Factors Associated with Adequate Antenatal Care Use Among Women of Childbearing Age in Burkina Faso: Finding From the 2010 and 2021 Demographic and Health Surveys

Factors Associated with Adequate Antenatal Care Use Among Women of Childbearing Age in Burkina Faso: Finding From the 2010 and 2021 Demographic and Health Surveys | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors Associated with Adequate Antenatal Care Use Among Women of Childbearing Age in Burkina Faso: Finding From the 2010 and 2021 Demographic and Health Surveys Hermann Badolo, Aristide Romaric Bado, Herman Bazié, Yisso Fidèle Bacyé, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4693848/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : Antenatal care (ANC) is a critical determinant of maternal and infant well-being and is a reliable method for reducing maternal and infant mortality. This study aimed to determine individual, family and community factors associated with the ANC use in 2010 and 2021. Method : The data used in this study is procured from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2021. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyse factors associated with the use of prenatal care. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were estimated to assess the strength of associations, and 95% confidence intervals were used for significance testing. A proportion test was used to examine differences in ANC utilisation between 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. The data were cleaned, coded and analysed using Stata version 16.1 software. Results : In our study sample, 22.92% of the respondents in 2010 had adequate ANC use, compared to 46.34% in 2021. The results demonstrate the influence of the woman’s individual characteristics, the household and the community characteristics on the adequate ANC use in Burkina Faso. Regarding the woman’s individual characteristics, age, educational level, marital status, occupation and modern contraceptive methods use were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2010 and 2021. In terms of the woman's living environment, the household well-being quintile, the degree of exposure to the media and the region of residence were significantly associated with adequate prenatal care use in 2010 and 2021. Conclusion : This study notes that Burkina Faso has made enormous progress in improving the coverage of prenatal care between 2010 and 2021, and indicates several factors influencing adequate ANC use. These factors, including individual, family and community factors. For optimal efficacy, interventions promoting the adoption of antenatal care services must take these outcomes into account. Antenatal care health service use associated factors Burkina Faso Introduction Maternal health, both globally in general and in developing countries in particular, is at the heart of national and international health sector policies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 287,000 women died during or after pregnancy or childbirth in 2020 [ 1 ]. Nearly 95% of these maternal deaths in 2020, most of which were preventable, occurred in low- and middle-income countries [ 1 ]. In African countries, maternal mortality is one of the leading causes of death among women and newborns. The main complications and causes of pregnancy-related death are haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertension problems and dystocia [ 2 , 3 ]. Most of these deaths and complications could largely be avoided or treated during antenatal care, which aim to prevent, detect early and manage any complications that could affect the health of the mother and the unborn child, as well as support the woman throughout her pregnancy [ 2 , 4 ]. Available data indicate that countries with low ANC coverage tend to have high maternal mortality rates [ 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that early use of prenatal care, starting in the first trimester of pregnancy, plays a critical role in the early detection and treatment of maternal health problems during pregnancy [ 7 ]. This approach also constitutes a solid basis for adequate care during and after childbirth. Given the importance of ANC, the WHO recommends four prenatal visits and at least eight contacts for pregnant women. In Burkina Faso, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is experiencing a downward trend, going from 341 deaths per 100,000 live births between 2003 and 2010 to 232 deaths per 100,000 live births between 2014 and 2021 [ 8 – 10 ]. Despite this progress, difficulties persist regarding certain key indicators of maternal and child health. Indeed, according to reports from demographic and health surveys (DHS), since 2003, the proportion of women having completed at least four prenatal consultations during their pregnancy has increased from 17.6% in 2003 to 33.7% in 2010 and 72.1% in 2021. Furthermore, the proportion of women having undergone their first antenatal consultation during the first trimester of pregnancy also increased from 26.9% in 2003 to 41.2% in 2010 and 47.7% in 2021 [ 8 , 9 , 11 ]. Despite this progress, these data show that WHO recommendations are far from being respected in Burkina Faso. Based on these findings and the results of several studies carried out on the use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso [ 12 – 16 ], we propose a study on the factors associated with the adequate use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2021, with the aim of contributing to the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality in this country. The main objective of this study is therefore to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with the use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso. It is based on the hypothesis that sociocultural and economic factors (women's living environment, reproductive behaviour and individual characteristics) have a notable influence on the use of prenatal care in developing countries. An improvement in the social status of women (literacy, level of information, economic power, involvement in decision-making, etc.), an improvement in reproductive behaviour (family planning, use of health services) and an improvement in behaviour related to maternal health could significantly improve the use of ANC. In a country where public health services face a serious lack of equipment, medicines and competent personnel, this study could contribute to providing better guidance, information and awareness-raising activities for women in matters related to the use of prenatal care. Materials and Methods Study setting With a gross domestic product (GDP) of approximately 768.8 USD per capita in 2020 [ 17 ], Burkina Faso is one of the countries with the lowest level of economic development. More than 40% of its population live below the poverty line. The 2021–2022 report of the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), ranks Burkina Faso 184th out of 191 countries [ 18 ]. Burkina Faso's economy is mainly based on agriculture and mining. Agriculture, which occupies nearly 82% of the active population, is currently hampered by the security context, which limits access to rural areas [ 17 ]. The health situation in Burkina Faso, although improving, is characterised by high general and specific mortality rates. Mothers and children constitute the most vulnerable groups. Fortunately, according to various DHSs carried out in Burkina Faso, the maternal mortality rate is experiencing a downward trend, going from 440 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1998 to 232 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 19 , 20 ]. According to the same sources, the infant mortality rate decreased regularly between 1998 and 2021, going from 105–30%. Life expectancy at birth continues to increase. Overall, it increased from 42.2 years in 1975 to 61.9 years in 2019, an increase of 19.7 years [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 19 , 20 ]. Data Sources The data used in this study is procured from the demographic and health survey (DHS) carried out in 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. These data were collected from a representative sample of women of childbearing age (15–49 years), collected during these two household surveys. The DHS reports carried out in 2010 and 2021 provide more details on these surveys [ 8 , 11 ]. Study Population The population studied consists of women of childbearing age, i.e., those aged from 15 to 49 years, who have had at least one live birth during the last five years preceding each of these two surveys. Only the latest births were considered for those who had several children. The DHS sample only includes ordinary households, thus excluding populations in collective households such as hospitals, prisons, refugee camps and internally displaced people. Study Variables The variables under study were taken from the household questionnaire and the individual women's questionnaire used during these two surveys. Dependent Variable The dependent variable is adequacy of antenatal care use, which is the measure of compliance with prescribed recommendations in terms of timing and frequency of antenatal use. Antenatal care use is considered adequate when the first ANC takes place in the first trimester and the woman completes at least four ANC in accordance with WHO recommendations during her pregnancy. This variable was measured dichotomously and coded as 0 for inadequate and 1 for adequate. Independent Variables The independent variables used in the study were selected based on the results of previous research on the determinants of antenatal care utilisation [ 21 – 26 ]. At the individual level, this study considered the mothers’ age at the time of delivery, the use of modern contraceptive methods, the mothers’ education level, the mothers’ occupation, the mothers’ marital status, the mothers’ average parity and the interval between pregnancies. At the household level, this study considered the gender of the household head, the household well-being quintile, the size of the household and decision-making regarding the woman's health. At the community level, variables on the degree of exposure to the media, the place of residence and the region of residence were considered. Statistical Analysis Regarding the objectives of this study, the analytical approach includes both a descriptive part and an explanatory part. In the descriptive part, a bivariate analysis made it possible to describe the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to identify possible statistical links between the dependent variable and the independent variables. To analyse factors associated with adequate ANC utilisation, multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used. AORs were estimated to assess the strength of associations and, 95% confidence intervals were used for significance testing. The proportion test was used to examine differences in adequate ANC utilisation between 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. The data were cleaned, coded and analysed using Stata version 16.1 software. Results Sample Description This study included 10,346 women in 2010 and 6,402 women aged 15 to 49 years who had at least one live birth during the last five years preceding these two surveys. Among them, 2481 lived in urban areas and 7865 in rural areas in 2010. Likewise, 1855 lived in urban areas and 4547 in rural areas in 2021. In our study sample, 22.92% of women in 2010 compared to 46.34% in 2021 had adequate ANC use, this is to say that their first ANC took place during the first trimester of pregnancy and that they had at least four NAC. An increase in the rate of adequate ANC use is therefore noted between 2010 and 2021. Bivariate Descriptive Analysis of the Factors of Use of Antenatal Services Table 1 presents the percentages of women aged 15–49 who carried out adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy in 2010 and 2021. We note that, whatever the year, the individual characteristics of the woman (age, educational level, marital status, occupation, religion, average parity and pregnancy interval), household characteristics (size, Household well-being quintile and decision-making regarding the health of the woman) and community characteristics (place of residence, region of residence and degree of exposure to the media) were significantly associated with adequate ANC use. However, gender of household head in 2010 and average parity in 2021 were not significantly associated with adequate ANC use. Table 1 Descriptive results of the use of prenatal care among women aged 15–49 based on data from the 2010 and 2021 demographic and health surveys in Burkina Faso Features 2010 2021 Proportion test of decrease (P-value) n ANC adequate (%) P-value n ANC adequate (%) P-value Mothers’ individual characteristics Mothers’ age 15–19 592 18.75 0.002 529 38.56 0.0027 p < 0.001*** 20–24 2,404 24.96 1,613 44.64 p < 0.001*** 25–29 2,574 24.16 1,506 48.21 p < 0.001*** 30–34 2,165 22.73 1,340 48.66 p < 0.001*** 35–39 1,476 21.82 910 46.92 p < 0.001*** 40–44 873 20.05 414 47.34 p < 0.001*** 45–49 262 18.70 90 46.67 p < 0.001*** Mothers' educational level None 8,431 20.47 0.000 4,260 44.53 0.0000 p < 0.001*** Primary 1,243 29.04 933 45.02 p < 0.001*** Secondary & more 672 42.26 1,209 53.76 p < 0.001*** Mothers’ marital status Never married 168 17.86 0.057 191 31.41 0.0001 0.003** In union 9,949 22.89 6,108 46.84 p < 0.001*** Divorced/ Separated 229 27.95 103 44.66 0.003** Average parity of women 1 child 1,783 27.76 0.000 1,356 46.53 0.3934 p < 0.001*** 2 children 1,772 24.89 1,202 46.51 p < 0.001*** 3 children 1,576 24.24 1,116 47.58 p < 0.001*** 4 children & more 5,215 20.19 2,709 45.81 p < 0.001*** Birth interval < 2 years 823 18.47 0.000 385 37.4 0.0000 p < 0.001*** 2–3 years 3,025 19.57 1,309 42.32 p < 0.001*** 3 years & above 6,498 25.04 4,708 48.19 p < 0.001*** Mothers’ religion Without religion 118 15.25 0.000 78 48.72 0.0010 p < 0.001*** Muslim 6,394 21.94 4,156 45.74 p < 0.001*** Christian 2,892 27.35 1,879 49.02 p < 0.001*** Animist 942 16.88 289 37.02 p < 0.001*** Mothers' occupation Unemployed​ 1,802 20.98 0.000 2,342 44.06 0.0000 p < 0.001*** Qualified job 156 56.41 235 61.7 0.297 Trade 2,208 24.64 1,163 46.6 p < 0.001*** Agriculture 5,333 21.7 2,317 46.53 p < 0.001*** Manual job 774 23.0 319 48.59 p < 0.001*** Use of contraceptive methods No method 8,605 21.13 0.000 3,777 43.74 0.0000 p < 0.001*** Methods traditional 110 37.27 178 34.27 0.605 Methods modern 1,631 31.39 2,447 51.25 p < 0.001*** Household characteristics Gender of household head Male 9,632 22.81 0.339 5,848 45.96 0.0473 p < 0.001*** Female 714 24.37 554 50.36 p < 0.001*** Household size 1–3 persons 1,196 25.33 0.045 515 50.29 0.0086 p < 0.001*** 4–5 persons 2,533 23.92 1,340 48.28 p < 0.001*** 6–9 persons 3,933 21.97 2,474 46.77 p < 0.001*** 10 persons & above 2,684 22.28 2,073 43.61 p < 0.001*** Household well-being quintile Very poor 1,896 16.35 0.000 1,249 43.23 0.0000 p < 0.001*** Poor 2,096 17.99 1,279 45.11 p < 0.001*** Average 2,225 22.29 1,399 45.03 p < 0.001*** Rich 2,264 25.27 1,365 44.98 p < 0.001*** Very rich 1,865 33.03 1,110 54.59 p < 0.001*** Decision-making regarding the health of women in the household Mother alone 712 26.54 0.008 655 42.9 0.0001 p < 0.001*** Mother and her partner 1,553 24.98 1,121 52.63 p < 0.001*** Partner alone 7,605 22.12 4,249 45.87 p < 0.001*** Others 79 22.78 83 49.4 p < 0.001*** Characteristics of the living environment Place of residence Urban 2481 29.75 0.000 1855 48.36 0.0393 p < 0.001*** Rural 7865 20.76 4547 45.52 p < 0.001*** Region of residence Boucle du Mouhoun 893 16.46 0.000 519 43.55 0.0000 p < 0.001*** Cascades 665 19.1 311 54.02 p < 0.001*** Centre 696 35.34 598 43.31 0.003** Central-Est 807 38.79 618 52.43 p < 0.001*** Central-Nord 779 19 466 59.66 p < 0.001*** Central-Ouest 909 20.35 541 38.26 p < 0.001*** Central-Sud 707 30.98 392 41.07 0.001*** Est 979 25.03 418 55.5 p < 0.001*** Hauts-Bassins 870 22.76 651 48.08 p < 0.001*** Nord 818 19.93 518 54.25 p < 0.001*** Plateau Centrale 723 18.67 577 46.45 p < 0.001*** Sahel 784 9.82 263 19.01 p < 0.001*** Sud-Ouest 716 23.46 530 37.74 p < 0.001*** Degree of media exposure Null 2,667 19.05 0.000 2,079 44.2 0.0009 p < 0.001*** Weak 5,772 21.66 2,674 45.44 p < 0.001*** Average 1,604 28.99 1,529 50.36 p < 0.001*** Hight 303 48.84 120 52.5 0.498 Together 10,346 22.92 - 6,402 46.34 - p < 0.001*** In addition, apart from women employed in skilled jobs, those using a traditional contraceptive method and those with a high degree of exposure to the media, a significant increase between 2010 and 2021 in the proportion of women having completed an adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy was noted, in all other groups. For example, among mothers aged 45–49 (18.70% in 2010 compared to 46.67% in 2021), mothers with four or more children (20.19% in 2010 compared to 45.81% in 2021), mothers without religion (15.25% in 2010 compared to 48.72% in 2021), mothers in manual employment (23.00% in 2010 compared to 48.59% in 2021), mothers living in households headed by a woman (24.37% in 2010 compared to 50.36% in 2021), mothers living in very poor households (16.35% in 2010 compared to 43.23% in 2021), mothers who are not at all exposed to the media (19.05% in 2010 compared to 44.20% in 2021), the proportion of those have had adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy more than doubled between 2010 and 2021. Factors Associated With Adequate Antenatal Care Utilisation The results of the multivariate logistic regression are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Factors associated with the use of prenatal care among women aged 15–49 based on data from the 2010 and 2021 demographic and health surveys in Burkina Faso Features 2010 2021 n AOR (95% CI) n AOR (95% CI) Mothers’ individual characteristics Mothers’ age 15–19 592 1 529 1 20–24 2,404 1.385** (1,072–1,791) 1,613 1.256* (0.990–1.593) 25–29 2,574 1.393 ** (1,048–1,852) 1,506 1.549*** (1,182–2.031) 30–34 2,165 1.317* (0.966–1.797) 1,340 1.675*** (1,245–2.254) 35–39 1,476 1.315 (0.946–1.83) 910 1.600*** (1,162–2.201) 40–44 873 1.233 (0.867–1.755) 414 1.681*** (1,177–2.399) 45–49 262 1.135 (0.725–1.778) 90 1.630*(0.958–2.773) Mothers’ educational level None 8,431 1 4,260 1 Primary 1,243 1.206** (1.034–1,407) 933 1.036 (0.884–1.214) Secondary & above 672 1.76*** (1.161–1,878) 1,209 1.382*** (1.164–1.640) Mothers’ marital status Never married 168 1 191 1 In union 9,949 1.365 (0.917–2.032) 6,108 1.929*** (1.415–2.629) Divorced/Separated 229 1.784** (1.094–2.910) 103 1.762** (1.075–2.888) Mothers’ average parity 1 child 1,783 1 1,356 1 2 children 1,772 0.842* (0.693–1.022) 1,202 0.951 (0.776–1.164) 3 children 1,576 0.827* (0.664–1.030) 1,116 0.882 (0.700–1.110) 4 children & above 5,215 0.772** (0.609–0.979) 2,709 0.853 (0.663–1.096) Birth interval < 2 years 823 1 385 1 2–3 years 3,025 1.026 (0.835–1.261) 1,309 1.203 (0.942–1.536) 3 years & above 6,498 1.200* (0.982–1.465) 4,708 1.453*** (1.160–1,821) Mothers’ religion Without religion 118 1 78 1 Muslim 6,394 1.493 (0.881–2.53) 4,156 0.673 (0.413–1.097) Christian 2,892 1.624* (0.958–2.752) 1,879 0.780 (0.476–1.276) Animist 942 1.069 (0.613–1.863) 289 0.622 (0.363–1.066) Mothers’ occupation Unemployed​ 1,802 1 2342 1 Qualified job 156 2.066*** (1.376–3.103) 235 1.484** (1,079–2.042) Trade 2,208 0.991 (0.838–1.172) 1163 1.011 (0.861–1.188) Agriculture 5,333 1.172** (1.00–1.373) 2317 1.045 (0.915–1.193) Manual job 774 1.181 (0.93–1.499) 319 1.137 (0.878–1.471) Use of contraceptive methods No method 8,605 1 3,777 1 Traditional methods 110 1.424 (0.932–2.177) 178 0.667** (0.479–0.930) Modern methods 1,631 1.294*** (1.132–1.479) 2.447 1.339*** (1.197–1.498) Household characteristics Gender of household head Male 9,632 1 5,848 1 Female 714 0.962 (0.774–1.195) 554 1.260** (1,026–1,548) Household size 1–3 persons 1,196 1 515 1 4–5 persons 2,533 1.032 (0.850–1.251) 1,340 0.940 (0.743–1.190) 6–9 persons 3,933 1.050 (0.867–1.271) 2,474 0.921 (0.734–1.154) 10 persons & above 2,684 1.103 (0.901–1.350) 2,073 0.889 (0.705–1.122) Household well-being quintile Very poor 1,896 1 1,249 1 Poor 2,096 1.104 (0.928–1.314) 1,279 0.979 (0.827–1.160) Average 2,225 1.300*** (1.096–1.542) 1,399 1.028 (0.865–1.221) Rich 2,264 1.483*** (1.246–1.766) 1,365 1.039 (0.857–1.259) Very rich 1,865 1.560*** (1.24–1.962) 1,110 1.603*** (1,236–2,079) Decision-making regarding the mother health in the household Mother alone 712 1 655 1 mother and her partner 1,553 1.046 (0.842–1.300) 1,121 1.490*** (1.214–1,830) Partner alone 7,605 1.011 (0.835–1.224) 4,249 1.173* (0.983–1.400) Others 79 1.108 (0.623–1.969) 83 1.169 (0.721–1.896) Characteristics of the living environment Place of residence Urban 2,481 1 1,855 1 Rural 7,865 1.093 (0.938–1.275) 4,547 1.226** (1.041–1.445) Region of residence Boucle du Mouhoun 893 1 519 1 Cascades 665 1.073 (0.814–1.414) 311 1.351* (0.990–1.844) Centre 696 1.845*** (1.422–2.393) 598 0.674*** (0.512–0.887) Central-Est 807 3.315*** (2.607–4.215) 618 1.423*** (1.105–1.833) Central-Nord 779 1.144 (0.88–1.488) 466 2.112*** (1.615–2.762) Central-Ouest 909 1.247* (0.969–1.604) 541 0.758 (0.583–0.987) Central-Sud 707 2.085*** (1.62–2.683) 392 0.786* (0.592–1.045) Est 979 1.951*** (1.526–2.495) 418 1.677*** (1.272–2.213) Hauts-Bassins 870 1.23 (0.954–1.586) 651 1.128 (0.875–1.455) Nord 818 1.24 (0.958–1.605) 518 1.517*** (1.169–1.970) Plateau Centrale 723 1.032 (0.789–1.35) 577 1.118 (0.865–1.444) Sahel 784 0.681** (0.495–0.938) 263 0.302*** (0.207–0.441) Sud-Ouest 716 1.915*** (1.435–2.555) 530 0.800 (0.599–1.067) Degree of media exposure Null 2,667 1 2,079 1 Weak 5,772 1.226*** (1.083–1.387) 2,674 0.986 (0.869–1.120) Average 1,604 1.406*** (1.173–1.685) 1,529 1.080 (0.920–1.269) Hight 303 1.767*** (1.263–2.474) 120 0.782 (0.512–1.195) ***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1 The results of the saturated model show that in 2010, regarding the individual characteristics of the mother being aged 20–24 years, 25–29 years and 30–34 years, having primary or secondary and above education level, being divorced/separated, having a skilled job or working in agriculture and using modern contraceptive methods, were significantly associated with adequate ANC utilisation. Regarding households or community characteristics, living in a household with an average, rich and very rich household well-being quintile, being exposed to the media, living in the region of Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Sahel or Sud-Ouest were significantly associated with adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy. However, in 2021, with regard to the mother’s individual characteristics, being aged 20–24 years, 25–29 years, 30–34 years, 35–39 years and 40–44 years, having a secondary and above education level, being in a union or divorced/separated, having a qualified job and using a traditional or modern contraceptive method, were significantly associated with adequate ANC use. Regarding households and community characteristics, living in a household headed by a woman, living in a household with a very rich household well-being quintile, living in a rural area, living in a household where the decision-making regarding the mother's health is made by the mother and her spouse or her spouse alone, living in the region of Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Sud, Est, Nord and Sahel, were significantly associated with adequate ANC utilisation. Mothers aged 20–24 years (AOR: 1,385, 95% CI 1,072–1,791 in 2010 and AOR: 1,256, 95% CI: 0.99–1,593 in 2021), 25–29 years (AOR: 1,385, 95% CI 1,048–1,852 in 2010 and AOR: 1,549, 95% CI 1,182–2,031 in 2021) or 30–34 years (AOR: 1,317, 95% CI 0.966–1,797 in 2010 and AOR: 1,675, 95% CI 1,245–2,254 in 2021) were more likely to have adequate ANC use than those aged 15–19 years. Likewise, mothers with secondary and above education level were more likely to use prenatal care adequately (AOR: 1,476, 95% CI 1,161–1,878 in 2010 and AOR: 1,382, 95% CI 1,164–1,640 in 2021) than those with no educational level. Moreover, women who were using a modern contraceptive method, were more likely to have adequate ANC use (AOR: 1,294, 95% CI 1,132–1,479 in 2010 and AOR: 1,339. 95% CI 1,197–1,498 in 2021), than those not using any contraceptive method. Additionally, women living in very wealthy households were more likely to have adequate ANC use (AOR: 1,560, 95% CI 1.24–1,962 in 2010 and AOR: 1,603, 95% CI 1,236–2,079 in 2021) than those living in very poor households. On the other hand, women living in the Sahel region in 2010 (AOR: 0.681, 95% CI 0.495–0.938), in the Centre region (AOR: 0.674, 95% CI 0.512–0.887), in the Centre-Sud region (AOR: 0.786 95% CI 0.592–1.045) and in the Sahel region (AOR: 0.302 95% CI 0.207–0.441) in 2021, were less likely to had adequate ANC use than their counterparts living in the region of Boucle du Mouhoun. Discussion The objective of this study was to identify the factors that can influence the adequate ANC use by pregnant women in Burkina Faso by analysing their evolution between 2010 and 2021. The results demonstrate the influence of mothers’ individual characteristics, household and community characteristics on the adequate ANC use in Burkina Faso. Concerning the mothers’ individual characteristics, her age, educational level, marital status, occupation and use of modern contraceptive methods were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2010 and 2021. The results of this study show a significant association between household characteristics (household well-being quintile, degree of media exposure and region of residence) and adequate ANC utilisation in 2010 and 2021. The gender of the household head, decision-making regarding the mother’s health and the place of residence were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2021 only. It is well recognised that women's age plays an important role in the utilisation of maternal health services [ 27 , 28 ]. In this study, middle-aged mothers were more likely to have adequate ANC use visits than younger and older mothers. It appears in this study and in others [ 21 , 27 , 29 – 33 ] that women who have a low education level, encounter more difficulties in ensuring adequate use of prenatal care. This can be explained by the fact that less educated women have more difficulty finding out about their health, understanding the medical system and how prenatal care works, which is an important reason for delay with respect to the first ANC, as many of them are not informed about the timing and goals of ANC [ 34 ]. Mothers’ occupation appears to have a very strong influence on their use of ANC services. The results of this study showed that working mothers were more likely to make multiple prenatal visits than unemployed mothers. This conclusion is consistent with that of Assefa and Tadesse [ 35 ], Tawiah [ 36 ], Sharma et al. [ 37 ], as well as Badolo et al. [ 13 ]. These results could be explained by the fact that working pregnant women have a larger social network which could allow them to access more information relating to pregnancy, including prenatal care. The information provided by their coworkers and that obtained in their workplace increased their knowledge about pregnancy, which ultimately enabled them to perform antenatal visits as recommended [ 38 ]. Household well-being quintile was strongly and positively associated with the use of ANC services. The study showed that women living in poor households were less likely to have adequate ANC use than women living in rich households. Similar results were reported in previously studies conducted in Uganda [ 39 ], Ethiopia [ 21 ] and Nepal [ 27 ]. These studies indicated that women living in very poor or poor households adopted for ANC lesser than those living in rich households. This study has some limitations. The data used is procured from the DHS, which use a robust multistage probability sampling methodology to select clusters and households. The first limitation lies in the cross-sectional nature of the data collected, which means that the dependent and explanatory variables were measured simultaneously and therefore cannot guarantee any causality of the associations. Additionally, the five-year recall period may seem long and could question the validity of the responses but limiting it to the most recent births would reduce this risk. However, in African contexts, some births occur before the age of 15 years. The operational definition of reproductive age limited by default to the interval of 15 to 49 years, limits the actual population subject to maternity events. Some cultural variables, potentially relevant to explaining the adequacy of prenatal care, were not considered in this study because they were missing from the database. Conclusion In sum, we note that Burkina Faso has made enormous progress in improving the coverage of prenatal care between 2010 and 2021. This has highlighted factors that influence the adequate ANC use, both at the individual, household and community level. At the individual level, age, occupation, education level and use of modern contraceptive methods were factors significantly associated with adequate ANC use. At the household and community level, living in a female-headed household, living in a wealthy household, living in a rural area, decision-making in the household in relation to the mother’s health and region of residence, were significantly associated with adequate ANC monitoring. To achieve optimal efficacy, interventions aimed at promoting the adequate ANC use must take these finding into account. The findings of this study have important implications for the design of health policy regarding maternal health in Burkina Faso. Policies that encourage women's use of modern contraceptive methods and promote women's participation in the labour market could likely help increase attendance at antenatal care services. Therefore, government policies should target uneducated, unemployed and economically disadvantaged women to increase the rate of adequate ANC use. Abbreviations ANC Antenatal care AOR Adjusted odds ratios CI Confidence intervals DHS Demographic and health surveys HDI Human Development Index INSD National Institute of Statistics and Demography OR Odds ratios WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of health research and good clinical practices. Burkina Faso National Ethics Committee have approved the study and the verbal informed-consent form, before sample collection. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are available on the DHS Program website Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The two DHS data collection were supported by the Government of Burkina Faso, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI), the Bank World, the Global Fund through PADS, UNICEF and UNFPA. Authors' contributions HB and ARB conceived and designed the paper and developed the analysis strategy. HB analyzed the data and wrote the first draft. All authors reviewed, made inputs to and approved the final paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the Government of Burkina Faso, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI), the Bank World, the Global Fund through PADS, UNICEF and UNFPA for funding these two DHS data collection. We sincerely thank the ICF for permission to use the Demographic and Health Survey data of Burkina Faso. We gratefully acknowledge all the fieldworkers, supervisors, and data managers for their work in the field. Finally, we thank the study population. References OMS, UNICEF, UNFPA. Tendances de la mortalité maternelle de 2000 à 2020 : estimations de l’OMS, de l’UNICEF, du FNUAP, du Groupe de la Banque mondiale et de la Division de la population des Nations Unies : résumé d’orientation [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 31]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/372258 Maleya A, Kakudji YK, Mwazaz RM, Nsambi JB, Ngwej HI, Mukuku O, Kinenkinda X, Luhete PK. Issues materno-fœtales des grossesses non suivies à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo. Pan African Medical Journal [Internet]. 2019 May 29 [cited 2024 May 31];33(1). Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/pamj/article/view/209406 Kayentao AKB, Coulibaly O, Dembele M, Guindo M, Teguete I, Diawara SI, Sissoko MS, Kayentao K. Factors associated with antenatal care’s challenges in Kita and San health districts (Mali). HEALTH SCIENCES AND DISEASE [Internet]. 2022 Nov 3 [cited 2024 May 29];23(11). Available from: https://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd/article/view/4006 OMS. Recommandations de l’OMS concernant les soins prénatals pour que la grossesse soit une expérience positive. 2017 [cited 2024 May 31]; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259584/9789242549911-fre.pdf Afaya A, Azongo TB, Dzomeku VM, Afaya RA, Salia SM, Adatara P, Alhassan RK, Amponsah AK, Atakro CA, Adadem D, Asiedu EO, Amuna P, Ayanore MA. Women’s knowledge and its associated factors regarding optimum utilisation of antenatal care in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 2020 juil;15(7):e0234575. WHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience: summary: highlights and key messages from the World Health Organization’s 2016 global recommendations for routine antenatal care [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2024 Jun 25]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259947/WHO-RHR-18.02-eng.pdf Manyeh AK, Amu A, Williams J, Gyapong M. Factors associated with the timing of antenatal clinic attendance among first-time mothers in rural southern Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Jan 20;20(1):47. INSD, ICF International. Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples du Burkina Faso 2010 [Internet]. INSD et ICF International.; 2012. Available from: https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR256/FR256.pdf INSD, ICF International. Enquête démographique et santé 2003 [Internet]. 2004. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR154/FR154.pdf INSD, ICF International. Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Burkina Faso 2021 [Internet]. INSD and ICF International; 2023. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR378/FR378.pdf INSD et ICF. Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Burkina Faso 2021. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso et Rockville, Maryland, USA : INSD et ICF. 2023. Niang M, Dupéré S, Bédard E. Le non-recours aux soins prénatals au Burkina Faso. Santé Publique. 2015;27(3):405–14. Badolo H, Bado AR, Hien H, De Allegri M, Susuman AS. Determinants of Antenatal Care Utilization Among Childbearing Women in Burkina Faso. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3:848401. De Allegri M, Ridde V, Louis VR, Sarker M, Tiendrebéogo J, Yé M, Müller O, Jahn A. Determinants of utilisation of maternal care services after the reduction of user fees: a case study from rural Burkina Faso. Health policy. 2011;99(3):210–8. Belaid L. Facteurs contextuels dans l’évaluation d’une politique de santé maternelle au Burkina Faso. 2015 [cited 2024 May 31]; Available from: https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/11812 Dabiré E. Déterminants de l’utilisation des services prénatals dans les pays en développement: cas du Burkina Faso. 2002 [cited 2024 May 31]; Available from: https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/29059/Dabire_Ernest_2001_memoire.pdf?sequence=1 Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique. Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS 2021-2030) [Internet]. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/countryplanningcycles/sites/default/files/public_file_rep/BFA_Burkina-Faso_PNDS_2021-2030.pdf Programme des Nations Unies pour, le développement (PNUD). Le Rapport sur le développement humain 2021/2022. INSD. Enquête par grappe et à indicateurs multiples de 2006 (MICS). 2008. INSD. Enquête démographique et santé de 1998-99 (EDSBF-II). 2000. Tiruaynet K, Muchie KF. Determinants of utilization of antenatal care services in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia: a study based on demographic and health survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Apr 3;19(1):115. Sahito A, Fatmi Z. Inequities in Antenatal Care, and Individual and Environmental Determinants of Utilization at National and Sub-national Level in Pakistan: A Multilevel Analysis. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018 Jan 30;7(8):699–710. Chama-Chiliba CM, Koch SF. Utilization of focused antenatal care in Zambia: examining individual- and community-level factors using a multilevel analysis. Health Policy and Planning. 2015 Feb 1;30(1):78–87. Acharya P, Kismul H, Mapatano MA, Hatløy A. Individual- and community-level determinants of child immunization in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A multilevel analysis. PLOS ONE. 2018 août;13(8):e0202742. Nketiah‐Amponsah E, Senadza B, Arthur E. Determinants of utilization of antenatal care services in developing countries: Recent evidence from Ghana. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. 2013 Jan 1;4(1):58–73. Ricketts TC, Goldsmith LJ. Access in health services research: the battle of the frameworks. Nursing outlook. 2005;53(6):274–80. Shrestha G. factors related to utilization of antenatal care in Nepal: A generalized linear approach. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College. 2013;2(2):69–74. Fosu GB. Childhood morbidity and health services utilization: cross-national comparisons of user-related factors from DHS data. Social science & medicine. 1994;38(9):1209–20. Simkhada B, Teijlingen ER van, Porter M, Simkhada P. Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: systematic review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008;61(3):244–60. Zerai A, Tsui AO. The relationship between prenatal care and subsequent modern contraceptive use in Bolivia, Egypt and Thailand. African journal of reproductive health. 2001;5(2):68–82. Barasa KS, Wanjoya AK, Waititu AG. Analysis of determinants of antenatal care services utilization in Nairobi County using logistic regression model. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2015;4(5):322–8. Nebeb GT, Salgedo W, Alemayehu Y. Antenatal care utilization in Debre Tabor, North West Ethiopia. Gynecol Obstet. 2015;5(339):2161–0932. Maraga S, Namosha E, Gouda H, Vallely L, Rare L, Phuanukoonnon S. Sociodemographic factors associated with maternal health care utilization in Wosera, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal. 2020 Nov 9;54(3/4):154–63. Rode A. Le" non-recours" aux soins des populations précaires. Constructions et réceptions des normes. [Internet] [PhD Thesis]. Université Pierre Mendès-France-Grenoble II; 2010 [cited 2024 Jun 21]. Available from: https://theses.hal.science/tel-00488403/ Enyew Assefa EA, Mekonnen Tadesse MT. Factors related to the use of antenatal care services in Ethiopia: application of the zero-inflated negative binomial model. 2017 [cited 2024 Jun 20]; Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20173320272 Tawiah EO. Maternal health care in five sub-Saharan African countries. African Population Studies [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2024 Jun 20];25(1). Available from: http://aps.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/264 Sharma SK, Sawangdee Y, Sirirassamee B. Access to health: women’s status and utilization of maternal health services in Nepal. Journal of biosocial science. 2007;39(5):671–92. Abdelrahman AI. Marriage patterns, trends and timing in Northern and urban Sudan. 1990; Kalule-Sabiti I, Amoateng AY, Ngake M. The Effect of Socio-demographic Factors on the Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Uganda. African Population Studies. 2014 Apr 29;515–25. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 287,000 women died during or after pregnancy or childbirth in 2020 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Nearly 95% of these maternal deaths in 2020, most of which were preventable, occurred in low- and middle-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In African countries, maternal mortality is one of the leading causes of death among women and newborns. The main complications and causes of pregnancy-related death are haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertension problems and dystocia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Most of these deaths and complications could largely be avoided or treated during antenatal care, which aim to prevent, detect early and manage any complications that could affect the health of the mother and the unborn child, as well as support the woman throughout her pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Available data indicate that countries with low ANC coverage tend to have high maternal mortality rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that early use of prenatal care, starting in the first trimester of pregnancy, plays a critical role in the early detection and treatment of maternal health problems during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach also constitutes a solid basis for adequate care during and after childbirth. Given the importance of ANC, the WHO recommends four prenatal visits and at least eight contacts for pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Burkina Faso, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is experiencing a downward trend, going from 341 deaths per 100,000 live births between 2003 and 2010 to 232 deaths per 100,000 live births between 2014 and 2021 [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite this progress, difficulties persist regarding certain key indicators of maternal and child health. Indeed, according to reports from demographic and health surveys (DHS), since 2003, the proportion of women having completed at least four prenatal consultations during their pregnancy has increased from 17.6% in 2003 to 33.7% in 2010 and 72.1% in 2021. Furthermore, the proportion of women having undergone their first antenatal consultation during the first trimester of pregnancy also increased from 26.9% in 2003 to 41.2% in 2010 and 47.7% in 2021 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite this progress, these data show that WHO recommendations are far from being respected in Burkina Faso. Based on these findings and the results of several studies carried out on the use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], we propose a study on the factors associated with the adequate use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2021, with the aim of contributing to the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality in this country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main objective of this study is therefore to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with the use of prenatal care in Burkina Faso. It is based on the hypothesis that sociocultural and economic factors (women's living environment, reproductive behaviour and individual characteristics) have a notable influence on the use of prenatal care in developing countries. An improvement in the social status of women (literacy, level of information, economic power, involvement in decision-making, etc.), an improvement in reproductive behaviour (family planning, use of health services) and an improvement in behaviour related to maternal health could significantly improve the use of ANC. In a country where public health services face a serious lack of equipment, medicines and competent personnel, this study could contribute to providing better guidance, information and awareness-raising activities for women in matters related to the use of prenatal care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith a gross domestic product (GDP) of approximately 768.8 USD per capita in 2020 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], Burkina Faso is one of the countries with the lowest level of economic development. More than 40% of its population live below the poverty line. The 2021\u0026ndash;2022 report of the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), ranks Burkina Faso 184th out of 191 countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Burkina Faso's economy is mainly based on agriculture and mining. Agriculture, which occupies nearly 82% of the active population, is currently hampered by the security context, which limits access to rural areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health situation in Burkina Faso, although improving, is characterised by high general and specific mortality rates. Mothers and children constitute the most vulnerable groups. Fortunately, according to various DHSs carried out in Burkina Faso, the maternal mortality rate is experiencing a downward trend, going from 440 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1998 to 232 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the same sources, the infant mortality rate decreased regularly between 1998 and 2021, going from 105\u0026ndash;30%. Life expectancy at birth continues to increase. Overall, it increased from 42.2 years in 1975 to 61.9 years in 2019, an increase of 19.7 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study is procured from the demographic and health survey (DHS) carried out in 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. These data were collected from a representative sample of women of childbearing age (15\u0026ndash;49 years), collected during these two household surveys. The DHS reports carried out in 2010 and 2021 provide more details on these surveys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population studied consists of women of childbearing age, i.e., those aged from 15 to 49 years, who have had at least one live birth during the last five years preceding each of these two surveys. Only the latest births were considered for those who had several children. The DHS sample only includes ordinary households, thus excluding populations in collective households such as hospitals, prisons, refugee camps and internally displaced people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variables under study were taken from the household questionnaire and the individual women's questionnaire used during these two surveys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable is adequacy of antenatal care use, which is the measure of compliance with prescribed recommendations in terms of timing and frequency of antenatal use. Antenatal care use is considered adequate when the first ANC takes place in the first trimester and the woman completes at least four ANC in accordance with WHO recommendations during her pregnancy. This variable was measured dichotomously and coded as 0 for inadequate and 1 for adequate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe independent variables used in the study were selected based on the results of previous research on the determinants of antenatal care utilisation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. At the individual level, this study considered the mothers\u0026rsquo; age at the time of delivery, the use of modern contraceptive methods, the mothers\u0026rsquo; education level, the mothers\u0026rsquo; occupation, the mothers\u0026rsquo; marital status, the mothers\u0026rsquo; average parity and the interval between pregnancies. At the household level, this study considered the gender of the household head, the household well-being quintile, the size of the household and decision-making regarding the woman's health. At the community level, variables on the degree of exposure to the media, the place of residence and the region of residence were considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the objectives of this study, the analytical approach includes both a descriptive part and an explanatory part. In the descriptive part, a bivariate analysis made it possible to describe the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to identify possible statistical links between the dependent variable and the independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo analyse factors associated with adequate ANC utilisation, multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used. AORs were estimated to assess the strength of associations and, 95% confidence intervals were used for significance testing. The proportion test was used to examine differences in adequate ANC utilisation between 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. The data were cleaned, coded and analysed using Stata version 16.1 software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Description\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study included 10,346 women in 2010 and 6,402 women aged 15 to 49 years who had at least one live birth during the last five years preceding these two surveys. Among them, 2481 lived in urban areas and 7865 in rural areas in 2010. Likewise, 1855 lived in urban areas and 4547 in rural areas in 2021. In our study sample, 22.92% of women in 2010 compared to 46.34% in 2021 had adequate ANC use, this is to say that their first ANC took place during the first trimester of pregnancy and that they had at least four NAC. An increase in the rate of adequate ANC use is therefore noted between 2010 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBivariate Descriptive Analysis of the Factors of Use of Antenatal Services\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the percentages of women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 who carried out adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy in 2010 and 2021. We note that, whatever the year, the individual characteristics of the woman (age, educational level, marital status, occupation, religion, average parity and pregnancy interval), household characteristics (size, Household well-being quintile and decision-making regarding the health of the woman) and community characteristics (place of residence, region of residence and degree of exposure to the media) were significantly associated with adequate ANC use. However, gender of household head in 2010 and average parity in 2021 were not significantly associated with adequate ANC use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive results of the use of prenatal care among women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 based on data from the 2010 and 2021 demographic and health surveys in Burkina Faso\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeatures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion test of decrease (P-value)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eadequate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANC\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eadequate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; individual characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers' educational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary \u0026amp; more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; marital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn union\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced/ Separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage parity of women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 children \u0026amp; more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirth interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers' occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualified job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManual job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of contraceptive methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods modern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender of household head\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 persons \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold well-being quintile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision-making regarding the health of women in the household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother and her partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the living environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion of residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoucle du Mouhoun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"12\" rowspan=\"13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"12\" rowspan=\"13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCascades\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Est\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Nord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Ouest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Sud\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHauts-Bassins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlateau Centrale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSahel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSud-Ouest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree of media exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTogether\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, apart from women employed in skilled jobs, those using a traditional contraceptive method and those with a high degree of exposure to the media, a significant increase between 2010 and 2021 in the proportion of women having completed an adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy was noted, in all other groups. For example, among mothers aged 45\u0026ndash;49 (18.70% in 2010 compared to 46.67% in 2021), mothers with four or more children (20.19% in 2010 compared to 45.81% in 2021), mothers without religion (15.25% in 2010 compared to 48.72% in 2021), mothers in manual employment (23.00% in 2010 compared to 48.59% in 2021), mothers living in households headed by a woman (24.37% in 2010 compared to 50.36% in 2021), mothers living in very poor households (16.35% in 2010 compared to 43.23% in 2021), mothers who are not at all exposed to the media (19.05% in 2010 compared to 44.20% in 2021), the proportion of those have had adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy more than doubled between 2010 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated With Adequate Antenatal Care Utilisation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the multivariate logistic regression are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactors associated with the use of prenatal care among women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 based on data from the 2010 and 2021 demographic and health surveys in Burkina Faso\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeatures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; individual characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.385** (1,072\u0026ndash;1,791)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.256* (0.990\u0026ndash;1.593)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.393 ** (1,048\u0026ndash;1,852)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.549*** (1,182\u0026ndash;2.031)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.317* (0.966\u0026ndash;1.797)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.675*** (1,245\u0026ndash;2.254)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.315 (0.946\u0026ndash;1.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.600*** (1,162\u0026ndash;2.201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.233 (0.867\u0026ndash;1.755)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.681*** (1,177\u0026ndash;2.399)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.135 (0.725\u0026ndash;1.778)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.630*(0.958\u0026ndash;2.773)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; educational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.206** (1.034\u0026ndash;1,407)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.036 (0.884\u0026ndash;1.214)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76*** (1.161\u0026ndash;1,878)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.382*** (1.164\u0026ndash;1.640)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; marital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn union\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.365 (0.917\u0026ndash;2.032)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.929*** (1.415\u0026ndash;2.629)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced/Separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.784** (1.094\u0026ndash;2.910)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.762** (1.075\u0026ndash;2.888)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; average parity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842* (0.693\u0026ndash;1.022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951 (0.776\u0026ndash;1.164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827* (0.664\u0026ndash;1.030)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.882 (0.700\u0026ndash;1.110)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 children \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.772** (0.609\u0026ndash;0.979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853 (0.663\u0026ndash;1.096)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirth interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.026 (0.835\u0026ndash;1.261)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.203 (0.942\u0026ndash;1.536)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.200* (0.982\u0026ndash;1.465)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.453*** (1.160\u0026ndash;1,821)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.493 (0.881\u0026ndash;2.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.673 (0.413\u0026ndash;1.097)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.624* (0.958\u0026ndash;2.752)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.780 (0.476\u0026ndash;1.276)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.069 (0.613\u0026ndash;1.863)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.622 (0.363\u0026ndash;1.066)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualified job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.066*** (1.376\u0026ndash;3.103)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.484** (1,079\u0026ndash;2.042)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991 (0.838\u0026ndash;1.172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.011 (0.861\u0026ndash;1.188)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.172** (1.00\u0026ndash;1.373)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.045 (0.915\u0026ndash;1.193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManual job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e774\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.181 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.499)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.137 (0.878\u0026ndash;1.471)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of contraceptive methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.424 (0.932\u0026ndash;2.177)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.667** (0.479\u0026ndash;0.930)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModern methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.294*** (1.132\u0026ndash;1.479)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.339*** (1.197\u0026ndash;1.498)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender of household head\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.962 (0.774\u0026ndash;1.195)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.260** (1,026\u0026ndash;1,548)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.032 (0.850\u0026ndash;1.251)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940 (0.743\u0026ndash;1.190)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.050 (0.867\u0026ndash;1.271)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.921 (0.734\u0026ndash;1.154)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 persons \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.103 (0.901\u0026ndash;1.350)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.889 (0.705\u0026ndash;1.122)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold well-being quintile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.104 (0.928\u0026ndash;1.314)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979 (0.827\u0026ndash;1.160)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.300*** (1.096\u0026ndash;1.542)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.028 (0.865\u0026ndash;1.221)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.483*** (1.246\u0026ndash;1.766)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.039 (0.857\u0026ndash;1.259)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.560*** (1.24\u0026ndash;1.962)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.603*** (1,236\u0026ndash;2,079)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision-making regarding the mother health in the household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emother and her partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.046 (0.842\u0026ndash;1.300)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.490*** (1.214\u0026ndash;1,830)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.011 (0.835\u0026ndash;1.224)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.173* (0.983\u0026ndash;1.400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.108 (0.623\u0026ndash;1.969)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.169 (0.721\u0026ndash;1.896)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the living environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.093 (0.938\u0026ndash;1.275)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.226** (1.041\u0026ndash;1.445)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion of residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoucle du Mouhoun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCascades\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.073 (0.814\u0026ndash;1.414)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.351* (0.990\u0026ndash;1.844)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.845*** (1.422\u0026ndash;2.393)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.674*** (0.512\u0026ndash;0.887)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Est\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.315*** (2.607\u0026ndash;4.215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.423*** (1.105\u0026ndash;1.833)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Nord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.144 (0.88\u0026ndash;1.488)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.112*** (1.615\u0026ndash;2.762)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Ouest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.247* (0.969\u0026ndash;1.604)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758 (0.583\u0026ndash;0.987)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral-Sud\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.085*** (1.62\u0026ndash;2.683)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.786* (0.592\u0026ndash;1.045)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.951*** (1.526\u0026ndash;2.495)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.677*** (1.272\u0026ndash;2.213)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHauts-Bassins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 (0.954\u0026ndash;1.586)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.128 (0.875\u0026ndash;1.455)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.958\u0026ndash;1.605)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.517*** (1.169\u0026ndash;1.970)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlateau Centrale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.032 (0.789\u0026ndash;1.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.118 (0.865\u0026ndash;1.444)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSahel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.681** (0.495\u0026ndash;0.938)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302*** (0.207\u0026ndash;0.441)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSud-Ouest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.915*** (1.435\u0026ndash;2.555)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.800 (0.599\u0026ndash;1.067)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree of media exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.226*** (1.083\u0026ndash;1.387)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.986 (0.869\u0026ndash;1.120)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.406*** (1.173\u0026ndash;1.685)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.080 (0.920\u0026ndash;1.269)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.767*** (1.263\u0026ndash;2.474)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782 (0.512\u0026ndash;1.195)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e***p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the saturated model show that in 2010, regarding the individual characteristics of the mother being aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years, 25\u0026ndash;29 years and 30\u0026ndash;34 years, having primary or secondary and above education level, being divorced/separated, having a skilled job or working in agriculture and using modern contraceptive methods, were significantly associated with adequate ANC utilisation. Regarding households or community characteristics, living in a household with an average, rich and very rich household well-being quintile, being exposed to the media, living in the region of Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Sahel or Sud-Ouest were significantly associated with adequate ANC use during their last pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, in 2021, with regard to the mother\u0026rsquo;s individual characteristics, being aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years, 25\u0026ndash;29 years, 30\u0026ndash;34 years, 35\u0026ndash;39 years and 40\u0026ndash;44 years, having a secondary and above education level, being in a union or divorced/separated, having a qualified job and using a traditional or modern contraceptive method, were significantly associated with adequate ANC use. Regarding households and community characteristics, living in a household headed by a woman, living in a household with a very rich household well-being quintile, living in a rural area, living in a household where the decision-making regarding the mother's health is made by the mother and her spouse or her spouse alone, living in the region of Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Sud, Est, Nord and Sahel, were significantly associated with adequate ANC utilisation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers aged 20\u0026ndash;24 years (AOR: 1,385, 95% CI 1,072\u0026ndash;1,791 in 2010 and AOR: 1,256, 95% CI: 0.99\u0026ndash;1,593 in 2021), 25\u0026ndash;29 years (AOR: 1,385, 95% CI 1,048\u0026ndash;1,852 in 2010 and AOR: 1,549, 95% CI 1,182\u0026ndash;2,031 in 2021) or 30\u0026ndash;34 years (AOR: 1,317, 95% CI 0.966\u0026ndash;1,797 in 2010 and AOR: 1,675, 95% CI 1,245\u0026ndash;2,254 in 2021) were more likely to have adequate ANC use than those aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years. Likewise, mothers with secondary and above education level were more likely to use prenatal care adequately (AOR: 1,476, 95% CI 1,161\u0026ndash;1,878 in 2010 and AOR: 1,382, 95% CI 1,164\u0026ndash;1,640 in 2021) than those with no educational level. Moreover, women who were using a modern contraceptive method, were more likely to have adequate ANC use (AOR: 1,294, 95% CI 1,132\u0026ndash;1,479 in 2010 and AOR: 1,339. 95% CI 1,197\u0026ndash;1,498 in 2021), than those not using any contraceptive method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, women living in very wealthy households were more likely to have adequate ANC use (AOR: 1,560, 95% CI 1.24\u0026ndash;1,962 in 2010 and AOR: 1,603, 95% CI 1,236\u0026ndash;2,079 in 2021) than those living in very poor households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, women living in the Sahel region in 2010 (AOR: 0.681, 95% CI 0.495\u0026ndash;0.938), in the Centre region (AOR: 0.674, 95% CI 0.512\u0026ndash;0.887), in the Centre-Sud region (AOR: 0.786 95% CI 0.592\u0026ndash;1.045) and in the Sahel region (AOR: 0.302 95% CI 0.207\u0026ndash;0.441) in 2021, were less likely to had adequate ANC use than their counterparts living in the region of Boucle du Mouhoun.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to identify the factors that can influence the adequate ANC use by pregnant women in Burkina Faso by analysing their evolution between 2010 and 2021. The results demonstrate the influence of mothers\u0026rsquo; individual characteristics, household and community characteristics on the adequate ANC use in Burkina Faso. Concerning the mothers\u0026rsquo; individual characteristics, her age, educational level, marital status, occupation and use of modern contraceptive methods were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2010 and 2021. The results of this study show a significant association between household characteristics (household well-being quintile, degree of media exposure and region of residence) and adequate ANC utilisation in 2010 and 2021. The gender of the household head, decision-making regarding the mother\u0026rsquo;s health and the place of residence were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2021 only.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is well recognised that women's age plays an important role in the utilisation of maternal health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, middle-aged mothers were more likely to have adequate ANC use visits than younger and older mothers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt appears in this study and in others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30 CR31 CR32\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] that women who have a low education level, encounter more difficulties in ensuring adequate use of prenatal care. This can be explained by the fact that less educated women have more difficulty finding out about their health, understanding the medical system and how prenatal care works, which is an important reason for delay with respect to the first ANC, as many of them are not informed about the timing and goals of ANC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; occupation appears to have a very strong influence on their use of ANC services. The results of this study showed that working mothers were more likely to make multiple prenatal visits than unemployed mothers. This conclusion is consistent with that of Assefa and Tadesse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], Tawiah [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], Sharma et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], as well as Badolo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. These results could be explained by the fact that working pregnant women have a larger social network which could allow them to access more information relating to pregnancy, including prenatal care. The information provided by their coworkers and that obtained in their workplace increased their knowledge about pregnancy, which ultimately enabled them to perform antenatal visits as recommended [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold well-being quintile was strongly and positively associated with the use of ANC services. The study showed that women living in poor households were less likely to have adequate ANC use than women living in rich households. Similar results were reported in previously studies conducted in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and Nepal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. These studies indicated that women living in very poor or poor households adopted for ANC lesser than those living in rich households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has some limitations. The data used is procured from the DHS, which use a robust multistage probability sampling methodology to select clusters and households. The first limitation lies in the cross-sectional nature of the data collected, which means that the dependent and explanatory variables were measured simultaneously and therefore cannot guarantee any causality of the associations. Additionally, the five-year recall period may seem long and could question the validity of the responses but limiting it to the most recent births would reduce this risk. However, in African contexts, some births occur before the age of 15 years. The operational definition of reproductive age limited by default to the interval of 15 to 49 years, limits the actual population subject to maternity events. Some cultural variables, potentially relevant to explaining the adequacy of prenatal care, were not considered in this study because they were missing from the database.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn sum, we note that Burkina Faso has made enormous progress in improving the coverage of prenatal care between 2010 and 2021. This has highlighted factors that influence the adequate ANC use, both at the individual, household and community level. At the individual level, age, occupation, education level and use of modern contraceptive methods were factors significantly associated with adequate ANC use. At the household and community level, living in a female-headed household, living in a wealthy household, living in a rural area, decision-making in the household in relation to the mother\u0026rsquo;s health and region of residence, were significantly associated with adequate ANC monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo achieve optimal efficacy, interventions aimed at promoting the adequate ANC use must take these finding into account. The findings of this study have important implications for the design of health policy regarding maternal health in Burkina Faso. Policies that encourage women's use of modern contraceptive methods and promote women's participation in the labour market could likely help increase attendance at antenatal care services. Therefore, government policies should target uneducated, unemployed and economically disadvantaged women to increase the rate of adequate ANC use.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Antenatal care\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Adjusted odds ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Confidence intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDHS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Demographic and health surveys\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHDI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Human Development Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINSD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;National Institute of Statistics and Demography\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Odds ratios\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of health research and good clinical practices. Burkina Faso National Ethics Committee have approved the study and the verbal informed-consent form, before sample collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are available on the DHS Program website\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two DHS\u0026nbsp;data collection\u0026nbsp;were supported by the Government of Burkina Faso, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI), the Bank World, the Global Fund through PADS, UNICEF and UNFPA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHB and ARB conceived and designed the paper and developed the analysis strategy. HB analyzed the data and wrote the first draft. All authors reviewed, made inputs to and approved the final paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our gratitude to the\u0026nbsp;Government of Burkina Faso, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United States Presidential Malaria Initiative (PMI), the Bank World, the Global Fund through PADS, UNICEF and UNFPA\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;funding these two DHS data collection. We sincerely thank the ICF for permission to use the Demographic and Health Survey data of Burkina Faso.\u0026nbsp;We gratefully acknowledge all the fieldworkers, supervisors, and data managers for their work in the field. Finally, we thank the study population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOMS, UNICEF, UNFPA. Tendances de la mortalit\u0026eacute; maternelle de 2000 \u0026agrave; 2020 : estimations de l\u0026rsquo;OMS, de l\u0026rsquo;UNICEF, du FNUAP, du Groupe de la Banque mondiale et de la Division de la population des Nations Unies : r\u0026eacute;sum\u0026eacute; d\u0026rsquo;orientation [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 31]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/372258\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaleya A, Kakudji YK, Mwazaz RM, Nsambi JB, Ngwej HI, Mukuku O, Kinenkinda X, Luhete PK. Issues materno-f\u0026oelig;tales des grossesses non suivies \u0026agrave; Lubumbashi, R\u0026eacute;publique D\u0026eacute;mocratique du Congo. Pan African Medical Journal [Internet]. 2019 May 29 [cited 2024 May 31];33(1). 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African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. 2013 Jan 1;4(1):58\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRicketts TC, Goldsmith LJ. Access in health services research: the battle of the frameworks. Nursing outlook. 2005;53(6):274\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShrestha G. factors related to utilization of antenatal care in Nepal: A generalized linear approach. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College. 2013;2(2):69\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFosu GB. Childhood morbidity and health services utilization: cross-national comparisons of user-related factors from DHS data. Social science \u0026amp; medicine. 1994;38(9):1209\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimkhada B, Teijlingen ER van, Porter M, Simkhada P. Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: systematic review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008;61(3):244\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZerai A, Tsui AO. 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Access to health: women\u0026rsquo;s status and utilization of maternal health services in Nepal. Journal of biosocial science. 2007;39(5):671\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdelrahman AI. Marriage patterns, trends and timing in Northern and urban Sudan. 1990;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKalule-Sabiti I, Amoateng AY, Ngake M. The Effect of Socio-demographic Factors on the Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Uganda. African Population Studies. 2014 Apr 29;515\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antenatal care, health service use, associated factors, Burkina Faso","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4693848/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4693848/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Antenatal care (ANC) is a critical determinant of maternal and infant well-being and is a reliable method for reducing maternal and infant mortality. This study aimed to determine individual, family and community factors associated with the ANC use in 2010 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod\u003c/strong\u003e: The data used in this study is procured from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in Burkina Faso in 2010 and 2021. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyse factors associated with the use of prenatal care. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were estimated to assess the strength of associations, and 95% confidence intervals were used for significance testing. A proportion test was used to examine differences in ANC utilisation between 2010 and 2021 in Burkina Faso. The data were cleaned, coded and analysed using Stata version 16.1 software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: In our study sample, 22.92% of the respondents in 2010 had adequate ANC use, compared to 46.34% in 2021. The results demonstrate the influence of the woman’s individual characteristics, the household and the community characteristics \u0026nbsp;on the adequate ANC use in Burkina Faso. Regarding the woman’s individual characteristics, age, educational level, marital status, occupation and modern contraceptive methods use were significantly associated with adequate ANC use in 2010 and 2021. In terms of the woman's living environment, the household well-being quintile, the degree of exposure to the media and the region of residence were significantly associated with adequate prenatal care use in 2010 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: This study notes that Burkina Faso has made enormous progress in improving the coverage of prenatal care between 2010 and 2021, and indicates several factors influencing adequate ANC use. These factors, including individual, family and community factors. For optimal efficacy, interventions promoting the adoption of antenatal care services must take these outcomes into account.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors Associated with Adequate Antenatal Care Use Among Women of Childbearing Age in Burkina Faso: Finding From the 2010 and 2021 Demographic and Health Surveys","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-05 03:46:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4693848/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4f885e40-4f3f-4e48-93c4-b891614f8b5f","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-09T06:23:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-05 03:46:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4693848","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4693848","identity":"rs-4693848","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}