Effect of weather variables and guild interactions in the seasonal patterns of arthropod fauna in Solanum melongena agro-ecosystem

Effect of weather variables and guild interactions in the seasonal patterns of arthropod fauna in Solanum melongena agro-ecosystem | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of weather variables and guild interactions in the seasonal patterns of arthropod fauna in Solanum melongena agro-ecosystem Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Soumya Sarathi Kundu, Bimal Mondal, Soumik Dey Roy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Crop health and pest dynamics in horticultural systems are significantly influenced by climate variability. This study examined the seasonal patterns and ecological interactions of 73 arthropod species associated with brinjal cultivation in Central Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, across 11 consecutive crop seasons during 2021-2023. The arthropods were categorized into ecological guilds: sucking, chewing, predatory, and ant groups. Key climatic factors, like – temperature, humidity, and rainfall had notable impacts on species abundance and interspecies relationships, with responses being highly species-specific. Mealybugs and epilachna beetles were most affected by rainfall, while lower temperatures and humidity were strongly associated with increased populations of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, whiteflies, jassids, and aphids. Arthropod interactions shifted with crop cycles and environmental conditions. Predatory species like spiders and ladybird beetles displayed both antagonistic and complementary relationships with pests, depending on the season. Mutualistic interactions, such as those between ants and aphids, also played a critical role in shaping pest dynamics. These findings underscore the complexity of arthropod interactions in brinjal agroecosystems and highlight the importance of incorporating ecological understanding into adaptive, sustainable pest management strategies amid changing climatic conditions. Brinjal BSFB Climatic conditions Mealybugs Population dynamics Tobacco caterpillar Trophic relationship Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic variability, with crop productivity heavily dependent on meteorological factors such as temperature and precipitation (Kumar et al. 2025 ). The escalating prevalence of global warming and climate change presents formidable challenges to agricultural systems worldwide. Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, increasing temperatures, and erratic rainfall patterns exert both direct and indirect effects on agricultural output and the prevalence and severity of insect pests (Skendžić et al. 2021 ). Climatic variables influence insect mortality, developmental rates, and growth, while simultaneously shaping species abundance, distribution, migration patterns, and the frequency of pest outbreaks (Bale et al. 2002 ; Chandi et al. 2021 ). In the Indian context, agriculture constitutes the backbone of the economy, sustaining over 70% of rural households and contributing approximately 20% to the national GDP, while providing employment to more than 60% of the population (Paul et al. 2022 ). Within the diverse agricultural sectors, horticulture holds a significant position, encompassing a wide range of crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation crops such as coconut, and beverage crops like tea and coffee, in addition to numerous medicinal and aromatic plants. According to the National Horticulture Board, India accounts for approximately 17% of global vegetable production and 22% of the world's brinjal production (Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2021 ). Brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) is a widely consumed vegetable, with an average daily dietary intake of 7.28 grams per person, and is cultivated year-round across various agro-climatic zones of India (Bushra et al. 2022 ). The fruit is nutritionally valuable, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds that are vital for human health (Naeem and Ugur 2019 ). Despite its importance, the productivity and quality of brinjal are significantly impacted by both abiotic and biotic stresses. Key abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall pose considerable challenges, while the crop is also susceptible to a wide range of insect pests and pathogens, which are major biotic constraints (Javed et al. 2017 ; Priyadharsan and Muthukumaran 2022 ). Insect pest infestations throughout various growth stages often hinder yield potential (Dhandapani et al. 2003 ). Brinjal is known to be affected by 53 species of insect pests, of which eight are considered economically significant across all growing seasons, in addition to a species of mite (Biswas et al. 1992). This issue has been exacerbated in recent years due to increasing climatic unpredictability, which has led to heightened pest pressure and greater yield losses. Among the pest complex, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) is regarded as the most destructive insect pest in Asia, causing significant damage, particularly during the fruiting phase. Yield losses attributed to BSFB have been reported to range from 25.82–92.50%, with typical reductions of 20–60% under field conditions (Abhirami et al. 2021 ). In addition, sucking pests such as aphids, jassids, and whiteflies are notably damaging during the winter season, with estimated plant losses ranging from 26–46% (Ingole et al. 2024 ). Traditional pest control methods often rely on the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, which can lead to the development of pest resistance, contamination of ecosystems, and adverse effects on non-target organisms (Popp et al. 2013 ; Dey Roy and Mukhopadhyay 2025 ). Sustainable pest management requires maintaining pest populations below the economic threshold level, which can only be achieved through informed, ecologically sound strategies. Accurate estimation of pest populations is crucial for assessing the severity of infestations, understanding the role of natural enemies, evaluating crop losses, and determining the most timely and effective control measures (Kidd and Jervis 2007 ). Climatic variability not only directly influences pest development, reproduction, survival, and dispersal, but also indirectly modifies ecological interactions, including those with predators, parasitoids, vectors, and competitors (Bhagarathi and Maharaj 2023 ). These interactions are integral to the ecological framework of the crop environment. A guild is defined as a group of species that exploit similar resources in comparable ways (Simberloff and Dayan 1991 ; Williams and Hero 1998 ). In brinjal agroecosystems, arthropod communities exhibit intricate intra- and inter-guild relationships that shape population dynamics and, ultimately, crop yield. Predator-prey interactions and seasonal fluctuations in arthropod populations serve as indicators of broader ecological processes, including the biological control services provided by natural enemies (Hagler and Blackmer 2013 ). For the development of effective pest management strategies tailored to a specific agroecosystem, a comprehensive understanding of pest and natural enemy abundance, seasonal occurrence, and their interactions in relation to climatic factors is paramount (Chavan et al. 2013 ). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine biological control agents, cultural methods, pheromone-based monitoring tools, and selective chemical applications, provide effective and environmentally sustainable solutions for pest suppression (Dey Roy et al. 2024 ). A comprehensive understanding of the arthropod complex, including its seasonal variability and trophic interactions, is essential for the development and implementation of such strategies. This study was thus conducted to explore the seasonal dynamics of arthropod populations associated with brinjal cultivation, with a particular focus on identifying dominant pest and beneficial species, monitoring their abundance over time, and elucidating their mutualistic and antagonistic interactions within and between ecological guilds. The findings are anticipated to offer valuable insights into the ecological complexities of the brinjal agroecosystem and contribute to the advancement of sustainable pest management practices. Materials and methods Experimental Site The present investigation was conducted at the Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, located in Gayeshpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India (22°57′N latitude and 88°20′E longitude), at an elevation of 9.75 metres above mean sea level. The study, which spanned from 2021 to 2023 (Fig. 1 ), was carried out under open field conditions. During the experimental period, ambient temperatures ranged from 21.7°C to 32.4°C, with an average rainfall of 25.3 mm and relative humidity fluctuating between 64.2% and 93.8%. The research site is situated within the Gangetic new alluvial plains, a prominent agro-ecological region of West Bengal, India. Edaphic properties The soil at the experimental site was classified as sandy loam, characterised by a high sand content and a relatively low proportion of clay. It exhibited an acidic pH, was porous in nature, and had a shallow depth. Notably, the soil tended to form highly erodible crests following rainfall events, a typical characteristic of the region. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that the total nitrogen and available phosphorus levels were very low, while the potassium content was found to be moderate. A detailed account of the soil's chemical properties is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Chemical properties of the soil of experimental site Depth of soil (cm) p H EC (dsm − 1 ) Organic C (%) Available N (Kg ha − 1 ) Available P 2 O 5 (Kgha − 1 ) Available K 2 O (Kgha − 1 ) Organic matter (%) 15 6.87 0.21 0.55 180.76 48.39 195.80 0.94 Experimental details A total of eleven consecutive brinjal crops were cultivated, with seedling transplantations scheduled at two-month intervals. The widely grown local variety, 'Patakata,' was selected for all crop cycles conducted between 2021–22 and 2022–23, starting in May 2021 (Table 2 ). For operational efficiency, the experimental field was divided into plots measuring 4 m × 3 m. Each crop cycle typically culminated in final harvesting approximately six months after transplantation. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted into the prepared plots, with a spacing of 0.90 m between rows and 0.60 m between plants, accommodating a total of 22 plants per plot. Standard agronomic practices, as recommended by Roy et al. ( 2023 ), were adhered to in order to foster healthy crop growth and successful establishment. Table 2 Duration of brinjal crop seasons Crop season Date of transplanting Date of harvesting Crop season (2021-22) First crop 31st May, 2021 11th November, 2021 Second crop 04th August, 2021 05th January, 2022 Third crop 01st October, 2021 03rd March, 2022 Fourth crop 08th December, 2021 03rd May, 2022 Crop season (2022-23) Fifth crop 02nd February, 2022 05th July, 2022 Sixth crop 06th April, 2022 30th August, 2022 Seventh crop 05th June, 2022 11th November, 2022 Eighth crop 06th August, 2022 9th January, 2023 Ninth crop 30th September, 2022 3rd March, 2023 Tenth crop 02nd December, 2022 5th May, 2023 Crop season (2023) Eleventh crop 02nd February, 2023 17th May, 2023 Collection and identification of arthropods The occurrence of arthropods associated with the brinjal ecosystem was monitored weekly, starting from the first week after transplanting in each crop season. Observations were conducted during the early morning hours to ensure consistency. The major insect pests and predatory species present on the crop were collected and preserved in tubes containing 70% ethyl alcohol for subsequent identification. Species-level identification was performed by the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, India. Data collection The populations of mealybugs, aphids, whiteflies, jassids, epilachna beetles, and ladybird beetles were assessed by counting both nymphs or grubs and adult insects on three leaves selected from the top, middle, and bottom portions of five randomly chosen plants in each plot. For aphids and thrips, observations were made within a one square centimetre area on three randomly selected regions of the leaf, with three such leaves examined per plant. The infestation of brinjal fruit and shoot borers was recorded by counting the number of larvae present in infested fruits and shoots on each plant. Additionally, the populations of leaf rollers, tobacco caterpillars, spiders, and ants were recorded as the total number of individuals per plant. Meteorological data Meteorological data, including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, were obtained from the Department of Agrometeorology and Physics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, India, to facilitate accurate interpretation of the experimental findings. Records of maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), relative humidity (%), and rainfall (mm) were collected and used to calculate weekly averages. Statistical analysis Data collected over three consecutive years on weather parameters and arthropod populations were statistically analysed to assess the interactions between biotic and abiotic components within the brinjal ecosystem. The datasets, comprising various meteorological variables and arthropod populations, were subjected to simple correlation analysis to determine the influence of weather factors on arthropod abundance, as well as to explore intra- and inter-guild relationships within the arthropod community. A correlation coefficient (r) matrix was generated, and statistical significance was evaluated using Student's t-test. Data preparation and all statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Office Excel and R software (version 4.1.2). Results Inventory of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem A total of 73 arthropod species, representing 10 taxonomic orders viz., Orthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Araneae were recorded during the study period (Table 3 ). Among these, the mealybug ( Ferrisia virgata Cockerell), aphids ( Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aphis gossypii Glover), whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), jassid ( Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida), and thrips ( Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) were identified as the predominant pests constituting the "sucking guild". The "chewing guild" was represented by the epilachna beetle ( Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabricius), flea beetle ( Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius), brinjal shoot and fruit borer ( Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée), tobacco caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura Fabricius), and leaf roller ( Autoba olivacea Walker). The "predatory guild" included ladybird beetles ( Coccinella transversalis Fabricius and Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius) as well as spiders ( Oxyopes salticus Hentz, Tetragnatha bengalensis Walckenaer, and Leucauge decorata Blackwall), while the "ant guild" was represented by ants such as Camponotus compressus Fabricius and Solenopsis geminata Fabricius. Table 3 Arthropods recorded and identified in brinjal ecosystem during 2021–2023 Sl. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order Class Phylum 1 Tobacco grasshopper Atractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius) Pyrgomorphidae Orthoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 2 Sickle-bearing bush cricket Holochlora indica Kirby Tettigonidae Orthoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 3 Black kneed conehead Conocephalus melaenus Haan Tettigonidae Orthoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 4 Band-winged grasshopper Oedaleus infernalis Saussure Acrididae Orthoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 5 Coromandel marsh dart Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius) Coenagrionidae Odonata Hexapoda Arthropoda 6 Orange-tailed midget Agriocnemis femina Brauer Coenagrionidae Odonata Hexapoda Arthropoda 7 Pygmy dartlet Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur Coenagrionidae Odonata Hexapoda Arthropoda 8 Wandering percher Diplacodes bipunctata Brauer Libellulidae Odonata Hexapoda Arthropoda 9 Long-legged marsh glider Trithemis pallidinervis Kirby Libellulidae Odonata Hexapoda Arthropoda 10 Silver leaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. Aleyrodidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 11 Jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida Cicadellidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 12 Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer Aphididae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 13 Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover Aphididae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 14 Spittle bug Poophilus costalis Walker Aphrophoridae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 15 Brown marmorated stinkbug Halyomorpha halys Stål Pentatomidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 16 Cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius Pyrrhocoridae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 17 Yellow and black leafhopper Ishidaella latomarginata Distant Cicadellidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 18 Bud and boll shedder Creontiades pallidus Rambur Miridae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 19 Green jewel bug Chrysocoris stollii Wolff Scutelleridae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 20 Rice bug Cletus rusticus Stål Coreidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 21 Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell Pseudococcidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 22 Southern green stink bug Nezara viridula Linnaeus Pentatomidae Hemiptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 23 Potato thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman Thripidae Thysanoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 24 Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Thripidae Thysanoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 25 Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephens Chrysopidae Neuroptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 26 Ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis Fabricius Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 27 Ladybird beetle Micraspis discolor Fabricius Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 28 Ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculta Fabricius Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 29 Malaysian Ladybird Chilocorus nigritus Fabricius Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 30 Two-spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 31 Hadda beetle/Epilachna beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabricius Coccinellidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 32 Amaranthus stem weevil Hypolixus truncatulus Fabricius Curculionidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 33 Ash weevil Myllocerus discolor Schoenherr Curculionidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 34 Common red-soldier beetle Rhagonycha fulva Scopoli Cantharidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 35 Soldier beetle Cantharis livida Linnaeus Cantharidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 36 Ground beetle Calleida decora Fabricius Carabidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 37 Ground beetle Ophionea indica Thunberg Carabidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 38 Leaf beetle Aulacophora lewisii Baly Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 39 Striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 40 Common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata Meigen Calliphoridae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 41 Common flesh fly Sarcophaga carnaria Linnaeus Sarcophagidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 42 Black banded hoverfly Episyrphus viridaureus Weidemann Syrphidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 43 Band-eyed dronefly Eristalinus taeniops Weidemann Syrphidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 44 Black-winged Fruitfly Platensina tetrica Hering Tephritidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 45 Robber fly Philonicus albiceps Meigen Asilidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 46 Sargine soldier fly Microchrysa flaviventris Weidemann Stratiomyidae Diptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 47 Shoot and Fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée Gelechidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 48 Flower moth Eretmocera impactella Walker Scythrididae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 49 Black looper Hyposidra talaca Walker Geometridae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 50 Dark grass blue Zizeeria karsandra Moore Lycaenidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 51 Pointed ciliate blue Anthene lycaenina Felder Lycaenidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 52 Brinjal leaf roller Autoba olivacea Walker Erebidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 53 Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua Walker Erebidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 54 Tussock moth Orgyia postica Walker Erebidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 55 Tiger moth Eressa confinis Walker Erebidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 56 Beet webworm moth Spoladea recurvalis Fabricius Crambidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 57 Bean pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius Crambidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 58 Crambid moth Sameodes cancellalis Zeller Crambidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 59 Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Fabricius Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 60 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hübner Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 61 Corn earworm Helicoverpa zea Boddie Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 62 Bird dropping moth Acontia crocata Guenée Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 63 African armyworm moth Spodoptera exempta Walker Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 64 Green garden looper Chrysodeixis eriosoma Doubleday Noctuidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 65 Small banded swift Pelopidas mathias Fabricius Hesperiidae Lepidoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 66 Black ant Camponotus compressus Fabricius Formicidae Hymenoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 67 Red ant Solenopsis geminate Fabricius Formicidae Hymenoptera Hexapoda Arthropoda 68 Striped lynx spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz Oxyopidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda 69 Ant-mimicking spider Myrmarachne maxillosa Koch Salticidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda 70 Jumping spider Phidippus sp. Salticidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda 71 Green huntsman spider Micromata virescens Clerck Sparassidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda 72 Long-jawed spider Tetragnatha bengalensis Walckenaer Tetragnathidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda 73 Decorative silver orb-weaver spider Leucauge decorate Blackwall Tetragnathidae Araneae Arachnida Arthropoda Cropping season wise general record of occurrence of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem under the influence of salient phenological parameters The study involved the cultivation of brinjal across 11 consecutive crop seasons to ensure the comprehensive execution of the experiment. The presence of arthropods on the brinjal plants, from transplanting to senescence, was systematically monitored alongside key meteorological variables. The arthropod populations, shaped by the interactions between the plants, arthropods, and corresponding weather conditions, particularly average temperature and humidity, exhibited notable fluctuations in their occurrence (Table 4 ). Table 4 Crop wise occurrence of average population of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023 Crop Temperature Humidity Rain fall Mealybug* Whitefly* Jassid* Aphid** Thrips** Epilachna beetle* Flea beetle* BSFB *** Tobacco caterpillar** Leaf roller*** Lady bird beetle* Spider* Ant* Range Av. Range Av. 1st 33 − 26 30 94 − 70 82 55 11.54 0.90 0.25 4.56 0.00 0.62 0.14 1.10 0.00 0.10 1.16 0.28 0.86 2nd 32 − 22 27 94 − 62 78 22 1.58 3.52 0.78 0.08 0.00 0.99 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.03 1.17 0.33 0.07 3rd 29 − 18 23 93 − 56 74 04 0.00 1.16 1.24 18.36 9.44 0.22 0.18 0.52 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.31 0.27 4th 31 − 19 25 92 − 51 71 04 0.00 3.64 2.77 5.94 9.15 0.80 0.48 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.29 0.15 5th 34-23.6 28.8 92 − 58 75 25 0.03 1.30 2.15 0.18 2.67 2.17 0.35 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.15 0.22 6th 35 − 26 30 93 − 69 81 37 0.24 0.55 0.18 1.10 0.00 2.33 0.05 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.22 7th 33 − 24 28.5 95 − 76 85 26 0.01 0.82 0.43 13.72 1.43 0.60 0.10 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.20 1.60 8th 31 − 19 25 95 − 69 82 05 0.02 0.83 0.57 8.31 4.81 0.16 0.18 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.39 9th 29 − 14 21 95 − 55 75 01 0.00 2.83 0.88 4.14 6.47 0.05 0.07 0.50 0.00 0.03 0.16 0.08 0.52 10th 30 − 15 22 93 − 50 72 00 0.00 3.01 1.90 6.91 14.75 0.74 0.21 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.07 0.51 11th 35 − 23 29 91 − 53 72 19 0.02 1.55 2.95 0.19 4.18 2.41 0.47 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.17 0.31 BSFB = Brinjal shoot and fruit borer. * Population of arthropods/three leaves. ** Population of arthropods/sqcm leaf. *** Population of arthropods/plants. Tmax = Maximum temperature (°C). TMin = Minimum temperature (°C). RHMax = Maximum relative humidity (%). RHMin = Minimum relative humidity (%). Std. Week = Standard week. Av. = Average. Humidity was found to be a critical factor influencing the population dynamics of mealybugs, with lower numbers recorded in the third, fourth, nineth, and tenth crop seasons when average humidity levels fell below 76%. Conversely, whiteflies and jassids were more abundant during the third, fourth, nineth, and tenth crops when humidity levels were below 80%. Interestingly, in both cases, the average temperature did not exceed 25°C. Similarly, low temperatures combined with moderate humidity appeared to favour the proliferation of aphids and thrips, as observed in the third, nineth, and tenth crops. In contrast, other arthropods, such as epilachna beetles, brinjal shoot and fruit borers, flea beetles, leaf rollers, ladybird beetles, spiders, and ants, exhibited either consistent or sporadic presence, yet did not display any discernible patterns in relation to the aforementioned weather parameters (Fig. 2 – 4 ). The correlation between the populations of various arthropod guilds and the prevailing weather parameters was analysed to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the biotic and abiotic components of the brinjal crop ecosystem (Fig. 5 ). In the first crop season, both mealybugs and jassids from the sucking guild demonstrated a significant negative correlation with the daily minimum temperature (TMin), with correlation coefficients of -0.477 and − 0.434, respectively. Epilachna beetles from the chewing guild, on the other hand, exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily minimum relative humidity (RHMin), with a coefficient of 0.475. During the second crop season, mealybug populations showed significant negative correlations with maximum temperature (TMax), minimum temperature (TMin), and maximum relative humidity (RHMax), with correlation values of -0.694, -0.639, and − 0.434, respectively. Other meteorological variables had a negligible effect on their populations. For whiteflies, jassids, and epilachna beetles, significant negative correlations were observed with all weather parameters, including TMax, TMin, RHMax, RHMin, and rainfall. The correlation coefficients for these species were as follows: whitefly (-0.861, -0.882, -0.660, -0.595, and − 0.460), jassids (-0.685, -0.697, -0.557, -0.503, and − 0.444), and epilachna beetles (-0.434, -0.486, -0.444, -0.529, and − 0.541). Among the predators, ladybird beetles exhibited significant negative correlations with both TMax (-0.803) and TMin (-0.691). In the third crop season, populations of jassids and thrips exhibited significant negative correlations with TMin, with correlation coefficients of -0.411 and − 0.637, respectively. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) population displayed significant negative correlations with TMax, RHMax, and RHMin, with correlation values of -0.637, -0.416, and − 0.541, respectively. During the fourth crop season, both whitefly and aphid populations showed significant negative correlations with TMin, with values of -0.426 and − 0.502, respectively. The population of epilachna beetles demonstrated a significant positive correlation with both TMax (0.507) and TMin (0.503), as well as a significant negative correlation with RHMax (-0.674). Flea beetles exhibited significant positive correlations with TMax (0.495) and TMin (0.535), alongside significant negative correlations with RHMax (-0.446) and RHMin (-0.582). BSFB populations revealed a significant positive correlation with rainfall at 0.599, while their relationships with other weather parameters were not statistically significant. In the fifth crop season, mealybug populations demonstrated significant positive correlations with RHMax, RHMin, and rainfall, with correlation coefficients of 0.489, 0.670, and 0.528, respectively. Jassids exhibited a significant negative correlation with RHMin (-0.466). Epilachna beetle populations showed a significant positive correlation with the daily minimum temperature (TMin) at 0.505. Flea beetles displayed a significant positive correlation with TMax (0.409), but significant negative correlations with RHMax (-0.575), RHMin (-0.609), and rainfall (-0.412). BSFB populations revealed a significant positive correlation with TMin (0.551), RHMin (0.482), and rainfall (0.561). For the first time, the spider population exhibited significant positive correlations with both TMin (0.484) and rainfall (0.488). In the sixth cropping season, the jassid population exhibited a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.419 and a significant negative correlation with RHMax at -0.507. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) population showed a significant negative correlation with TMax at -0.596, while the spider population displayed a significant negative correlation with TMin at -0.501. Both RHMax and RHMin had a significant positive effect on the populations of BSFB (0.658 and 0.636, respectively) and spiders (0.503 and 0.459, respectively). In the seventh cropping season, the jassid population demonstrated significant negative correlations with TMin, RHMax, and RHMin, with values of -0.422, -0.546, and − 0.642, respectively. The whitefly population showed a significant positive correlation with TMin at 0.407. Within the chewing guild, the epilachna beetle population exhibited significant positive correlations with TMin, RHMin, and rainfall at 0.414, 0.464, and 0.561, respectively. Rainfall had a significant positive effect on flea beetles at 0.504, while the BSFB population displayed a significant negative correlation with rainfall at -0.439. During the eighth cropping season, the aphid population exhibited a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.416, while both jassid and flea beetle populations showed significant negative correlations with TMin at -0.431 and − 0.419, respectively. The BSFB population displayed significant negative correlations with TMax, TMin, and RHMin at -0.660, -0.767, and − 0.701, respectively. Both TMax and TMin had a significant negative impact on the spider population, with correlations of -0.409 and − 0.464, respectively, while they exhibited significant positive correlations with the ant guild at 0.507 and 0.470, respectively. In the ninth cropping season, the whitefly population showed significant negative correlations with TMin and rainfall at -0.405 and − 0.433, respectively. The BSFB population exhibited significant negative correlations with TMin and RHMin at -0.427 and − 0.664, respectively. Both RHMax and RHMin demonstrated significant negative correlations with aphid populations at -0.473 and − 0.581, respectively, as well as with ladybird beetle populations at -0.716 and − 0.473, respectively. The thrips population showed a significant negative correlation with RHMin at -0.532, while the ant population displayed a significant positive correlation with RHMin at 0.417. In the tenth cropping season, all arthropod populations exhibited partial significant associations with weather parameters. The whitefly population showed a significant negative correlation with RHMin at -0.438, and a significant positive correlation with rainfall at 0.640. The jassid population demonstrated a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.437. Both TMax and TMin exerted significant negative effects on the populations of aphids and ants, with correlation values of -0.448 and − 0.517 for aphids, and − 0.494 and − 0.471 for ants, respectively. Both thrips and spider populations exhibited significant negative correlations with RHMax at -0.414 and − 0.488, respectively, while rainfall had a significant positive effect on both populations, with correlation values of 0.733 and 0.457, respectively. The ladybird beetle population showed significant negative correlations with RHMax and RHMin at -0.600 and − 0.451, respectively. Both TMax and TMin had significant positive correlations with the populations of epilachna beetles at 0.488 and 0.471, flea beetles at 0.567 and 0.660, and the BSFB at 0.671 and 0.663, respectively. In contrast, all three of these insect populations exhibited significant negative correlations with RHMax at -0.447, -0.438, and − 0.529, respectively. In the eleventh cropping season, the mealybug population exhibited a significant positive correlation with rainfall, with a correlation value of 0.510. Both whitefly and jassid populations showed significant negative correlations with RHMin, at -0.442 and − 0.490, respectively. The flea beetle population demonstrated significant negative correlations with both RHMax at -0.479 and RHMin at -0.521. The populations of both the epilachna beetle and the BSFB exhibited significant positive correlations with TMin, at 0.593 and 0.577, respectively, as well as with RHMin, at 0.475 and 0.548, respectively, and rainfall, at 0.531 and 0.656, respectively. The results of this study revealed distinct interactions between various arthropod populations and weather parameters (Fig. 6 ). Rainfall was identified as the primary weather factor influencing the populations of mealybugs and epilachna beetles, explaining 38.84% and 31.09% of the observed variation, respectively. The populations of whiteflies, tobacco caterpillars, and ladybird beetles were predominantly influenced by TMin, with contributions of 33.23%, 27.97%, and 36.86%, respectively. For jassids, aphids, thrips, leaf rollers, spiders, and ants, RHMin emerged as the key weather factor, accounting for 44.78%, 23.62%, 35.37%, 33.42%, 23.74%, and 38.78% of the variation in their populations, respectively. The BSFB populations were influenced almost equally by TMin and RHMin, with contributions of 22.79% and 22.74%, respectively. The flea beetle population, on the other hand, was most strongly affected by TMax, explaining 37.45% of the variation. Study on intra-guild and inter-guild correlation of arthropods The study investigated the intra- and inter-guild interactions among arthropod species in the brinjal ecosystem using statistical correlation tools. These relationships, shaped by weather conditions as well as the physico-morphological and biochemical factors present in the ecosystem, were examined across 11 cropping seasons (Fig. 7 ). Within the sucking guild, interspecies interactions were observed throughout the cropping seasons. The mealybug demonstrated significant positive correlations with whiteflies during the second and seventh crops, with jassids during the first and second crops, with aphids during the first and fifth crops, and with thrips during the eighth crop. Whiteflies, in turn, exhibited significant positive interactions with jassids in the second, third, fourth, fifth, tenth, and eleventh crops, with aphids in the fourth and eighth crops, and with thrips in the fourth, fifth, eighth, tenth, and eleventh crops. Additionally, jassids showed significant positive interactions with thrips in the fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh crops, and with aphids in the ninth crop. However, in the sixth crop, jassids displayed a significant negative interaction with aphids. Within the chewing guild, the BSFB exhibited statistically significant co-occurrence with epilachna beetles in the fifth and eleventh crops, but a significantly negative relationship in the ninth crop. Additionally, BSFB showed a significant positive association with flea beetles. Overall, members of the sucking guild displayed significant positive interactions within their own guild across most cropping seasons, and intra-guild relationships within the chewing guild were also predominantly positive. In the analysis of inter-guild relationships between the sucking and chewing guilds across the eleven cropping seasons, several significant interactions were observed. Mealybugs and epilachna beetles demonstrated a significant positive relationship in the second and eleventh crops. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship between mealybugs and BSFB was noted in the fifth and eleventh crops. In the second, third, and eighth crops, whiteflies and epilachna beetles exhibited a significant positive interaction, although this relationship turned significantly negative in the fourth crop. Whiteflies also showed a significant positive relationship with BSFB in the tenth crop. Overall, the inter-guild interactions between members of the sucking and chewing guilds were predominantly positive across most of the cropping seasons. The study also explored the inter-guild relationships between predators and members of the sucking and chewing guilds, revealing that variations in crop duration and species had a notable influence on these interactions. The population of ladybird beetles exhibited significant positive correlations with several arthropod species across different cropping seasons. For instance, ladybird beetles demonstrated a significant positive relationship with mealybugs in the second crop, whiteflies in the second, fifth, ninth, and eleventh crops, jassids in the second and ninth crops, aphids in the ninth crop, and thrips in the seventh, ninth, and tenth crops. Furthermore, ladybird beetles showed significant positive interactions with epilachna beetles in the second and eighth crops, as well as with the BSFB in the tenth crop. Spiders, too, exhibited significant positive interactions with various arthropods. These included whiteflies in the third, fourth, and ninth crops, and thrips in the fourth and eighth crops. Additionally, spiders showed significant positive associations with epilachna beetles in the second and fifth crops, and with BSFB in the second, fifth, sixth, and eighth crops. The analysis of the relationships between ants and other arthropods revealed several significant interactions. Ants exhibited notable positive correlations with jassids in the first crop, aphids in the sixth, eighth, and tenth crops, and whiteflies in the eighth crop. Additionally, ants displayed a significant positive relationship with thrips in the fifth crop, but a significant negative relationship with thrips in the ninth crop. Overall, the interactions between the predatory guild and the members of the sucking and chewing guilds, as well as those between the ant guild and these two guilds, were predominantly positive across most cropping seasons. However, ants showed significant negative interactions with thrips, BSFB, and ladybird beetles in the ninth, ninth, and tenth crops, respectively, as well as with ladybird beetles in the fourth crop. Statistical analysis of the data highlighted the significant influence of co-occurring arthropods on the population dynamics of each species, with a particular emphasis on both intra- and inter-guild interactions (Fig. 8 ). The population of mealybugs was most notably influenced by the presence of leaf rollers, accounting for 23.14% of the variation. Ladybird beetles played a dominant role in the population dynamics of whiteflies, contributing 30.68%. The jassid population was strongly affected by flea beetles, which accounted for 42.79%, indicating substantial inter-guild interactions. Both aphid and BSFB populations were primarily influenced by thrips, contributing 23.11% and 19.19%, respectively. The populations of thrips and flea beetles were most influenced by the presence of jassids, with contributions of 31.31% and 40.01%, respectively. Epilachna beetles exhibited a strong intra-guild relationship with BSFB, with a contribution of 24.84%. Spiders had the most significant influence on the tobacco caterpillar population, accounting for 49.66%, while leaf roller populations were highly influenced by mealybugs, contributing 48.12%. Ladybird beetles demonstrated a strong inter-guild relationship with whiteflies, with a contribution of 53.56%, and spider populations were most influenced by epilachna beetles, contributing 13.64%. Finally, the ant guild exhibited a significant interaction with aphid populations, accounting for 27.61%. Discussions A central challenge in understanding population dynamics lies in exploring the mechanistic links between population changes and climate variability (Stenseth et al. 2002 ; Boggs and Inouye 2012 ; Solbreck et al. 2022 ). The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between key weather variables and the population dynamics of arthropods in the brinjal ecosystem, as well as to investigate the interactions both within arthropod guilds and between different guilds. The brinjal crop ecosystem is characterised by a high diversity of insect pests and natural enemies (Vevai 1970 ). In this context, Das ( 2006 ) recorded 27 insect species and one mite, alongside 23 natural enemies, within the brinjal crop ecosystem. These findings align with those of Dar et al. ( 2015 ), who also documented a wide array of arthropod pests and predatory insects in the brinjal ecosystem, contributing to the maintenance of environmental balance. Earlier, Latif et al. ( 2009 ) identified 20 species of harmful arthropods, including brinjal shoot and fruit borers (BSFB), aphids, jassids, whiteflies, and epilachna beetles, as major pests. Yasodha and Natarajan ( 2009 ) recorded twelve parasitoid species from field-collected BSFB larvae, and Sankari ( 2010 ) observed eight different spider species and their predatory role against insects in brinjal crops. Kumar et al. ( 2022 ) reported 29 species of arthropods in the brinjal ecosystem over two cropping seasons, including 14 pest species, 12 predators, and 3 parasitoids. Kumari et al. ( 2023 ) documented 16 species of pests and natural enemies in the brinjal ecosystem during a single crop season. Collectively, these studies highlight the ecological richness and complexity of the brinjal crop ecosystem, where a diverse community of pests and natural enemies coexists, interacts, and contributes to the dynamic stability of arthropod populations across seasons. Insect population dynamics are influenced by a complex interplay between intrinsic factors, such as density dependence and trophic web interactions, and external forces, including weather conditions (Solbreck et al. 2022 ). The present study revealed that different arthropod species responded variably to the prevailing weather parameters. These findings are consistent with those of Ghuge et al. ( 2020 ) on okra, who observed significant positive correlations between aphid, jassid, and ladybird beetle populations and evening relative humidity, while whitefly populations exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily temperature. Chatterjee et al. ( 2018 ) similarly found that mealybug populations in the brinjal ecosystem were significantly positively correlated with both maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall, a result that aligns with our findings. In a study of sucking pests in groundnut, Dey Roy and Mukhopadhyay ( 2024 ) reported significant negative correlations between whitefly and thrips populations and daily temperature and relative humidity, respectively. Dhole et al. ( 2023 ) underscored the dominant role of environmental factors in regulating whitefly populations, noting a negative correlation with rainfall and relative humidity, while temperature showed a positive correlation with their population. Nabil and Hegab ( 2019 ) found a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and mealybug populations in okra, with a significant negative correlation with mean relative humidity. However, the present study contrasts with the findings of Patel and Radadia ( 2018 ), who reported a significant positive correlation between jassid populations and temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Salve et al. ( 2021 ) reported a significant negative correlation between the population of the BSFB and all the weather parameters, which is consistent with the findings of the present study. Kumar et al. ( 2022 ) partially corroborated our results, observing a significant negative correlation between the larval population of BSFB and maximum temperature, although they also identified a significant positive correlation with other weather parameters. Swetha et al. ( 2023 ) found a significant positive correlation between the population of epilachna beetles and both maximum and minimum temperatures, while a significant negative correlation was noted with both maximum and minimum relative humidity, which aligns with the observations in this study. Singh et al. ( 2024 ) reported a significant positive correlation between the BSFB population and both maximum and minimum temperatures, along with a significant negative correlation with relative humidity. Haq and Rizvi ( 2023 ) suggested that BSFB populations decline with increasing temperature, humidity, and rainfall, a finding that supports the present study. Similarly, Vijayalakshmi et al. ( 2021 ) observed significant negative correlations between BSFB populations and both maximum and minimum temperatures. The findings regarding spider population dynamics are consistent with those of Mouly et al. ( 2018 ) and Raghul and Kumar ( 2022 ), who reported that spider populations increased with rising temperatures, while exhibiting a negative correlation with relative humidity and rainfall. Kataria and Kumar ( 2017 ) observed that ant populations showed a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature, although their interactions with other weather factors were not significant. Samantaray and Singh ( 2024 ) noted that ladybird beetle populations had a negative correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, while displaying a positive correlation with maximum temperature. Overall, these findings stress that weather factors affect arthropod populations in strongly species-specific and sometimes opposing manners. Whereas a few pests and beneficial insects thrive under increasing temperatures or humidity, others react negatively. This type of diversity conveys the complexity of insect-weather interactions and underscores the value of location- and crop-specific pest forecast models. Inclusion of these ecological subtleties in integrated pest management models would greatly enhance their accuracy and efficacy. Variations in crop duration and species had a marked impact on the interactions between predators, ants, and members of both the sucking and chewing guilds, as evidenced by intra- and inter-guild dynamics. Patel and Radadia ( 2018 ) found a significant positive correlation between spider populations and jassid populations, while ladybird beetles exhibited a non-significant positive correlation. Jain ( 2008 ) documented a significant positive correlation between ladybird beetles and the populations of jassids, aphids, and whiteflies. Bindu and Pramanik ( 2017 ) also reported a significant positive relationship between ladybird beetles and epilachna beetles. Rathod et al. ( 2017 ) demonstrated that aphid populations were positively correlated with the population of predatory coccinellids. During the kharif season, leafhopper populations were negatively correlated with predatory coccinellids, but this relationship became significantly positive in the rabi season. A moderate positive linear correlation between total pest abundance and total predator abundance was observed by Lee et al. ( 2022 ) in soybean. Nikolova ( 2024 ) found that the population density of ladybird beetles was negatively correlated with aphid populations, suggesting that as the ladybird beetle population increased, aphid populations declined. Suroshe and Chander ( 2022 ) reported potential intra-guild competition among different species of ladybird beetles. Chen et al. ( 2023 ) observed a significant negative correlation between predatory spiders and jassid populations. Glacet et al. ( 2024 ) highlighted that the presence of honeydew influenced inter-guild relationships between aphids and their predators. Samuel and Rastogi ( 2022 ) demonstrated that ants increased aphid abundance but reduced the abundance of multiple insect herbivores and arthropod predators on plants. Pequeno et al. ( 2023 ) suggested that the positive relationship between spider abundance and insect prey abundance diminished as ant populations increased. Das and Devee ( 2023 ) noted that aphid pests reduced intraguild predation in ladybird beetles, a finding also supported by Tiwari et al. ( 2010 ), who reported that increasing aphid populations led to a rise in ladybird beetle populations. The findings compiled by Prashanth et al. ( 2023 ) indicated that ladybird beetle populations increased in response to rising populations of the BSFB. Similarly, Katkar et al. ( 2023 ), in their regression model study on brinjal pests, observed that consistent abiotic conditions resulted in increased populations of jassids, aphids, and BSFB. This suggests that an upsurge in populations within the sucking guild may also contribute to an increase in populations within the chewing guild under similar environmental conditions. These results together indicate that arthropod associations within and between trophic guilds are extremely dynamic and context-dependent, determined by crop phenology, seasonal fluctuation, and the influence of mutualistic species like ants. The co-occurrence of both positive and negative correlations among predators and pests indicates the intricacy of trophic networks, in which intra-guild competition, predator facilitation, and resource-mediated associations are essential. Conclusion Brinjal (eggplant) farming in India is strongly limited by a complex of arthropod pests, and it usually results in indiscriminate and excessive pesticide application. Not only does it encourage pesticide resistance and pest revival, but also residual toxicity and environmental pollution. The current study stresses the crucial necessity of an ecological approach towards pest management. Through the explanation of the interaction among climate variability, crop phenology, and trophic interactions, this study offers useful information on the population dynamics of pests and their natural enemies in the brinjal agroecosystem. The results emphasize species-specific weather parameter responses, indicating that climatic variables differentially affect pest and natural enemy populations. In addition, the research unveils that intra- and inter-guild interactions, regulated by crop growth phases and the presence of mutualistic species like ants, demonstrate context-dependent dynamics regulated by competition, facilitation, and intraguild predation. The result of co-occurrence and intricate associations in arthropod communities highlights the urgency of formulating location-specific pest forecasting models and adopting ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Integrating this ecological knowledge into pest management systems will increase the accuracy, sustainability, and resilience of pest control in brinjal farming, thus aiding environmentally friendly agriculture. Declarations Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Availability of data and material: Not applicable Code availability: Not applicable Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Department of Agricultural Entomology and Department of Agricultural Meteorology and Physics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya for helping during the study duration. Authors’ contributions All authors contributed significantly towards the final make-up of the paper. Conceptualisation (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Data curation (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Bimal Mondal); Formal analysis (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Soumik Dey Roy); Investigation and methodology (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Supervision (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Writing-original draft (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Bimal Mondal and Soumik Dey Roy); Writing-reviewing and editing (Soumik Dey Roy). Ethical Approval: Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. References Abhirami, S., Nayak, M., Marabi, R. and Tomar, D. 2021. Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal ( Solanum melongena ) and their correlation with weather parameters. 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Population and predatory potency of spiders in brinjal and snakegourd. Journal of Biopesticides, 3 (1): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.28-32 Simberloff, D. and Dayan, T. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22 : 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.000555 Singh, B., Sandhu, S.K. and Kaur, A., 2024. Effect of meteorological parameters on population dynamics of brinjal shoot and fruit borer under central Punjab, India. Vegetos, 37 (3): 880-886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-023-00618-0 Skendžić, S., Zovko, M., Živković, I. P., Lešić, V. and Lemić, D. 2021. The impact of climate change on agricultural insect pests. Insects, 12 (5): 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440 Solbreck, C., Knape, J. and Förare, J. 2022. Role of weather and other factors in the dynamics of a low‐density insect population. Ecology and Evolution, 12 (9): e9261. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9261 Stenseth, N. C., Mysterud, A., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J. W., Chan, K. S. and Lima, M. 2002. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, 297 (5585): 1292-1296. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071281 Suroshe, S. S. and Chander, S. 2022. Interactions of six spotted ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.) with its host Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Intraguild members. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42 (1): 885-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00614-4 Swetha, S., Bala, S.C., Karmakar, K., Debnath, P. and Saha, G. 2023. Studies on population dynamics of Hadda beetle ( H . vigintioctopunctata ) on brinjal in West Bengal. Journal of Entomological Research, 47 (3): 550-553. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2023.00100.7 Tiwari, G. N., Prasad, C. S. and Nath, L. 2010. Population Fluctuation of Aphid, Aphis gossypii and Predatory Coccinellid Beetle on Brinjal Aphid with Reference to its Relation with Weather Factors in Western Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. Trends in Biosciences, 3 (2): 156-158. Vevai, E. J. 1970. Know your crop, its pest problems and control: Brinjal. Pesticides, 4 : 26-33. Vijayalakshmi, S. H., Muthiah, C., Rajavel, D. S., Paulpandi, V. K. and Gnanamalar, R. P. 2021. Population Dynamics of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee. Indian Journal of Entomology, 83 (4): 574-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2021.00117.6 Williams, S. E. and Hero, J. M. 1998. Rainforest frogs of the Australian Wet Tropics: guild classification and the ecological similarity of declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265 (1396): 597-602. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0336 Yasodha, P. and Natarajan, N. 2009. Record of Parasitoids and Pathogens on Leucinodes orbonalis . Madras Agricultural Journal, 96 (1–6): 194–199. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files floatimage1.jpeg Graphical Abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7101651","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484056504,"identity":"810c41fa-0c11-4d42-b108-cae49f08d539","order_by":0,"name":"Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ajoy","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Mukhopadhyay","suffix":""},{"id":484056505,"identity":"a0ae94ee-1d57-4d7d-83a2-e5fe25b76e09","order_by":1,"name":"Soumya Sarathi Kundu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Krishi Vigyan Kendra Burdwan, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (ICAR-CRIJAF)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soumya","middleName":"Sarathi","lastName":"Kundu","suffix":""},{"id":484056506,"identity":"f47f97fc-c1a4-434d-a4db-6d8bf52e5f03","order_by":2,"name":"Bimal Mondal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SML Limited","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bimal","middleName":"","lastName":"Mondal","suffix":""},{"id":484056507,"identity":"f64d2a8b-cbf1-4467-9290-b3dcfc2746d4","order_by":3,"name":"Soumik Dey Roy","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Brainware University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soumik","middleName":"Dey","lastName":"Roy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-11 12:23:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86630481,"identity":"60859922-7adf-4c8b-8793-5151d931e0c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":206018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of experimental site: \u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e map of India with the state West Bengal marked in red colour; \u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003e map of West Bengal with the district Nadia marked in red colour; and \u003cstrong\u003e(C)\u003c/strong\u003e map of Nadia with the study location marked in red colour\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/6273c6c755bef1c1db714642.png"},{"id":86630492,"identity":"61687fbb-3a7b-4d88-91b6-c6225aacdef5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":598799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCrop season wise natural occurrence of average population of members of sucking guild in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/98a8a238d7169a2f2bfee372.png"},{"id":86630479,"identity":"107d140f-944a-48bb-88b1-17f2c49eb01c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:58","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":608503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCrop season wise natural occurrence of average population of members of chewing guild in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/748b72f82e7c8d3cbf97348c.png"},{"id":86630483,"identity":"c4e3d4de-08ac-4e81-9aca-07a97d24b3d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":582689,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCrop season wise natural occurrence of average population of members of predatory and ant guild in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"444.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/983624e7c0eb0274efa7da7f.png"},{"id":86630482,"identity":"521dc4c1-7764-4077-95d6-00d57f826bed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation among the arthropod members and abiotic factors in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023. The light and dark coloured areas refer to higher and lower level of correlation, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/9b54239d04fc476fef8412b0.png"},{"id":86630496,"identity":"721a4dcf-6514-4bc4-98cb-b849bcc2c3ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234021,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative contribution of weather parameters to the population dynamics of arthropod species. Each horizontal bar represents an arthropod species, with colored segments indicating the percentage contribution of individual weather variables to population variability.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/b92a0e121dbecc808b97d7e7.png"},{"id":86630488,"identity":"09be4584-9a2f-4ac9-ba00-d911c64207c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:59","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":311200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInter- and intra-guild relationship among the arthropod members in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023. The light and dark coloured areas refer to higher and lower level of correlation, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/bd4999d138064b8ccea25a77.png"},{"id":86630477,"identity":"bcf4cf95-0176-4d69-b014-2d9575d2cc6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:13:58","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":257627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative influence of co-occurring arthropods on the population dynamics of target species. Bars represent target arthropod species, with each colored segment denoting the proportional contribution of other arthropods to their population fluctuations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/292a0dc08fac6f3e303a7f87.png"},{"id":87592837,"identity":"5d5fd01a-df04-45f9-a4b2-24903eaa9ed2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 15:08:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4497565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/127eb200-fbca-4025-a996-84fb267ca333.pdf"},{"id":86630905,"identity":"f41b1984-4911-41ae-a583-388a37edabcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 06:21:59","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":218579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical Abstract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7101651/v1/60e88eb6c5f1719fa03ac97a.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of weather variables and guild interactions in the seasonal patterns of arthropod fauna in \u003cem\u003eSolanum melongena\u003c/em\u003e agro-ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAgriculture is inherently sensitive to climatic variability, with crop productivity heavily dependent on meteorological factors such as temperature and precipitation (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The escalating prevalence of global warming and climate change presents formidable challenges to agricultural systems worldwide. Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, increasing temperatures, and erratic rainfall patterns exert both direct and indirect effects on agricultural output and the prevalence and severity of insect pests (Skendžić et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Climatic variables influence insect mortality, developmental rates, and growth, while simultaneously shaping species abundance, distribution, migration patterns, and the frequency of pest outbreaks (Bale et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Chandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the Indian context, agriculture constitutes the backbone of the economy, sustaining over 70% of rural households and contributing approximately 20% to the national GDP, while providing employment to more than 60% of the population (Paul et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Within the diverse agricultural sectors, horticulture holds a significant position, encompassing a wide range of crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation crops such as coconut, and beverage crops like tea and coffee, in addition to numerous medicinal and aromatic plants. According to the National Horticulture Board, India accounts for approximately 17% of global vegetable production and 22% of the world's brinjal production (Horticultural Statistics at a Glance \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrinjal (\u003cem\u003eSolanum melongena\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a widely consumed vegetable, with an average daily dietary intake of 7.28 grams per person, and is cultivated year-round across various agro-climatic zones of India (Bushra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The fruit is nutritionally valuable, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds that are vital for human health (Naeem and Ugur \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite its importance, the productivity and quality of brinjal are significantly impacted by both abiotic and biotic stresses. Key abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall pose considerable challenges, while the crop is also susceptible to a wide range of insect pests and pathogens, which are major biotic constraints (Javed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Priyadharsan and Muthukumaran \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Insect pest infestations throughout various growth stages often hinder yield potential (Dhandapani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Brinjal is known to be affected by 53 species of insect pests, of which eight are considered economically significant across all growing seasons, in addition to a species of mite (Biswas et al. 1992). This issue has been exacerbated in recent years due to increasing climatic unpredictability, which has led to heightened pest pressure and greater yield losses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the pest complex, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) is regarded as the most destructive insect pest in Asia, causing significant damage, particularly during the fruiting phase. Yield losses attributed to BSFB have been reported to range from 25.82\u0026ndash;92.50%, with typical reductions of 20\u0026ndash;60% under field conditions (Abhirami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, sucking pests such as aphids, jassids, and whiteflies are notably damaging during the winter season, with estimated plant losses ranging from 26\u0026ndash;46% (Ingole et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Traditional pest control methods often rely on the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, which can lead to the development of pest resistance, contamination of ecosystems, and adverse effects on non-target organisms (Popp et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Dey Roy and Mukhopadhyay \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Sustainable pest management requires maintaining pest populations below the economic threshold level, which can only be achieved through informed, ecologically sound strategies. Accurate estimation of pest populations is crucial for assessing the severity of infestations, understanding the role of natural enemies, evaluating crop losses, and determining the most timely and effective control measures (Kidd and Jervis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimatic variability not only directly influences pest development, reproduction, survival, and dispersal, but also indirectly modifies ecological interactions, including those with predators, parasitoids, vectors, and competitors (Bhagarathi and Maharaj \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These interactions are integral to the ecological framework of the crop environment. A guild is defined as a group of species that exploit similar resources in comparable ways (Simberloff and Dayan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Williams and Hero \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). In brinjal agroecosystems, arthropod communities exhibit intricate intra- and inter-guild relationships that shape population dynamics and, ultimately, crop yield. Predator-prey interactions and seasonal fluctuations in arthropod populations serve as indicators of broader ecological processes, including the biological control services provided by natural enemies (Hagler and Blackmer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). For the development of effective pest management strategies tailored to a specific agroecosystem, a comprehensive understanding of pest and natural enemy abundance, seasonal occurrence, and their interactions in relation to climatic factors is paramount (Chavan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine biological control agents, cultural methods, pheromone-based monitoring tools, and selective chemical applications, provide effective and environmentally sustainable solutions for pest suppression (Dey Roy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A comprehensive understanding of the arthropod complex, including its seasonal variability and trophic interactions, is essential for the development and implementation of such strategies. This study was thus conducted to explore the seasonal dynamics of arthropod populations associated with brinjal cultivation, with a particular focus on identifying dominant pest and beneficial species, monitoring their abundance over time, and elucidating their mutualistic and antagonistic interactions within and between ecological guilds. The findings are anticipated to offer valuable insights into the ecological complexities of the brinjal agroecosystem and contribute to the advancement of sustainable pest management practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental Site\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present investigation was conducted at the Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, located in Gayeshpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India (22\u0026deg;57\u0026prime;N latitude and 88\u0026deg;20\u0026prime;E longitude), at an elevation of 9.75 metres above mean sea level. The study, which spanned from 2021 to 2023 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), was carried out under open field conditions. During the experimental period, ambient temperatures ranged from 21.7\u0026deg;C to 32.4\u0026deg;C, with an average rainfall of 25.3 mm and relative humidity fluctuating between 64.2% and 93.8%. The research site is situated within the Gangetic new alluvial plains, a prominent agro-ecological region of West Bengal, India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEdaphic properties\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe soil at the experimental site was classified as sandy loam, characterised by a high sand content and a relatively low proportion of clay. It exhibited an acidic pH, was porous in nature, and had a shallow depth. Notably, the soil tended to form highly erodible crests following rainfall events, a typical characteristic of the region. The results of the chemical analysis indicated that the total nitrogen and available phosphorus levels were very low, while the potassium content was found to be moderate. A detailed account of the soil's chemical properties is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical properties of the soil of experimental site\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepth of soil\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003csup\u003eH\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(dsm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic C\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable N\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Kgha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental details\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of eleven consecutive brinjal crops were cultivated, with seedling transplantations scheduled at two-month intervals. The widely grown local variety, 'Patakata,' was selected for all crop cycles conducted between 2021\u0026ndash;22 and 2022\u0026ndash;23, starting in May 2021 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For operational efficiency, the experimental field was divided into plots measuring 4 m \u0026times; 3 m. Each crop cycle typically culminated in final harvesting approximately six months after transplantation. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted into the prepared plots, with a spacing of 0.90 m between rows and 0.60 m between plants, accommodating a total of 22 plants per plot. Standard agronomic practices, as recommended by Roy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), were adhered to in order to foster healthy crop growth and successful establishment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of brinjal crop seasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop season\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate of transplanting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate of harvesting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop season (2021-22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31st May, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11th November, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04th August, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05th January, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThird crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01st October, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03rd March, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e08th December, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03rd May, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop season (2022-23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFifth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e02nd February, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05th July, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSixth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e06th April, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30th August, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeventh crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05th June, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11th November, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEighth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e06th August, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9th January, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNinth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30th September, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd March, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTenth crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e02nd December, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th May, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop season (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEleventh crop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e02nd February, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17th May, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection and identification of arthropods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of arthropods associated with the brinjal ecosystem was monitored weekly, starting from the first week after transplanting in each crop season. Observations were conducted during the early morning hours to ensure consistency. The major insect pests and predatory species present on the crop were collected and preserved in tubes containing 70% ethyl alcohol for subsequent identification. Species-level identification was performed by the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe populations of mealybugs, aphids, whiteflies, jassids, epilachna beetles, and ladybird beetles were assessed by counting both nymphs or grubs and adult insects on three leaves selected from the top, middle, and bottom portions of five randomly chosen plants in each plot. For aphids and thrips, observations were made within a one square centimetre area on three randomly selected regions of the leaf, with three such leaves examined per plant. The infestation of brinjal fruit and shoot borers was recorded by counting the number of larvae present in infested fruits and shoots on each plant. Additionally, the populations of leaf rollers, tobacco caterpillars, spiders, and ants were recorded as the total number of individuals per plant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeteorological data\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeteorological data, including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, were obtained from the Department of Agrometeorology and Physics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, India, to facilitate accurate interpretation of the experimental findings. Records of maximum and minimum temperatures (\u0026deg;C), relative humidity (%), and rainfall (mm) were collected and used to calculate weekly averages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collected over three consecutive years on weather parameters and arthropod populations were statistically analysed to assess the interactions between biotic and abiotic components within the brinjal ecosystem. The datasets, comprising various meteorological variables and arthropod populations, were subjected to simple correlation analysis to determine the influence of weather factors on arthropod abundance, as well as to explore intra- and inter-guild relationships within the arthropod community. A correlation coefficient (r) matrix was generated, and statistical significance was evaluated using Student's t-test. Data preparation and all statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Office Excel and R software (version 4.1.2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInventory of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 73 arthropod species, representing 10 taxonomic orders viz., Orthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Araneae were recorded during the study period (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, the mealybug (\u003cem\u003eFerrisia virgata\u003c/em\u003e Cockerell), aphids (\u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e Sulzer and \u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii\u003c/em\u003e Glover), whitefly (\u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Gennadius), jassid (\u003cem\u003eAmrasca biguttula biguttula\u003c/em\u003e Ishida), and thrips (\u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Lindeman and \u003cem\u003eScirtothrips dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e Hood) were identified as the predominant pests constituting the \"sucking guild\". The \"chewing guild\" was represented by the epilachna beetle (\u003cem\u003eHenosepilachna vigintioctopunctata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius), flea beetle (\u003cem\u003ePhyllotreta striolata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius), brinjal shoot and fruit borer (\u003cem\u003eLeucinodes orbonalis\u003c/em\u003e Guen\u0026eacute;e), tobacco caterpillar (\u003cem\u003eSpodoptera litura\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius), and leaf roller (\u003cem\u003eAutoba olivacea\u003c/em\u003e Walker). The \"predatory guild\" included ladybird beetles (\u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius and \u003cem\u003eCheilomenes sexmaculata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius) as well as spiders (\u003cem\u003eOxyopes salticus\u003c/em\u003e Hentz, \u003cem\u003eTetragnatha bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e Walckenaer, and \u003cem\u003eLeucauge decorata\u003c/em\u003e Blackwall), while the \"ant guild\" was represented by ants such as \u003cem\u003eCamponotus compressus\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius and \u003cem\u003eSolenopsis geminata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropods recorded and identified in brinjal ecosystem during 2021\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhylum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTobacco grasshopper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtractomorpha crenulata\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePyrgomorphidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSickle-bearing bush cricket\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHolochlora indica\u003c/em\u003e Kirby\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTettigonidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack kneed conehead\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConocephalus melaenus\u003c/em\u003e Haan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTettigonidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBand-winged grasshopper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOedaleus infernalis\u003c/em\u003e Saussure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcrididae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoromandel marsh dart\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeriagrion coromandelianum\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoenagrionidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrange-tailed midget\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgriocnemis femina\u003c/em\u003e Brauer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoenagrionidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePygmy dartlet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgriocnemis pygmaea\u003c/em\u003e Rambur\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoenagrionidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWandering percher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplacodes bipunctata\u003c/em\u003e Brauer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLibellulidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-legged marsh glider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrithemis pallidinervis\u003c/em\u003e Kirby\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLibellulidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOdonata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSilver leaf whitefly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Genn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAleyrodidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJassid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmrasca biguttula biguttula\u003c/em\u003e Ishida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCicadellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen peach aphid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e Sulzer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAphididae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCotton aphid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii\u003c/em\u003e Glover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAphididae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpittle bug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoophilus costalis\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAphrophoridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrown marmorated stinkbug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalyomorpha halys\u003c/em\u003e St\u0026aring;l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePentatomidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCotton stainer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDysdercus cingulatus\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePyrrhocoridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow and black leafhopper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIshidaella latomarginata\u003c/em\u003e Distant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCicadellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBud and boll shedder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCreontiades pallidus\u003c/em\u003e Rambur\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen jewel bug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysocoris stollii\u003c/em\u003e Wolff\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScutelleridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRice bug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCletus rusticus\u003c/em\u003e St\u0026aring;l\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoreidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMealybug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFerrisia virgata\u003c/em\u003e Cockerell\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudococcidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouthern green stink bug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNezara viridula\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePentatomidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotato thrips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThrips tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Lindeman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThripidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThysanoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChilli thrips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScirtothrips dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e Hood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThripidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThysanoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen lacewing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysoperla carnea\u003c/em\u003e Stephens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChrysopidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeuroptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLadybird beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccinella transversalis\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLadybird beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicraspis discolor\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLadybird beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheilomenes sexmaculta\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaysian Ladybird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChilocorus nigritus\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo-spot ladybird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdalia bipunctata\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHadda beetle/Epilachna beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHenosepilachna vigintioctopunctata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinellidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaranthus stem weevil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypolixus truncatulus\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurculionidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh weevil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyllocerus discolor\u003c/em\u003e Schoenherr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurculionidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon red-soldier beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhagonycha fulva\u003c/em\u003e Scopoli\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCantharidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoldier beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCantharis livida\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCantharidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalleida decora\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarabidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOphionea indica\u003c/em\u003e Thunberg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarabidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAulacophora lewisii\u003c/em\u003e Baly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChrysomelidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStriped flea beetle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhyllotreta striolata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChrysomelidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColeoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon green bottle fly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLucilia sericata\u003c/em\u003e Meigen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalliphoridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon flesh fly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga carnaria\u003c/em\u003e Linnaeus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSarcophagidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack banded hoverfly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEpisyrphus viridaureus\u003c/em\u003e Weidemann\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSyrphidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBand-eyed dronefly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEristalinus taeniops\u003c/em\u003e Weidemann\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSyrphidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-winged Fruitfly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlatensina tetrica\u003c/em\u003e Hering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTephritidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRobber fly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhilonicus albiceps\u003c/em\u003e Meigen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsilidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSargine soldier fly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrochrysa flaviventris\u003c/em\u003e Weidemann\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStratiomyidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot and Fruit borer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucinodes orbonalis\u003c/em\u003e Guen\u0026eacute;e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGelechidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEretmocera impactella\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScythrididae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack looper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHyposidra talaca\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeometridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDark grass blue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZizeeria karsandra\u003c/em\u003e Moore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLycaenidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePointed ciliate blue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnthene lycaenina\u003c/em\u003e Felder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLycaenidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrinjal leaf roller\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAutoba olivacea\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErebidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar hairy caterpillar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpilosoma obliqua\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErebidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTussock moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrgyia postica\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErebidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiger moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEressa confinis\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErebidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeet webworm moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpoladea recurvalis\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrambidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBean pod borer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaruca vitrata\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrambidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrambid moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSameodes cancellalis\u003c/em\u003e Zeller\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrambidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTobacco caterpillar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpodoptera litura\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGram pod borer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e H\u0026uuml;bner\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorn earworm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa zea\u003c/em\u003e Boddie\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBird dropping moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcontia crocata\u003c/em\u003e Guen\u0026eacute;e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican armyworm moth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpodoptera exempta\u003c/em\u003e Walker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen garden looper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysodeixis eriosoma\u003c/em\u003e Doubleday\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoctuidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall banded swift\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePelopidas mathias\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHesperiidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLepidoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack ant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCamponotus compressus\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormicidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHymenoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed ant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolenopsis geminate\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormicidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHymenoptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexapoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStriped lynx spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxyopes salticus\u003c/em\u003e Hentz\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxyopidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnt-mimicking spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrmarachne maxillosa\u003c/em\u003e Koch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJumping spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhidippus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen huntsman spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicromata virescens\u003c/em\u003e Clerck\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-jawed spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTetragnatha bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e Walckenaer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTetragnathidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDecorative silver orb-weaver spider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucauge decorate\u003c/em\u003e Blackwall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTetragnathidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAraneae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArachnida\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArthropoda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCropping season wise general record of occurrence of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem under the influence of salient phenological parameters\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study involved the cultivation of brinjal across 11 consecutive crop seasons to ensure the comprehensive execution of the experiment. The presence of arthropods on the brinjal plants, from transplanting to senescence, was systematically monitored alongside key meteorological variables. The arthropod populations, shaped by the interactions between the plants, arthropods, and corresponding weather conditions, particularly average temperature and humidity, exhibited notable fluctuations in their occurrence (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop wise occurrence of average population of arthropods in brinjal ecosystem during 2021 to 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"19\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumidity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRain\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMealybug*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJassid*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAphid**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrips**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpilachna beetle*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlea beetle*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBSFB\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTobacco caterpillar**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaf roller***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLady\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebird beetle*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpider*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnt*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAv.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRange\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAv.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34-23.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBSFB\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Brinjal shoot and fruit borer. \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e Population of arthropods/three leaves. \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003ePopulation of arthropods/sqcm leaf. \u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e Population of arthropods/plants. \u003cb\u003eTmax\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum temperature (\u0026deg;C). \u003cb\u003eTMin\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Minimum temperature (\u0026deg;C). \u003cb\u003eRHMax\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Maximum relative humidity (%). \u003cb\u003eRHMin\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Minimum relative humidity (%). \u003cb\u003eStd. Week\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard week. \u003cb\u003eAv.\u003c/b\u003e = Average.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumidity was found to be a critical factor influencing the population dynamics of mealybugs, with lower numbers recorded in the third, fourth, nineth, and tenth crop seasons when average humidity levels fell below 76%. Conversely, whiteflies and jassids were more abundant during the third, fourth, nineth, and tenth crops when humidity levels were below 80%. Interestingly, in both cases, the average temperature did not exceed 25\u0026deg;C. Similarly, low temperatures combined with moderate humidity appeared to favour the proliferation of aphids and thrips, as observed in the third, nineth, and tenth crops. In contrast, other arthropods, such as epilachna beetles, brinjal shoot and fruit borers, flea beetles, leaf rollers, ladybird beetles, spiders, and ants, exhibited either consistent or sporadic presence, yet did not display any discernible patterns in relation to the aforementioned weather parameters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe correlation between the populations of various arthropod guilds and the prevailing weather parameters was analysed to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the biotic and abiotic components of the brinjal crop ecosystem (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In the first crop season, both mealybugs and jassids from the sucking guild demonstrated a significant negative correlation with the daily minimum temperature (TMin), with correlation coefficients of -0.477 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.434, respectively. Epilachna beetles from the chewing guild, on the other hand, exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily minimum relative humidity (RHMin), with a coefficient of 0.475. During the second crop season, mealybug populations showed significant negative correlations with maximum temperature (TMax), minimum temperature (TMin), and maximum relative humidity (RHMax), with correlation values of -0.694, -0.639, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.434, respectively. Other meteorological variables had a negligible effect on their populations. For whiteflies, jassids, and epilachna beetles, significant negative correlations were observed with all weather parameters, including TMax, TMin, RHMax, RHMin, and rainfall. The correlation coefficients for these species were as follows: whitefly (-0.861, -0.882, -0.660, -0.595, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.460), jassids (-0.685, -0.697, -0.557, -0.503, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.444), and epilachna beetles (-0.434, -0.486, -0.444, -0.529, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.541). Among the predators, ladybird beetles exhibited significant negative correlations with both TMax (-0.803) and TMin (-0.691).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the third crop season, populations of jassids and thrips exhibited significant negative correlations with TMin, with correlation coefficients of -0.411 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.637, respectively. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) population displayed significant negative correlations with TMax, RHMax, and RHMin, with correlation values of -0.637, -0.416, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.541, respectively. During the fourth crop season, both whitefly and aphid populations showed significant negative correlations with TMin, with values of -0.426 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.502, respectively. The population of epilachna beetles demonstrated a significant positive correlation with both TMax (0.507) and TMin (0.503), as well as a significant negative correlation with RHMax (-0.674). Flea beetles exhibited significant positive correlations with TMax (0.495) and TMin (0.535), alongside significant negative correlations with RHMax (-0.446) and RHMin (-0.582). BSFB populations revealed a significant positive correlation with rainfall at 0.599, while their relationships with other weather parameters were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the fifth crop season, mealybug populations demonstrated significant positive correlations with RHMax, RHMin, and rainfall, with correlation coefficients of 0.489, 0.670, and 0.528, respectively. Jassids exhibited a significant negative correlation with RHMin (-0.466). Epilachna beetle populations showed a significant positive correlation with the daily minimum temperature (TMin) at 0.505. Flea beetles displayed a significant positive correlation with TMax (0.409), but significant negative correlations with RHMax (-0.575), RHMin (-0.609), and rainfall (-0.412). BSFB populations revealed a significant positive correlation with TMin (0.551), RHMin (0.482), and rainfall (0.561). For the first time, the spider population exhibited significant positive correlations with both TMin (0.484) and rainfall (0.488). In the sixth cropping season, the jassid population exhibited a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.419 and a significant negative correlation with RHMax at -0.507. The brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) population showed a significant negative correlation with TMax at -0.596, while the spider population displayed a significant negative correlation with TMin at -0.501. Both RHMax and RHMin had a significant positive effect on the populations of BSFB (0.658 and 0.636, respectively) and spiders (0.503 and 0.459, respectively). In the seventh cropping season, the jassid population demonstrated significant negative correlations with TMin, RHMax, and RHMin, with values of -0.422, -0.546, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.642, respectively. The whitefly population showed a significant positive correlation with TMin at 0.407. Within the chewing guild, the epilachna beetle population exhibited significant positive correlations with TMin, RHMin, and rainfall at 0.414, 0.464, and 0.561, respectively. Rainfall had a significant positive effect on flea beetles at 0.504, while the BSFB population displayed a significant negative correlation with rainfall at -0.439.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the eighth cropping season, the aphid population exhibited a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.416, while both jassid and flea beetle populations showed significant negative correlations with TMin at -0.431 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.419, respectively. The BSFB population displayed significant negative correlations with TMax, TMin, and RHMin at -0.660, -0.767, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.701, respectively. Both TMax and TMin had a significant negative impact on the spider population, with correlations of -0.409 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.464, respectively, while they exhibited significant positive correlations with the ant guild at 0.507 and 0.470, respectively. In the ninth cropping season, the whitefly population showed significant negative correlations with TMin and rainfall at -0.405 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.433, respectively. The BSFB population exhibited significant negative correlations with TMin and RHMin at -0.427 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.664, respectively. Both RHMax and RHMin demonstrated significant negative correlations with aphid populations at -0.473 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.581, respectively, as well as with ladybird beetle populations at -0.716 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.473, respectively. The thrips population showed a significant negative correlation with RHMin at -0.532, while the ant population displayed a significant positive correlation with RHMin at 0.417.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the tenth cropping season, all arthropod populations exhibited partial significant associations with weather parameters. The whitefly population showed a significant negative correlation with RHMin at -0.438, and a significant positive correlation with rainfall at 0.640. The jassid population demonstrated a significant positive correlation with TMax at 0.437. Both TMax and TMin exerted significant negative effects on the populations of aphids and ants, with correlation values of -0.448 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.517 for aphids, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.494 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.471 for ants, respectively. Both thrips and spider populations exhibited significant negative correlations with RHMax at -0.414 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.488, respectively, while rainfall had a significant positive effect on both populations, with correlation values of 0.733 and 0.457, respectively. The ladybird beetle population showed significant negative correlations with RHMax and RHMin at -0.600 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.451, respectively. Both TMax and TMin had significant positive correlations with the populations of epilachna beetles at 0.488 and 0.471, flea beetles at 0.567 and 0.660, and the BSFB at 0.671 and 0.663, respectively. In contrast, all three of these insect populations exhibited significant negative correlations with RHMax at -0.447, -0.438, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.529, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the eleventh cropping season, the mealybug population exhibited a significant positive correlation with rainfall, with a correlation value of 0.510. Both whitefly and jassid populations showed significant negative correlations with RHMin, at -0.442 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.490, respectively. The flea beetle population demonstrated significant negative correlations with both RHMax at -0.479 and RHMin at -0.521. The populations of both the epilachna beetle and the BSFB exhibited significant positive correlations with TMin, at 0.593 and 0.577, respectively, as well as with RHMin, at 0.475 and 0.548, respectively, and rainfall, at 0.531 and 0.656, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study revealed distinct interactions between various arthropod populations and weather parameters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Rainfall was identified as the primary weather factor influencing the populations of mealybugs and epilachna beetles, explaining 38.84% and 31.09% of the observed variation, respectively. The populations of whiteflies, tobacco caterpillars, and ladybird beetles were predominantly influenced by TMin, with contributions of 33.23%, 27.97%, and 36.86%, respectively. For jassids, aphids, thrips, leaf rollers, spiders, and ants, RHMin emerged as the key weather factor, accounting for 44.78%, 23.62%, 35.37%, 33.42%, 23.74%, and 38.78% of the variation in their populations, respectively. The BSFB populations were influenced almost equally by TMin and RHMin, with contributions of 22.79% and 22.74%, respectively. The flea beetle population, on the other hand, was most strongly affected by TMax, explaining 37.45% of the variation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy on intra-guild and inter-guild correlation of arthropods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study investigated the intra- and inter-guild interactions among arthropod species in the brinjal ecosystem using statistical correlation tools. These relationships, shaped by weather conditions as well as the physico-morphological and biochemical factors present in the ecosystem, were examined across 11 cropping seasons (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin the sucking guild, interspecies interactions were observed throughout the cropping seasons. The mealybug demonstrated significant positive correlations with whiteflies during the second and seventh crops, with jassids during the first and second crops, with aphids during the first and fifth crops, and with thrips during the eighth crop. Whiteflies, in turn, exhibited significant positive interactions with jassids in the second, third, fourth, fifth, tenth, and eleventh crops, with aphids in the fourth and eighth crops, and with thrips in the fourth, fifth, eighth, tenth, and eleventh crops. Additionally, jassids showed significant positive interactions with thrips in the fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh crops, and with aphids in the ninth crop. However, in the sixth crop, jassids displayed a significant negative interaction with aphids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin the chewing guild, the BSFB exhibited statistically significant co-occurrence with epilachna beetles in the fifth and eleventh crops, but a significantly negative relationship in the ninth crop. Additionally, BSFB showed a significant positive association with flea beetles. Overall, members of the sucking guild displayed significant positive interactions within their own guild across most cropping seasons, and intra-guild relationships within the chewing guild were also predominantly positive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the analysis of inter-guild relationships between the sucking and chewing guilds across the eleven cropping seasons, several significant interactions were observed. Mealybugs and epilachna beetles demonstrated a significant positive relationship in the second and eleventh crops. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship between mealybugs and BSFB was noted in the fifth and eleventh crops. In the second, third, and eighth crops, whiteflies and epilachna beetles exhibited a significant positive interaction, although this relationship turned significantly negative in the fourth crop. Whiteflies also showed a significant positive relationship with BSFB in the tenth crop. Overall, the inter-guild interactions between members of the sucking and chewing guilds were predominantly positive across most of the cropping seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also explored the inter-guild relationships between predators and members of the sucking and chewing guilds, revealing that variations in crop duration and species had a notable influence on these interactions. The population of ladybird beetles exhibited significant positive correlations with several arthropod species across different cropping seasons. For instance, ladybird beetles demonstrated a significant positive relationship with mealybugs in the second crop, whiteflies in the second, fifth, ninth, and eleventh crops, jassids in the second and ninth crops, aphids in the ninth crop, and thrips in the seventh, ninth, and tenth crops. Furthermore, ladybird beetles showed significant positive interactions with epilachna beetles in the second and eighth crops, as well as with the BSFB in the tenth crop. Spiders, too, exhibited significant positive interactions with various arthropods. These included whiteflies in the third, fourth, and ninth crops, and thrips in the fourth and eighth crops. Additionally, spiders showed significant positive associations with epilachna beetles in the second and fifth crops, and with BSFB in the second, fifth, sixth, and eighth crops.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the relationships between ants and other arthropods revealed several significant interactions. Ants exhibited notable positive correlations with jassids in the first crop, aphids in the sixth, eighth, and tenth crops, and whiteflies in the eighth crop. Additionally, ants displayed a significant positive relationship with thrips in the fifth crop, but a significant negative relationship with thrips in the ninth crop. Overall, the interactions between the predatory guild and the members of the sucking and chewing guilds, as well as those between the ant guild and these two guilds, were predominantly positive across most cropping seasons. However, ants showed significant negative interactions with thrips, BSFB, and ladybird beetles in the ninth, ninth, and tenth crops, respectively, as well as with ladybird beetles in the fourth crop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis of the data highlighted the significant influence of co-occurring arthropods on the population dynamics of each species, with a particular emphasis on both intra- and inter-guild interactions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The population of mealybugs was most notably influenced by the presence of leaf rollers, accounting for 23.14% of the variation. Ladybird beetles played a dominant role in the population dynamics of whiteflies, contributing 30.68%. The jassid population was strongly affected by flea beetles, which accounted for 42.79%, indicating substantial inter-guild interactions. Both aphid and BSFB populations were primarily influenced by thrips, contributing 23.11% and 19.19%, respectively. The populations of thrips and flea beetles were most influenced by the presence of jassids, with contributions of 31.31% and 40.01%, respectively. Epilachna beetles exhibited a strong intra-guild relationship with BSFB, with a contribution of 24.84%. Spiders had the most significant influence on the tobacco caterpillar population, accounting for 49.66%, while leaf roller populations were highly influenced by mealybugs, contributing 48.12%. Ladybird beetles demonstrated a strong inter-guild relationship with whiteflies, with a contribution of 53.56%, and spider populations were most influenced by epilachna beetles, contributing 13.64%. Finally, the ant guild exhibited a significant interaction with aphid populations, accounting for 27.61%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA central challenge in understanding population dynamics lies in exploring the mechanistic links between population changes and climate variability (Stenseth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Boggs and Inouye \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Solbreck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between key weather variables and the population dynamics of arthropods in the brinjal ecosystem, as well as to investigate the interactions both within arthropod guilds and between different guilds. The brinjal crop ecosystem is characterised by a high diversity of insect pests and natural enemies (Vevai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, Das (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) recorded 27 insect species and one mite, alongside 23 natural enemies, within the brinjal crop ecosystem. These findings align with those of Dar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), who also documented a wide array of arthropod pests and predatory insects in the brinjal ecosystem, contributing to the maintenance of environmental balance. Earlier, Latif et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) identified 20 species of harmful arthropods, including brinjal shoot and fruit borers (BSFB), aphids, jassids, whiteflies, and epilachna beetles, as major pests. Yasodha and Natarajan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) recorded twelve parasitoid species from field-collected BSFB larvae, and Sankari (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) observed eight different spider species and their predatory role against insects in brinjal crops. Kumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported 29 species of arthropods in the brinjal ecosystem over two cropping seasons, including 14 pest species, 12 predators, and 3 parasitoids. Kumari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) documented 16 species of pests and natural enemies in the brinjal ecosystem during a single crop season. Collectively, these studies highlight the ecological richness and complexity of the brinjal crop ecosystem, where a diverse community of pests and natural enemies coexists, interacts, and contributes to the dynamic stability of arthropod populations across seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInsect population dynamics are influenced by a complex interplay between intrinsic factors, such as density dependence and trophic web interactions, and external forces, including weather conditions (Solbreck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The present study revealed that different arthropod species responded variably to the prevailing weather parameters. These findings are consistent with those of Ghuge et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) on okra, who observed significant positive correlations between aphid, jassid, and ladybird beetle populations and evening relative humidity, while whitefly populations exhibited a significant positive correlation with daily temperature. Chatterjee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) similarly found that mealybug populations in the brinjal ecosystem were significantly positively correlated with both maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall, a result that aligns with our findings. In a study of sucking pests in groundnut, Dey Roy and Mukhopadhyay (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) reported significant negative correlations between whitefly and thrips populations and daily temperature and relative humidity, respectively. Dhole et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) underscored the dominant role of environmental factors in regulating whitefly populations, noting a negative correlation with rainfall and relative humidity, while temperature showed a positive correlation with their population. Nabil and Hegab (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) found a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and mealybug populations in okra, with a significant negative correlation with mean relative humidity. However, the present study contrasts with the findings of Patel and Radadia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who reported a significant positive correlation between jassid populations and temperature, humidity, and rainfall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalve et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) reported a significant negative correlation between the population of the BSFB and all the weather parameters, which is consistent with the findings of the present study. Kumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) partially corroborated our results, observing a significant negative correlation between the larval population of BSFB and maximum temperature, although they also identified a significant positive correlation with other weather parameters. Swetha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) found a significant positive correlation between the population of epilachna beetles and both maximum and minimum temperatures, while a significant negative correlation was noted with both maximum and minimum relative humidity, which aligns with the observations in this study. Singh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) reported a significant positive correlation between the BSFB population and both maximum and minimum temperatures, along with a significant negative correlation with relative humidity. Haq and Rizvi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that BSFB populations decline with increasing temperature, humidity, and rainfall, a finding that supports the present study. Similarly, Vijayalakshmi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) observed significant negative correlations between BSFB populations and both maximum and minimum temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings regarding spider population dynamics are consistent with those of Mouly et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Raghul and Kumar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that spider populations increased with rising temperatures, while exhibiting a negative correlation with relative humidity and rainfall. Kataria and Kumar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) observed that ant populations showed a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature, although their interactions with other weather factors were not significant. Samantaray and Singh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) noted that ladybird beetle populations had a negative correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, while displaying a positive correlation with maximum temperature. Overall, these findings stress that weather factors affect arthropod populations in strongly species-specific and sometimes opposing manners. Whereas a few pests and beneficial insects thrive under increasing temperatures or humidity, others react negatively. This type of diversity conveys the complexity of insect-weather interactions and underscores the value of location- and crop-specific pest forecast models. Inclusion of these ecological subtleties in integrated pest management models would greatly enhance their accuracy and efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariations in crop duration and species had a marked impact on the interactions between predators, ants, and members of both the sucking and chewing guilds, as evidenced by intra- and inter-guild dynamics. Patel and Radadia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found a significant positive correlation between spider populations and jassid populations, while ladybird beetles exhibited a non-significant positive correlation. Jain (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) documented a significant positive correlation between ladybird beetles and the populations of jassids, aphids, and whiteflies. Bindu and Pramanik (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) also reported a significant positive relationship between ladybird beetles and epilachna beetles. Rathod et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that aphid populations were positively correlated with the population of predatory coccinellids. During the kharif season, leafhopper populations were negatively correlated with predatory coccinellids, but this relationship became significantly positive in the rabi season.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate positive linear correlation between total pest abundance and total predator abundance was observed by Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) in soybean. Nikolova (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) found that the population density of ladybird beetles was negatively correlated with aphid populations, suggesting that as the ladybird beetle population increased, aphid populations declined. Suroshe and Chander (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported potential intra-guild competition among different species of ladybird beetles. Chen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) observed a significant negative correlation between predatory spiders and jassid populations. Glacet et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted that the presence of honeydew influenced inter-guild relationships between aphids and their predators. Samuel and Rastogi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that ants increased aphid abundance but reduced the abundance of multiple insect herbivores and arthropod predators on plants. Pequeno et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the positive relationship between spider abundance and insect prey abundance diminished as ant populations increased. Das and Devee (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) noted that aphid pests reduced intraguild predation in ladybird beetles, a finding also supported by Tiwari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that increasing aphid populations led to a rise in ladybird beetle populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings compiled by Prashanth et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that ladybird beetle populations increased in response to rising populations of the BSFB. Similarly, Katkar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), in their regression model study on brinjal pests, observed that consistent abiotic conditions resulted in increased populations of jassids, aphids, and BSFB. This suggests that an upsurge in populations within the sucking guild may also contribute to an increase in populations within the chewing guild under similar environmental conditions. These results together indicate that arthropod associations within and between trophic guilds are extremely dynamic and context-dependent, determined by crop phenology, seasonal fluctuation, and the influence of mutualistic species like ants. The co-occurrence of both positive and negative correlations among predators and pests indicates the intricacy of trophic networks, in which intra-guild competition, predator facilitation, and resource-mediated associations are essential.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBrinjal (eggplant) farming in India is strongly limited by a complex of arthropod pests, and it usually results in indiscriminate and excessive pesticide application. Not only does it encourage pesticide resistance and pest revival, but also residual toxicity and environmental pollution. The current study stresses the crucial necessity of an ecological approach towards pest management. Through the explanation of the interaction among climate variability, crop phenology, and trophic interactions, this study offers useful information on the population dynamics of pests and their natural enemies in the brinjal agroecosystem. The results emphasize species-specific weather parameter responses, indicating that climatic variables differentially affect pest and natural enemy populations. In addition, the research unveils that intra- and inter-guild interactions, regulated by crop growth phases and the presence of mutualistic species like ants, demonstrate context-dependent dynamics regulated by competition, facilitation, and intraguild predation. The result of co-occurrence and intricate associations in arthropod communities highlights the urgency of formulating location-specific pest forecasting models and adopting ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Integrating this ecological knowledge into pest management systems will increase the accuracy, sustainability, and resilience of pest control in brinjal farming, thus aiding environmentally friendly agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to the Department of Agricultural Entomology and Department of Agricultural Meteorology and Physics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya for helping during the study duration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed significantly towards the final make-up of the paper. Conceptualisation (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Data curation (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Bimal Mondal); Formal analysis (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Soumik Dey Roy); Investigation and methodology (Soumya Sarathi Kundu and Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Supervision (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay); Writing-original draft (Ajoy Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Bimal Mondal and Soumik Dey Roy); Writing-reviewing and editing (Soumik Dey Roy).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch involving Human Participants and/or Animals:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbhirami, S., Nayak, M., Marabi, R. and Tomar, D. 2021. 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Madras Agricultural Journal, \u003cstrong\u003e96\u003c/strong\u003e(1\u0026ndash;6): 194\u0026ndash;199.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Brinjal, BSFB, Climatic conditions, Mealybugs, Population dynamics, Tobacco caterpillar, Trophic relationship","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCrop health and pest dynamics in horticultural systems are significantly influenced by climate variability. This study examined the seasonal patterns and ecological interactions of 73 arthropod species associated with brinjal cultivation in Central Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, across 11 consecutive crop seasons during 2021-2023. The arthropods were categorized into ecological guilds: sucking, chewing, predatory, and ant groups. Key climatic factors, like – temperature, humidity, and rainfall had notable impacts on species abundance and interspecies relationships, with responses being highly species-specific. Mealybugs and epilachna beetles were most affected by rainfall, while lower temperatures and humidity were strongly associated with increased populations of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, whiteflies, jassids, and aphids. Arthropod interactions shifted with crop cycles and environmental conditions. Predatory species like spiders and ladybird beetles displayed both antagonistic and complementary relationships with pests, depending on the season. Mutualistic interactions, such as those between ants and aphids, also played a critical role in shaping pest dynamics. These findings underscore the complexity of arthropod interactions in brinjal agroecosystems and highlight the importance of incorporating ecological understanding into adaptive, sustainable pest management strategies amid changing climatic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of weather variables and guild interactions in the seasonal patterns of arthropod fauna in Solanum melongena agro-ecosystem","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-14 06:13:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7101651/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fb393463-511f-48ed-bb13-9d0940f696a2","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-25T15:08:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-14 06:13:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7101651","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7101651","identity":"rs-7101651","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}