Association of ABO Blood Group with Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults of Districts Hyderabad Pakistan

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Methodology This cross-sectional study includes 600 randomly selected subjects from the different organizations of district Hyderabad including Universities, colleges, Hospitals, their students, faculty members, and their employees. This study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. Informed consent was obtained from volunteers. A detailed history was taken followed by a thorough clinical examination. Blood pressure was recorded with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Blood grouping was done by ABO typing. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Results In this study, the B blood group was found more prevalent in district Hyderabad, and blood group B was found more associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion The incidence of hypertension is high in Pakistan as found in other developing countries. In this study, the evidence is suggestive of the association of the B blood group with increased blood pressure in young healthy adults of district Hyderabad Pakistan. Increased Blood Pressure ABO Blood group Young Adults Prevalence Hyderabad Pakistan Introduction Increased blood pressure is a primary health concern in developed and developing countries. Defining hypertension is very difficult and by necessity, it is arbitrary. Sir George Pickering was the first who formulate the concept that it is distributed 120 mmHg continuously as a bell-shaped curve with many exact indications of normal blood pressure and increased blood pressure. According to JNC 8, a systolic pressure of 90–119 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure of 60–79 mmHg is considered normal [ 1 ]. The diseases of the heart and blood vessels are a major problem related to public health and socioeconomic status, in both developed and developing countries. Over 80% of Cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths and 85% of disabilities are due to CVD take place in low and middle-income countries. This increasing trend of CVD in low and middle-income countries is being fuelled by, as explained by WHO, rapid and unplanned urbanization, inverse effects of globalization, and increasingly sedentary lives[ 2 , 3 ]. The concept of determination of risk factors is widely used in both public and clinical health practices. This concept of risk factors is used as a basis for preventing CVDs and other non-cardiovascular diseases (NCDs) related to morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for any disease help determine whether and when a person is at risk for developing that particular disease. Proper knowledge, assessment, and prevention of cardiovascular risk factors not only prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors but can also improve the overall quality of life[ 4 ]. A Novel coronavirus infection outbreak occurred in the district Wuhan of China and spread throughout the world very rapidly, however, WHO declared it a pandemic. Research conducted by Jiao Zhao et al in three different hospitals in China to document evidence between the ABO blood group and novel coronavirus infection. In this study, blood group A was found increased association with the risk of infection while the O blood group was safer[ 5 ]. A study conducted by Aditya et al in Odisha, India documented blood group B is at more risk (fourfold) of severe malaria infection, the O blood group was protected against malaria, and blood groups A and AB did not show any association. Blood group O showed increased prevalence in uncomplicated cases of malaria because this blood group has protective properties against severity[ 6 , 7 ]. A study conducted by Fatemeh et al in Iran determined a significant relationship between HBV infection and the ABO blood group; subjects with the O blood group have a reduced risk of HBV infection while Rh-positive individuals are at greater risk to develop infection compare to Rh-negative individuals[ 8 ]. Most of the studies reveal that cardiovascular diseases are associated with high mortality and morbidity globally. In Pakistan, cardiovascular disease is also causing several deaths annually. A lot of research has been carried out in developed, and underdeveloped countries, and even in Pakistan with various socio-demographic, anthropometric, and gender-based, so no research has been conducted yet on the association of ABO blood group with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. This study will provide new insight into the mechanism of the development of disease association of hypertension in young adults with the ABO blood group in the district of Hyderabad Pakistan. Methodology This Cross-sectional study was carried out to find the association of the ABO blood group with increased blood pressure in the general population living in the district of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The sample size was collected by using the Epi info software calculator, with a 5% error margin and, a 95% confidence interval. Informed consent was taken before the enrolment of subject volunteers. Inclusion criteria, Residents of district Hyderabad, individuals aged between 20 to 40 years, individuals without any cardiovascular disease, individuals without pregnancy, non-smokers, and no drug history. Exclusion criteria; non-residents of district Hyderabad, individuals more than 40 years of age, individuals with any heart diseases, individuals with pregnancy, active smokers, and drug addicts. All the methods were carried out according to the guidelines and regulations of the University's research and ethical committee. A total of 599 individuals have been approached. The response rate was 97%, and individuals agreed through a questionnaire to donate blood (blood grouping) and provide necessary data. The remaining 3% of individuals refused to either donate blood or provide the necessary information. In this study, Individuals who participated were young adults resident of district Hyderabad aged between 20–40 years. They were generally in good health and had no illnesses including CVD, which may have significantly altered either their lifestyle habits or physiological measures. This study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. Random Sampling was done and subjects were approached by different organizations including universities, colleges, and hospitals including students, faculty members, and employees. Two sittings were done with all subjects in whom complete information was recorded in the pre-designed questionnaire and blood samples for blood grouping. Blood Pressure was taken by BP Mercury Sphygmomanometer (Yamasu Made in Japan), and blood grouping was done by ABO Typing and Rh System. The association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was analyzed, Average (Mean) and Standard deviations (SD) of age, weight, height, and all other variables were obtained first via Microsoft Excel and later confirmed through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20.0. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Out of 599 participants, 581 (97%) participants formed the final sample size including both males and females, in marital status married 395 (65.94%) and unmarried 186 (31.05%). The socioeconomic parameter indicates the social standing of participants in lower-class 79 (13.18%) subjects, in middle-class 334 (55.75%) subjects, and upper-class 168 (28.04%) subjects, in this chi-square was 9.496. According to demographic factors, subjects 275 (45.90%) resided in rural areas while 306 (51.08%) subjects were living in urban areas of district Hyderabad. According to educational status, 170 (28.38%) were 10th -graded, 155 (25.87%) were 12th -graded, 52 (8.68%) were graduates, and 204 (34.05%) were uneducated, as seen in Table No 1. Participants with B Blood group and Rh Positive were found more frequent in the district Hyderabad population as seen in Table No. 2 The mean age was 26.17 ± 4.923 years, the mean BMI was 25.12 ± 4.95, the mean systolic blood pressure was 119.10 ± 16.57 mmHg, and the mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.89 ± 10.12 mmHg, and the mean fasting blood sugar was 96.± 29.85mg/dl as seen in Table No. 3. Participants having the B blood group and Rh Positive tended to increase Systolic Blood Pressure as seen in Table No. 4. Participants having the B blood group and Rh Positive tended to increase Diastolic Blood Pressure as seen in Table No. 5 Discussion The evolution of the ABO blood group system, 100 years back, caused huge excitement. Before that, all blood groups were assumed similar and created tragic incidences of blood transfusion. As the researchers advance the understanding of the ABO blood group system, blood transfusion has not only been safer but scientists have also been able to study the first human traits that are inherited. Nowadays, an individual’s blood group is used by legal practitioners in paternity cases, police in forensic investigations, and anthropologists in different population-based research. Because of the frequencies of different ABO blood group systems across different cultures, races, and ethnicity, the antigens of the ABO blood group system seem to be of great importance after our creation, indicating that a certain blood group conferred a selection advantage such as resistance against infectious disease. The complications of increased blood pressure increase the burden on the health system. Its incidence is higher in young adults because of an unhealthy diet, decreased physical activity, and increased trends of overweight/obesity in children and adults. Past studies have reported that increased blood pressure is related to hereditary markers and familial patterns. In this study, we found that the mean systolic blood pressure in all subjects was 118.07 ± 15.757, in males 122.60 ± 13.389, and in females 113.31 ± 16.594. Furthermore, in this study, we found blood group B subjects were more prone to develop increased SBP and DBP, while AB blood group subjects were safe to develop SBP and DBP. Chandra et al conducted a prospective study in the medical college of Khatmandu and showed agreement with our finding that B blood group subjects were more prone to develop pre-hypertension and hypertension which might be due to B blood group subjects having the highest tendency to be obese and obesity is the cause of hypertension [ 9 ]. An Indian study conducted by Heena et al at Utter Pardesh showed agreement with our findings and suggested the reason being hereditary in B blood group subjects [ 10 ]. Another Indian study conducted by Richa et al at Agra showed agreement with our findings. However, numbers of studies disagree with our findings including; Salam et al conducted a study on young adults of Khyber Medical College of Peshawar found A blood group is more prone to develop hypertension [ 11 ]. Another Pakistani study conducted by Altaf B et al on medical college students of Faisalabad concluded that subjects with blood group A were more likely to develop hypertension followed by O blood group subjects [ 12 ]. Shams et al conducted a study on Mardan University students who disagreed and determined A blood group individuals are more likely to have hypertension followed by AB, B, and O individuals [ 13 ]. Tabatabaie AH et al conducted a study in Shiraz South Iran and found no significant relationship between the ABO blood group with hypertension [ 14 ]. Numerous studies have found that environmental factors are involved in the development of hypertension. Furthermore, several genes were identified that are involved in the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure. This includes the 11β-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene chimeric (glucocorticoid-remedial aldosteronism), amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (Liddle’s syndrome) a β-subunit mutation, and deletion and missense mutations in the WNK family of serine-threonine kinases (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2). Although these mutations are rare, might be causing hypertension by altering salt and water reabsorption in the kidney [ 14 ]. Conclusion In this study, evidence collected was suggestive that blood group B is more associated with increased risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in young healthy individuals of district Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan. Therefore, individuals with the B blood group remain more careful and are encouraged to maintain a healthy routine life. Declarations Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the ethical and research committee of the University of Sindh Jamshoro (No. DRGS/1601-01-21). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding Source: None to declare Author Contribution 1. Shakil Ahmed Shaikh, concept/ Design of the Study, Initial Manuscript write-up2. Salma Farukh Memon, Critical Analysis, Data Analysis3. Keenjhar Rani Laghari, Data Collection, Data Analysis4. Naila Hajira Rahu, Data Collection, manuscript write-up5. Hanozia Shah, Data Collection6. Zulfiqar Ali Laghari, Final Approval and Supervision Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request References Fan J-H, Wang J-B, Wang S-M, Abnet CC, Qiao Y-L, Taylor PR. Longitudinal change in blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in a Chinese cohort, Heart , vol. 104, pp. 1764–1771, 2018. Connor SR. Hospice and palliative care: The essential guide. Taylor & Francis; 2017. Lane WJ, Westhoff CM, Uy JM, Aguad M, Smeland-Wagman R, Kaufman RM, Rehm HL, Green RC, Silberstein LE, Project M. Comprehensive red blood cell and platelet antigen prediction from whole genome sequencing: proof of principle, Transfusion , vol. 56, pp. 743–754, 2016. Association AD. 8. Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S60–71. Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X. Relationship between the ABO blood group and the COVID-19 susceptibility [published online ahead of print 4 August 2020]. Clin Infect Dis, 10, 2020. Panda AK, Panda SK, Sahu AN, Tripathy R, Ravindran B, Das BK. Association of ABO blood group with severe falciparum malaria in adults: case control study and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2011;10:1–8. Degarege A, Gebrezgi MT, Ibanez G, Wahlgren M, Madhivanan P. Effect of the ABO blood group on susceptibility to severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Rev. 2019;33:53–62. Mohammadali F, Pourfathollah A. Association of ABO and Rh blood groups to blood-borne infections among blood donors in Tehran-Iran. Iran J public health. 2014;43:981. Rai CK, Sapkota J. Relation of ABO blood group and hypertension in medical students of Kathmandu medical college, Duwakot Bhaktapur. Int J Sci Res, 6, 2017. Sadiq H, Anjum R, Shaikh SM, Mushtaq S, Negi M, Kasana P. A study on the correlation of ABO blood group system and hypertension. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2017;3:38–41. Alam S, Alam S, Mahmood R, Haq I, Alam S. Association of ABO and Rh blood group systems with blood pressure in a population sample from Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan. Annals King Edw Med Univ, 12, 2006. Altaf B, Jawed S, Behram F, Khan ZA, Naz S. Association of Pre-hypertension with blood groups in young population. Prof Med J. 2019;26:1820–4. Shams S, Ajmal H, Khan S, Gul S, Hassan H, Parveen Z, Lodhi MA, Wadood A. Association of AB O blood groups with Blood Pressure among the students of Abdul Wali Kha n University Mardan. J Appl Environ Biol Sci s. 2014;4:300–3. Tabatabaie A-H, Ali-Madadi M. Possible association between ABO and Rh (D) blood groups and hypertension. Pak J Med Sci, 28, pp. 235–7, January - March 2012 2012. Tables Table.No:1 The Sociodemographic Characteristics Variables Number Percentage (%) X ² P -Value Marital Status Married Unmarried Total 395 186 581 65.94 31.95 100 14.216 0.000 Socioeconomic Status Lower Middle Upper Total 79 334 168 581 13.18 55.75 28.04 100 9.496 0.009 Demographic Status Rural Urban Total 275 306 581 45.90 51.08 100 0.431 0.551 Education Status 10 th grade 12 th grade Graduate Uneducated Total 170 155 52 204 581 28.38 25.87 8.68 34.05 100 34.412 0.000 Table No:2, The Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Group in Overall and Gender-wise Participants Variable Overall (n=581) Male (n=300) Female (n=281) A B AB O Rh-Positive Rh-Negative n % n % n % 129 205 50 197 535 46 21.53 34.22 8.34 33.90 92.08 7.91 71 111 22 96 280 21 23.66 37 7.3 32 93.33 7.0 58 94 28 101 256 25 19.33 31.33 9.33 35.94 91.10 8.9 Table.No:3 Baseline Parameters of Participants Variable Overall (581) Male (300) Female (281) P value Age (Years) 26.17 ± 4.923 26.95 ± 5.478 23.36 ± 5.62 0.284 Body Mass Index 25.12 ± 4.95 26.21 ± 4.65 23.95 ± 5.01 0.000 Systolic Blood Pressure 119.10 ± 16.57 121.90 ± 12.89 112.92 ± 15.68 0.015 Diastolic Blood Pressure 78.89 ± 10.12 84.31 ± 9.23 77.12 ± 10.13 0.006 Blood Sugar Fasting (mg/dl) 96.92 ± 29.85 105.12 ± 35.23 89.91 ± 18.95 0.0001 Table No: 4, Association of ABO and Rh Blood Group with Systolic Blood Pressure Variable Normal 120mmHg OR (CI 95%) X² ( P-Value) Systolic Blood Pressure n % n % O (197) 128 64.97 69 35.02 Reference 15.973 (0.000) A (129) 82 63.56 47 36.43 0.903 (0.528/1.543) 0.000 (0.568) B (205) 109 53.17 96 46.82 1.716' (1.075/2.737) 15.509 (0.000) AB (50) 35 70 15 30 0.695 (0.330/1.463) 0.139 (0.477) Rh-Positive (535) 323 60.37 213 39.73 Reference 19.099 (0.000) Rh-Negative (46) 32 69.56 14 30.43 0.930 (0.446/1.943) 2.816 (0.087) Table No: 5, Association of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group with Diastolic Blood Pressure Variable Normal 80 mmHg OR (CI 95%) X² ( P-Value) Diastolic Blood Pressure n % n % O (197) 131 66.49 66 33.5 Reference 8.826 (0.002) A (129) 83 64.34 46 35.38 0.983 (0.578/1.672) 0.297(0.359) B (205) 115 56.09 90 43.90 1.578' (0.992/2.509) 16.241 (0.000) AB (50) 34 68 16 32 0.784 (0.373/1.645) 0.403 (0.373) Rh-Positive (535) 331 61.86 205 38.31 Reference 13.843 (0.000) Rh-Negative (46) 33 71.73 13 28.26 0.863 (0.410/1.817) 0.490 (0.354) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 20 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 30 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4663561","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":329391143,"identity":"0f13af9d-c63e-4267-95d9-0827c43efb61","order_by":0,"name":"Shakil Ahmed Shaikh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIie3PMQuCQBTA8XccaMNF60VgX+GBYAl9k6Zo1QhahBYhqCVwdaqvYEtz4tBitBYtQp8gWgoaOoVwMh2D7j8dx/vBewAy2U/GgLjYBVCBXLMPSt0qhItJoDoAigepQiAjSisjUELa3iG8+WOudSgzpmPn1W8sBHk420KCp9GwGSDXzRkzLn6Mth8RlyzjSzHhDJsJ8kEQCVKfo+0KQsm8mLS9WH9+yCQl6zICO8tIF8sITUlQRvBkGaYvbsFImbRYrNsbQcJvt6SLnZevnob72ebOHM1eHaMweThfFsurYb5tlXmRmlQclMlksn/rDT1qU+n8ARkFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Suleman Roshan Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shakil","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Shaikh","suffix":""},{"id":329391144,"identity":"652b57ba-0b9e-4c85-8948-e43e1966ee32","order_by":1,"name":"Salma Farukh Memon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Liaquat University of Medical \u0026 Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salma","middleName":"Farukh","lastName":"Memon","suffix":""},{"id":329391145,"identity":"665092b1-5cfa-465f-b7ee-822aa06e1046","order_by":2,"name":"Keenjhar Rani Laghari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Liaquat University of Medical \u0026 Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keenjhar","middleName":"Rani","lastName":"Laghari","suffix":""},{"id":329391146,"identity":"ca7c8f07-828c-4fca-bc0e-2e4125532684","order_by":3,"name":"Naila Hajira Rahu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naila","middleName":"Hajira","lastName":"Rahu","suffix":""},{"id":329391147,"identity":"e3c1264a-20cf-4864-89ef-b4e1ac1ca6db","order_by":4,"name":"Hanozia Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bilawal Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanozia","middleName":"","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":329391148,"identity":"744eccbc-0b77-406d-a7b3-7e7b20423186","order_by":5,"name":"Zulfiqar Ali Laghari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sindh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zulfiqar","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Laghari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-30 16:07:50","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663561/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663561/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00255-1","type":"published","date":"2024-10-18T15:57:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67148916,"identity":"1c082756-ff48-4eb4-92c3-f360d855fa74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 16:09:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":883501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4663561/v1/4b55e2ae-6941-467c-b52a-24648bf2013c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association of ABO Blood Group with Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults of Districts Hyderabad Pakistan","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIncreased blood pressure is a primary health concern in developed and developing countries. Defining hypertension is very difficult and by necessity, it is arbitrary. Sir George Pickering was the first who formulate the concept that it is distributed 120 mmHg continuously as a bell-shaped curve with many exact indications of normal blood pressure and increased blood pressure. According to JNC 8, a systolic pressure of 90\u0026ndash;119 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure of 60\u0026ndash;79 mmHg is considered normal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diseases of the heart and blood vessels are a major problem related to public health and socioeconomic status, in both developed and developing countries. Over 80% of Cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths and 85% of disabilities are due to CVD take place in low and middle-income countries. This increasing trend of CVD in low and middle-income countries is being fuelled by, as explained by WHO, rapid and unplanned urbanization, inverse effects of globalization, and increasingly sedentary lives[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The concept of determination of risk factors is widely used in both public and clinical health practices. This concept of risk factors is used as a basis for preventing CVDs and other non-cardiovascular diseases (NCDs) related to morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for any disease help determine whether and when a person is at risk for developing that particular disease. Proper knowledge, assessment, and prevention of cardiovascular risk factors not only prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors but can also improve the overall quality of life[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Novel coronavirus infection outbreak occurred in the district Wuhan of China and spread throughout the world very rapidly, however, WHO declared it a pandemic. Research conducted by Jiao Zhao et al in three different hospitals in China to document evidence between the ABO blood group and novel coronavirus infection. In this study, blood group A was found increased association with the risk of infection while the O blood group was safer[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted by Aditya et al in Odisha, India documented blood group B is at more risk (fourfold) of severe malaria infection, the O blood group was protected against malaria, and blood groups A and AB did not show any association. Blood group O showed increased prevalence in uncomplicated cases of malaria because this blood group has protective properties against severity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted by Fatemeh et al in Iran determined a significant relationship between HBV infection and the ABO blood group; subjects with the O blood group have a reduced risk of HBV infection while Rh-positive individuals are at greater risk to develop infection compare to Rh-negative individuals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the studies reveal that cardiovascular diseases are associated with high mortality and morbidity globally. In Pakistan, cardiovascular disease is also causing several deaths annually. A lot of research has been carried out in developed, and underdeveloped countries, and even in Pakistan with various socio-demographic, anthropometric, and gender-based, so no research has been conducted yet on the association of ABO blood group with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. This study will provide new insight into the mechanism of the development of disease association of hypertension in young adults with the ABO blood group in the district of Hyderabad Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis Cross-sectional study was carried out to find the association of the ABO blood group with increased blood pressure in the general population living in the district of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The sample size was collected by using the Epi info software calculator, with a 5% error margin and, a 95% confidence interval. Informed consent was taken before the enrolment of subject volunteers. Inclusion criteria, Residents of district Hyderabad, individuals aged between 20 to 40 years, individuals without any cardiovascular disease, individuals without pregnancy, non-smokers, and no drug history. Exclusion criteria; non-residents of district Hyderabad, individuals more than 40 years of age, individuals with any heart diseases, individuals with pregnancy, active smokers, and drug addicts. All the methods were carried out according to the guidelines and regulations of the University's research and ethical committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 599 individuals have been approached. The response rate was 97%, and individuals agreed through a questionnaire to donate blood (blood grouping) and provide necessary data. The remaining 3% of individuals refused to either donate blood or provide the necessary information. In this study, Individuals who participated were young adults resident of district Hyderabad aged between 20\u0026ndash;40 years. They were generally in good health and had no illnesses including CVD, which may have significantly altered either their lifestyle habits or physiological measures. This study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Sampling was done and subjects were approached by different organizations including universities, colleges, and hospitals including students, faculty members, and employees. Two sittings were done with all subjects in whom complete information was recorded in the pre-designed questionnaire and blood samples for blood grouping.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Pressure was taken by BP Mercury Sphygmomanometer (Yamasu Made in Japan), and blood grouping was done by ABO Typing and Rh System.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was analyzed, Average (Mean) and Standard deviations (SD) of age, weight, height, and all other variables were obtained first via Microsoft Excel and later confirmed through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20.0. Statistical significance was set at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOut of 599 participants, 581 (97%) participants formed the final sample size including both males and females, in marital status married 395 (65.94%) and unmarried 186 (31.05%). The socioeconomic parameter indicates the social standing of participants in lower-class 79 (13.18%) subjects, in middle-class 334 (55.75%) subjects, and upper-class 168 (28.04%) subjects, in this chi-square was 9.496. According to demographic factors, subjects 275 (45.90%) resided in rural areas while 306 (51.08%) subjects were living in urban areas of district Hyderabad. According to educational status, 170 (28.38%) were 10th -graded, 155 (25.87%) were 12th -graded, 52 (8.68%) were graduates, and 204 (34.05%) were uneducated, as seen in Table No 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants with B Blood group and Rh Positive were found more frequent in the district Hyderabad population as seen in Table No. 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age was 26.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.923 years, the mean BMI was 25.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.95, the mean systolic blood pressure was 119.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.57 mmHg, and the mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.12 mmHg, and the mean fasting blood sugar was 96.\u0026plusmn; 29.85mg/dl as seen in Table No. 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants having the B blood group and Rh Positive tended to increase Systolic Blood Pressure as seen in Table No. 4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants having the B blood group and Rh Positive tended to increase Diastolic Blood Pressure as seen in Table No. 5\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe evolution of the ABO blood group system, 100 years back, caused huge excitement. Before that, all blood groups were assumed similar and created tragic incidences of blood transfusion. As the researchers advance the understanding of the ABO blood group system, blood transfusion has not only been safer but scientists have also been able to study the first human traits that are inherited. Nowadays, an individual\u0026rsquo;s blood group is used by legal practitioners in paternity cases, police in forensic investigations, and anthropologists in different population-based research. Because of the frequencies of different ABO blood group systems across different cultures, races, and ethnicity, the antigens of the ABO blood group system seem to be of great importance after our creation, indicating that a certain blood group conferred a selection advantage such as resistance against infectious disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe complications of increased blood pressure increase the burden on the health system. Its incidence is higher in young adults because of an unhealthy diet, decreased physical activity, and increased trends of overweight/obesity in children and adults. Past studies have reported that increased blood pressure is related to hereditary markers and familial patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found that the mean systolic blood pressure in all subjects was 118.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.757, in males 122.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.389, and in females 113.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.594. Furthermore, in this study, we found blood group B subjects were more prone to develop increased SBP and DBP, while AB blood group subjects were safe to develop SBP and DBP. Chandra et al conducted a prospective study in the medical college of Khatmandu and showed agreement with our finding that B blood group subjects were more prone to develop pre-hypertension and hypertension which might be due to B blood group subjects having the highest tendency to be obese and obesity is the cause of hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. An Indian study conducted by Heena et al at Utter Pardesh showed agreement with our findings and suggested the reason being hereditary in B blood group subjects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Another Indian study conducted by Richa et al at Agra showed agreement with our findings. However, numbers of studies disagree with our findings including; Salam et al conducted a study on young adults of Khyber Medical College of Peshawar found A blood group is more prone to develop hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Another Pakistani study conducted by Altaf B et al on medical college students of Faisalabad concluded that subjects with blood group A were more likely to develop hypertension followed by O blood group subjects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Shams et al conducted a study on Mardan University students who disagreed and determined A blood group individuals are more likely to have hypertension followed by AB, B, and O individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Tabatabaie AH et al conducted a study in Shiraz South Iran and found no significant relationship between the ABO blood group with hypertension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have found that environmental factors are involved in the development of hypertension. Furthermore, several genes were identified that are involved in the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure. This includes the 11β-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene chimeric (glucocorticoid-remedial aldosteronism), amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (Liddle\u0026rsquo;s syndrome) a β-subunit mutation, and deletion and missense mutations in the WNK family of serine-threonine kinases (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2). Although these mutations are rare, might be causing hypertension by altering salt and water reabsorption in the kidney [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, evidence collected was suggestive that blood group B is more associated with increased risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in young healthy individuals of district Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan. Therefore, individuals with the B blood group remain more careful and are encouraged to maintain a healthy routine life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the ethical and research committee of the University of Sindh Jamshoro (No. DRGS/1601-01-21).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Source:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone to declare\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Shakil Ahmed Shaikh, concept/ Design of the Study, Initial Manuscript write-up2. Salma Farukh Memon, Critical Analysis, Data Analysis3. Keenjhar Rani Laghari, Data Collection, Data Analysis4. Naila Hajira Rahu, Data Collection, manuscript write-up5. Hanozia Shah, Data Collection6. Zulfiqar Ali Laghari, Final Approval and Supervision\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFan J-H, Wang J-B, Wang S-M, Abnet CC, Qiao Y-L, Taylor PR. Longitudinal change in blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in a Chinese cohort, \u003cem\u003eHeart\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 104, pp. 1764\u0026ndash;1771, 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eConnor SR. Hospice and palliative care: The essential guide. Taylor \u0026amp; Francis; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLane WJ, Westhoff CM, Uy JM, Aguad M, Smeland-Wagman R, Kaufman RM, Rehm HL, Green RC, Silberstein LE, Project M. Comprehensive red blood cell and platelet antigen prediction from whole genome sequencing: proof of principle, \u003cem\u003eTransfusion\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 56, pp. 743\u0026ndash;754, 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAssociation AD. 8. Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S60\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X. Relationship between the ABO blood group and the COVID-19 susceptibility [published online ahead of print 4 August 2020]. Clin Infect Dis, 10, 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePanda AK, Panda SK, Sahu AN, Tripathy R, Ravindran B, Das BK. Association of ABO blood group with severe falciparum malaria in adults: case control study and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2011;10:1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDegarege A, Gebrezgi MT, Ibanez G, Wahlgren M, Madhivanan P. Effect of the ABO blood group on susceptibility to severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Rev. 2019;33:53\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohammadali F, Pourfathollah A. Association of ABO and Rh blood groups to blood-borne infections among blood donors in Tehran-Iran. Iran J public health. 2014;43:981.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRai CK, Sapkota J. Relation of ABO blood group and hypertension in medical students of Kathmandu medical college, Duwakot Bhaktapur. Int J Sci Res, 6, 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSadiq H, Anjum R, Shaikh SM, Mushtaq S, Negi M, Kasana P. A study on the correlation of ABO blood group system and hypertension. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2017;3:38\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlam S, Alam S, Mahmood R, Haq I, Alam S. Association of ABO and Rh blood group systems with blood pressure in a population sample from Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan. Annals King Edw Med Univ, 12, 2006.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltaf B, Jawed S, Behram F, Khan ZA, Naz S. Association of Pre-hypertension with blood groups in young population. Prof Med J. 2019;26:1820\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShams S, Ajmal H, Khan S, Gul S, Hassan H, Parveen Z, Lodhi MA, Wadood A. Association of AB O blood groups with Blood Pressure among the students of Abdul Wali Kha n University Mardan. J Appl Environ Biol Sci s. 2014;4:300\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTabatabaie A-H, Ali-Madadi M. Possible association between ABO and Rh (D) blood groups and hypertension. Pak J Med Sci, 28, pp. 235\u0026ndash;7, January - March 2012 2012.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable.No:1 The Sociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.787610619469028%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.938053097345133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.47787610619469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.929203539823009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.867256637168142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.787610619469028%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarried\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnmarried\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.938053097345133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e395\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e186\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e581\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.47787610619469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.929203539823009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.216\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.867256637168142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.787610619469028%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUpper\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.938053097345133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e334\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e168\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e581\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.47787610619469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.929203539823009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.496\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.867256637168142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.787610619469028%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.938053097345133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e275\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e306\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e581\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.47787610619469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.929203539823009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.431\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.867256637168142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.551\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.787610619469028%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e grade\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e grade\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraduate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUneducated\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.938053097345133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e170\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e155\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e204\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e581\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.47787610619469%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.929203539823009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34.412\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.867256637168142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No:2, The Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Group in Overall and Gender-wise Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4742%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=581)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.5379%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=300)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.9293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=281)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRh-Positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRh-Negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5625%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.88%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6036%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.9463%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.5625%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.88%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.9811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6036%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.9463%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.0243%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable.No:3 Baseline Parameters of Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall (581)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale (300)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale (281)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.17 \u0026plusmn; 4.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.95 \u0026plusmn; 5.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.36 \u0026plusmn; 5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.12 \u0026plusmn; 4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.21 \u0026plusmn; 4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.95 \u0026plusmn; 5.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.10 \u0026plusmn; 16.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.90 \u0026plusmn; 12.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.92 \u0026plusmn; 15.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.89 \u0026plusmn; 10.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.31 \u0026plusmn; 9.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.12 \u0026plusmn; 10.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood Sugar Fasting (mg/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.92 \u0026plusmn; 29.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.12 \u0026plusmn; 35.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.91 \u0026plusmn; 18.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable No: 4, Association of ABO and Rh Blood Group with Systolic Blood Pressure\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal \u0026lt; 120 mmHg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.35593220338983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncreased \u0026gt; 120mmHg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(CI 95%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003cem\u003eP-Value)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO (197)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e128\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.973 (0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA (129)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.903\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.528/1.543)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.568)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB (205)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e109\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.716\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1.075/2.737)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.509 (0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAB (50)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.695\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.330/1.463)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.139\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.477)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRh-Positive (535)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e323\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e213\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.099 (0.000)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.54237288135593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRh-Negative (46)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.186440677966102%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.169491525423728%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.338983050847457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.930\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.446/1.943)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.423728813559322%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.816\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(0.087)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No: 5, Association of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group with Diastolic Blood Pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.28813559322034%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal \u0026lt; 80 mmHg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.271186440677965%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncreased \u0026gt; 80 mmHg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.322033898305083%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(CI 95%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003cem\u003eP-Value)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.135593220338983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.152542372881356%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.11864406779661%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.152542372881356%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.322033898305083%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO (197)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.135593220338983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e131\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.152542372881356%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.11864406779661%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.152542372881356%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.322033898305083%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.559322033898304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.826 (0.002)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Increased Blood Pressure, ABO Blood group, Young Adults, Prevalence, Hyderabad Pakistan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663561/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663561/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to find out any association of the ABO blood group with blood pressure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study includes 600 randomly selected subjects from the different organizations of district Hyderabad including Universities, colleges, Hospitals, their students, faculty members, and their employees. This study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022. Informed consent was obtained from volunteers. A detailed history was taken followed by a thorough clinical examination. Blood pressure was recorded with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Blood grouping was done by ABO typing. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the B blood group was found more prevalent in district Hyderabad, and blood group B was found more associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence of hypertension is high in Pakistan as found in other developing countries. In this study, the evidence is suggestive of the association of the B blood group with increased blood pressure in young healthy adults of district Hyderabad Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association of ABO Blood Group with Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults of Districts Hyderabad Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-25 11:37:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4663561/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-20T11:33:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"215202685024029725193177422060653403197","date":"2024-08-17T11:07:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-16T15:14:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59304939052677438763741709975575289040","date":"2024-08-16T14:55:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-20T05:23:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"192087516421086335228894565736405996226","date":"2024-07-15T14:51:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"335250380083588793508228402706890627568","date":"2024-07-11T05:20:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-08T09:49:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-03T05:59:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-03T05:55:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2024-06-30T16:06:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"389f1b6d-35ca-4bd2-9b89-d60a18d01574","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T16:00:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4663561","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00255-1","journal":{"identity":"discover-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-18 15:57:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 18th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-25 11:37:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12982-024-00255-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00255-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4663561","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4663561","identity":"rs-4663561","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}