studies conducted at the Spanish National Health System[ 30 ], Amhara regional hospitals [ 15 ], Wollega University, Ethiopia[ 16 ], China[ 17 ], Italy Universities [ 31 ] and University hospital in Selangor, Malaysia[ 21 ] support this finding. The main strategy for keeping nurses' knowledge of intravenous cannulation up to date was training. For this reason, training was a key component of the current investigation. More than half of the participants—51.5% (95%CI: 46.8, 56.3)—had good practices for PIVC. This result is consistent with earlier research conducted at regional hospitals in Amhara, Ethiopia(53.4%)[ 15 ]. This resemblance may result from a similar socioeconomic level, self-administered questionnaires, and a similar sample size of 423. Nonetheless, this result is less than research from studies done at Nepal (84.47%)[ 25 ], Pantai hospital, Malaysia (83.7%)[ 19 ], and the Saidu group of teaching hospital in Pakistan (82%)[ 26 ]. However, this result is higher than research from studies done in Dhaka City, Bangladesh(14.6%)[ 27 ], Bharatpur, Nepal (33.9%)[ 14 ], and Egypt (7.4%)[ 23 ]. The study's duration, hospital settings, sample size difference and participants' sociodemographic makeup could all be contributing factors to the discrepancy. For instance, one hospital in the current study is not a teaching hospital, whereas the study region in Nepal was a teaching hospital. While the current study was conducted using a quantitative approach with 423 nurses, a study conducted in Malaysia with 120 nurses employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Educational level was a factor that affected practice. This result was consistent with earlier research conducted in Pakistan [ 26 ], Nepal[ 14 ], and India[ 28 ]. Juniors lacked the practice that seniors did. As a result, compared to those with more than five years of work experience, those with fewer than five years were 52% less likely to have good practices. This outcome is consistent with earlier research conducted in South Korea[ 10 ], Nepal[ 14 ] and Italy[ 32 ]. Skill development occurs through extensive trial and error, which is why seniors tend to have better practice compared to juniors. The working unit was a factors of practice. Compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wad were twice as likely to have good practice. Similarly, compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in pediatric wards were three times more likely to have good practice. This is in line with study in Amhara regional hospitals, Ethiopia[ 15 ] and public hospital in Tigray,Ethiopia[ 13 ]. Similar hospital layouts and socioeconomic backgrounds could be the cause of the resemblance. Additionally, nurses with experience in pediatrics may be able to secure intravenous cannulas on a regular basis and develop their skills. The presence of infection prevention guidelines within the work unit was found to have a substantial impact on practice. As a result, nurses who had an infection prevention guideline in place within their working unit had a threefold higher likelihood of having good practices than nurses who did not. This is supported by studies in Spanish National Health System[ 30 ], and Amhara regional hospitals, Ethiopia[ 15 ]. This is a result of nurses who may read about new procedures and expand their practice after receiving revised recommendations. Regularly managing PIVC improves practice. Compared to nurses who performed peripheral intravenous catheterization once a month, those who performed PIVC once a week had a four-fold higher likelihood of having good practice. This is supported by previous study in Italy[ 32 ]. This could be explained by the fact that nurses gain proficiency and acquire abilities through regular intravenous catheterization. Having good knowledge was a factor for practice. Compared to nurses with inadequate expertise, those with good knowledge were almost five times more likely to practice well. This finding was supported by previous studies conducted in South Korea[ 10 ], Amhara regional hosptals ,Ethiopia[ 15 ] and Italy[ 29 ]. To conduct any procedure, including intravenous cannulation, knowledge is necessary. Conclusion The majority of participants had good knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation. The following factors were strongly linked to good knowledge: availability of antiseptic solution, sex, age, working unit, workload, and training. On the other hand, factors that predicted practice included age, marital status, educational level, working experience, working unit, personal protection equipment use, presence of infection prevention guidelines, and having good knowledge. Recommendations Nurses should be knowledgeable about peripheral IV cannulation, its maintenance, and proper approach to perform it in healthcare settings due to its importance. Nurses’ should frequently change intravenous cannula within 72 hrs. To ensure the effectiveness of infection prevention measures, all nurses must actively participate in the implementation of risk-reduction measures. Throughout their practice lifetime, nurses’ consistently uphold current and efficient techniques and skills. The training programs offered by Dessie Comprehensive and Boru Meda hospitals aim to enhance nurses' skills in securing patient information and refresh their expertise. The Ethiopian Nursing Association should cooperate with hospitals to assist in keeping nurses' skills and knowledge up to date. This study is conducted solely by quantitative analysis in hospitals. As a result, future researchers ought to expand sample size and combine quantitative and qualitative methods. Abbreviations BMGH Boru Meda General Hospital DCSH Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital DCPH Dessie City Public Hospitals IV Intravenous PIVC Peripheral intravenous cannulation MSc Master of Science MPH Master of Public health Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The Helsinki Declaration's guiding principles were followed throughout the study's execution. Ethical clearance was given by the department of nursing ethical review committee of the Tropical College of Medicine (Reference number: RCS/5286/16). The goal of the study was explained in detail to study participants. We obtained informed consent in writing from each research participant. They were also informed that they might leave the study at any time. Over the course of the study, privacy and information security were upheld. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All necessary data are available from the corresponding author at any time. Competing interests The authors declare that there is no competing of interests Funding No funding Authors' contributions All authors made a significant contribution to this research. All authors had significant role in the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis ,funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation ,visualization, Writing – original draft , Writing – review and editing. Lastly, all authors approve the final version of the article to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgements The acknowledgement goes to data collectors, supervisors and study participants. Authors' information Belachew Tegegne ( Lecturer), Department of nursing, college of medicine and health sciences, Injibara University,Injibara, Ethiopia( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 40 Sewunet Ademe(Assistant professor) : Department of nursing, college of medicine and health sciences, Injibara University,Injibara, Ethiopia( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 40 Mekuriaw Wuhib Shumye(Lecturer) : Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia ( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 1145 Leul Mekonnen Zeru(Lecturer) : Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 1145 Zemen Mengesha Yalew(Lecturer) : Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 1145 Metadel Tegegne Shiferaw(degree) : Department of public health, College of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie,Ethiopia( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 1145 Afework Edmealem ( Assistant professor ): Department of nursing, College of medicine and health sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia ( [email protected] ), P.O.BOX: 269 Dawit Chekole( Lecturer ): Department of nursing, Tropical college of medicine, Dessie, Ethiopia( [email protected] ) P.O.BOX: 1359 References Tan YHG, Tai WLS, Sim C, Ng HLI: Optimising peripheral venous catheter usage in the general inpatient ward: a prospective observational study . 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Alexandrou E, Ray‐Barruel G, Carr PJ, Frost SA, Inwood S, Higgins N, Lin F, Alberto L, Mermel L, Rickard CM: Use of short peripheral intravenous catheters: characteristics, management, and outcomes worldwide . Journal of hospital medicine 2018, 13 (5):E1-E7. Simin D, Milutinović D, Turkulov V, Brkić S: Incidence, severity and risk factors of peripheral intravenous cannula‐induced complications: an observational prospective study . Journal of clinical nursing 2019, 28 (9-10):1585-1599. Barton A, Ventura R, Vavrik B: Peripheral intravenous cannulation: protecting patients and nurses . In . : MA Healthcare London; 2017. Lorente L: What is new for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections? Annals of Translational Medicine 2016, 4 (6). Ray-Barruel G, Xu H, Marsh N, Cooke M, Rickard CM: Effectiveness of insertion and maintenance bundles in preventing peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications and bloodstream infection in hospital patients: a systematic review . 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Salama MF, Jamal W, Al Mousa H, Rotimi V: Implementation of central venous catheter bundle in an intensive care unit in Kuwait: Effect on central line-associated bloodstream infections . Journal of infection and public health 2016, 9 (1):34-41. Arbaee I, Mohd Ghazali A: Nurses knowledge and practice towards care and maintenance of peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Pantai Hospital, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Qualitative Research 2016, 1 (3):385-405. Sharma M, Paudel S, Shrestha U, Sitaula B: Knowledge of Intravenous Cannulation among Interns of a Teaching Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study . JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2022, 60 (247):290. Nordin N, Bakar KBA, Sharoni SKA, Fauzi R, Seman N: Assessment of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Knowledge and Perceptions of Phlebitis Risk Factors among Nurses in a University Hospital in Selangor . The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN) 2023, 15 (Supplementary 1):80-92. Sinha P, Sahu P, Chaudhary R: Knowledge regarding intravenous cannulation among nursing students at the School of Health Sciences of Purbanchal University, Gothgaun, Morang, Nepal . International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2022, 12 (5):1-9. Soliman HH, Ouda WE-S, Mahmoud MF: Nurses' Knowledge and Practices Regarding Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation and Blood Sampling in Pediatric Health Care Settings . Port Said Scientific Journal of Nursing 2019, 6 (3):50-67. Khairunniza G, Leela C, Thiruselvi S: Students’ Perception of Their Knowledge About Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation at A Private Medical University in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia . Proceedings of ADVED 2019. Osti C, Khadka M, Wosti D, Gurung G, Zhao Q: Knowledge and practice towards care and maintenance of peripheral intravenous cannula among nurses in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal . Nursing open 2019, 6 (3):1006-1012. Siddique U: Assessment of nurses knowledge and practice towards the care and management of intravenous cannula . Journal of Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences Nawabshah(JPUMHS) 2023, 13 (2):149-155. Hossain A, Hasan M, Haque M: Assessment of the level of knowledge and practice on intravenous cannulization among staff nurses of selected tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city . MOJ Public Health 2016, 4 (5):00095. Deshmukh M, Shinde M: Impact of structured education on knowledge and practice regarding venous access device care among nurses . Int J Sci Res 2014, 3 (5):895e901. Bianco A, Coscarelli P, Nobile CG, Pileggi C, Pavia M: The reduction of risk in central line-associated bloodstream infections: knowledge, attitudes, and evidence-based practices in health care workers . American journal of infection control 2013, 41 (2):107-112. Blanco-Mavillard I, Bennasar-Veny M, De Pedro-Gómez JE, Moya-Suarez AB, Parra-Garcia G, Rodríguez-Calero MÁ, Castro-Sánchez E, Gómez-Queipo RGPLM-MCS-RLM-BIF-FAP-AFF-CJC-RSZ-SGM-SV: Implementation of a knowledge mobilization model to prevent peripheral venous catheter-related adverse events: PREBACP study—a multicenter cluster-randomized trial protocol . Implementation Science 2018, 13 :1-9. Simonetti V, Comparcini D, Miniscalco D, Tirabassi R, Di Giovanni P, Cicolini G: Assessing nursing students' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the management of peripheral venous catheters: A multicentre cross-sectional study . Nurse Education Today 2019, 73 :77-82. Piredda M, Fiorini J, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, Marchetti A, Conti F, Iacorossi L, Giannarelli D, Matarese M, De Marinis MG: Risk factors for a difficult intravenous access: a multicentre study comparing nurses' beliefs to evidence . Journal of Clinical Nursing 2019, 28 (19-20):3492-3504. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Nursing → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 03 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 02 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5020471","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":464989546,"identity":"ffbf0ef5-8ad9-436d-878d-9459f6fd403d","order_by":0,"name":"Belachew 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legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5020471/v1/431a6c983549b4e1cb9b896a.jpg"},{"id":83982164,"identity":"88a8f1bd-f72d-428f-b93d-e4a60047b62e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:37","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5020471/v1/23170851408e4545d2894b15.jpg"},{"id":86179184,"identity":"83a18110-3b6a-478d-95d8-16915e8f0261","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-07 16:16:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3497783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5020471/v1/cfbcfd57-e18c-4618-8608-9306f22d13e7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003ePeripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC) is the act of temporarily inserting a plastic tube into a vein in a patient by making a puncture in their skin with a needle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is most commonly used to administer food, fluids, blood, and drugs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Over 25% of hospitalized patients receive intravenous therapy for fluid replenishment and medication administration[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitals in the United States spend \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10,895 on patients who are admitted due to problems from intravenous therapy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Hospitalized patients may experience complications like phlebitis, infiltration, blockage, dislodgement, device difficulties, and fluid overload due to peripheral venous cannulation problems[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Of the complications, phlebitis was the most common, which accounts for 44%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePIVC is the most common invasive procedure in hospitals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses must possess knowledge, skills, and experience to insert intravenous cannulas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses are vital in preventing infections related to intravenous cannulas by monitoring the site, setting up necessary tools, and maintaining sterility during insertion, drug delivery, and removal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies in South Korea reveal that nurses' understanding and application of PIVC care and maintenance are influenced by clinical experience, knowledge, patient safety perception, education, and training[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia, showed that the incidence of phlebitis was 70%, and it is linked to catheter dwelling duration, gender, infectious disease, and forearm insertion [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses' knowledge and practice regarding intravenous cannula infections are influenced by factors like age, sex, work experience, education, and training, working units, access to guidelines [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. To decrease IV cannula-related infections, education, training, and adherence to standardized recommendations are crucial strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntravenous therapy complications increase a patient's death risk, require expensive care, and prolong hospital stays. Nurses\u0026rsquo; are responsible for providing care for patients undergoing intravenous therapy. However, there are a few studies on nurses' knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation in Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy setting, period and design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dessie City public hospitals from May 10 to 30, 2024. Dessie city is located 401 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (DCSH) and Boru Meda General Hospital (BMGH) are the two public hospitals in Dessie City. There are around 600 nurses in Dessie City public hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy participants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population included all nurses who had worked in public hospitals in Dessie City. Those on sick or maternity leave were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population proportion of 50%, the 95% confidence interval, and the 5% marginal error (d) were taken into account when calculating the sample size using the single population proportion formula.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{n}_{i}=\\frac{(Za/2{)}^{2}p(1-p)}{{d}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere n\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e= initial sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin of error\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;proportion\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"511\" height=\"55\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling procedure and technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are two public hospitals in Dessie City, namely Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Boru Meda General Hospital. In these hospitals, there are 600 employed nurses. DCSH has 510 nurses, whereas Boru Meda General Hospital has 90 nurses. A proportionate number of nurses were assigned to each of the two hospitals. After proportional allocation, 63 participants were selected from Boru Meda General Hospital and 360 participants in DCSH. Participants included nurses from emergency and outpatient departments, pediatrics wards, medical wards, and surgical wards. A total of 191 nurses from the surgical ward, 35 from the pediatric ward, 35 from the outpatient department, 11 from the emergency department, and 88 from the medical ward participated from DCSH. Whereas 34 participants from the surgical ward, 6 from the pediatric ward, 6 from the outpatient department, 2 from the emergency department, and 15 from the medical wards participated from BMGH. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOutcome variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge (Good and Poor)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices (Good and poor)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income, and year of experience)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInstitutional/professional related factors (\u003c/b\u003eprofessional title, presence of personal protective equipment, availability of infection prevention guide line, anti-septic solution, PIVC Training, work load, working unit, frequency of handling PIVC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGood knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who scored more than the median of 18 knowledge questions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePoor knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who scored below the median of 18 knowledge questions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGood practice\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who scored greater the median of 15 practice questions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePoor practice\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who scored below the median of 15 practice questions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection tool (instrument)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe information was gathered via self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: sociodemographic characteristics (part 1), institution/profession related factors (part 2), knowledge-related questions (part 3), and practice-related questions (part 4). The questionnaire used in this study was taken from previously published research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Two supervisors and four skilled nurses from each facility collected the data. In the current study, the reliability was checked using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha. The reliability of knowledge and practice was 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. The validity of the tool was checked by nursing instructors and senior nurses in hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData quality control and management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tool was pretested two weeks before the commencement of the actual data collection at Kombolcha Hospital on 5% (21) samples. Supervisors and data collectors received half-day training regarding the purpose of the study and the procedures involved in gathering data. Every day following the collection of data, each completed questionnaire was reviewed to ensure its accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data was coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6.1, then exported to SPSS version 23 for additional analysis. Binary logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used. Variables in the bivariable analysis with p-values less than 0.25 were candidates for multivariable analysis. Variables from the multivariable analysis that had a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Hosmer-Lemshow test was used to evaluate model fitness, and the scores for practice and knowledge were 0.867 and 0.946, respectively. Multicollinearity was evaluated using the variance inflation factor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio demographic characteristics of nurses\u0026rsquo;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, all 423 participants respond, ensuring a 100% response rate. The majority, 237 (56%) were females, and the mean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) age of participants was 29.8(\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2) years. In terms of educational status, 298 people (70.4%) had degrees (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;423)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSC/MPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income(birr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7071\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInstitutional/ professional related factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior nurses made up 262 (61.9%) of the participants; 346 (81.8%) of them explained that the hospital has a workload; 251 (59.3%) of them did not receive peripheral intravascular cannulation training; and 83.1 percent of them said that their working unit has an infection prevention guideline \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional/ professional related factors (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;423)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional title\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSister\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical Ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric Ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutpatient department\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving work load in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraining about PIVC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of personal protective equipment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs there infection prevention guideline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability antiseptic solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of Handling PIVC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce weak\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e*Others\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatron, heads/coordinators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge towards care and maintenance of intravenous cannulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the participants, 377 (72.2%) are aware that the peripheral IV cannula needs to be taken out every 12 to 72 hours after placement. Eighty-one percent of participants said that phlebitis is the most common infection-related PIVC. Three hundred and thirty-four (79.0%) of the participants are aware of the need for hand cleanliness in preventing infection prior to IV insertion \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses\u0026rsquo; Knowledge on care and maintenance of PIVC (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;423)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI do not\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. The cannula gauge 14G, 16G, and 18G, 20 G and 22G are suitable to use) for peripheral intravenous cannulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(9.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364(86.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Veins use for intravenous cannulation normally located at dorsal and ventral surface of the upper extremities right and left hand/arm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377(89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Peripheral IV cannula must be removed every 12\u0026ndash;72 hours from insertion time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307(72.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Based on universal infection control guidelines, IV cannula can be used 48\u0026ndash;72 hours if no signs and symptoms of complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312(73.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Phlebitis is the most identifiable infection related to IV Cannulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339(80.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. The environmental situation e.g. cleanliness) will influent the risk of infection related to IV Cannulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318(75.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95(22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Hand hygiene before procedure IV insertion is important in order to prevent infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334(79.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Maintaining aseptic technique only during insertion of IV cannula will help to prevent infection occur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261(61.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(37.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Wearing non-sterile gloves during insertion of IV cannula is advisable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Skin preparation at insertion site is require before IV cannula inserted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306(72.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Increase attempts for cannulation will increase the risk of infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294(69.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(27.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. Using transparent dressing will help to recognize early signs and symptoms of infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. Removing IV cannula immediately if not in use, will help to reduce risk of infection occur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304(71.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. Staphylococcus aureus is the most associated with cannula tips.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15. Factors like catheter material, catheter size, catheter movement, experience of the staff, duration of catheterization, composition of infuscate, frequency of dressing change will influence of risk of infection occur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156(36.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16. Giving intravenous therapy will increase risk of infection through) peripheral IV catheter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186(44.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17. Patient on high risk to get nosocomial infection when receiving IV therapy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229(54.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18. Patient education on how to care IV cannula is important as it does help to reduce risk of infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(38.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOverall knowledge about intravenous cannualtion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median was determined after calculating each participant's response. A median score of 48.0 was employed to divide the subjects into two groups. As a result, 247 nurses (58.4%, 95% CI: 54.1\u0026ndash;63.1) had good knowledge, while 179 participants (41.6%, 95% CI: 36.9\u0026ndash;45.9) had poor knowledge (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with Knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bivariable analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with knowledge at p values less than 0.25: sex, age, educational status, working unit, professional title, and work load; additionally, training regarding PIVC, the presence of personal protective equipment, and the availability of antiseptic solution were all linked to knowledge. Sex, age, working unit, workload, training, and the availability of antiseptic solution were all strongly correlated with good knowledge in multivariable analysis, with a p-value of less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to male participants, female participants had a 66% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.54, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Participants between the ages of 20 and 29 had a 72% lower likelihood of having good knowledge than participants over the age of 40 (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.63, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wards had a three-fold higher likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.87, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.95, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkload has a strong correlation with knowledge. Compared to their counterparts, nurses with a workload had a 51% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.89, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021). Compared to counterparts, participants who had received PIVC training were 1.6 times more likely to have strong knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.59, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.49, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045). When it came to having good knowledge, participants with antiseptic solution in their department were 2.15 times more likely than those without it (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.15, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.39, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariable and multivariable analysis to identify factors related to knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39(0.26,0.58)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34(0.22,0.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(yrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44(0.21,0.93)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.30,1.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28(0.12,0.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61(0.26,1.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSC/MPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5(0.88,2.57)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46(0.72,2.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96(0.42,2.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04(0.52,2.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical Ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGynecology\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Care\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35(1.6,3.8)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92(0.44,1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92(0.44,1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47(0.4,1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87(1.66,4.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85(0.38,1.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38(0.60,3.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58(0.16,2.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional title\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSister\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22(1.94,19.9)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.519(1.8,17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77(1.23,18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42(0.59, 9.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25(0.58,8.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03(0.60,15.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving work load in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499(0.29,0.9)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49(0.27,0.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeripheral intra venous Training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48(0.99,2.199)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59(1.01,2.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of PPE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.694(0.402,1.198)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52(0.28,1.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability anti septic solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.407(1.29,4.51)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15(1.05,4.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e1-reference category, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractice towards care and maintenance of intravenous cannulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo hundred seventy-three nurses (64.5%) changed the IV cannula right away when they noticed symptoms of infection, such as phlebitis. Of the participants, over half (58.9%) felt competent enough to do intravenous cannulation \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses\u0026rsquo; practice on care and maintenance of PIVC (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;423)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. I always change IV cannula after 72 hours inserted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211(49.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. When I saw there is a sign of phlebitis I immediately change the IV cannula to non-affected part.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273(64.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. I always use transparent dressing when securing IV cannula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195(46.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. I always write date, time, site, size, due date change and name of) person annulated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(55.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. I use administration set for IV cannula within 72 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245(57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. I aware of complications of IV Cannulation for instance infiltration, phlebitis and extravasation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265(62.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(32.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. I always maintain aseptic technique during preparing, inserting and removing of IV cannula.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275(65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131(31.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. I always change the dressing when it wet or dislodge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234(55.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. I always educate my patient how to care the IV cannula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243(57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160(37.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. I always educate my patient how to recognize the signs and symptoms of IV Cannulation infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202(47.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. I aware the important of hand hygiene before IV Cannulation) being carried out.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. I aware the important of doing skin preparation before the procedure insertion of IV cannula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133(31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. I aware the factors that influence the risk of infection occur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290(68.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(27.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. I always follow guidelines that given by my management when carried out IV Cannulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258(61.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155(36.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15. I am confident enough to carried out this procedure (IV Cannulation) because I have enough knowledge and experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(38.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOverall practice about intravenous cannualtion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median was determined after calculating each participant's response. Using this median (36.0), two groups of participants were identified. As a result, 205 participants (48.5%, 95% CI: 43.7, 53.2) had poor practice, whereas 218 participants (51.5%, 95% CI: 46.8, 56.3) had good practice (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e In a bivariable analysis, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with good practice at p-values less than 0.25: age, marital status, educational attainment, working experience, working unit, professional title, work load, presence of personal protective equipment (PPE), presence of guidelines, presence of antiseptic solution, frequency of handling PIVC, and knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Age, marital status, educational level, working experience, working unit, work load, presence of personal protective equipment, existence of infection prevention guidelines, frequency of handling PIVC, and knowledge were all deemed statistically significant in the adjusted odds ratio (multivariable analysis) with p values less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to those over 40, those between the ages of 30 and 39 had a 77% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.58, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Compared to divorced participants, single participants had an 80% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.79, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021). Similarly, compared to divorced participants, married people had an 82% lower likelihood of having good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.7, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants with diplomas were 4.85 times more likely than those with MPHs or MScs to have good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.85, 95% CI: 1.96, 11.98, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Comparatively speaking, degree holders had a 3.25 times higher likelihood of having good practice than MPH/MSc holders (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.25, 95% CI: 1.59, 6.66, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Compared to those with more than five years of work experience, those with fewer than five years were 52% less likely to have good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48, 95% CI; 0.25, 0.90, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to participants who had worked in a medical ward, those who had worked in a surgical ward were 2.15 times more likely to have good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.15, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.87, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Similarly, individuals who had experience working in a pediatric ward had nearly three times higher odds of having good practice compared to those who had experience working in a medical ward (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.79, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.27, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036). Compared to participants without a workload, those with a workload had a 2.24-fold higher likelihood of having good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.3, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of personal protective equipment (PPE) was associated with practice. Those nurses who had PPE in their working unit were 2.66 times more likely to have good practice as compared to counterparts (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.66 (95% CI: 1.36, 5.22, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). The presence of infection prevention guidelines within the work unit was found to have a substantial impact on practice. As a result, those with an infection prevention guideline in their working unit had a 2.53-fold higher likelihood of having good practice than individuals without one (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.53, 95% CI: 1.30, 4.91, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). Compared to individuals who performed peripheral intravenous cannulation once a month, those who performed PIVC once a week had a 3.83-fold higher likelihood of having good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.83, 95% CI: 1.15, 12.68, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028). Compared to those with weak understanding, those with good knowledge were approximately five times more likely to have good practice (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.97, 95% CI: 3.06, 8.06, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariable and multivariable analysis to identify factors associated with practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.344(0.16,0.73)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.280(0.13,0.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42(0.16, 1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23(0.09, 0.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366(0.114,1.2)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.317(0.99,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2(0.05,0.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18(0.05, 0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSC/MPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31(1.12,4.8)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.098(1.18,3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85(1.96,11.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25(1.59, 6.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785(0.54,1.15)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48(0.25,0.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePediatric Ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGynecology\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical Care\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16(1.34,3.5)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.012(0.97,4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50(0.723,3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98(0.301,3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15(1.9,3.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79(1.07,7.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21(0.49,2.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89(0.50,7.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional title\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior nurses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSister\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.156(1.07,9.33)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.022(1.06,8.632)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20(1.15,15.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69(0.71,10.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05(0.58,7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93(0.97,25.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving work load in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35(0.821,2.212)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24(1.17,4.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of PPE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.714(1.56,4.74)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66(1.36,5.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs there infection prevention guideline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66(1.56,4.62)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53(1.30,4.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability antiseptic solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.413(1.714,6.8)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33(0.54,3.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of Handling PIVC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce weak\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.952(0.804,4.7)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.472(0.962,6.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26(0.74,6.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83(1.15,12.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74(2.49,5.63)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97(3.06,8.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e1-reference category, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMany difficulties in hospitals can arise from inadequate maintenance and treatment of intravenous cannulation. It is the duty of nurses to carry out this mission and to stop the growth of this problem; therefore, researching nurses' expertise and practices is essential. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study's findings showed that 58.4% (95% CI: 54.1, 63.1) of nurses knew how to maintain and manage peripheral intravenous cannulation. This result was consistent with earlier research conducted in Amhara region hospitals (54.9%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], Kathmandu medical college and teaching hospital, Nepal(55.2%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], Malaysia(58.8%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e],Lahore Hospital, Pakistan[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and Purbanchal University, Nepal (55.8%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The similarity indicates that nurses across different countries had proper knowledge about intravenous cannulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, this result is higher than research from Bharatpur, Nepal (49.1%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], Egypt (50.6%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], and University in Seremban, Malaysia (40.6%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, this finding is lower than studies conducted in Chitwan medical college teaching hospital, Nepal(82.47%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], Pantai hospital, Malaysia (75.9%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], Saidu group of teaching hospital, Pakistan (77%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], Dhaka City, Bangladesh (71.4%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and India (65%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The sociodemographic composition of the participants, the use of various instruments, the kind of questionnaire employed, and variations in sample size could all contribute to the variation. For example, there were 18 questions about knowledge in the current study, compared to 36 questions in Egypt. In Bangladesh, the authors employed a self-administered questionnaire together with an observational checklist.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to male participants, female participants had a 66% lower likelihood of having good knowledge. This result is in line with research from Saidu group of teaching hospitals in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], Amhara regional hospitals in Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and China[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Age was a reliable indicator of knowledge level. When compared to those over 40 years old, those between the ages of 20 and 29 had a 72% lower likelihood of having strong knowledge. Research from China[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], Bharatpur, Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and Wollega University, Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] support this study. This suggests that sociodemographic characteristics such as age and gender played a role in various nations. Women who devote their time to domestic tasks, such as cooking, child care, and maintaining household hygiene. Consequently, they might not have the time to raise their knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wards were three times more likely to have good expertise. This result is consistent with earlier research conducted in Amhara regional hospitals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] ,China[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], and Italy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Workload has a strong correlation with knowledge. Compared to their counterparts, nurses with hospital workloads were 51% less likely to possess high-quality knowledge. One possible explanation is that nurses who are busy and have little time may not have the incentive to read, and the workload was varied between working wards/units.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompleting PIVC training was a determinant in knowledge. As a result, compared to counterparts, those who had received training were 1.6 times more likely to possess solid knowledge. Studies conducted at the Spanish National Health System[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], Amhara regional hospitals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], Wollega University, Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], China[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], Italy Universities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and University hospital in Selangor, Malaysia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] support this finding. The main strategy for keeping nurses' knowledge of intravenous cannulation up to date was training. For this reason, training was a key component of the current investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than half of the participants\u0026mdash;51.5% (95%CI: 46.8, 56.3)\u0026mdash;had good practices for PIVC. This result is consistent with earlier research conducted at regional hospitals in Amhara, Ethiopia(53.4%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This resemblance may result from a similar socioeconomic level, self-administered questionnaires, and a similar sample size of 423.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this result is less than research from studies done at Nepal (84.47%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], Pantai hospital, Malaysia (83.7%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and the Saidu group of teaching hospital in Pakistan (82%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this result is higher than research from studies done in Dhaka City, Bangladesh(14.6%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], Bharatpur, Nepal (33.9%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and Egypt (7.4%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The study's duration, hospital settings, sample size difference and participants' sociodemographic makeup could all be contributing factors to the discrepancy. For instance, one hospital in the current study is not a teaching hospital, whereas the study region in Nepal was a teaching hospital. While the current study was conducted using a quantitative approach with 423 nurses, a study conducted in Malaysia with 120 nurses employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level was a factor that affected practice. This result was consistent with earlier research conducted in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and India[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Juniors lacked the practice that seniors did. As a result, compared to those with more than five years of work experience, those with fewer than five years were 52% less likely to have good practices. This outcome is consistent with earlier research conducted in South Korea[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], Nepal[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and Italy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Skill development occurs through extensive trial and error, which is why seniors tend to have better practice compared to juniors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe working unit was a factors of practice. Compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in surgical wad were twice as likely to have good practice. Similarly, compared to nurses who worked in medical wards, those who had experience in pediatric wards were three times more likely to have good practice. This is in line with study in Amhara regional hospitals, Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and public hospital in Tigray,Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar hospital layouts and socioeconomic backgrounds could be the cause of the resemblance. Additionally, nurses with experience in pediatrics may be able to secure intravenous cannulas on a regular basis and develop their skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of infection prevention guidelines within the work unit was found to have a substantial impact on practice. As a result, nurses who had an infection prevention guideline in place within their working unit had a threefold higher likelihood of having good practices than nurses who did not. This is supported by studies in Spanish National Health System[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], and Amhara regional hospitals, Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This is a result of nurses who may read about new procedures and expand their practice after receiving revised recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegularly managing PIVC improves practice. Compared to nurses who performed peripheral intravenous catheterization once a month, those who performed PIVC once a week had a four-fold higher likelihood of having good practice. This is supported by previous study in Italy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be explained by the fact that nurses gain proficiency and acquire abilities through regular intravenous catheterization. Having good knowledge was a factor for practice. Compared to nurses with inadequate expertise, those with good knowledge were almost five times more likely to practice well. This finding was supported by previous studies conducted in South Korea[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], Amhara regional hosptals ,Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and Italy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. To conduct any procedure, including intravenous cannulation, knowledge is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants had good knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation. The following factors were strongly linked to good knowledge: availability of antiseptic solution, sex, age, working unit, workload, and training. On the other hand, factors that predicted practice included age, marital status, educational level, working experience, working unit, personal protection equipment use, presence of infection prevention guidelines, and having good knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses should be knowledgeable about peripheral IV cannulation, its maintenance, and proper approach to perform it in healthcare settings due to its importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses\u0026rsquo; should frequently change intravenous cannula within 72 hrs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the effectiveness of infection prevention measures, all nurses must actively participate in the implementation of risk-reduction measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout their practice lifetime, nurses\u0026rsquo; consistently uphold current and efficient techniques and skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe training programs offered by Dessie Comprehensive and Boru Meda hospitals aim to enhance nurses' skills in securing patient information and refresh their expertise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ethiopian Nursing Association should cooperate with hospitals to assist in keeping nurses' skills and knowledge up to date.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is conducted solely by quantitative analysis in hospitals. As a result, future researchers ought to expand sample size and combine quantitative and qualitative methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMGH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoru Meda General Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDCSH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDCPH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDessie City Public Hospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntravenous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePIVC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeripheral intravenous cannulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMSc\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster of Science\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMPH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster of Public health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Helsinki Declaration\u0026apos;s guiding principles were followed throughout the study\u0026apos;s execution. Ethical clearance was given by the department of nursing ethical review committee of the Tropical College of Medicine (Reference number: RCS/5286/16). The goal of the study was explained in detail to study participants. We obtained informed consent in writing from each research participant. They were also informed that they might leave the study at any time. Over the course of the study, privacy and information security were upheld.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll necessary data are available from the corresponding author at any time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no competing of interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors made a significant contribution to this research. All authors had significant role in the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis ,funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation ,visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft , Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing. Lastly, all authors approve the final version of the article to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc175338987\"\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe acknowledgement goes to data collectors, supervisors and study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBelachew Tegegne\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eLecturer),\u003c/strong\u003e Department of nursing, college of medicine and health sciences, Injibara University,Injibara, Ethiopia([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSewunet Ademe(Assistant professor)\u003c/strong\u003e: Department of nursing, college of medicine and health sciences, Injibara University,Injibara, Ethiopia([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMekuriaw Wuhib Shumye(Lecturer)\u003c/strong\u003e: Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia ([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 1145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeul Mekonnen Zeru(Lecturer)\u003c/strong\u003e: Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 1145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZemen Mengesha Yalew(Lecturer)\u003c/strong\u003e: Department of comprehensive nursing, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 1145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetadel Tegegne Shiferaw(degree)\u003c/strong\u003e: Department of public health, College of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie,Ethiopia([email protected]), P.O.BOX: 1145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfework Edmealem\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eAssistant professor\u003c/strong\u003e): Department of nursing, College of medicine and health sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia (\u003cu\[email protected]\u003c/u\u003e), P.O.BOX: 269\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDawit Chekole(\u003cstrong\u003eLecturer\u003c/strong\u003e): Department of nursing, Tropical college of medicine, Dessie, Ethiopia([email protected]) P.O.BOX: 1359\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan YHG, Tai WLS, Sim C, Ng HLI: \u003cstrong\u003eOptimising peripheral venous catheter usage in the general inpatient ward: a prospective observational study\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Nursing \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(1-2):133-139.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQamar Z, Afzal M, Kousar R, Waqas A, Gilani SA: \u003cstrong\u003eAssess nurses knowledge and practices towards care and maintenance of peripheral intravenous cannulation in Services Hospital Lahore, Pakistan\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSaudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(6B):608-614.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma A: \u003cstrong\u003eEffectiveness of Cold Application, Heparinoid Application \u0026amp; 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Health Sciences Nawabshah(JPUMHS) \u003c/em\u003e2023, \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(2):149-155.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHossain A, Hasan M, Haque M: \u003cstrong\u003eAssessment of the level of knowledge and practice on intravenous cannulization among staff nurses of selected tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMOJ Public Health \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(5):00095.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeshmukh M, Shinde M: \u003cstrong\u003eImpact of structured education on knowledge and practice regarding venous access device care among nurses\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInt J Sci Res \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(5):895e901.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBianco A, Coscarelli P, Nobile CG, Pileggi C, Pavia M: \u003cstrong\u003eThe reduction of risk in central line-associated bloodstream infections: knowledge, attitudes, and evidence-based practices in health care workers\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAmerican journal of infection control \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e(2):107-112.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlanco-Mavillard I, Bennasar-Veny M, De Pedro-G\u0026oacute;mez JE, Moya-Suarez AB, Parra-Garcia G, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Calero M\u0026Aacute;, Castro-S\u0026aacute;nchez E, G\u0026oacute;mez-Queipo RGPLM-MCS-RLM-BIF-FAP-AFF-CJC-RSZ-SGM-SV: \u003cstrong\u003eImplementation of a knowledge mobilization model to prevent peripheral venous catheter-related adverse events: PREBACP study\u0026mdash;a multicenter cluster-randomized trial protocol\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eImplementation Science \u003c/em\u003e2018, \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e:1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimonetti V, Comparcini D, Miniscalco D, Tirabassi R, Di Giovanni P, Cicolini G: \u003cstrong\u003eAssessing nursing students\u0026apos; knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the management of peripheral venous catheters: A multicentre cross-sectional study\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eNurse Education Today \u003c/em\u003e2019, \u003cstrong\u003e73\u003c/strong\u003e:77-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePiredda M, Fiorini J, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, Marchetti A, Conti F, Iacorossi L, Giannarelli D, Matarese M, De Marinis MG: \u003cstrong\u003eRisk factors for a difficult intravenous access: a multicentre study comparing nurses\u0026apos; beliefs to evidence\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Nursing \u003c/em\u003e2019, \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(19-20):3492-3504.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, Practice, Factors, intravenous cannulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5020471/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5020471/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHospitals frequently deal with intravenous cannulation complications, and nurses are responsible for providing care for patients undergoing this procedure. However, there are a few studies on nurses' knowledge and practice related to intravenous cannulation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey with an institutional focus was carried out among 423 nurses employed by Dessie City public hospitals between May 10 and May 30, 2024. Participants in the study were chosen using a simple random sampling method. A standardized, self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data. Data was entered into Epidata version 4.6.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Binary logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 from the multivariable analysis were declared as statistically significant, coupled with a 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56% of nurses were females, and the mean (± SD) age was 29.8 (± 0.2) years. 58.4% of nurses had good knowledge. Age 20–29 years (AOR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.63, P = 0.002), surgical ward (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.95, P = 0.001), females (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.54, P = 0.0001), workload (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.89, P = 0.021), and training (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.49, P = 0.045) were factors of knowledge. 51.5% of nurses had good practice. Age 30–39 years (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.58, P = 0.002), Diploma (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI: 1.96, 11.98, P = 0.01), experience (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25–0.9, P = 0.023), pediatric ward (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.27, P = 0.036), workload (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.3, P = 0.016), frequency of handling IV (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI: 1.15, 12.68, P = 0.028), and good knowledge (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI: 3.06, 8.06, P = 0.0001) were factors of practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants had good knowledge and practice about intravenous cannulation. The availability of antiseptic solution, sex, age, working unit, workload, and training were significantly associated knowledge. However, age, marital status, educational level, professional experience, working unit, existence of infection prevention guidelines, frequency of handling intravenous cannulation, and having good knowledge were predictors of practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge, practice, and factors affecting intravenous cannulation among nurses working in Dessie City public hospitals","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-05 10:21:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5020471/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-11T05:24:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-08T17:29:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"273280310792449932191168520278230425383","date":"2025-06-02T04:58:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54146569577729380859644591794908717305","date":"2025-05-28T06:47:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"201120914811700808094317207899020413353","date":"2025-05-06T00:57:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-03T09:34:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-03T02:57:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2025-04-24T18:22:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82fc4d0b-ef7f-4ff0-ab36-8e044a44839f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-07T16:06:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5020471","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03484-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-nursing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Nursing"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-01 15:58:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-05 10:21:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12912-025-03484-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03484-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5020471","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5020471","identity":"rs-5020471","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}