Effects of boric acid on 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grapevines under salt stress

Effects of boric acid on 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grapevines under salt stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of boric acid on 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grapevines under salt stress Cengiz İLİNGİ, Yasin AKGÜN, Mert İLHAN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study was conducted during the 2023–2024 vegetation period in an unheated plastic greenhouse located at Ordu University’s research site. In this study, agricultural perlite was used as a trial medium for soilless cultivation, and the effectiveness of boric acid in reducing the effects of salt stress was investigated on ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grape varieties. Within the scope of the experiment, shoot, root, and physiological parameters, including chlorophyll content, ion leakage, and cell membrane damage rate, were comprehensively evaluated. It was determined that salt stress significantly suppressed growth parameters, especially shoot length, shoot diameter, and fresh shoot weight. Conversely, root-related morphological characteristics, including root dry weight and root number, were stimulated under salt stress, demonstrating a defense mechanism to optimize water uptake and restrict the translocation of toxic ions. Overall, ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ exhibited superior salt tolerance compared to the ‘Muscat Hamburg’ variety. The application of boric acid notably improved plant growth and physiological stability under saline and non-saline conditions. Among the boric acid concentrations, the 1 mM dose provided optimal physiological protection for the tolerant variety, effectively reducing ion leakage and preserving chlorophyll content. However, under saline conditions, a high boron concentration (2 mM) was found to cause significant toxicity in the more salt-sensitive ‘Muscat Hamburg’ variety. Therefore, to alleviate salt stress, the use of a 1 mM boric acid concentration and cultivation of the ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ grape variety are particularly recommended. Balıkçı Siyahı Boron toxicity Grapevine Muscat Hamburg Salinity stress Introduction When plants are exposed to various environmental stress factors, they undergo complex physiological processes that adversely affect their growth and development (Munns 2002 ). Among these, salinity stands out as a prevalent abiotic stressor, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where it significantly impairs crop productivity through osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutritional imbalances (Kaya and Tangolar 2021 ; Torun et al. 2018 ). High salinity poses a serious threat to agricultural production worldwide, particularly in regions where irrigation water contains high salt concentrations, significantly reducing plant productivity (Munns and Tester 2008 ). The resulting physiological disruptions often manifest as reduced shoot and root growth, diminished photosynthetic efficiency, and impaired nutrient uptake (Samet et al. 2023 ). Furthermore, the accumulation of toxic ions such as Na + and Cl − in plant tissues can lead to oxidative stress, membrane damage, and ultimately, cell death (Urbano-Gálvez et al. 2025 ). Among the plant mechanisms that confer tolerance to salt stress are the maintenance of cellular osmotic balance, activation of antioxidant systems, and alterations in stress-related gene expression (Shabala, 2009 ). These mechanisms are key determinants of a plant’s ability to withstand salt stress. Salinity also causes ion toxicity in plants due to osmotic stress and nutrient limitation (Taiz and Zeiger 2008 ; Batool and Sahzad 2014). During the identification of salt-tolerant genotypes, early damage observed on leaves is considered one of the most important parameters (Choudhury et al. 2023 ). Under stress conditions, chlorophyll content decreases in plants, leading to a reduction in photosynthesis (Rai et al. 2011 ). Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is considered moderately salt stress-tolerant (Baneh et al. 2013 ). Salt stress is a major environmental constraint for grapevines, severely affecting their growth, development, and yield. Although grapevines can develop certain tolerance mechanisms against salt stress, high salt concentrations can negatively impact their physiological processes. High salinity can disrupt the water balance of grapevines. Under salt stress, water uptake from the roots may be reduced, resulting in plant dehydration and leaf chlorosis (Chaves et al. 2009 ). Moreover, salt stress can reduce the growth rate and leaf area of grapevines (Bybordi 2012 ). Elevated salt levels may inhibit root growth, thereby limiting the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil (Bilir Ekbiç and Ilhan 2025). In addition, photosynthetic activity in grapevines can be significantly reduced under salt stress (Lu et al. 2022 ). Grapevines can develop various adaptive mechanisms to cope with salt stress, including osmotic adjustment, maintenance of ion homeostasis, and activation of antioxidant defense systems (Chartzoulakis and Klapaki 2000 ). The identification and development of salt-tolerant grapevine cultivars have been supported by genetic and molecular studies (Das and Majumder 2019 ). These studies contribute to understanding the genes and mechanisms involved in salt tolerance and promote the breeding of new salt-tolerant varieties. Recent studies have highlighted the biological effects of boric acid on plants and its role in enhancing plant stress tolerance under salt stress conditions (Camacho-Cristóbal et al. 2008 ). The importance of boron (B), an essential micronutrient for healthy plant growth, was recognized in the early 1900s. The bioavailable form of boron for plants is boric acid (H₃BO₃). Plants absorb boron primarily through their roots via passive diffusion (Stangoulis and Reid 2002 ). The positive effects of boric acid on plant growth and development generally involve mechanisms that help plants maintain better health under stress conditions and enhance their productivity (Ahmed and Hasanuzzaman 2020). In this context, studies on the effects of boric acid on plants exposed to salt stress have shown that boric acid can enhance plant tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, boric acid plays a crucial role in the formation of the plant cell wall, cell division, pollen tube development, sugar transport, and pollen germination (O’Neill et al. 2004). Although grapevine requires relatively higher levels of boron compared to other species, it is also considered sensitive to boron toxicity. When the soil B level exceeds 1 ppm, mild toxicity symptoms may appear in grapevines; concentrations above 4 ppm can lead to severe toxicity symptoms. Under excessive B conditions, dark brown or black necrotic spots initially form on the edges of older leaves, which subsequently spread toward the inner leaf tissue (Girardello et al. 2019 ). Therefore, developing strategies to cope with biotic and abiotic stress conditions is of significant importance. In this study, the effectiveness of boric acid was investigated under both saline and non-saline conditions in two grapevine cultivars: ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Materials and Methods This study was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season in an unheated plastic greenhouse located at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University. Hardwood cuttings of the grapevine cultivar ‘Muscat Hamburg’ were obtained from the Manisa Viticulture Research Institute, while cuttings of the local cultivar ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ were collected during the dormancy period through winter pruning from the vineyard of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University. Balıkçı Siyahı is a type of grape with a dark red-purple color, round-shaped berries covered with a dense layer of bloom, small or medium-sized, with a fairly thick outer skin and containing an average of 1–3 seeds. Its clusters are cylindrical, small, and quite compact. The taste of this grape variety has a strawberry aroma (Bilir Ekbiç and Yılmaz 2018 ). The collected hardwood cuttings were stored at + 4°C with 90% relative humidity in a cold storage room until planting. Agricultural perlite was used as the growing medium. Two unheated propagation containers, each with a capacity of 800 liters, were used for the experiment: one for the saline treatment and the other for the non-saline (control) treatment. On March 16, 2024, the cuttings were planted into the propagation medium with two nodes per cutting and the basal bud removed. After planting, the plants were irrigated with fresh water until they reached stage 12 (the 5–6 leaf stage) according to the BBCH scale defined by Lorenz et al. ( 1995 ). Once the plants reached a suitable growth stage, salt treatment was initiated. For the saline treatment, a concentration of 5120 ppm sodium chloride (NaCl) (Merck CAS No. 7647-14-5) was applied. The salt treatment was applied over eight weeks in alternating weekly intervals: one week of saline irrigation followed by one week of freshwater irrigation. In both treatments, irrigation volume was determined based on field capacity. Concurrently with the irrigation regimes, foliar applications of boric acid (Merck CAS No. 10043-35-3) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM were performed twice weekly. To enhance adhesion, 1–2 drops of Tween-20 (Merck CAS No. 9005-64-5) were added to the solution. Four weeks after the start of the treatments, Hoagland-2 nutrient solution (TM Media TP 090) was applied to the growing medium. At the end of the experiment, the following parameters were evaluated: shoot diameter (mm), shoot length (cm), fresh and dry weights of shoots (g), number of nodes and leaves, fresh and dry root weights (g), root length (cm), number of roots, rooting rate (%), root and shoot tolerance index (RTI, STI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative leaf water content (%), ion leakage (%), cell membrane damage rate (%), leaf area (cm²), damage rating (0–3), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf mass ratio (LMR). Shoot diameter was measured from the midsection using a caliper (Yu Su); shoot and root lengths were measured using a ruler; and leaves and nodes were counted manually. Fresh and dry weights were measured with a precision balance (± 0.001 g; Radwag WTB200). Dry weights were determined after drying samples at 65°C for 72 hours in an oven (Memmert UN55).The tolerance index (TI) was calculated using the following formula: \(\:TI\:=\:Tx\:/\:To\) , where Tx represents the dry weight (g) of shoots/roots of plants treated with a specific NaCl concentration, and To represents the dry weight (g) of shoots/roots of untreated plants. To evaluate salt damage, a scale originally developed by Barroso and Alvarez ( 1997 ) for strawberries and modified by Bilir Ekbiç ( 2017 ) for grapevines was used. The scale is defined as follows: Score 0: plants not affected; Score 1: mild necrosis or drying at leaf tips; Score 2: damage affecting more than 50% of the leaf area; Score 3: necrosis leading to plant death. Leaf samples (0.3 g) were collected from the plants, cut into equal segments, and placed into 25 mm × 150 mm glass tubes. Fifteen milliliters of distilled water were added to each tube, and the samples were shaken at 100 rpm for 24 hours using a rotary shaker. Following the shaking period, the initial electrical conductivity (EC 1 ) was measured using a conductivity meter (HANNA HI 99300). Subsequently, the samples were autoclaved at 115°C for 10 minutes to release all electrolytes. After cooling to room temperature for 24 hours, the second conductivity value (EC 2 ) was measured. Ion leakage (IL) was calculated using the formula: \(\:IL\:(\backslash\:)\:=\:(EC1\:/\:EC2)\:\backslash\:\:100\) (Ozden et al. 2009 ). Chlorophyll content was measured using a chlorophyll meter (SPAD–502, Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) on the leaves located in the middle part of the shoot and expressed in SPAD units. The cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) was calculated based on ion leakage values using the equation described by Arora et al. ( 1998 ): \(\:\:CMDR\:\left(\%\right)\:=\:\left[\right(ILtreatment\:-\:ILcontrol)\:/\:(100\:-\:ILcontrol\left)\right]\:\backslash\:100\) . To determine the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves, the following formula was used: Leaf Relative Water Content \(\:(RWC,\:\%):\:\left[\right(FW\:-\:DW)\:\backslash\:\:(TW\:-\:DW\left)\right]\:\backslash\:\:100\) , where FW = fresh weight, TW = turgor weight, and DW = dry weight. Turgor weights were measured after soaking the leaf samples in distilled water for 6 hours. Dry weights were determined after drying the samples in a drying oven at 80°C for 24 hours. For leaf area measurements, leaves from the middle portion of the shoots were used. These leaves were scanned, and their surface areas were calculated in cm² using the 'Digimizer 4.0' software. For specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR), leaf samples were dried in an oven at 70°C for 24 hours, and their dry weights were measured. The following formulas were used to calculate SLA and LMR: \(\:\:SLA\:(cm2/g)\:=\:Leaf\:area\:\left(cm2\right)\:/\:Dry\:weight\:\left(g\right)\) . \(\:LMR\:=\:Dry\:weight\:\left(g\right)\:/\:Leaf\:area\:\left(cm2\right)\) . Trial Design and Statistical Analysis The experiment was established according to a completely randomized design, with three replicates, each comprising 10 cuttings. Statistical analyses were performed using the JMP 13.0.2 software package. Differences among treatment means were compared using the least significant difference test at a 5% significance level (p < 0.05). Results Shoot Growth Parameters The effects of boric acid application on shoot growth parameters of grapevine cultivars under saline and non-saline conditions are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 . The main effects of cultivar, salinity, and boric acid on shoot morphology were significant (p < 0.05). The cultivar ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ exhibited superior growth performance compared to ‘Muscat Hamburg’ in terms of both shoot diameter and length. Salinity imposed a significant constraint on growth; plants grown under saline conditions showed a reduction in average shoot diameter (2.28 mm) and shoot length (15.11 cm) compared to the non-saline control (2.55 mm and 23.76 cm, respectively). Boric acid applications significantly alleviated these negative effects, with the 2 mM dose maximizing shoot diameter (2.55 mm) and the 0.5 mM dose maximizing shoot length (24.88 cm). When interactions were evaluated, ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ consistently maintained higher growth values under saline conditions compared to ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Specifically, the Salinity × Boric Acid interaction revealed that 1 mM boric acid under non-saline conditions yielded the highest shoot diameter (2.68 mm), while the 0.5 mM dose was most effective for shoot length (35.48 cm). In the three-way interaction (C × S × B), the maximum shoot diameter (3.07 mm) was observed in the combination of ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ × non-saline × 1 mM, whereas the combined stress of salinity and lack of boron resulted in the lowest growth values in ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Shoot biomass was significantly affected by experimental factors. The ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ cultivar produced significantly higher fresh (6.02 g) and dry biomass than ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Although salinity caused a marked reduction in fresh weight (4.37 g vs. 4.90 g under control), boric acid treatments, particularly at 0.5 mM and 1 mM, significantly enhanced biomass accumulation compared with the control. Regarding the interactive effects, the S × B interaction showed that the highest fresh (6.65 g) and dry weights (2.00 g) were recorded in the non-saline × 0.5 mM combination. Furthermore, under the triple interaction (C × S × B), the highest fresh and dry weights were consistently obtained from ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ treated with 0.5 mM boric acid under non-saline conditions. In contrast, ‘Muscat Hamburg’ exposed to saline conditions exhibited the lowest biomass accumulation, highlighting the superior vigor of ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ under stressful conditions. Reduced salinity significantly reduced the number of nodes and leaves; however, boric acid application at 0.5 mM significantly mitigated these reductions. Interaction analyses revealed that the highest number of nodes (8.45) and leaves (8.24) were achieved in the non-saline × 0.5 mM interaction group. Leaf area was primarily determined by the cultivar, with ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ (45.00 cm²) having significantly larger leaves than ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (32.70 cm²). Although the main effects of salinity and boric acid were not statistically significant for leaf area, interaction effects indicated that ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ maintained larger leaf areas across treatments, particularly at lower boron doses (0–1 mM). In terms of physiological indices, the specific leaf area and leaf mass ratio were significantly higher in ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’, with the highest leaf mass ratio observed in plants treated with 2 mM boric acid. Notably, the shoot tolerance index (STI), a key indicator of stress adaptation, was significantly higher in ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ (1.42) than in ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (1.15). The three-way interaction confirmed that the highest STI (1.82) was achieved in ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ × non-saline × 0.5 mM, demonstrating the distinct advantage of this specific combination for plant vigor. Table 1 Effects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Shoot Parameters Factors Parameters SD SL SFW SDW STI Cultivar (C) Balıkçı Siyahı (BS) 2.64 a 24.57 a 6.02 a 2.04 a 1.42 a Muscat Hamburg (MH) 2.19 b 14.30 b 3.25 b 0.91 b 1.15 b LSD %5 0.16 4.57 0.62 0.22 0.16 Salinity (S) Saline 2.28 b 15.11 b 4.37 a 1.43 1.22 Non-saline 2.55 a 23.76 a 4.90 a 1.52 1.35 LSD %5 0.16 4.57 0.62 Ö. D N. S Boric Acid (B) 0 mM 2.40 ab 16.87 b 3.52 b 1.13 b 1.07 b 0.5 mM 2.26 b 24.88 a 5.45 a 1.63 a 1.41 a 1 mM 2.45 ab 18.55 ab 4.76 a 1.59 a 1.33 a 2 mM 2.55 a 17.43 b 4.82 a 1.55 a 1.33 a LSD %5 0.22 6.46 0.87 0.31 0.23 C × S BS × Non-saline 2.72 a 29.72 a 6.29 a 2.06 a 1.47 a BS × Saline 2.57 ab 19.43 b 5.75 a 2.01 a 1.38 ab MH × Non-saline 2.38 b 17.80 b 3.51 b 0.97 b 1.23 bc MH × Saline 2.00 c 10.80 c 2.99 b 0.85 b 1.07 c LSD %5 0.22 6.46 0.87 0.31 0.23 C × B BS × 0 mM 2.51 bc 18.74 bcd 3.93 b 1.43 b 1.10 c BS × 0.5 mM 2.39 bcd 33.31 a 6.94 a 2.24 a 1.53 a BS × 1 mM 2.98 a 23.82 b 6.73 a 2.32 a 1.59 a BS × 2 mM 2.71 ab 22.41 bc 6.48 a 2.15 a 1.47 ab MH × 0 mM 2.30 cd 15.00 bcd 3.11 b 0.82 c 1.03 c MH × 0.5 mM 2.14 de 16.45 bcd 3.95 b 1.02 bc 1.29 abc MH × 1 mM 1.93 e 13.28 cd 2.79 b 0.85 c 1.08 c MH × 2 mM 2.39 bcd 12.45 d 3.16 b 0.82 c 1.20 bc LSD %5 0.32 9.14 1.24 0.44 0.33 S × B Non-saline × 0 mM 2.45 abc 20.07 b 3.61 cd 1.13 d 1.12 cd Non-saline × 0.5 mM 2.60 ab 35.48 a 6.65 a 2.00 a 1.76 a Non-saline × 1 mM 2.68 a 21.26 b 4.83 bc 1.46 bcd 1.22 bcd Non-saline × 2 mM 2.47 abc 18.21 b 4.50 bcd 1.48 bcd 1.30 bcd Saline × 0 mM 2.35 bc 13.66 b 3.43 d 1.13 d 1.02 d Saline × 0.5 mM 1.92 d 14.28 b 4.24 bcd 1.26 cd 1.07 cd Saline × 1 mM 2.23 cd 15.85 b 4.69 bc 1.72 ab 1.45 ab Saline × 2 mM 2.63 ab 16.66 b 5.13 b 1.72 ab 1.36 bc LSD %5 0.32 9.14 1.24 0.44 0.33 C × S × B BS × Non-saline × 0 mM 2.48 bcde 22.55 bcd 4.10 efgh 1.46 def 1.25 bcde BS × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 2.66 abcd 49.19 a 8.43 a 2.66 a 1.82 a BS × Non-saline × 1 mM 3.07 a 26.75 b 6.96 abc 2.15 abc 1.47 abcd BS × Non-saline × 2 mM 2.67 abcd 20.37 bcde 5.66 bcde 1.97 bcd 1.34 bcde BS × Saline × 0 mM 2.53 bcde 14.92 bcde 3.77 fgh 1.41 defg 0.96 e BS × Saline × 0.5 mM 2.12 ef 17.44 bcde 5.45 cdef 1.82 cde 1.25 bcde BS × Saline × 1 mM 2.89 ab 20.89 bcde 6.50 bcd 2.49 ab 1.70 ab BS × Saline × 2 mM 2.74 abc 24.45 bc 7.29 ab 2.33 abc 1.60 abc MH × Non-saline × 0 mM 2.41 cde 17.59 bcde 3.11 gh 0.79 ghı 0.99 e MH × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 2.55 bcde 21.78 bcde 4.87 defg 1.34 efgh 1.69 ab MH × Non-saline × 1 mM 2.29 cde 15.76 bcde 2.70 h 0.76 hı 0.97 e MH × Non-saline × 2 mM 2.27 de 16.05 bcde 3.34 gh 1.00 fghı 1.26 bcde MH × Saline × 0 mM 2.18 ef 12.40 cde 3.10 h 0.85 fghı 1.08 de MH × Saline × 0.5 mM 1.73 fg 11.12 de 3.02 h 0.70 ı 0.89 e MH × Saline × 1 mM 1.57 g 10.80 de 2.87 h 0.95 fghı 1.20 cde MH × Saline × 2 mM 2.52 bcde 8.86 e 2.97 h 0.89 fghı 1.13 cde LSD %5 0.45 12.93 1.75 0.62 0.46 SD: Shoot diameter, SL: Shoot length, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, SDW: Shoot dry weight, STI: Shoot tolerance index N.S Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P < 0.05 level according to LSD Table 2 Effects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Shoot Parameters Factors Parameters NN NL LA SLA LMR Cultivar (C) Balıkçı Siyahı (BS) 7.03 7.27 45.00 a 0.23 a 0.0051 a Muscat Hamburg (MH) 7.53 7.45 32.70 b 0.12 b 0.0037 b LSD %5 N. S N. S 3.41 0.03 0.0003 Salinity (S) Saline 6.96 b 7.29 37.51 0.17 0.0046 a Non-saline 7.60 a 7.43 40.19 0.18 0.0042 b LSD %5 0,63 N. S N. S N. S 0.0003 Boric Acid (B) 0 mM 6.65 b 6.99 b 38.86 0.18 0.0041 b 0.5 mM 8.10 a 7.97 a 40.51 0.17 0.0042 b 1 mM 6.99 b 6.88 b 39.75 0.17 0.0042 b 2 mM 7.39 ab 7.60 ab 36.28 0.19 0.0051 a LSD %5 0.90 0.84 N. S N. S 0.0004 C × S BS × Non-saline 7.00b 7.02 46.38 a 0.25 a 0.0050 a BS × Saline 7.06 b 7.53 43.62 a 0.22 a 0.0051 a MH × Non-saline 8.21 a 7.85 33.99 b 0.11 b 0.0034 c MH × Saline 6.85 b 7.05 31.41 b 0.13 b 0.0041 b LSD %5 0.90 N. S 4.82 0.04 0.0004 C × B BS × 0 mM 5.73 c 6.29 c 45.49 a 0.26 a 0.0050 a BS × 0.5 mM 8.02 ab 8.09 a 45.03 a 0.22 a 0.0049 ab BS × 1 mM 7.23 ab 7.13 abc 46.72 a 0.22 a 0.0048 b BS × 2 mM 7.14 ab 7.58 ab 42.76 ab 0.24 a 0.0055 a MH × 0 mM 7.56 ab 7.68 ab 32.24 c 0.10 b 0.0031 c MH × 0.5 mM 8.18 a 7.85 a 36.00 bc 0.12 b 0.0034 c MH × 1 mM 6.74 bc 6.64 bc 32.78 c 0.12 b 0.0037 c MH × 2 mM 7.65 ab 7.63 ab 29.79 c 0.14 b 0.0047 b LSD %5 1.27 1.19 6.82 0.06 0.0006 S × B Non-saline × 0 mM 6.98 bc 6.93 ab 40.83 ab 0.20 0.0038 d Non-saline × 0.5 mM 8.45 a 7.90 a 43.67 a 0.18 0.0041 cd Non-saline × 1 mM 7.30 abc 7.06 ab 38.76 ab 0.15 0.0039 d Non-saline × 2 mM 7.69 ab 7.83 ab 37.50 ab 0.19 0.0050 ab Saline × 0 mM 6.31 c 7.04 ab 36.89 ab 0.16 0.0044 bcd Saline × 0.5 mM 7.75 ab 8.03 a 37.36 ab 0.17 0.0042 cd Saline × 1 mM 6.67 bc 6.70 b 40.74 ab 0.19 0.0046 abc Saline × 2 mM 7.10 bc 7.38 ab 35.06 b 0.19 0.0052 a LSD %5 1.27 1.19 6.82 N. S 0.0006 C × S × B BS × Non-saline × 0 mM 6.10 cd 6.07 c 49.15 a 0.31 a 0.0051 ab BS × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 8.04 ab 7.57 abc 47.20 a 0.23 ab 0.0048 ab BS × Non-saline × 1 mM 7.30 abc 7.11 abc 46.13 a 0.20 bcd 00.047 ab BS × Non-saline × 2 mM 6.54 bcd 7.32 abc 43.05 ab 0.24 ab 0.0056 a BS × Saline × 0 mM 5.36 d 6.51 bc 41.82 abc 0.20 bcd 0.0050 ab BS × Saline × 0.5 mM 7.99 ab 8.61 a 42.87 ab 0.22 bc 0.0050 ab BS × Saline × 1 mM 7.17 abc 7.15 abc 47.31 a 0.23 ab 0.0049 ab BS × Saline × 2 mM 7.73 abc 7.83 ab 42.47 ab 0.24 ab 0.0055 a MH × Non-saline × 0 mM 7.86 abc 7.80 ab 32.50 cde 0.08 e 0.0025 f MH × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 8.86 a 8.24 a 40.14 abcd 0.13 cde 0.0034 def MH × Non-saline × 1 mM 7.31 abc 7.02 abc 31.39 de 0.09 e 0.0031 ef MH × Non-saline × 2 mM 8.83 a 8.33 a 31.94 de 0.14 cde 0.0047 bc MH × Saline × 0 mM 7.27 abc 7.57 abc 31.97 de 0.11 e 0.0037 cde MH × Saline × 0.5 mM 7.51 abc 7.45 abc 31.86 de 0.12 de 0.0035 de MH × Saline × 1 mM 6.18 cd 6.25 bc 34.17 bcde 0.14 cde 0.0042 bcd MH × Saline × 2 mM 6.46 bcd 6.93 abc 27.64 e 0.14 cde 0.0049 ab LSD %5 1.80 1.69 9.65 0.08 0.0009 NN: Number of nodes, NL: Number of leafs, LA: Leaf area, SLA: Specific leaf area, LMR: Leaf mass ratio N.S Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P < 0.05 level according to LSD Root Growth Parameters The effects of boric acid, salinity, and cultivar factors on root development parameters at the end of the experiment are presented in Table 3 . Regarding the root fresh weight parameter, statistically significant differences were observed for all factors and interactions except for the salt factor. Balıkçı Siyahı exhibited a mean fresh root weight of 7.60 g, while Muscat Hamburg had a mean of 3.12 g. Among the boric acid concentrations, the highest root fresh weight was observed at 2 mM (6.59 g). In terms of the C × S interactions, Balıkçı Siyahı demonstrated more favorable root fresh weight values compared to Muscat Hamburg under both saline and non-saline conditions. Similarly, in the cultivar × boric acid C × B interactions, Balıkçı Siyahı outperformed Muscat Hamburg. The highest fresh root weights were recorded in BS × 1 mM (8.50 g) and BS × 2 mM (8.45 g) interactions, while the lowest values were found in MH × 0 mM (1.96 g) and MH × 1 mM (2.76 g) interactions. In the S × B interactions, the highest root fresh weight (7.37 g) was obtained from the saline × 2 mM interaction, whereas the lowest value (3.47 g) was recorded under the saline × 0 mM condition. Considering all factors, the highest fresh root weight (10.31 g) was determined in the BS × saline × 2 mM interaction, while the lowest (1.67 g) was found in the MH × non-saline × 0 mM interaction. For the root dry weight parameter, differences among all evaluated factors were found to be statistically significant. Based on cultivar, Balıkçı Siyahı had an average root dry weight of 1.69 g, whereas Muscat Hamburg had an average of 0.52 g. Under saline conditions, the average root dry weight was 1.22 g, while under non-saline conditions it was 1.00 g. The highest root dry weight among boric acid treatments was observed at 2 mM concentration, whereas the lowest was recorded in the control plants. Regarding the C × S interactions, the highest root dry weight was recorded in the BS × saline interaction (1.91 g), while the lowest values were found in Muscat Hamburg under both saline and non-saline conditions (Table 3 ). In C × B interactions, all treatments excluding the control in Balıkçı Siyahı yielded higher root dry weights (Table 3 ). In Muscat Hamburg, the control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM treatments were statistically in the same group and had the lowest root dry weight values. When evaluating S × B interactions, the highest root dry weight (1.46 g) was obtained from the saline × 2 mM interaction, and the lowest values (1.04 g) were found in the non-saline × 1 mM and saline × 0.5 mM interactions. For the C × S × B interaction, the highest root dry weights were obtained from BS × saline × 1 mM and BS × saline × 2 mM, whereas the lowest value was found in MH × non-saline × 0 mM. Regarding the root length parameter, statistically significant differences were observed for all factors except the salinity factor. Balıkçı Siyahı had longer roots with an average length of 20.34 cm compared to Muscat Hamburg. Although the differences in the salinity factor were not statistically significant, plants grown under non-saline conditions developed longer roots. In the boric acid factor, the control plants had the shortest roots (14.93 cm), while the longest roots (20.92 cm) were recorded at 2 mM boric acid concentration. In C × S interactions, the highest root length was found in BS × saline, and the lowest in MH × saline. In C × B interactions, the highest root length was recorded in BS × 2 mM (22.38 cm), whereas the lowest was in MH × 0 mM (12.82 cm). In S × B interactions, the highest root length (21.97 cm) was observed in non-saline × 2 mM, and the lowest (14.63 cm) in non-saline × 0 mM. The most successful result in the C × S × B interaction was obtained in BS × saline × 2 mM (24.22 cm). For the root number parameter, statistically significant differences were found among all evaluated factors. Based on cultivar, Balıkçı Siyahı had a higher average root number (6.18) compared to Muscat Hamburg (4.95). Regarding salinity, plants grown under saline conditions produced more roots. The average root number in control plants was 5.12, while it increased to 5.81–5.83 in 0.5 mM and 2 mM boron concentrations. In C × S interactions, the highest root number (6.19) was observed in Balıkçı Siyahı under non-saline conditions, and the lowest (4.51) in Muscat Hamburg, also under non-saline conditions. Among the C × B interactions, BS × 1 mM (6.52 roots) had the highest value, while MH × 1 mM had the lowest (4.48 roots). In S × B interactions, the highest root number (5.98) was recorded in saline × 2 mM, and the lowest (4.82) in non-saline × 0 mM. When all factors were considered together, the highest root number (7.00) was recorded in BS × non-saline × 0.5 mM, while the lowest (3.64) was found in MH × non-saline × 1 mM. Regarding the rooting rate parameter, no statistically significant differences were observed among the factors, except for the C × S × B interaction. The highest rooting rate was recorded in the MH × saline × 1 mM interaction with 100.00%. Table 3 Effects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Root Parameters Factors Parameters RFW RDW RL NR RR RTI Cultivar (C) Balıkçı Siyahı (BS) 7.60 a 1.69 a 20.34 a 6.18 a 94.16 1.56 b Muscat Hamburg (MH) 3.12 b 0.52 b 15.37 b 4.95 b 95.00 2.20 a LSD %5 0.87 0.14 1.43 0.40 N. S 0.26 Salinity (S) Saline 5.69 1.22 a 17.32 5.78 a 96.25 2.00 Non-saline 5.02 1.00 b 18.39 5.35 b 92.91 1.76 LSD %5 N. S 0.14 N.S. 0.40 N.S. N.S. Boric Acid (B) 0 mM 3.93 c 0.79 c 14.93 c 5.12 b 92.50 1.13 c 0.5 mM 5.29 b 1.09 b 17.22 b 5.83 a 96.66 1.84 b 1 mM 5.63 ab 1.23 ab 18.34 b 5.50 ab 95.00 1.98 b 2 mM 6.59 a 1.32 a 20.92 a 5.81 a 94.16 2.56 a LSD %5 1.23 0.20 2.02 0.57 N.S. 0.37 C × S BS × Non-saline 7.03 a 1.47 b 19.19 b 6.19 a 93.33 1.32 c BS × Saline 8.17 a 1.91 a 21.48 a 6.17 a 95.00 1.80 b MH × Non-saline 3.02 b 0.53 c 17.60 b 4.51 c 92.50 2.19 a MH × Saline 3.21 b 0.52 c 13.15 c 5.39 b 97.50 2.20 a LSD %5 1.23 0.20 2.02 0.57 N.S. 0.37 C × B BS × 0 mM 5.90 bc 1.25 b 17.05 cd 5.33 b 90.00 1.04 b BS × 0.5 mM 7.56 ab 1.71 a 19.89 abc 6.56 a 96.66 1.62 bc BS × 1 mM 8.50 a 1.99 a 22.02 ab 6.52 a 93.33 1.87 b BS × 2 mM 8.45 a 1.82 a 22.38 a 6.31 a 96.66 1.71 bc MH × 0 mM 1.96 e 0.33 d 12.82 e 4.90 bc 95.00 1.21 cd MH × 0.5 mM 3.02 de 0.47 d 14.54 de 5.10 bc 96.66 2.07 b MH × 1 mM 2.76 e 0.48 d 14.66 de 4.48 c 96.66 2.09 b MH × 2 mM 4.73 cd 0.82 c 19.46 bc 5.32 b 91.66 3.41 a LSD %5 1.75 0.29 2.86 0.81 N.S. 0.53 S × B Non-saline × 0 mM 4.39 cd 0.64 b 14.63 e 4.82 c 91.66 0.65 d Non-saline × 0.5 mM 5.00 bcd 1.15 bc 18.17 bc 5.81 ab 96.66 2.07 abc Non-saline × 1 mM 4.91 bcd 1.04 c 18.80 bc 5.12 bc 91.66 1.72 bc Non-saline × 2 mM 5.80 abc 1.17 abc 21.97 a 5.64 abc 91.66 2.59 a Saline × 0 mM 3.47 d 0.94 cd 15.24 de 5.41 abc 93.33 1.61 c Saline × 0.5 mM 5.58 bc 1.04 c 16.27 cde 5.85 ab 96.66 1.61 c Saline × 1 mM 6.35 ab 1.43 ab 17.89 bcd 5.87 ab 98.33 2.25 ab Saline × 2 mM 7.37 a 1.46 a 19.87 ab 5.98 a 96.66 2.53 a LSD %5 1.75 0.29 2.86 0.81 N. S 0.53 C × S × B BS × Non-saline × 0 mM 7.11 cde 1.06 cd 16.01 efg 5.14 de 90.00 ab 0.72 fg BS × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 7.04 cde 1.72 b 19.36 bcde 7.00 a 96.66 ab 1.62 de BS × Non-saline × 1 mM 7.38 bcd 1.64 b 20.84 abc 6.60 ab 90.00 ab 1.55 de BS × Non-saline × 2 mM 6.58 cdef 1.47 bc 20.54 abcd 6.01 abcd 96.66 ab 1.39 ef BS × Saline × 0 mM 4.69 efgh 1.45 bc 18.08 cde 5.51 bcde 90.00 ab 1.37 ef BS × Saline × 0.5 mM 8.07 abc 1.71 b 20.42 abcd 6.12 abcd 96.66 ab 1.61de BS × Saline × 1 mM 9.62 ab 2.33 a 23.20 ab 6.44 abc 96.66 ab 2.20 cd BS × Saline × 2 mM 10.31 a 2.16 a 24.22 a 6.60 ab 96.66 ab 2.04 cde MH × Non-saline × 0 mM 1.67 ı 0.23 g 13.24 fg 4.51 ef 93.33 ab 0.58 g MH × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 2.96 ghı 0.58 efg 16.98 cdef 4.62 ef 96.66 ab 2.52 bc MH × Non-saline × 1 mM 2.43 hı 0.43 fg 16.75 def 3.64 f 93.33 ab 1.89 cde MH × Non-saline × 2 mM 5.02 defg 0.87 de 23.41 ab 5.26 de 86.66 b 3.79 a MH × Saline × 0 mM 2.26 hı 0.42 fg 12.40 g 5.30 cde 96.66 ab 1.85 cde MH × Saline × 0.5 mM 3.08 ghı 0.37 fg 12.11 g 5.59 bcde 96.66 ab 1.61 de MH × Saline × 1 mM 3.08 ghı 0.52 efg 12.57 g 5.31 cde 100.00 a 2.30 bcd MH × Saline × 2 mM 4.44 fgh 0.77 def 15.52 efg 5.37 cde 96.66 ab 3.03 ab LSD %5 2.47 0.41 4.04 1.15 11.00 0.75 RFW: Root fresh weight, RDW: Root dry weight, RL: Root length, NR: Number of root, RR: Root rate, RTI: Root tolerance index, NS: Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P < 0.05 level according to LSD Physiological Parameters Physiological responses of the plants were evaluated at the end of the experiment, focusing on parameters such as chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, ion leakage, damage rating, and cell membrane damage rate. The corresponding data are presented in Table 4 . Statistically significant differences were found among all factors, except for boric acid treatment for chlorophyll content. Among cultivars, ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ showed more favorable results (19.24 SPAD) than ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Salinity stress led to a significant reduction in chlorophyll content; plants under saline conditions averaged 16.72 SPAD, whereas those under non-saline conditions reached 19.35 SPAD. Although boric acid concentration did not result in statistically significant differences, the highest chlorophyll content was recorded at 1 mM. Regarding the C × S interaction, the highest chlorophyll value (20.75 SPAD) was observed in BS × non-saline. In the C × B interaction, BS × 0 mM (19.58) and BS × 2 mM (20.22) showed the highest values, whereas MH × 2 mM (15.66) had the lowest. For the S × B interaction, chlorophyll content was higher in all non-saline treatments. The highest value among all interactions was recorded in BS × non-saline × 2 mM (22.23), whereas the lowest occurred in MH × saline × 2 mM (14.51). No statistically significant differences were detected in the relative leaf water content (RWC) among the main factors or C × S interactions. However, in the C × B interaction, the highest values were observed in BS × 1 mM, MH × 0.5 mM, MH × 1 mM, and MH × 2 mM. In the S × B interaction, the highest value was recorded in non-saline × 1 mM (86.83%). The maximum relative leaf water content (96.43%) was observed in the BS × non-saline × 1 mM combination. For damage severity (DOD), differences between cultivars were not statistically significant. Salinity had a pronounced effect; the mean damage score increased to 1.18 under saline conditions compared with 0.85 under non-saline conditions. Control plants had the highest damage (1.16), whereas the lowest value (0.89) was recorded at 0.5 mM. In the C × S interaction, the highest damage occurred in BS × saline (1.31) and the lowest in BS × non-saline (0.76). In the C × B interaction, the highest damage was observed in BS × 0 mM and MH × 0 mM. The highest values for the S × B and C × S × B interactions were recorded in saline × 0 mM (1.40) and BS × saline × 0 mM (1.54), respectively. In terms of ion leakage, ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ (39.31%) was found to have lower ion leakage than ‘Muscat Hamburg’. In the group treated with salt stress, ion leakage increased significantly, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed for the main boric acid factor. When considering the C × B interactions, the application of 1 mM boron concentration to the ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ variety was found to be the most effective treatment. Accordingly, the average ion leakage decreased to 25.67%. In terms of the C × S interaction, the highest rate (52.78%) was observed in ‘Muscat Hamburg’ exposed to salt. When examining the S × B interaction, it was found that 1 mM boric acid was the most effective in reducing ion leakage under both saline and non-saline conditions. When all interactions were compared (C × S × B), the lowest ion leakage was obtained from BS × non-saline × 1 mM plants, while the highest was obtained from MH × saline × 0.5 mM plants. Finally, the cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) differed significantly among the tested factors. ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ exhibited a lower injury rate (60.48%) than ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (90.92%). Salinity stress substantially increased the CMDR, reaching 95.51% under saline conditions, whereas it decreased to 55.89% under non-saline conditions. Regarding the interaction effects on CMDR, the C × B interaction clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ to high boron levels. While ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ maintained relatively lower damage rates across treatments, the application of 2 mM boric acid to ‘Muscat Hamburg’ resulted in severe toxicity, increasing the membrane damage rate to 111.10%. Furthermore, in the C × S × B interaction, the highest membrane damage (124.83%) was recorded in the MH × non-saline × 0.5 mM combination, whereas BS plants without salt and boron showed no damage (0.00%). Table 4 Effects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Physiological Parameters Factors Parameters CC RWC IL DOD CMDR Cultivar (C) Balıkçı Siyahı (BS) 19.24 a 71.68 39.31 b 1.03 60.48 b Muscat of Hamburg (MH) 16.84 b 78.07 47.82 a 0.99 90.92 a LSD %5 1.15 N. S 7.57 N.S 14.70 Salinity (S) Saline 16.72 b 76.64 47.43 a 1.18 a 95.51 a Non-saline 19.35 a 73.12 39.70 b 0.85 b 55.89 b LSD %5 1.15 N.S 7.57 0.14 14.70 Boric Acid (B) 0 mM 17.90 70.47 45.77 1.16 a 48.50 b 0.5 mM 17.50 70.96 47.08 0.89 b 80.57 a 1 mM 18.81 82.63 36.85 1.01 ab 88.60 a 2 mM 17.94 75.45 44.55 0.99 ab 85.13 a LSD %5 N.S N.S N.S 0.20 20.79 C × S BS × Non-saline 20.75 a 72.59 36.55 b 0.76 c 23.88 b BS × Saline 17.72 b 70.77 42.08 ab 1.31 a 97.08 a MH × Non-saline 17.95 b 73.64 42.85 ab 0.94 bc 87.90 a MH × Saline 15.73 c 82.51 52.78 a 1.05 b 93.94 a LSD %5 1.63 N.S 10.71 0.20 20.79 C × B BS × 0 mM 19.58 a 71.36 ab 40.09 ab 1.17 a 50.27 c BS × 0.5 mM 18.15 abc 60.98 b 46.37 a 0.95 ab 57.88 c BS × 1 mM 18.99 ab 84.16 a 25.67 b 1.10 ab 74.60 bc BS × 2 mM 20.22 a 70.21 ab 45.13 a 0.91 ab 59.16 c MH × 0 mM 16.22 cd 69.57 ab 51.46 a 1.15 a 46.73 c MH × 0.5 mM 16.85 bcd 80.93 a 47.80 a 0.83 b 103.26 ab MH × 1 mM 18.62 ab 81.10 a 48.03 a 0.93 ab 102.61 ab MH × 2 mM 15.66 d 80.69 a 43.97 a 1.07 ab 111.10 a LSD %5 2.31 18.33 15.15 0.29 29.41 S × B Non-saline × 0 mM 19.16 a 64.43 b 44.78 ab 0.92 bc - Non-saline × 0.5 mM 19.15 a 63.59 b 43.53 ab 0.70 c 72.25 b Non-saline × 1 mM 19.58 a 86.83 a 31.14 b 0.91 bc 73.97 ab Non-saline × 2 mM 19.52 a 77.61 ab 39.35 ab 0.86 bc 77.36 ab Saline × 0 mM 16.65 b 76.51 ab 46.77 a 1.40 a 97.00 ab Saline × 0.5 mM 15.86 b 78.33 ab 50.64 a 1.08 b 88.90 ab Saline × 1 mM 18.01 ab 78.43 ab 42.56 ab 1.11 ab 103.24 a Saline × 2 mM 16.35 b 73.29 ab 49.75 a 1.12 ab 92.90 ab LSD %5 2.31 18.33 15.15 0.29 29.41 C × S × B BS × Non-saline × 0 mM 21.15 ab 70.29 bcd 40.19 abcd 0.81 efg 0.00 e BS × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 19.78 abcd 49.47 d 50.23 abc 0.66 g 19.66 de BS × Non-saline × 1 mM 19.86 abc 96.43 a 20.02 d 0.83 defg 34.22 de BS × Non-saline × 2 mM 22.23 a 74.18 abcd 35.78 bcd 0.73 fg 41.66 cd BS × Saline × 0 mM 18.02 bcdef 72.43 abcd 39.99 abcd 1.54 a 100.55 ab BS × Saline × 0.5 mM 16.53 defg 72.50 abcd 42.51 abc 1.23 abcd 96.11 ab BS × Saline × 1 mM 18.12 bcdef 71.90 abcd 31.33 cd 1.36 ab 114.99 ab BS × Saline × 2 mM 18.20 bcdef 66.23 bcd 54.48 ab 1.10 bcdef 76.66 bc MH × Non-saline × 0 mM 17.17 cdefg 58.57 cd 49.37 abc 1.03 bcdefg - MH × Non-saline × 0.5 mM 18.51 bcde 77.71 abc 36.83 bcd 0.73 fg 124.83 a MH × Non-saline × 1 mM 19.31 abcd 77.24 abc 42.26 abc 1.00 bcdefg 113.72 ab MH × Non-saline × 2 mM 16.81 cdefg 81.04 abc 42.93 abc 1.00 bcdefg 113.06 ab MH × Saline × 0 mM 15.28 efg 80.58 abc 53.56 ab 1.26 abc 93.46 ab MH × Saline × 0.5 mM 15.19 fg 84.15 abc 58.77 a 0.93 cdefg 81.69 bc MH × Saline × 1 mM 17.94 bcdef 84.97 ab 53.79 ab 0.86 cdefg 91.50 ab MH × Saline × 2 mM 14.51 g 80.34 abc 45.02 abc 1.15 abcde 109.14 ab LSD %5 3.27 25.92 21.42 0.41 41.59 CC:Chlorophyll content, RWC: Relative leaf water content, IL: Ion leakage, DOD: degree of damage, CMDR: Cell membrane damage rate Discussion The objective of this study was to determine the salt stress tolerance of 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grape varieties under soilless and controlled conditions and to evaluate the efficacy of boric acid under salt stress conditions. The results of the study revealed that under salt stress, shoot growth parameters, particularly shoot diameter, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and the number of nodes, were significantly reduced. When rooting parameters were considered, no significant differences were found in root fresh weight, root length, and rooting percentage between plants grown under salt stress and the control plants. It has been reported that plants grown under saline conditions increase their root surface area to optimize water uptake (Munns and Tester 2008 ). Thus, an increase in root fresh and dry weights, root number, and root length in plants under saline conditions is characterized as a defense mechanism. Additionally, the sequestration of toxic ions in the root zone to prevent them from affecting the shoot also contributes to an increase in root weight (Tester and Davenport 2003 ). The differential responses in shoot and root growth suggest that grapevines prioritize root development to mitigate osmotic stress while concurrently exhibiting growth reductions in above-ground biomass, which aligns with previous findings indicating leaf growth to be more sensitive to salinity than root growth (Yuan et al. 2023 ). In addition, it was determined that boric acid applications had positive effects on all rooting parameters compared to control plants, with the exception of the rooting percentage. When the most effective boric acid doses for these parameters were examined, concentrations of 2 mM for root fresh and dry weight, 2 mM for root length, and 0.5 and 2 mM for root number yielded the most favorable results. This enhanced root elongation under high boron supply can be attributed to boron's essential structural role in cross-linking rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) pectins in the cell wall, which is vital for cell division and expansion in root meristems under stress (O’Neill et al. 2004; Camacho-Cristóbal et al. 2015 ). Furthermore, boron's role in maintaining membrane integrity and regulating water uptake through aquaporins may also contribute to the observed improvements in rooting parameters under saline conditions (Rios et al. 2021 : Qu et al. 2024 ). Parallel to the rooting parameters, the presence of boric acid positively affected shoot growth findings, including shoot diameter, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and the number of nodes and leaves. In this context, boric acid concentrations of 2 mM for shoot diameter, 0.5 mM for shoot length, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM for shoot fresh weight, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM for shoot dry weight, and 0.5 mM for the number of nodes and leaves showed the most effective results. It is evident that physiological drought, arising from increased soil salinity, leads to water loss in leaves. (Zhang and Dai 2019 ). With decreased water content, leaves reduce their surface area to minimize further water loss, thereby making water use in plants more efficient (Munns and Tester 2008 ; Taiz and Zeiger 2008 ). In addition, the study found that the relative leaf water content (RWC) did not statistically change in plants grown under saline conditions. A review of the literature suggests that this is because, in the initial stages of salt stress, plants attempt to minimize water loss from the leaves. Although retaining water in the leaves by increasing osmotic pressure is effective for coping with stress, it is reported to adversely affect the development of plants exposed to long-term stress (Parida and Das 2005 ). This indicates a robust osmotic adjustment mechanism within the grapevines, potentially mediated by boric acid, to maintain cellular turgor and physiological functionality despite external salinity-induced water potential gradients. (Han and Li 2024 ). In parallel, plants grown under saline conditions had a smaller leaf area, but this difference was not statistically significant. In light of the leaf area parameter, specific leaf areas (SLA) also showed similar results. Accordingly, the differences observed both among boric acid doses and due to the salt factor were not significant. However, when the leaf mass ratio (LMR) was examined, the difference regarding the salt factor was found to be insignificant, while the highest value was reached at a 2 mM boric acid concentration. When physiological parameters were examined, the chlorophyll content in plants under saline conditions decreased significantly, while the degree of injury and the rate of cell membrane damage (CMDR) increased significantly (Yuan et al. 2023 ; Qu et al. 2024 ). The decrease in chlorophyll content under saline conditions has been associated with the impairment of enzyme activities essential for chlorophyll synthesis (Al Absi 2005 ; Bertamini et al. 2006 ; Dajic 2006 : Gómez-Bellot et al. 2013 ). An increase in chlorosis in the leaves was also observed with the increased degree of injury. The primary cause of necrosis in plants subjected to salt stress is reported to be lipid peroxidation caused by oxygen radicals (Gossett et al. 1994 ; Streb and Feierabend 1996 ). Due to sodium accumulation and the inhibition of electron transport, particularly in mitochondria and chloroplasts, plants grown under saline conditions exhibit ion leakage. For this reason, it was determined that ion efflux was higher in plants grown under saline conditions. Although the positive effect of boric acid on ion leakage was most prominent at the 1 mM dose, this difference was not statistically significant as a main effect. This positive trend is attributed to boric acid enhancing the stability of the plant cell wall and regulating plasma membrane H + -ATPase activities to maintain ion homeostasis (Shireen et al. 2018 ). The reduction in electrolyte leakage signifies improved membrane integrity, which is critical for mitigating the deleterious effects of salinity by preventing the uncontrolled efflux of essential ions and maintaining cellular compartmentalization (Bayat et al. 2022 ). Conversely, excessive boron concentrations can disrupt cell wall integrity and interfere with the uptake of other essential nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, exacerbating ionic imbalances and compromising plant growth (Şahin et al. 2023 ). Furthermore, a study on tomatoes reported that boron application reduced electrolyte leakage (Cervilla et al. 2007 ). Parallel to ion efflux, the rate of cell membrane damage was found to be higher under saline conditions. This damage is associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which cause oxidative stress at the cellular level (Sairam and Tyagi 2004 ; Gill and Tuteja 2010 ). These reactive oxygen species induce lipid peroxidation, leading to the degradation of cell membranes and subsequent cellular dysfunction (Omidi et al. 2022 ). However, the response to boric acid was highly cultivar-dependent. While optimal doses (such as 1 mM) protected the tolerant cultivar ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’, high concentrations (2 mM) induced severe boron toxicity in the sensitive cultivar ‘Muscat Hamburg’, leading to drastic increases in cell membrane damage. This indicates that the synergistic effect of salinity and excess boron exacerbates oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in sensitive genotypes (Yermiyahu et al. 2008 ; Kaya et al. 2020 ). The negative developmental effects on shoots due to salt stress are consistent with other studies (Turhan et al. 2005 ; Çetin et al. 2011 ). Furthermore, necrosis was observed in the leaves and shoots of plants under salt stress conditions. The cause of this necrosis was attributed to sodium's interference with potassium uptake. The decrease in chlorophyll content due to salt stress, as observed in other plant species, was also evident in this study (Yuan et al. 2023 ). A review of the literature indicates that reductions in chlorophyll content in the presence of salt stress have been identified in grapevine (Akden et al. 2024 ), pepper (Tuna and Eroğlu 2017 ), triticale (Demirbaş and Balkan 2018 ), and eggplant (Talhouni et al. 2019 ). Conversely, studies have shown that boron application has a positive effect, particularly on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content (Naeem et al. 2018 ). Conclusion In this study, the tolerance of ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grape cultivars to saline conditions and the mitigating effects of boric acid were investigated. At the end of the study, shoot, root, and physiological growth parameters were evaluated. The results revealed that Shoot diameter, shoot length, number of nodes, chlorophyll content, degree of injury, ion leakage, and cell membrane damage rates were adversely affected in plants grown under saline conditions. Boric acid application, intended to alleviate these negative effects, positively influenced parameters such as shoot diameter, shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, number of nodes and leaves, root length, root number, root and shoot tolerance indices, leaf mass ratio, and degree of injury. Overall, it was determined that ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ demonstrated superior adaptation and tolerance to saline conditions compared to ‘Muscat Hamburg’. Furthermore, boric acid treatments positively affected plant growth under both saline and non-saline conditions. Under salt stress conditions, the 1 mM concentration provided significant improvements, particularly in terms of shoot diameter, shoot fresh weight, shoot tolerance index, root length, root tolerance index, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, and ion leakage parameters. However, it is crucial to note that while optimal doses provided physiological protection, higher concentrations (2 mM) induced severe boron toxicity and massive membrane damage in the sensitive ‘Muscat Hamburg’ cultivar, highlighting the narrow margin between boron deficiency and toxicity. Consequently, the use of the ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ cultivar combined with a 1 mM boric acid dose is recommended as an effective strategy under saline conditions. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effects of boric acid at different salinity levels and on different cultivars to better assess broader adaptability to salt stress. Declarations The authors declare there is no conflict of interest. Funding The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) within the scope of the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program (Project No: 1919B012316905). 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Arch Agron Soil Sci 64:626–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1370541 Omidi M, Khandan-Mirkohi A, Kafi M, Zamani Z, Ajdanian L, Babaei M (2022) Biochemical and molecular responses of Rosa damascena mill. cv. Kashan to salicylic acid under salinity stress. BMC Plant Biol 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03754-y O'Neill MA, Ishii T, Albersheim P, Darvill AG (2004) Rhamnogalacturonan II: structure and function of a borate cross-linked cell wall pectic polysaccharide. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:109–139. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141750 Ozden M, Demirel U, Kahraman AJSH (2009) Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2. Sci Hortic 119:163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.031 Parida AK, Das AB (2005) Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60:324–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010 Qu M, Huang X, García-Caparrós P, Shabala L, Fuglsang AT, Yu M, Shabala S (2024) Understanding the role of boron in plant adaptation to soil salinity. Physiol Plant 176:e14358. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14358 Rai MK, Kalia RK, Singh R, Gangola MP, Dhawan AK (2011) Developing stress tolerant plants through in vitro selection—an overview of the recent progress. Environ Exp Bot 71:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.021 Rios JJ, Lopez-Zaplana A, Bárzana G, Martinez-Alonso A, Carvajal M (2021) Foliar application of boron nanoencapsulated in almond trees allows B movement within tree and implements water uptake and transport involving aquaporins. Front Plant Sci 12:752648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.752648 Şahin Ö, Deniz K, Kadıoğlu YK, Güneş A (2023) The Impact of Ecological Nano-Calcium from Eggshells as an Alternative Calcium Source on Calcium Nutrition and Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in Lettuce Grown Under Saline and Boron Toxic Conditions. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3233506/v1 . Research Square Sairam RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Curr Sci 86:407–421 Samet H, Çikili Y, Çavuşoğlu A (2023) Combined effects of excess boron and salinity on the growth and ionic imbalance of lavandin (Lavandula× intermedia) plant. Acta Sci Pol Hortorum Cultus 22:91–103. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2023.5007 Shabala S (2009) Salinity and programmed cell death: unravelling mechanisms for ion specific signalling. J Exp Bot 60:709–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp013 Shireen F, Nawaz MA, Chen C, Zhang Q, Zheng Z, Sohail H et al (2018) Boron: functions and approaches to enhance its availability in plants for sustainable agriculture. Int J Mol Sci 19:1856. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071856 Stangoulis JC, Reid RJ (2002) Boron toxicity in plants and animals. Boron in plant and animal nutrition. Springer US, Boston, pp 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0607-2_21 Streb P, Feierabend J (1996) Oxidative Stress Responses Accompanying Photoinactivation of Catalase in NaCI-treated Rye Leaves. Bot Acta 109:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00552.x Taiz L, Zeiger E (2008) Bitki fizyolojisi. Palma Yayımcılık, Ankara, pp 404–547 Talhouni M, Kuşvuran Ş, Kıran S, Ellialtıoğlu Ş (2019) Tuz stresi altında yetiştirilen patlıcan bitkilerinde klorofil, yaprak su potansiyeli ve bazı meyve özellikleri üzerine aşılı bitki kullanımının etkisi. Toprak Su Derg 8:29–38. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.544665 Tester M, Davenport R (2003) Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Ann Bot 91:503–527. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg058 Torun A, Duymuş E, Erdem H, Tolay İ, Cenkseven Ş, Gülüt KY, Torun B (2018) Ayçiçeğinde tuz zararı üzerine bor uygulamalarının etkisinin belirlenmesi. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol 6:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1781-1788.2096 Tuna AL, Eroğlu B (2017) Tuz stresi altindaki biber (Capsicum annuum L.) bitkisinde bazi organik ve inorganik bileşiklerin antioksidatif sisteme etkileri. Anadolu Tarim Bilim Derg 32:121–131. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.289038 Turhan E, Dardeniz A, Müftüoğlu NM (2005) Bazi amerikan asma anaçlarinin tuz stresine toleranslarinin belirlenmesi. Bahce 34:11–20 Urbano-Gálvez A, López-Climent MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Mahouachi J (2025) Effectiveness of exogenous silicon and proline on mediating grapevine ‘castellana negra’responses to salt stress. Sci Rep 15:32751. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17312-7 Yermiyahu U, Ben-Gal A, Keren R, Reid RJ (2008) Combined effect of salinity and excess boron on plant growth and yield. Plant Soil 304:73–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9522-z Yuan J, Wang H, Chen L, Zheng Y, Yin Y, Li M et al (2023) Tolerance of grafted ‘Muscat Hamburg’grapevine seedlings in response to salinity stress. Eur J Hortic Sci 88:1–12. https://doi.org/10.17660/ejhs.2023/017 Zhang Q, Dai W (2019) Plant response to salinity stress. Stress physiology of woody plants. CRC, pp 155–173 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9283096","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":616732835,"identity":"3892b230-89b1-45fe-8b63-894a18b32f74","order_by":0,"name":"Cengiz İLİNGİ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ordu University: Ordu Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cengiz","middleName":"","lastName":"İLİNGİ","suffix":""},{"id":616732836,"identity":"91e38dae-215f-4124-8e70-c9908d99cf0c","order_by":1,"name":"Yasin AKGÜN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ordu University: Ordu Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasin","middleName":"","lastName":"AKGÜN","suffix":""},{"id":616732837,"identity":"8aaf5df1-1ab5-4d7a-8a07-fa006cf1aed0","order_by":2,"name":"Mert İLHAN","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNnYeKIu9+QCQlJAhrIUZqoWH51gCSAsPPtUQANci4WMApgnq4GPmPfi5MMcm316C5/OrGzUWPAzsh49uwO8wvmTpmdvSLHuke7dZ5xwDOownLe0GAb8YSPNuO2zAI3N2m3EOG1CLBI8ZIS3Gv3m3/Tfgkch5ZpzzjzgtZkBbDoC0MD/ObSNSizXvtmQDnjPHzJhz+yR42Aj5Rb69x/g27zY7A/b25sefc77VyfGzHz6GVwuKjRJgkljlIMD8gRTVo2AUjIJRMHIAANzHOocsjx4LAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-4428","institution":"Ordu University: Ordu Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mert","middleName":"","lastName":"İLHAN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-31 17:27:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106424002,"identity":"7aaa07c0-5edd-4e5e-bc94-73edf46ac450","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 11:44:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1640149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9283096/v1/cf98043c-2cef-4b7d-a5f9-ea9f3e805dcf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of boric acid on 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grapevines under salt stress","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen plants are exposed to various environmental stress factors, they undergo complex physiological processes that adversely affect their growth and development (Munns \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, salinity stands out as a prevalent abiotic stressor, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where it significantly impairs crop productivity through osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutritional imbalances (Kaya and Tangolar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Torun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). High salinity poses a serious threat to agricultural production worldwide, particularly in regions where irrigation water contains high salt concentrations, significantly reducing plant productivity (Munns and Tester \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The resulting physiological disruptions often manifest as reduced shoot and root growth, diminished photosynthetic efficiency, and impaired nutrient uptake (Samet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the accumulation of toxic ions such as Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e in plant tissues can lead to oxidative stress, membrane damage, and ultimately, cell death (Urbano-G\u0026aacute;lvez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Among the plant mechanisms that confer tolerance to salt stress are the maintenance of cellular osmotic balance, activation of antioxidant systems, and alterations in stress-related gene expression (Shabala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). These mechanisms are key determinants of a plant\u0026rsquo;s ability to withstand salt stress. Salinity also causes ion toxicity in plants due to osmotic stress and nutrient limitation (Taiz and Zeiger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Batool and Sahzad 2014). During the identification of salt-tolerant genotypes, early damage observed on leaves is considered one of the most important parameters (Choudhury et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Under stress conditions, chlorophyll content decreases in plants, leading to a reduction in photosynthesis (Rai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Grapevine (\u003cem\u003eVitis vinifera\u003c/em\u003e L.) is considered moderately salt stress-tolerant (Baneh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Salt stress is a major environmental constraint for grapevines, severely affecting their growth, development, and yield. Although grapevines can develop certain tolerance mechanisms against salt stress, high salt concentrations can negatively impact their physiological processes. High salinity can disrupt the water balance of grapevines. Under salt stress, water uptake from the roots may be reduced, resulting in plant dehydration and leaf chlorosis (Chaves et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, salt stress can reduce the growth rate and leaf area of grapevines (Bybordi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Elevated salt levels may inhibit root growth, thereby limiting the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil (Bilir Ekbi\u0026ccedil; and Ilhan 2025). In addition, photosynthetic activity in grapevines can be significantly reduced under salt stress (Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Grapevines can develop various adaptive mechanisms to cope with salt stress, including osmotic adjustment, maintenance of ion homeostasis, and activation of antioxidant defense systems (Chartzoulakis and Klapaki \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The identification and development of salt-tolerant grapevine cultivars have been supported by genetic and molecular studies (Das and Majumder \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These studies contribute to understanding the genes and mechanisms involved in salt tolerance and promote the breeding of new salt-tolerant varieties. Recent studies have highlighted the biological effects of boric acid on plants and its role in enhancing plant stress tolerance under salt stress conditions (Camacho-Crist\u0026oacute;bal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The importance of boron (B), an essential micronutrient for healthy plant growth, was recognized in the early 1900s. The bioavailable form of boron for plants is boric acid (H₃BO₃). Plants absorb boron primarily through their roots via passive diffusion (Stangoulis and Reid \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The positive effects of boric acid on plant growth and development generally involve mechanisms that help plants maintain better health under stress conditions and enhance their productivity (Ahmed and Hasanuzzaman 2020). In this context, studies on the effects of boric acid on plants exposed to salt stress have shown that boric acid can enhance plant tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, boric acid plays a crucial role in the formation of the plant cell wall, cell division, pollen tube development, sugar transport, and pollen germination (O\u0026rsquo;Neill et al. 2004). Although grapevine requires relatively higher levels of boron compared to other species, it is also considered sensitive to boron toxicity. When the soil B level exceeds 1 ppm, mild toxicity symptoms may appear in grapevines; concentrations above 4 ppm can lead to severe toxicity symptoms. Under excessive B conditions, dark brown or black necrotic spots initially form on the edges of older leaves, which subsequently spread toward the inner leaf tissue (Girardello et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, developing strategies to cope with biotic and abiotic stress conditions is of significant importance. In this study, the effectiveness of boric acid was investigated under both saline and non-saline conditions in two grapevine cultivars: \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 growing season in an unheated plastic greenhouse located at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University. Hardwood cuttings of the grapevine cultivar \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; were obtained from the Manisa Viticulture Research Institute, while cuttings of the local cultivar \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; were collected during the dormancy period through winter pruning from the vineyard of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ordu University. Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı is a type of grape with a dark red-purple color, round-shaped berries covered with a dense layer of bloom, small or medium-sized, with a fairly thick outer skin and containing an average of 1\u0026ndash;3 seeds. Its clusters are cylindrical, small, and quite compact. The taste of this grape variety has a strawberry aroma (Bilir Ekbi\u0026ccedil; and Yılmaz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The collected hardwood cuttings were stored at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C with 90% relative humidity in a cold storage room until planting. Agricultural perlite was used as the growing medium. Two unheated propagation containers, each with a capacity of 800 liters, were used for the experiment: one for the saline treatment and the other for the non-saline (control) treatment. On March 16, 2024, the cuttings were planted into the propagation medium with two nodes per cutting and the basal bud removed. After planting, the plants were irrigated with fresh water until they reached stage 12 (the 5\u0026ndash;6 leaf stage) according to the BBCH scale defined by Lorenz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Once the plants reached a suitable growth stage, salt treatment was initiated. For the saline treatment, a concentration of 5120 ppm sodium chloride (NaCl) (Merck CAS No. 7647-14-5) was applied. The salt treatment was applied over eight weeks in alternating weekly intervals: one week of saline irrigation followed by one week of freshwater irrigation. In both treatments, irrigation volume was determined based on field capacity. Concurrently with the irrigation regimes, foliar applications of boric acid (Merck CAS No. 10043-35-3) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM were performed twice weekly. To enhance adhesion, 1\u0026ndash;2 drops of Tween-20 (Merck CAS No. 9005-64-5) were added to the solution. Four weeks after the start of the treatments, Hoagland-2 nutrient solution (TM Media TP 090) was applied to the growing medium. At the end of the experiment, the following parameters were evaluated: shoot diameter (mm), shoot length (cm), fresh and dry weights of shoots (g), number of nodes and leaves, fresh and dry root weights (g), root length (cm), number of roots, rooting rate (%), root and shoot tolerance index (RTI, STI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative leaf water content (%), ion leakage (%), cell membrane damage rate (%), leaf area (cm\u0026sup2;), damage rating (0\u0026ndash;3), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf mass ratio (LMR). Shoot diameter was measured from the midsection using a caliper (Yu Su); shoot and root lengths were measured using a ruler; and leaves and nodes were counted manually. Fresh and dry weights were measured with a precision balance (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001 g; Radwag WTB200). Dry weights were determined after drying samples at 65\u0026deg;C for 72 hours in an oven (Memmert UN55).The tolerance index (TI) was calculated using the following formula: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:TI\\:=\\:Tx\\:/\\:To\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, where Tx represents the dry weight (g) of shoots/roots of plants treated with a specific NaCl concentration, and To represents the dry weight (g) of shoots/roots of untreated plants. To evaluate salt damage, a scale originally developed by Barroso and Alvarez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) for strawberries and modified by Bilir Ekbi\u0026ccedil; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) for grapevines was used. The scale is defined as follows: Score 0: plants not affected; Score 1: mild necrosis or drying at leaf tips; Score 2: damage affecting more than 50% of the leaf area; Score 3: necrosis leading to plant death. Leaf samples (0.3 g) were collected from the plants, cut into equal segments, and placed into 25 mm \u0026times; 150 mm glass tubes. Fifteen milliliters of distilled water were added to each tube, and the samples were shaken at 100 rpm for 24 hours using a rotary shaker. Following the shaking period, the initial electrical conductivity (EC\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) was measured using a conductivity meter (HANNA HI 99300). Subsequently, the samples were autoclaved at 115\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes to release all electrolytes. After cooling to room temperature for 24 hours, the second conductivity value (EC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) was measured. Ion leakage (IL) was calculated using the formula: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:IL\\:(\\backslash\\:)\\:=\\:(EC1\\:/\\:EC2)\\:\\backslash\\:\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (Ozden et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Chlorophyll content was measured using a chlorophyll meter (SPAD\u0026ndash;502, Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) on the leaves located in the middle part of the shoot and expressed in SPAD units. The cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) was calculated based on ion leakage values using the equation described by Arora et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e):\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:CMDR\\:\\left(\\%\\right)\\:=\\:\\left[\\right(ILtreatment\\:-\\:ILcontrol)\\:/\\:(100\\:-\\:ILcontrol\\left)\\right]\\:\\backslash\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. To determine the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves, the following formula was used: Leaf Relative Water Content \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:(RWC,\\:\\%):\\:\\left[\\right(FW\\:-\\:DW)\\:\\backslash\\:\\:(TW\\:-\\:DW\\left)\\right]\\:\\backslash\\:\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, where FW = fresh weight, TW = turgor weight, and DW = dry weight. Turgor weights were measured after soaking the leaf samples in distilled water for 6 hours. Dry weights were determined after drying the samples in a drying oven at 80\u0026deg;C for 24 hours. For leaf area measurements, leaves from the middle portion of the shoots were used. These leaves were scanned, and their surface areas were calculated in cm\u0026sup2; using the 'Digimizer 4.0' software. For specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass ratio (LMR), leaf samples were dried in an oven at 70\u0026deg;C for 24 hours, and their dry weights were measured. The following formulas were used to calculate SLA and LMR:\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:SLA\\:(cm2/g)\\:=\\:Leaf\\:area\\:\\left(cm2\\right)\\:/\\:Dry\\:weight\\:\\left(g\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:LMR\\:=\\:Dry\\:weight\\:\\left(g\\right)\\:/\\:Leaf\\:area\\:\\left(cm2\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTrial Design and Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was established according to a completely randomized design, with three replicates, each comprising 10 cuttings. Statistical analyses were performed using the JMP 13.0.2 software package. Differences among treatment means were compared using the least significant difference test at a 5% significance level (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eShoot Growth Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of boric acid application on shoot growth parameters of grapevine cultivars under saline and non-saline conditions are summarized in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The main effects of cultivar, salinity, and boric acid on shoot morphology were significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The cultivar \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; exhibited superior growth performance compared to \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; in terms of both shoot diameter and length. Salinity imposed a significant constraint on growth; plants grown under saline conditions showed a reduction in average shoot diameter (2.28 mm) and shoot length (15.11 cm) compared to the non-saline control (2.55 mm and 23.76 cm, respectively). Boric acid applications significantly alleviated these negative effects, with the 2 mM dose maximizing shoot diameter (2.55 mm) and the 0.5 mM dose maximizing shoot length (24.88 cm). When interactions were evaluated, \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; consistently maintained higher growth values under saline conditions compared to \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. Specifically, the Salinity \u0026times; Boric Acid interaction revealed that 1 mM boric acid under non-saline conditions yielded the highest shoot diameter (2.68 mm), while the 0.5 mM dose was most effective for shoot length (35.48 cm). In the three-way interaction (C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B), the maximum shoot diameter (3.07 mm) was observed in the combination of \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM, whereas the combined stress of salinity and lack of boron resulted in the lowest growth values in \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. Shoot biomass was significantly affected by experimental factors. The \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; cultivar produced significantly higher fresh (6.02 g) and dry biomass than \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. Although salinity caused a marked reduction in fresh weight (4.37 g vs. 4.90 g under control), boric acid treatments, particularly at 0.5 mM and 1 mM, significantly enhanced biomass accumulation compared with the control. Regarding the interactive effects, the S \u0026times; B interaction showed that the highest fresh (6.65 g) and dry weights (2.00 g) were recorded in the non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM combination. Furthermore, under the triple interaction (C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B), the highest fresh and dry weights were consistently obtained from \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; treated with 0.5 mM boric acid under non-saline conditions. In contrast, \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; exposed to saline conditions exhibited the lowest biomass accumulation, highlighting the superior vigor of \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; under stressful conditions. Reduced salinity significantly reduced the number of nodes and leaves; however, boric acid application at 0.5 mM significantly mitigated these reductions. Interaction analyses revealed that the highest number of nodes (8.45) and leaves (8.24) were achieved in the non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM interaction group. Leaf area was primarily determined by the cultivar, with \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; (45.00 cm\u0026sup2;) having significantly larger leaves than \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; (32.70 cm\u0026sup2;). Although the main effects of salinity and boric acid were not statistically significant for leaf area, interaction effects indicated that \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; maintained larger leaf areas across treatments, particularly at lower boron doses (0\u0026ndash;1 mM). In terms of physiological indices, the specific leaf area and leaf mass ratio were significantly higher in \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo;, with the highest leaf mass ratio observed in plants treated with 2 mM boric acid. Notably, the shoot tolerance index (STI), a key indicator of stress adaptation, was significantly higher in \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; (1.42) than in \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; (1.15). The three-way interaction confirmed that the highest STI (1.82) was achieved in \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM, demonstrating the distinct advantage of this specific combination for plant vigor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Shoot Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSFW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSDW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSTI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivar (C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı (BS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.57 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscat Hamburg (MH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.30 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalinity (S)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.76 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;. D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoric Acid (B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.87 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.88 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.55 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.43 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e \u0026times; \u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.72 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.29 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.43 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.80 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.51 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.74 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.94 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.82 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.41 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.45 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.28 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.45 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.07 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.48 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.26 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.21 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.66 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.85 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; S \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.55 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46 def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.19 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.75 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.37 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.92 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77 fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41 defg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.44 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.89 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.45 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.59 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79 ghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.78 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87 defg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34 efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.76 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76 hı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.05 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34 gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 fghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 fghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70 ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 fghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.86 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89 fghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSD: Shoot diameter, SL: Shoot length, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, SDW: Shoot dry weight, STI: Shoot tolerance index N.S Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level according to LSD\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Shoot Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSLA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivar (C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı (BS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0051 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscat Hamburg (MH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.70 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0037 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalinity (S)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0046 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0042 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoric Acid (B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.99 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0041 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.97 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0042 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.99 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0042 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0051 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e \u0026times; \u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.38 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.62 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0051 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.99 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0034 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.85 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.41 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0041 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.29 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.49 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.09 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0049 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.72 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0048 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.58 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.76 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0055 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.68 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.24 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0031 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.85 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0034 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.74 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.78 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0037 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.65 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.63 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.79 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0047 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.98 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.83 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0038 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.67 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0041 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.76 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0039 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.04 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.89 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0044 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.75 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0042 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.70 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.74 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0046 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.06 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0052 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; S \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0051 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0048 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.13 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00.047 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.32 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.05 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0056 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.82 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.61 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.87 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0049 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.47 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0055 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.86 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.50 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0025 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.86 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.14 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0034 def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.39 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0031 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.94 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0047 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.97 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0037 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.86 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0035 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.17 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0042 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.64 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0049 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNN: Number of nodes, NL: Number of leafs, LA: Leaf area, SLA: Specific leaf area, LMR: Leaf mass ratio N.S Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level according to LSD\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRoot Growth Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of boric acid, salinity, and cultivar factors on root development parameters at the end of the experiment are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Regarding the root fresh weight parameter, statistically significant differences were observed for all factors and interactions except for the salt factor. Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı exhibited a mean fresh root weight of 7.60 g, while Muscat Hamburg had a mean of 3.12 g. Among the boric acid concentrations, the highest root fresh weight was observed at 2 mM (6.59 g). In terms of the C \u0026times; S interactions, Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı demonstrated more favorable root fresh weight values compared to Muscat Hamburg under both saline and non-saline conditions. Similarly, in the cultivar \u0026times; boric acid C \u0026times; B interactions, Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı outperformed Muscat Hamburg. The highest fresh root weights were recorded in BS \u0026times; 1 mM (8.50 g) and BS \u0026times; 2 mM (8.45 g) interactions, while the lowest values were found in MH \u0026times; 0 mM (1.96 g) and MH \u0026times; 1 mM (2.76 g) interactions. In the S \u0026times; B interactions, the highest root fresh weight (7.37 g) was obtained from the saline \u0026times; 2 mM interaction, whereas the lowest value (3.47 g) was recorded under the saline \u0026times; 0 mM condition. Considering all factors, the highest fresh root weight (10.31 g) was determined in the BS \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 2 mM interaction, while the lowest (1.67 g) was found in the MH \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM interaction. For the root dry weight parameter, differences among all evaluated factors were found to be statistically significant. Based on cultivar, Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı had an average root dry weight of 1.69 g, whereas Muscat Hamburg had an average of 0.52 g. Under saline conditions, the average root dry weight was 1.22 g, while under non-saline conditions it was 1.00 g. The highest root dry weight among boric acid treatments was observed at 2 mM concentration, whereas the lowest was recorded in the control plants. Regarding the C \u0026times; S interactions, the highest root dry weight was recorded in the BS \u0026times; saline interaction (1.91 g), while the lowest values were found in Muscat Hamburg under both saline and non-saline conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In C \u0026times; B interactions, all treatments excluding the control in Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı yielded higher root dry weights (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In Muscat Hamburg, the control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM treatments were statistically in the same group and had the lowest root dry weight values. When evaluating S \u0026times; B interactions, the highest root dry weight (1.46 g) was obtained from the saline \u0026times; 2 mM interaction, and the lowest values (1.04 g) were found in the non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM and saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM interactions. For the C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B interaction, the highest root dry weights were obtained from BS \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 1 mM and BS \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 2 mM, whereas the lowest value was found in MH \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM. Regarding the root length parameter, statistically significant differences were observed for all factors except the salinity factor. Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı had longer roots with an average length of 20.34 cm compared to Muscat Hamburg. Although the differences in the salinity factor were not statistically significant, plants grown under non-saline conditions developed longer roots. In the boric acid factor, the control plants had the shortest roots (14.93 cm), while the longest roots (20.92 cm) were recorded at 2 mM boric acid concentration. In C \u0026times; S interactions, the highest root length was found in BS \u0026times; saline, and the lowest in MH \u0026times; saline. In C \u0026times; B interactions, the highest root length was recorded in BS \u0026times; 2 mM (22.38 cm), whereas the lowest was in MH \u0026times; 0 mM (12.82 cm). In S \u0026times; B interactions, the highest root length (21.97 cm) was observed in non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM, and the lowest (14.63 cm) in non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM. The most successful result in the C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B interaction was obtained in BS \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 2 mM (24.22 cm). For the root number parameter, statistically significant differences were found among all evaluated factors. Based on cultivar, Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı had a higher average root number (6.18) compared to Muscat Hamburg (4.95). Regarding salinity, plants grown under saline conditions produced more roots. The average root number in control plants was 5.12, while it increased to 5.81\u0026ndash;5.83 in 0.5 mM and 2 mM boron concentrations. In C \u0026times; S interactions, the highest root number (6.19) was observed in Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı under non-saline conditions, and the lowest (4.51) in Muscat Hamburg, also under non-saline conditions. Among the C \u0026times; B interactions, BS \u0026times; 1 mM (6.52 roots) had the highest value, while MH \u0026times; 1 mM had the lowest (4.48 roots). In S \u0026times; B interactions, the highest root number (5.98) was recorded in saline \u0026times; 2 mM, and the lowest (4.82) in non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM. When all factors were considered together, the highest root number (7.00) was recorded in BS \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM, while the lowest (3.64) was found in MH \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM. Regarding the rooting rate parameter, no statistically significant differences were observed among the factors, except for the C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B interaction. The highest rooting rate was recorded in the MH \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 1 mM interaction with 100.00%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Root Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRFW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRDW\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRTI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivar (C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı (BS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.34 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscat Hamburg (MH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.37 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalinity (S)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.78 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.35 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoric Acid (B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.93 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.22 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.83 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.34 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.59 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.92 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.81 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e \u0026times; \u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.19 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.48 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.60 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.39 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.05 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.89 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.56 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.02 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.52 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.38 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.82 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.54 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.76 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.66 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.46 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.63 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.17 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.81 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.80 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.97 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.24 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.27 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.85 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.35 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.89 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.87 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; S \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.01 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.04 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.36 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.84 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.54 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69 efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.42 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.20 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.44 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67 ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96 ghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.98 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.62 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43 hı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.75 def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.33 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02 defg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.41 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.26 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.66 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 hı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08 ghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.59 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08 ghı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.57 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.31 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44 fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77 def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.52 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.37 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eRFW: Root fresh weight, RDW: Root dry weight, RL: Root length, NR: Number of root, RR: Root rate, RTI: Root tolerance index, NS: Not significant, means not connected by same letter are significantly different at the P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level according to LSD\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhysiological Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysiological responses of the plants were evaluated at the end of the experiment, focusing on parameters such as chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, ion leakage, damage rating, and cell membrane damage rate. The corresponding data are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Statistically significant differences were found among all factors, except for boric acid treatment for chlorophyll content. Among cultivars, \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; showed more favorable results (19.24 SPAD) than \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. Salinity stress led to a significant reduction in chlorophyll content; plants under saline conditions averaged 16.72 SPAD, whereas those under non-saline conditions reached 19.35 SPAD. Although boric acid concentration did not result in statistically significant differences, the highest chlorophyll content was recorded at 1 mM. Regarding the C \u0026times; S interaction, the highest chlorophyll value (20.75 SPAD) was observed in BS \u0026times; non-saline. In the C \u0026times; B interaction, BS \u0026times; 0 mM (19.58) and BS \u0026times; 2 mM (20.22) showed the highest values, whereas MH \u0026times; 2 mM (15.66) had the lowest. For the S \u0026times; B interaction, chlorophyll content was higher in all non-saline treatments. The highest value among all interactions was recorded in BS \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM (22.23), whereas the lowest occurred in MH \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 2 mM (14.51). No statistically significant differences were detected in the relative leaf water content (RWC) among the main factors or C \u0026times; S interactions. However, in the C \u0026times; B interaction, the highest values were observed in BS \u0026times; 1 mM, MH \u0026times; 0.5 mM, MH \u0026times; 1 mM, and MH \u0026times; 2 mM. In the S \u0026times; B interaction, the highest value was recorded in non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM (86.83%). The maximum relative leaf water content (96.43%) was observed in the BS \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM combination. For damage severity (DOD), differences between cultivars were not statistically significant. Salinity had a pronounced effect; the mean damage score increased to 1.18 under saline conditions compared with 0.85 under non-saline conditions. Control plants had the highest damage (1.16), whereas the lowest value (0.89) was recorded at 0.5 mM. In the C \u0026times; S interaction, the highest damage occurred in BS \u0026times; saline (1.31) and the lowest in BS \u0026times; non-saline (0.76). In the C \u0026times; B interaction, the highest damage was observed in BS \u0026times; 0 mM and MH \u0026times; 0 mM. The highest values for the S \u0026times; B and C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B interactions were recorded in saline \u0026times; 0 mM (1.40) and BS \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 0 mM (1.54), respectively. In terms of ion leakage, \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; (39.31%) was found to have lower ion leakage than \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. In the group treated with salt stress, ion leakage increased significantly, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed for the main boric acid factor. When considering the C \u0026times; B interactions, the application of 1 mM boron concentration to the \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; variety was found to be the most effective treatment. Accordingly, the average ion leakage decreased to 25.67%. In terms of the C \u0026times; S interaction, the highest rate (52.78%) was observed in \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; exposed to salt. When examining the S \u0026times; B interaction, it was found that 1 mM boric acid was the most effective in reducing ion leakage under both saline and non-saline conditions. When all interactions were compared (C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B), the lowest ion leakage was obtained from BS \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM plants, while the highest was obtained from MH \u0026times; saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM plants. Finally, the cell membrane damage rate (CMDR) differed significantly among the tested factors. \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; exhibited a lower injury rate (60.48%) than \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; (90.92%). Salinity stress substantially increased the CMDR, reaching 95.51% under saline conditions, whereas it decreased to 55.89% under non-saline conditions. Regarding the interaction effects on CMDR, the C \u0026times; B interaction clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; to high boron levels. While \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; maintained relatively lower damage rates across treatments, the application of 2 mM boric acid to \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; resulted in severe toxicity, increasing the membrane damage rate to 111.10%. Furthermore, in the C \u0026times; S \u0026times; B interaction, the highest membrane damage (124.83%) was recorded in the MH \u0026times; non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM combination, whereas BS plants without salt and boron showed no damage (0.00%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Boric Acid and Salinity on Some Physiological Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRWC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMDR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivar (C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı (BS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.24 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.31 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.48 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscat of Hamburg (MH)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.84 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.82 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.92 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN. S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalinity (S)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.72 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.43 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.51 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.35 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.70 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.89 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoric Acid (B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.50 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.57 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.60 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.13 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e \u0026times; \u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.75 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.55 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.88 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.72 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.08 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.08 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.95 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.85 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.90 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.73 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.78 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.94 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.58 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.09 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.27 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.15 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.98 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.37 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.88 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.60 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.21 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.13 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.16 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.22 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.57 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.46 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.73 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.85 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.93 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.80 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.26 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.62 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.10 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.61 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.66 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.69 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.97 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.10 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.43 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.78 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.15 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.59 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.53 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.25 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.58 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.83 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.14 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.97 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.52 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.61 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.35 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.65 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.51 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.77 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.00 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.86 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.33 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.64 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.90 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.43 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.24 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.35 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.29 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.75 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.90 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026times; S \u0026times; B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.15 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.29 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.19 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.78 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.47 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.23 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.66 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.86 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.43 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.02 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83 defg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.22 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.23 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.18 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.78 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.66 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.02 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.43 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.99 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.55 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.53 defg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.50 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.51 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.11 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.90 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.33 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.20 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.23 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.48 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.66 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.17 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.57 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.37 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.51 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.71 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.83 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.83 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.31 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.24 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.26 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.72 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Non-saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.81 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.04 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.93 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.06 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.28 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.58 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.46 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 0.5 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.19 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.15 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.77 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.69 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 1 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.94 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.97 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.79 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.50 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH \u0026times; Saline \u0026times; 2 mM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.51 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.34 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.02 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.14 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003csub\u003e%5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eCC:Chlorophyll content, RWC: Relative leaf water content, IL: Ion leakage, DOD: degree of damage, CMDR: Cell membrane damage rate\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to determine the salt stress tolerance of 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı' grape varieties under soilless and controlled conditions and to evaluate the efficacy of boric acid under salt stress conditions. The results of the study revealed that under salt stress, shoot growth parameters, particularly shoot diameter, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and the number of nodes, were significantly reduced. When rooting parameters were considered, no significant differences were found in root fresh weight, root length, and rooting percentage between plants grown under salt stress and the control plants. It has been reported that plants grown under saline conditions increase their root surface area to optimize water uptake (Munns and Tester \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, an increase in root fresh and dry weights, root number, and root length in plants under saline conditions is characterized as a defense mechanism. Additionally, the sequestration of toxic ions in the root zone to prevent them from affecting the shoot also contributes to an increase in root weight (Tester and Davenport \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The differential responses in shoot and root growth suggest that grapevines prioritize root development to mitigate osmotic stress while concurrently exhibiting growth reductions in above-ground biomass, which aligns with previous findings indicating leaf growth to be more sensitive to salinity than root growth (Yuan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, it was determined that boric acid applications had positive effects on all rooting parameters compared to control plants, with the exception of the rooting percentage. When the most effective boric acid doses for these parameters were examined, concentrations of 2 mM for root fresh and dry weight, 2 mM for root length, and 0.5 and 2 mM for root number yielded the most favorable results. This enhanced root elongation under high boron supply can be attributed to boron's essential structural role in cross-linking rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) pectins in the cell wall, which is vital for cell division and expansion in root meristems under stress (O\u0026rsquo;Neill et al. 2004; Camacho-Crist\u0026oacute;bal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, boron's role in maintaining membrane integrity and regulating water uptake through aquaporins may also contribute to the observed improvements in rooting parameters under saline conditions (Rios et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e: Qu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Parallel to the rooting parameters, the presence of boric acid positively affected shoot growth findings, including shoot diameter, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and the number of nodes and leaves. In this context, boric acid concentrations of 2 mM for shoot diameter, 0.5 mM for shoot length, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM for shoot fresh weight, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM for shoot dry weight, and 0.5 mM for the number of nodes and leaves showed the most effective results. It is evident that physiological drought, arising from increased soil salinity, leads to water loss in leaves. (Zhang and Dai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). With decreased water content, leaves reduce their surface area to minimize further water loss, thereby making water use in plants more efficient (Munns and Tester \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Taiz and Zeiger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the study found that the relative leaf water content (RWC) did not statistically change in plants grown under saline conditions. A review of the literature suggests that this is because, in the initial stages of salt stress, plants attempt to minimize water loss from the leaves. Although retaining water in the leaves by increasing osmotic pressure is effective for coping with stress, it is reported to adversely affect the development of plants exposed to long-term stress (Parida and Das \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates a robust osmotic adjustment mechanism within the grapevines, potentially mediated by boric acid, to maintain cellular turgor and physiological functionality despite external salinity-induced water potential gradients. (Han and Li \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In parallel, plants grown under saline conditions had a smaller leaf area, but this difference was not statistically significant. In light of the leaf area parameter, specific leaf areas (SLA) also showed similar results. Accordingly, the differences observed both among boric acid doses and due to the salt factor were not significant. However, when the leaf mass ratio (LMR) was examined, the difference regarding the salt factor was found to be insignificant, while the highest value was reached at a 2 mM boric acid concentration. When physiological parameters were examined, the chlorophyll content in plants under saline conditions decreased significantly, while the degree of injury and the rate of cell membrane damage (CMDR) increased significantly (Yuan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Qu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The decrease in chlorophyll content under saline conditions has been associated with the impairment of enzyme activities essential for chlorophyll synthesis (Al Absi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Bertamini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Dajic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e: G\u0026oacute;mez-Bellot et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). An increase in chlorosis in the leaves was also observed with the increased degree of injury. The primary cause of necrosis in plants subjected to salt stress is reported to be lipid peroxidation caused by oxygen radicals (Gossett et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Streb and Feierabend \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Due to sodium accumulation and the inhibition of electron transport, particularly in mitochondria and chloroplasts, plants grown under saline conditions exhibit ion leakage. For this reason, it was determined that ion efflux was higher in plants grown under saline conditions. Although the positive effect of boric acid on ion leakage was most prominent at the 1 mM dose, this difference was not statistically significant as a main effect. This positive trend is attributed to boric acid enhancing the stability of the plant cell wall and regulating plasma membrane H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e-ATPase activities to maintain ion homeostasis (Shireen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The reduction in electrolyte leakage signifies improved membrane integrity, which is critical for mitigating the deleterious effects of salinity by preventing the uncontrolled efflux of essential ions and maintaining cellular compartmentalization (Bayat et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, excessive boron concentrations can disrupt cell wall integrity and interfere with the uptake of other essential nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, exacerbating ionic imbalances and compromising plant growth (Şahin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a study on tomatoes reported that boron application reduced electrolyte leakage (Cervilla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Parallel to ion efflux, the rate of cell membrane damage was found to be higher under saline conditions. This damage is associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, which cause oxidative stress at the cellular level (Sairam and Tyagi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Gill and Tuteja \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). These reactive oxygen species induce lipid peroxidation, leading to the degradation of cell membranes and subsequent cellular dysfunction (Omidi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, the response to boric acid was highly cultivar-dependent. While optimal doses (such as 1 mM) protected the tolerant cultivar \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo;, high concentrations (2 mM) induced severe boron toxicity in the sensitive cultivar \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;, leading to drastic increases in cell membrane damage. This indicates that the synergistic effect of salinity and excess boron exacerbates oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in sensitive genotypes (Yermiyahu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Kaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The negative developmental effects on shoots due to salt stress are consistent with other studies (Turhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ccedil;etin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, necrosis was observed in the leaves and shoots of plants under salt stress conditions. The cause of this necrosis was attributed to sodium's interference with potassium uptake. The decrease in chlorophyll content due to salt stress, as observed in other plant species, was also evident in this study (Yuan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A review of the literature indicates that reductions in chlorophyll content in the presence of salt stress have been identified in grapevine (Akden et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), pepper (Tuna and Eroğlu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), triticale (Demirbaş and Balkan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and eggplant (Talhouni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, studies have shown that boron application has a positive effect, particularly on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content (Naeem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the tolerance of \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; grape cultivars to saline conditions and the mitigating effects of boric acid were investigated. At the end of the study, shoot, root, and physiological growth parameters were evaluated. The results revealed that Shoot diameter, shoot length, number of nodes, chlorophyll content, degree of injury, ion leakage, and cell membrane damage rates were adversely affected in plants grown under saline conditions. Boric acid application, intended to alleviate these negative effects, positively influenced parameters such as shoot diameter, shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, number of nodes and leaves, root length, root number, root and shoot tolerance indices, leaf mass ratio, and degree of injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, it was determined that \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; demonstrated superior adaptation and tolerance to saline conditions compared to \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo;. Furthermore, boric acid treatments positively affected plant growth under both saline and non-saline conditions. Under salt stress conditions, the 1 mM concentration provided significant improvements, particularly in terms of shoot diameter, shoot fresh weight, shoot tolerance index, root length, root tolerance index, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, and ion leakage parameters. However, it is crucial to note that while optimal doses provided physiological protection, higher concentrations (2 mM) induced severe boron toxicity and massive membrane damage in the sensitive \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; cultivar, highlighting the narrow margin between boron deficiency and toxicity. Consequently, the use of the \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; cultivar combined with a 1 mM boric acid dose is recommended as an effective strategy under saline conditions. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effects of boric acid at different salinity levels and on different cultivars to better assess broader adaptability to salt stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u0026uuml;rkiye (T\u0026Uuml;BİTAK) within the scope of the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program (Project No: 1919B012316905).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI conceived the idea and designed the work and drafted the manuscript. CI and YA carried out all the experiments. 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CRC, pp 155\u0026ndash;173\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-physiologiae-plantarum","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Physiologiae Plantarum](http://link.springer.com/journal/11738)","snPcode":"11738","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/acpp/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Balıkçı Siyahı, Boron toxicity, Grapevine, Muscat Hamburg, Salinity stress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted during the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 vegetation period in an unheated plastic greenhouse located at Ordu University\u0026rsquo;s research site. In this study, agricultural perlite was used as a trial medium for soilless cultivation, and the effectiveness of boric acid in reducing the effects of salt stress was investigated on \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; grape varieties. Within the scope of the experiment, shoot, root, and physiological parameters, including chlorophyll content, ion leakage, and cell membrane damage rate, were comprehensively evaluated. It was determined that salt stress significantly suppressed growth parameters, especially shoot length, shoot diameter, and fresh shoot weight. Conversely, root-related morphological characteristics, including root dry weight and root number, were stimulated under salt stress, demonstrating a defense mechanism to optimize water uptake and restrict the translocation of toxic ions. Overall, \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; exhibited superior salt tolerance compared to the \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; variety. The application of boric acid notably improved plant growth and physiological stability under saline and non-saline conditions. Among the boric acid concentrations, the 1 mM dose provided optimal physiological protection for the tolerant variety, effectively reducing ion leakage and preserving chlorophyll content. However, under saline conditions, a high boron concentration (2 mM) was found to cause significant toxicity in the more salt-sensitive \u0026lsquo;Muscat Hamburg\u0026rsquo; variety. Therefore, to alleviate salt stress, the use of a 1 mM boric acid concentration and cultivation of the \u0026lsquo;Balık\u0026ccedil;ı Siyahı\u0026rsquo; grape variety are particularly recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of boric acid on 'Muscat Hamburg' and 'Balıkçı Siyahı' grapevines under salt stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-08 11:42:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9283096/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-07T08:15:40+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T16:05:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T05:47:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","date":"2026-03-31T13:26:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-physiologiae-plantarum","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Physiologiae Plantarum](http://link.springer.com/journal/11738)","snPcode":"11738","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/acpp/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5869f57-4df7-41e0-8aa5-79df2635859e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-08T11:42:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-08 11:42:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9283096","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9283096","identity":"rs-9283096","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}