A comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable vegetable production in Hungary through agroecological practices combined with the application of specific bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. in potato production

A comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable vegetable production in Hungary through agroecological practices combined with the application of specific bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. in potato production | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable vegetable production in Hungary through agroecological practices combined with the application of specific bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. in potato production Jana Marjanović, Abdulrahman Maina Zubairu, Sandor Varga, Maria Fernanda Ramos Diaz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study investigates agroecological practices aimed at enhancing soil quality and crop yield in small-scale agricultural environments. Through soil inoculation, the primary focus lies on incorporating soil bacteria, prioritizing these microbial agents over conventional fertilizers. Additionally, the research integrates intensive crop rotation and various reduced tillage methods, including minimum tillage and no-tillage, to establish a comprehensive approach to fostering sustainable agricultural production. Conducted at the SZIA Agroecological Garden MATE in Gödöllő, Hungary, the investigation allocates 12 distinct plots to different tillage practices, encompassing loosening with and without soil microbes, as well as no-tillage with and without microbial intervention. The collaboration involved the application of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria to six designated plots. Commenced in 2022, the study centers on the cultivation of potatoes ( Solanum Tuberosum L.). Extensive chemical and physical analyses of soil and harvested potatoes were performed, accompanied by continuous monitoring of potato growth for physical attributes. Results Statistical analysis, utilizing One-way ANOVA in R, indicates p-values predominantly exceeding 0.05, suggesting no significant differences across most parameters. Exceptions include variations in parameters of soil plasticity according to Arany (parameter explained in the paper) and pH (KCl). Aligned with initial predictions and existing research, the outcomes imply that appreciable distinctions between treatments may require an extended observation period. Observed variations in soil plasticity and pH (KCl) hint at the potential for meaningful impacts over an extended timeframe, underscoring the dynamic nature of agroecological interventions. One of the most anticipated findings was that plots where microbes were introduced generally yielded higher harvest weights and tuber size compared to the control group (without tillage or microbes) and plots without any microbial presence at all. Additionally, noteworthy correlations have emerged between weed abundance and total harvest, as well as plant height. These findings suggest that the application of various agroecological practices holds promise for yielding positive impacts. Conclusions This initial assessment shows the need for extended observation beyond the first year. It highlights that the positive impacts of integrated agroecological practices take time to show. Even though immediate results may not present major differences, the observed changes in soil characteristics suggest that these practices could have significant effects over a longer period. These findings set the groundwork for future research, stressing the importance of being patient in seeing real improvements in both soil health and crop quality from these innovative agroecological approaches. The study's significance extends to guiding sustainable agricultural practices and promoting a long-term approach to agroecological research and application. biofertilizer bioinoculant biostimulant sustainable agriculture microbial inoculants agroecology plant growth-promoting bacteria Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Improving soil productivity stands as a fundamental goal within sustainable agriculture, where the conventional approach has involved the application of chemical fertilizers to augment nutrient levels ( 1 )( 2 ). However, the escalating costs associated with these fertilizers have posed significant challenges to farmers. In response, alternative methods leveraging soil microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas spp. L. or Rhizobium spp. L, have gained traction. These microorganisms play pivotal roles in enhancing nutrient availability and facilitating root system expansion, all while offering more cost-effective and sustainable solutions compared to chemical fertilizers ( 1 )( 3 ). The necessity for replacing fertilizers has emerged in response to the increasing demand for food driven by a growing global population, particularly in the cultivation of one of the world's most significant crops, the potato. In 2021, global potato production reached over 376 million metric tons, up from 333.6 million tons in 2010, as per FAO estimates ( 4 ). Potatoes are vital for food security, endorsed by the United Nations, as they can thrive in various climates and require minimal resources compared to other crops. They have a shorter growth period, can be replanted using seed potatoes, and offer high energy and complex carbohydrates per unit of land ( 4 ). Worldwide, approximately 16.5 million hectares were dedicated to potato cultivation in 2020 ( 4 ). Thus, plant growth promoting microbes play an important role in regulating various processes such as organic matter decomposition and making nutrients like iron, magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus more available to plants ( 5 ). It is now well understood that microbial inoculants are a key part of integrated nutrient management strategies, helping to support sustainable agriculture and also enhance plant growth ( 6 ). When used as part of a holistic approach, biofertilizers can improve soil health and fertilizer use efficiency. Soil inoculation involves introducing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) into soils. PGPB can be directly applied to seeds, leaves, seedling roots, or soils, and after successfully colonizing the plant rhizosphere or tissues, can improve plant stress tolerance and growth by enhancing nutrient utilization, regulating phytohormones, and inducing systemic resistance ( 7 ). Using PGPB has potential to improve crop productivity, food quality and safety ( 8 ). In many studies, and as an example, plant growth-promoting bacteria have shown a pivotal role in bolstering natural bioactive compounds, thereby amplifying plant growth and enhancing mineral availability in the soil ( 9 ). Utilizing Azotobacter chroococcumas L. as a plant growth-promoting agent alongside mild drought stress yielded significantly higher essential oil production, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and increased antioxidant activity ( 9 ). On the other hand, many research is delving into the use of biostimulants to mitigate heat stress in potatoes, driven by climate change concerns ( 10 ). Biostimulants are becoming popular in crop management to help plants handle stress, stay healthy, and keep yields stable as the climate changes ( 10 ). Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms that can promote plant growth and development ( 11 ). They are a promising eco-friendly method for increasing crop productivity ( 6 ). Similarly, in a study conducted by Khalil et al. ( 12 ), it was reported that the combination of B. circulans L. and A. chroococcum L., in the presence of various potassium sources, resulted in increased potato tuber yield, tuber content of carbohydrates and soluble sugars, soil biological activity, and soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These positive outcomes were observed in comparison to the sole use of potassium sources. Another cornerstone practice in sustainable agriculture is crop rotation, which has garnered widespread recognition for its multifaceted benefits in enhancing soil quality and overall farm productivity ( 13 )( 14 )( 15 ). By diversifying the range of crops cultivated over time, crop rotation fosters improvements in soil characteristics, such as enhanced water retention and increased populations of beneficial soil organisms. This practice not only bolsters long-term soil health but also confers resistance to diseases and enhances the physical and chemical properties of the soil, thereby ensuring its sustained quality ( 14 ). Furthermore, the adoption of conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillage methods, represents a paradigm shift towards more environmentally friendly farming practices ( 16 )( 17 ). No-tillage practices offer substantial benefits by significantly reducing soil disturbance and erosion, thereby promoting the accumulation of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and improving soil physical and chemical properties over time ( 16 )( 18 ). These practices align closely with the principles of agroecology, emphasizing the importance of integrating ecological principles into agricultural systems to achieve sustainability ( 19 ). The research area has been described as sandy loam soil. According to Michéli et al. ( 20 ), sandy areas in Hungary face limitations in soil formation due to factors such as low weathering rates, limited water holding capacity, and frequent erosion of the surface layer. In regions where vegetation is absent, shifting sands prevail, while stabilized vegetation areas can accumulate organic matter on the top horizon, forming humic sandy soils. Aranyos et al. ( 21 ) reported that Hungary has over 1.4 million hectares covered by sandy soils, with the Nyírség region alone comprising more than 400,000 hectares of sandy soils. The fertility of these soils is constrained by low mineral and organic colloid content, leading to unfavorable physical and water properties. Loose sandy particles are highly prone to compaction, diminishing pore space and impeding water and air flow ( 21 ). This compaction susceptibility hinders root growth, potentially causing significant yield losses ( 22 ). It is emphasized that enhancing the structure of sandy soils and minimizing compaction susceptibility are crucial for achieving satisfactory crop yields ( 23 ). In essence, these agroecological practices underscore the importance of adopting holistic and environmentally conscious approaches to farming and planting potatoes, not only to enhance agricultural productivity but also to safeguard the long-term health of the soil and mitigate the environmental impacts of conventional farming practices. Materials and methods Materials This research integrated a variety of materials for both gardening and analytical purposes. Seed potatoes were utilized for planting, and soil bacteria (comprising nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing strains) were introduced. Soil and potato samples were carefully collected and analyzed at MATE University's accredited laboratory (Mate Agrártudományi Vizsgálólaboratórium HUN. ) employing a specific code-associated method for paid services. The laboratory provided a detailed list of the equipment they utilized for the analysis, presented in the following text. The results discussed herein pertain specifically to air-dried soil samples. The soil sample analysis employed advanced equipment, including the Memmert UFE Ventilation Drying Oven, Retsch SK 100 Soil Grinder, Retsch AS 200 Sieve Shaker, Ohaus Adventurer Pro Analytical Balance, Ohaus Explorer Pro Analytical Balance, Thermo Scientific Orion 5 pH and Specific Conductivity Meter, Shimadzu UV-1800 Spectrophotometer, FOSS FlAstar 5000 Analyzer and JY Ultima 2 ICP-OES. For potato sample analysis, equipment such as the Prescisa 180A analytical balance, Thermocenter TC40 drying oven, Scaltec SPB31 analytical balance, Foss Tecator Digestor Auto digestion block - Foss Tecator Scrubber, Foss Kjeltec 8400 Protein Analyzer, Memmert WNB 14 water bath, ATAGO AP300 Polarimeter and Shimadzu UFLC-HPLC was employed. Equipment used for field measurements during potato planting, growth and harvesting, included trowels, measuring tapes, leveling tools, weed extraction tools, buckets, harvesting tools, containers, bins, calipers, weighing scales, and broadfork for loosening of the soil. To introduce a statistical perspective, it has been employed the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method with the R programming language. This facilitated the presentation of p-values and visual representations through box plots. Methodology The research started by establishing an experimental trial in a garden to create a controlled environment. The methodology of the study encompasses three applied practices: soil inoculation, crop rotation, and reduced soil tillage, each serving a specific purpose. Inoculation was implemented to replace costly conventional fertilizers, while crop rotation was established to optimize plant selection for both ecological and economical purposes that are important in bio-intensive gardening.. The elimination of conventional soil tillage was substituted with a combination of soil loosening techniques. By combining these practices, the study aimed to model a comprehensive approach to sustainable farming that addresses both economic and environmental concerns. It is noteworthy that the experiment was conducted within the SZIA Agroecological Garden, initiated in 2019 in Gödöllő and relocated to the premises of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in 2021. This garden serves as a platform for providing learning and employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups. It hosts various educational activities, volunteer programs, school camps, and community events promoting environmentally conscious lifestyles and social inclusion. Although conducted on a small-plot scale, the experiment's outcomes hold potential for scalability. It was deliberately situated within a real market garden employing bio-intensive crop rotation practices, necessitated by the market-oriented production demands. This choice precluded the use of pot experiments, and instead, the soil loosening technique employed mirrored field conditions, enhancing the applicability of the results to broader agricultural contexts. Preparatory measures and planning for potato cultivation began in 2022 prior to the commencement of planting in early April 2023. The timeline for these preparations was meticulously outlined to ensure a smooth and efficient execution of the cultivation process. Harvesting took place in early August 2023. Following that, intentional improvement of soil conditions was carried out by applying soil inoculant, introducing beneficial microbes into the environment with planting. Subsequently, the research focused on planting and analyzing potatoes. In the next section, details are provided on how the collection of samples and measurement of their physical properties were conducted. The lab methods section explains the techniques used for a thorough examination of the chemical properties of potatoes. At the same time, soil samples were analyzed using specific procedures for sampling and lab examinations with different parameters. After collecting all the results, they were presented using box plot diagrams and analyzed statistically. The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method in the R programming language was specifically used to draw meaningful conclusions from the data. Each section is comprehensively explained in the following text. Experimental Field Setup at SZIA Agroecological Garden, MATE, Gödöllő The practical phase of this research was primarily conducted at the SZIA Agroecological Garden, MATE, located in Gödöllő, Hungary (GPS coordinates: 47.5941° N, 19.3593° E). In April 2023, the experimental setup involved the subdivision of the garden into 12 distinct plots, each carefully delineated to prevent any inadvertent mixing of microbial treatments. These plots were strategically positioned at a distance from one another, with separation ensured by the presence of beds between them. This arrangement aimed to maintain the integrity of the experimental design and minimize any potential interference between treatments. The overarching objective was to evaluate the impact of different tillage practices, specifically comparing no-tillage and loosening techniques. Four distinct treatment groups were established, each replicated three times to enhance statistical robustness: A- (Loosening without Microbes) : In this treatment group, the soil was subjected to loosening practices without the introduction of microbial agents. A+ (Loosening with Microbes) : In this treatment group, it has been involved the application of loosening techniques accompanied by the incorporation of microbial agents. B- (No-Tillage without Microbes – Control group) : In this treatment group, the focus was on maintaining the soil in a no-tillage condition, without the introduction of microbial agents. B+ (No-Tillage with Microbes) : In this treatment group, the soil underwent no-tillage practices, and microbial agents were introduced to assess their influence on the soil dynamics. Each of the 12 plots was created with specific dimensions, measuring 80 cm in width and extending over a length of 3 m. This standardized plot design facilitated accurate and consistent measurements across all treatment groups. The experiment commenced with the careful application of designated tillage practices within each plot according to their assigned treatment group. The specified treatments were applied to make sure everything was done in a consistent and precise way in the field. Microorganism Application in Potato Planting: Insights into the Use of Soil Inoculant In this research, the application of Phylazonit Soil Inoculant, comprising beneficial bacteria, has been central during the potato planting process. The objective has been to uncover its effects on nutrient release, potato plant growth, and the overall positive impact on soil quality. The bacteria within the inoculant have exerted numerous positive influences on the potato root surface, significantly affecting nutrient uptake and the overall health of the potato plants. Following the guidelines in the Phylazonit Catalogue ( 24 ), the application of Phylazonit Soil Inoculant has been performed by incorporating it into the designated planting holes for potato crops. In the context of potato planting with row spacing, the inoculant has been methodically integrated into the soil within the designated planting holes during seedbed preparation, extending down to the depth of potato sowing. Crucially, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the inoculant have played a pivotal role in converting elemental nitrogen from the soil air into forms readily accessible by potato plants. Simultaneously, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria have supplied essential nutrients to germinating potato plants. Through secondary metabolic processes, these bacteria have produced organic acids that stimulate vital plant-soil metabolic activities, creating a nutrient-rich environment for optimal potato growth. During the inoculant application, a mucus layer is promoted, and secreted by plant cells, root cells, and microorganisms, fostering an optimal environment for enhanced nutrient absorption by the potato plants. A 5-liter portion of the designated inoculating agent has been requested to be applied to the sprayer, followed by the addition of 5 liters of water. When it comes to the application of the soil bacteria, in this modest 2.4 m² per trail plot, only 15 ml of the blended substance has been required per plot. Ensuring precision in the application process, this nuanced approach has optimized substance efficacy within the targeted garden environment. The inoculant has comprised bacterium strains (Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium L. ) in an optimized ratio tailored for soil inoculation. Boasting a germ count of 10^9 per cm^3, the inoculant has been combined with a nutrient medium to enhance effectiveness during potato planting. While soil inoculation has been criticized for potentially disrupting the composition of the soil's native bacterial population, it's worth noting that the inoculant utilized in this study consisted of strains isolated directly from the Carpathian Basin. As such, these strains are indigenous to the region, mitigating concerns regarding the introduction of non-native species. Soil Sampling Procedure After Potato Harvest from 12 Plots In alignment with the objectives of the SOILGUARD project and following the provided Soil Sampling Guidelines (Grant Agreement no. 101000371) ( 25 ), the soil sampling procedure is explained below. Prior to sampling, equipment used for soil collection, including augers, buckets, bags, and labels, underwent thorough cleaning to prevent cross-contamination. The post-harvest soil sampling phase prioritized accessibility and stability within the field, with each of the designated 12 plots distinctly marked for systematic sampling. A systematic approach was maintained through the implementation of a random pattern within each plot, employing a zigzag methodology for the sampling process. The determination of soil sampling depth, influenced by the potato root zone, facilitated the collection of samples at multiple points within each plot, effectively capturing spatial variability. Post-collection, samples were carefully transferred to clean buckets, undergoing homogenization and subdivision for subsequent analysis. Each subsample was labeled with plot details, and comprehensive record-keeping was maintained throughout the sampling process. Each of the 12 zip-bags contained 500 g -1000 g of soil, from each plot with different treatments. A sealing process was executed to ensure the integrity of the samples, followed by their prompt transportation to a laboratory. The laboratory analysis involved a comprehensive investigation of various parameters, as detailed in Table 1 . The analysis methods were provided by the laboratory. Table 1 Method of the analysis for soil samples Lab. registration number Analyzed parameters Method of analysis Measurement uncertainty (± R%) 232270–232281 pH (H2O), pH (KCl) MSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.1. szakasz ± 0,2 pH Soil plasticity according to Arany MSZ- 08- 0205:1978 5.1. szakasz* ± 3 KA Organic matter MSZ-08-0452:1980 2.2. szakasz*, 2.3. szakasz, 3.1.2. szakas* 10 CaCO3 MSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.2. szakasz* 10 All water soluble salts MSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.4. szakasz* 10 P2O5 (AL) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 K2O (AL) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 (NO2 - + NO3-) - N (KCl) MSZ 20135:1999 5.4.3. szakasz* 10 Na (AL) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 Cu (EDTA) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 Mn (EDTA) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 Zn (EDTA) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 Mg (KCl) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 SO4 (KCl) MSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz* 10 *Szakasz HUN – section ENG Potato Measurements During Growth and Sampling Procedure After Harvest from 12 Plots During the potato growth phase, measurements were conducted outside the laboratory to assess key parameters. Each plot underwent evaluations for the number of plants, average plant height, weed abundance post the initial weeding at approximately two weeks, total potato harvest, and the average size of harvested potatoes. The data collection involved the use of specific equipment for accuracy and reliability in obtaining field measurements from each plot. Following the harvest of potatoes from 12 plots and randomly chosen places, a systematic sampling approach was employed using the zigzag methodology to enhance result accuracy. Each of the 12 zip-lock bags was filled with a quantity ranging from 500 g to 1000 g of potatoes. Some bags contained less due to variations in specific plots, but this discrepancy did not pose an issue for the subsequent stages of the study. To maintain the integrity of the samples, an accurate sealing process was implemented before promptly transporting them to the laboratory. Upon reaching the laboratory, an extensive analysis of various parameters was carried out as per the details specified in Table 2 . The laboratory utilized predefined analysis methods to ensure consistency and precision in assessing the sampled potatoes. Table 2 Method of the analysis for potato samples Lab. registration number Analyzed parameters Method of analysis Measurement uncertainty (± R%) 232282–232293 Moisture content MSZ ISO 1442:2000 2 Protein content MSZ EN ISO 5983-2:2009 ± 0.6% (m/m) Starch content 152/2009/EK III/L ± 0.5% (m/m) Vitamin C content SZDVL_MU_19 10 Statistical Analysis: Comparing Plots and Methods: Box Plots and ANOVA in R The results (in the next section of the paper) were presented using box plot diagrams and statistical analysis, specifically employing the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method in the R programming language. ANOVA in R was chosen for its ability to compare means across multiple plots simultaneously. The box plot diagrams visually illustrated the distribution of data within each plot, aiding in the identification of central tendencies and outliers. Utilizing R ensured efficient data manipulation and visualization during the analysis process. Additionally, the determination of a p-value through ANOVA in R served as a useful metric for assessing the statistical significance of observed plot and method differences, providing a quantitative measure of evidence against the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis posits no significant difference between treatments in the garden, specifically related to no-tillage and loosening using microbes or not. The level of significance (p-value), in this case, was set at 0.05. Results Results from physical properties of potatoes Table 3 . showcases comprehensive measurements from distinct plots, denoted as A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). The parameters assessed include the number of plants per plot, average plant height, weed abundance, harvest yield, and dimensions of potato plants. Table 3 Summary of the physical properties of the potatoes Name of the plot Number of plants in each plot Average height cm Amount of weed g Harvest g Dimension in cm (length x width) Dimension cm 2 A-1 5 30 1.500 1.130 8 x 6 48 A-2 4 40 500 585 8 x 5 40 A-3 4 25 3.000 550 8 x 4.5 36 B-1 4 20 2.200 380 7.5 x 5 37.5 B-2 6 40 1.000 690 7 x 5 42 B-3 5 40 3.000 1.455 11 x 6 66 A + 1 3 30 900 250 6 x 4 24 A + 2 3 35 500 1.155 10 x 6.5 65 A + 3 4 30 800 650 7 x 4 28 B + 1 3 35 800 335 6 x 4 24 B + 2 4 25 800 1.280 10 x 5 50 B + 3 3 25 1.000 230 5 x 3.5 17.5 A summary of the physical properties of potatoes is presented in Fig. 1 . incorporating box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis in the R statistical software. This analytical approach aims to determine the p-values associated with the various physical properties of potatoes under consideration, thereby providing a statistical assessment of the presented data. Results from chemical properties of potatoes Table 4 . showcases the comprehensive analysis of the chemical properties of potatoes, encompassing several key parameters: moisture content, protein content, starch content, and vitamin C content. These measurements are presented across four distinct categories: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). This categorization allows for a nuanced examination of how different cultivation and microbial conditions may impact the chemical composition of potatoes. Table 4 Lab results from chemical properties of potatoes Name of the plot Moisture content % Protein content % Starch content % Vitamin C content mg/kg A + 1 84.4 1.4 10.8 6.478 A + 2 82.6 1.6 11.9 18.894 A + 3 81.5 1.5 13.1 8.596 A-1 83.8 1.4 11.2 2.623 A-2 79.3 1.6 15.2 3.139 A-3 80.5 1.6 14.1 11.397 B + 1 81.6 1.7 13.2 9.590 B + 2 81.7 1.9 13.2 8.884 B + 3 81.1 1.5 13.7 10.215 B-1 82.9 1.4 12.4 7.971 B-2 81.4 1.6 13.6 8.630 B-3 83.2 1.4 11.4 7.758 Figure 2 . provides a concise overview of the chemical properties of potatoes, featuring box plots derived from one-way ANOVA analysis conducted using the R statistical software. This analytical methodology seeks to ascertain the significance levels (p-values) associated with the diverse chemical attributes under examination within the dataset. Results from chemical properties of the soil Table 5 . provides an in-depth analysis of the chemical properties of soil, encompassing key parameters such as Soil plasticity according to Arany (described below), organic matter content, P 2 O 5 concentration, K 2 O concentration, CaCO 3 content and pH (measured in KCl solution). Dobos et al. ( 26 ) describe Soil plasticity according to Arany as a closely linked to texture, is often assessed using a widely used parameter in Hungary known as the Arany plasticity number (Ka). This simple method involves adding ion-exchanged water to an air-dried soil sample while continuously stirring until it reaches the plastic stage. This is determined using the "yarn test," where a stirring stick is used to pull the soil material upwards until it breaks away, resembling a dropped yarn. The amount of water added to reach this stage determines the Ka value. This straightforward measurement is widely understood and utilized by both farmers and soil specialists due to its simplicity and effectiveness. These measurements are categorized into four distinct groups for comparative examination: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). For enhanced clarity and comprehensiveness, the chemical properties of the soil will be presented in three distinct sections, comprising both tabular and graphical representations. Table 5 Lab results from chemical properties of soil, 1/3 Name of the plot Soil plasticity according to Arany Organic matter (%) P2O5 (mg/kg) K2O (mg/kg) CaCO3 (m/m%) pH (KCl) A + 1 32 4.01 1269.00 196.00 < 0,2 6.28 A + 2 34 4.51 2142.00 260.00 0.63 6.80 A + 3 33 4.4 1461.00 266.00 3.32 6.93 A-1 38 4.25 1434.00 183.00 3.59 7.11 A-2 35 5.23 1629.00 250.00 2.84 7.06 A-3 38 3.89 1687.00 254.00 2.23 7.01 B + 1 34 3.09 1363.00 134.00 0.91 7.24 B + 2 37 5.67 2097.00 193.00 0.95 7.16 B + 3 36 4.1 2185.00 197.00 2.36 7.08 B-1 36 4.76 1517.00 169.00 0.27 7.21 B-2 38 4.37 2169.00 347.00 1.48 7.27 B-3 40 5.65 2444.00 445.00 0.73 7.16 Figure 3 . offers a summary of the soil's chemical properties, showcasing box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis in the R statistical software. This analytical approach aims to determine the significance levels (p-values) linked with the various chemical attributes examined within the dataset. Table 6 . provides a comprehensive examination of the chemical properties inherent to the soil, encompassing a range of critical parameters, including magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), combined nitrite and nitrate nitrogen ((NO 2 − + NO 3 − ) - N), and sodium (Na) concentrations. These categorized measurements are presented across four distinct conditions for thorough comparative analysis: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). This structured presentation facilitates a nuanced understanding of how different cultivation practices and microbial interactions may influence the soil's chemical composition. Table 6 Lab results from chemical properties of soil, 2/3 Name of the plot Mg (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Mn (mg/kg) (NO2 - + NO3-) - N (mg/kg) Na (mg/kg) A + 1 135.00 20.70 5.80 102.00 11.60 45.90 A + 2 181.00 30.40 7.25 85.20 15.50 50.80 A + 3 142.00 25.30 7.87 66.80 15.00 66.20 A-1 158.00 28.30 6.07 87.40 13.10 52.70 A-2 156.00 28.70 9.01 70.10 16.70 51.10 A-3 183.00 30.60 9.65 58.00 28.80 40.50 B + 1 142.00 24.90 7.16 98.70 12.20 55.30 B + 2 202.00 30.80 8.76 78.90 21.80 49.80 B + 3 148.00 32.90 12.5 70.70 17.40 56.30 B-1 181.00 28.70 5.90 79.70 11.50 56.30 B-2 167.00 31.20 8.61 78.90 12.10 58.90 B-3 197.00 29.20 8.64 71.20 34.20 58.00 Figure 4 . provides a comprehensive overview of the soil's chemical properties, presenting box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis conducted using the R statistical software. This analytical approach is instrumental in discerning the significance levels (p-values) associated with the diverse chemical attributes under scrutiny within the dataset, thereby offering valuable insights into the soil's composition. Table 7 . provides a comprehensive exploration of the soil's chemical properties, spanning crucial parameters such as SO 4 , all water-soluble salts content, and pH (measured in H 2 O solution). These categorized measurements are presented across four distinct conditions for rigorous comparative analysis: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). Table 7 Lab results from chemical properties of soil, 3/3 Name of the plot SO4 (mg/kg) All water-soluble salts (m/m%) pH (H2O) A + 1 39.00 < 0,02 6.64 A + 2 52.60 < 0,02 7.11 A + 3 46.10 < 0,02 7.31 A-1 44.00 < 0,02 7.31 A-2 49.40 < 0,02 7.26 A-3 54.00 < 0,02 7.14 B + 1 44.60 < 0,02 7.54 B + 2 66.60 < 0,02 7.39 B + 3 52.80 < 0,02 7.44 B-1 59.80 < 0,02 7.47 B-2 51.30 < 0,02 7.55 B-3 71.40 < 0,02 7.35 In Fig. 5 ., a comprehensive depiction of the soil's chemical properties is presented through box plots generated via one-way ANOVA analysis performed using the R statistical software. This analytical methodology serves as a crucial tool in uncovering the significance levels (p-values) linked with the varied chemical attributes under examination within the dataset. Such insights provide invaluable understanding into the composition of the soil. Discussion When it comes to the number of plants in each plot, within the A- treatment group, Plot A-1 exhibited the highest plant count with 5 plants, followed closely by Plots A-2 and A-3, each containing 4 plants. Similarly, in the B- treatment group, Plot B-2 recorded the highest plant count with 6 plants, while Plots B-1 and B-3 had 4 and 5 plants respectively. These findings suggest that soil loosening may contribute to enhanced plant growth compared to no tillage practices. Conversely, plots without microbial presence generally displayed higher plant counts compared to their counterparts with microbial presence. On the other hand, in the A + treatment group, Plot A + 1 had the lowest plant count with 3 plants, followed by Plots A + 2 and A + 3 with 3 and 4 plants respectively. This suggests that microbial presence, when combined with soil management practices, may have a mitigating effect on plant growth, potentially due to the complex interactions between microbes and plant development processes. These results underscore the importance of considering both soil management practices and microbial presence in optimizing potato plant growth and yield. As provided in the research from Mukhametov et al. ( 27 ), the cultivation of potatoes can be approached through a variety of agricultural technologies, each of which may yield differing outcomes in terms of crop productivity. While the consistent planting of 7 potatoes across the experiment ensures comparability, further investigation into factors such as watering during sprouting and seed quality could provide additional insights into optimizing potato cultivation practices. For the results from the average height of the plant, Plot A- exhibited an average height of 31.67 cm, while Plot B- showed a slightly lower average height of 28.33 cm. These results suggest that the presence of loosening in Plot A- may have contributed to slightly taller plants compared to those in Plot B-, where no tillage was employed. When considering the influence of microbes, Plot A + demonstrated an average height of 31.67 cm, similar to Plot A-. In contrast, Plot B + exhibited an average height of 28.33 cm, aligning closely with the average height of plants in Plot B-. Comparing plots with and without the presence of microbes, it is evident that the addition of microbes did not significantly impact the average height of plants in either category. This suggests that other factors such as soil composition, nutrient availability, or environmental conditions may have a more substantial influence on plant growth compared to the presence of microbes alone. According to the literature, the observed average height of the plants in all categories fall within the typical range expected for potato plants, which is approximately 45 cm to 90 cm when fully grown ( 28 ). This indicates that while agricultural practices and microbial presence may influence plant height to some extent, the plants still exhibit growth patterns consistent with their species' characteristics. There are variations in weed abundance among the different plots within each category. For instance, in category A-, the amount of weed ranged from 500g to 3,000g, showcasing a significant difference in weed suppression efficacy between individual plots despite employing the same weed management strategy. This discrepancy suggests that factors beyond the prescribed treatment may influence weed growth, such as soil composition, environmental conditions, or initial weed seed density. When comparing weed abundance across categories, patterns emerge. Plots within categories A + and B + consistently exhibited lower weed abundance compared to their counterparts in categories A- and B-. This trend suggests that the incorporation of microbes alongside loosening, or tillage practices may contribute to more effective weed suppression. However, further analysis is necessary to determine the specific impact of each factor (microbes, loosening, and no-tillage on weed abundance. According to the interesting research from Horvath et al. ( 29 ), weeds affect crops early in the season, when there are usually plenty of nutrients from fertilizer and enough soil moisture. This hints that something other than directly competing for resources might be the main reason for weeds reducing crop yields, especially in well-maintained agricultural systems. Overall, the received data highlights the importance of considering multiple factors, including the presence of microbes, loosening, and no-tillage, in weed management strategies. While the incorporation of microbes alongside soil manipulation techniques shows promise in reducing weed abundance, further research is needed on the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and to optimize weed management practices for maximum efficacy. For the total harvest of potatoes, there are notable variations in potato harvest across plots within each category. In general, plots in categories with microbial presence generally show higher harvest weights compared to plots without microbial presence, suggesting that the presence of microbes, along with loosening or no tillage, may positively influence potato yield. There was an increase in yield observed in plants treated with plant growth-promoting microbes, in comparison to the control group. The cumulative total harvest across all plots is 8,690g, providing an overall measure of potato production under the different cultivation methods tested. The data suggests that the incorporation of microbes alongside soil management practices, such as loosening, may enhance potato yield. However, further investigation is needed to understand the specific mechanisms driving these differences in harvest outcomes. The average size of potatoes can vary depending on several factors, including the potato variety, growing conditions, and agricultural practices such as cultivation techniques, fertilization methods, and pest management strategies. However, according to various agricultural sources and studies, the average size of a potato typically ranges from 5 to 10 centimeters (length) and 4 to 6 centimeters (width) ( 28 ). This range may differ slightly based on the specific variety being cultivated and regional growing conditions. Generally, plots with microbial presence (A + and B+) yielded larger potatoes compared to those without microbial treatment (A- and B-), suggesting a potential positive impact of microbes on tuber size. The anticipated average potato size used in the study was representative of the general average size of potatoes. Therefore, understanding the expected size provides context to the significance of the results in terms of potato size variation. According to Saini et al. ( 30 ), the reason why potato tubers inoculated with microbes showed larger size and biomass compared to the control group is that microbial inoculation facilitates nutrient absorption compared to non-inoculated plants. While categories with microbial inoculation typically showed larger potato sizes, exceptions within each category indicated the influence of factors beyond microbial presence and soil management practices. Incorporating microbes alongside soil management practices, such as loosening, may contribute to larger potato size. Further investigation is required to understand the specific techniques driving these differences and optimize cultivation strategies for larger yields. For the chemical properties of potatoes, there is variability in moisture content across the categories, with potatoes in category A- generally exhibiting higher moisture levels compared to those in categories A + and B+. This suggests that microbial presence and soil management practices may impact potato moisture content. This parameter does not align with the research provided by Saini et al. ( 30 ), where they found that the moisture content was increased in the inoculation treatment. Protein content shows relatively minor variations across the categories, indicating that cultivation methods and microbial treatments may have limited effects on potato protein levels. Starch content varies across the categories, with potatoes in categories without microbial presence showing higher starch levels compared to those in categories with microbial presence. This finding contradicts the research by Saini et al. ( 30 ), which suggests that starch content should increase in the presence of microbes. This suggests potential effects of microbial presence and soil management practices on potato starch content. Coming back to the reference ( 23 ), improving the structure of sandy loam soils and reducing compaction risk are vital for achieving good crop yields. Sandy soils typically lack the ability to hold water and nutrients well, which can cause drought stress and nutrient deficiencies in potato plants. This often leads to lower yields and poorer quality tubers. Vitamin C content also demonstrates variability across the categories, with potatoes in category A + 2 exhibiting higher levels compared to others. This indicates that cultivation methods and microbial treatments may influence potato vitamin C levels. Overall, the data highlights the complex relationship between cultivation practices, microbial presence, and the chemical composition of potatoes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these observations and optimize cultivation strategies for desired chemical properties in potatoes. For the chemical properties of the soil, across all management practices, soil plasticity according to Arany values range from 32 to 40. As per the research by Dobos et al. ( 26 ), the soil's plasticity, as indicated by Arany's classification table, was identified as sandy loam with parameters ranging from 30 to 37. A- and B- soils, characterized by no tillage, exhibit slightly higher plasticity compared to A + and B + soils, which involve loosening with or without microbial presence. This suggests that tillage and microbial activity may contribute to reducing soil plasticity. A key indicator of soil fertility and health, organic matter content varies between 3.09% and 5.67% across the different management practices. A + soils, which involve loosening with microbial presence, tend to have higher organic matter content compared to A- soils, indicating that microbial activity can enhance organic matter decomposition and soil fertility. For the nutrient content (P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn), the concentrations of essential nutrients vary across different management practices. While there are fluctuations in nutrient levels, no clear trend emerges regarding the impact of tillage and microbial presence on nutrient content. Further analysis may be needed to understand the specific effects of management practices on nutrient availability. Soil pH levels play a crucial role in nutrient availability and microbial activity. The pH values range from slightly acidic to neutral across all management practices, with no significant differences observed. This suggests that tillage and microbial presence may have minimal impact on soil pH in the studied conditions. However, according to the literature review and research from Mukhametov et al. ( 27 ), the ideal soil pH range for potatoes is 5.2–5.7. In soils with pH above 7, essential trace elements become locked in insoluble compounds. In such alkaline conditions, potatoes struggle to absorb magnesium, phosphorus, boron, and zinc efficiently. The concentrations of soluble salts ((Na, SO 4 )) remain consistently low across all management practices, indicating minimal salinity issues. This is crucial for maintaining optimal soil conditions for plant growth and minimizing the risk of salt-related stress on crops. Nitrogen availability, crucial for plant growth, varies among different management practices, as evidenced by fluctuating concentrations of Nitrogen (NO2- + NO3-) - N. A + soils, with microbial presence, tend to exhibit higher nitrogen levels compared to A- soils, suggesting that microbial activity may contribute to nitrogen cycling and availability. Studies suggest that soil inoculation can indeed increase nitrogen levels in the soil ( 31 )( 12 ). Thus, there may be a correlation between nitrogen availability and microbial presence in the soil. The comparison of soil parameters across different management practices provides valuable insights into the effects of tillage and microbial presence on soil fertility and health. While certain trends emerge, such as higher organic matter content in soils with microbial presence, further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between management practices and soil characteristics. These findings can inform decision-making in agriculture, helping farmers optimize soil management strategies to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. There may be a positive correlation between organic matter content and the presence of microbes. Treatments with microbial presence tend to exhibit higher organic matter content compared to the treatments with absence of microbes. As described in the research from Saini et al. ( 30 ) and Yousef et al. ( 32 ) soil inoculation often results in increased organic matter levels due to various mechanisms. Microbial inoculants can contain organisms that enhance the decomposition of organic matter, leading to its incorporation into the soil. This suggests that microbial activity contributes to organic matter decomposition and accumulation in the soil. A + and B + treatments, which involve microbial presence, tend to have slightly higher pH values compared to A- and B- treatments. As presented in the research from Yang et al. ( 33 ), microbial inoculants often contain strains of bacteria that produce alkaline compounds during their metabolic processes, such as ammonia (NH 3 ) from nitrogen fixation or the breakdown of organic matter. These alkaline by-products can raise the pH of the soil over time. There appears to be a correlation between soil plasticity and management practices involving tillage and microbial presence. A- and B- treatments, characterized by no tillage and no microbial presence, tend to have higher soil plasticity compared to A + and B + treatments. No-tillage practices can increase soil plasticity for several reasons. Firstly, no-tillage systems help to maintain soil structure and organic matter content by reducing soil disturbance ( 34 ). This preservation of soil structure enhances soil aggregation and stability, leading to increased plasticity. Interactions between the number of plants in each plot and the amount of weed suggest a potential relationship wherein an increase in the number of plants correlates with a decrease in weed abundance. This relationship could be attributed to competition for resources among plants, leading to reduced weed growth in denser plant populations. Regarding the relationship between harvest yield and weed abundance, it appears that higher weed abundance tends to correlate with lower harvest yields. This finding aligns with the well-established understanding that weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight, thereby reducing the overall productivity of the plot. No matter the available resources, as research from Horvath et al. ( 29 ) suggested, weeds indeed lower crop yields, depending on when they're controlled and how much there are, according to research on critical weed control periods, resource levels, and weed density. In a summary, microbial treatment may lead to enhanced plant growth, reduced weed abundance, and as many research suggest - ultimately higher harvest yields ( 35 )( 36 )( 37 )( 38 ), due to potential beneficial effects on soil fertility and plant health. Key findings from the data include the potential benefits of microbial treatment in improving plant growth and productivity, as evidenced by higher harvest yields and possibly reduced weed abundance in treated plots compared to untreated ones. It's intriguing to note the potential implications of these findings for sustainable agriculture. Farmers have to develop soil health-promoting practices, such as cover crops, reduced fumigations, and biological fertilizers, amid the renewed focus on fostering healthy soils in agricultural production ( 39 ). Microbial treatments offer a promising avenue for enhancing crop productivity while minimizing reliance on synthetic inputs, thereby promoting environmentally friendly farming practices. More research could focus on understanding how microbial treatments affect plant growth and weed control. This could lead to targeted actions to improve agricultural sustainability and food security. Conclusion The research revealed that while significant proven differences were not observed across various treatments for most parameters, exceptions in soil plasticity and pH (KCl) suggest potential impacts on soil characteristics. These findings, in conjunction with the sandy loam soil structure and absence of fertilizers, support the anticipated gradual improvements in soil quality through the combination of no tillage, microbial treatments, and loosening practices. Given that this study represents the initial year of the trial and aligns with expectations from the literature, it is reasonable to anticipate that noticeable disparities between treatments may manifest over several years. Continued monitoring and implementation of agroecological practices are paramount to assess the effectiveness of these treatments in enhancing soil quality. Additionally, the research highlights significant correlations between plant parameters, weed abundance, and microbial treatments within agricultural plots. The findings underscore the role of denser plant populations in weed suppression, the adverse impact of increased weed abundance on harvest yields and plant dimensions, and the potential of microbial treatments in enhancing crop productivity and reducing weed competition. The plots where microbes were introduced tended to produce larger harvests and tuber size compared to both the control group, which had neither tillage nor microbes, and plots lacking any microbial presence. While statistical differences may not be apparent across several parameters, notable trends emerge. These trends underscore the importance of integrating agroecological practices and prompt further investigation into the mechanisms underlying microbial influences on plant growth and weed suppression. This ongoing research is crucial for advancing agricultural sustainability and ensuring food security in the future. Abbreviations MATE Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem B. circulans Bacillus Circulans A. chroococcum Azotobacter Chroococcum Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and material The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding Not applicable. Authors' contributions Marjanović spearheaded the research as part of her PhD thesis, overseeing all aspects of the study and actively working in the garden. Ramos Diaz contributed by assisting in the garden activities and aiding in sampling and measurements. Dr. Ujj provided invaluable review of the manuscript, as well as guidance and mentorship throughout the research process. Dr. Varga contributed by providing essential materials and offering consultation when needed. Zubairu played a crucial role by conducting literature reviews and contributing to the creation of the graphical abstract. Acknowledgements We extend our gratitude to all the authors who contributed to this article. Special recognition goes to Phylazonit Ltd. for providing the microbial samples, and to the dedicated staff of the SZIA Agroecological Garden, along with the invaluable assistance of all the volunteers involved in our garden activities. We also acknowledge the Department of Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences at MATE University for their support whenever needed, and express our appreciation to the MATE University's laboratory (Mate Agrártudományi Vizsgálólaboratórium HUN.) for their contributions. Additionally, we are thankful to Pranchalee Pao for their assistance with R. Authors' information (optional) Jana Marjanović, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary, [email protected] , ORCID: 0000-0001-8529-7058 Abdulrahman Maina Zubairu, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary, [email protected] , University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Department of Soil Science, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, [email protected] , ORCID: 0009-0001-5299-4831 Dr Sandor Varga, Chief Research Officer, Agrova Ltd. Kossuth tér 6. I/2. 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary, [email protected] , ORCID: 0009-0006-0515-8861 Maria Fernanda Ramos Diaz, Doctoral School of Economics and Regional Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary, [email protected] , ORCID: 0000-0002-9684-8633 Dr Apolka Ujj, Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary, [email protected] , ORCID: 0000-0002-8986-1215 First author and Corresponding author: Jana Marjanović, email: [email protected] Correspondence also goes to Dr Apolka Ujj, email: [email protected] References Chen J-H. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use THE COMBINED USE OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND/OR BIOFERTILIZER FOR CROP GROWTH AND SOIL FERTILITY. Int Work Sustain Manag Soil-rhizosph Syst Effic Crop Prod Fertil Use. 2006; Madawala HMSP. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biofertilizers: Current trends, challenges, and future prospects. Biofertilizers. 2021;83–93. Alori ET, Glick BR, Babalola OO. Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential for use in sustainable agriculture. Front Microbiol. 2017;8(JUN):971. Potato production worldwide 2022 | Statista [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/382174/global-potato-production/ Lalitha S. Plant growth-promoting microbes: A boon for sustainable agriculture. Sustain Agric Towar Food Secur [Internet]. 2017 Nov 16 [cited 2024 Feb 22];125–58. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321131674_Plant_Growth-Promoting_Microbes_A_Boon_for_Sustainable_Agriculture Kour D, Rana KL, Yadav AN, Yadav N, Kumar M, Kumar V, et al. Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];23. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338218019_Microbial_biofertilizers_Bioresources_and_eco-friendly_technologies_for_agricultural_and_environmental_sustainability Khoshru B, Mitra D, Khoshmanzar E, Myo EM, Uniyal N, Mahakur B, et al. Current scenario and future prospects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: an economic valuable resource for the agriculture revival under stressful conditions. J Plant Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jul 30 [cited 2024 Feb 22];43(20):3062–92. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342436824_Current_scenario_and_future_prospects_of_plant_growth-promoting_rhizobacteria_an_economic_valuable_resource_for_the_agriculture_revival_under_stressful_conditions Asghari B, Khademian R, Sedaghati B. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) confer drought resistance and stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) under water shortage condition. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam). 2020;263:109132. Hashemi M, Behboodian B, Karimi E, Oskoueian E. Enhancing biosynthesis and bioactivity of Trachyspermum ammi seed essential oil in response to drought and Azotobacter chroococcum stimulation. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 22];9:26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00292-5 Jayaweera DP, Dambire C, Angelopoulou D, Munné-Bosch S, Swarup R, Ray R V. RESEARCH Open Access Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Physiological, molecular, and genetic mechanism of action of the biostimulant Quantis TM for increased thermotolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Feb 22];11:9. Available from: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicati onwaiver Mącik M, Gryta A, Frąc M. Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms. Adv Agron [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];162:31–87. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340380369_Biofertilizers_in_agriculture_An_overview_ on_ concepts_strategies_and_ effects_on_soil_microorganisms Khalil A, Fetyan N, Hemeid N. EFFECT OF Bacillus Circulans AND Azotobacter Chroococcum INOCULATION ON POTATO RODUCTION IN PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT MINERAL POTASSIUM SOURCES. J Agric Chem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2010 Sep 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];1(9):471–83. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341603250_EFFECT_OF_Bacillus_Circulans_AND_ Azotobacter_Chroococcum_ INOCULATION_ON_POTATO_RODUCTION_IN_PRESENCE_OF_DIFFERENT_MINERAL_ POTASSIUM_SOURCES Arriaga FJ, Guzman J, Lowery B. Conventional Agricultural Production Systems and Soil Functions. Soil Heal Intensif Agroecosystems. 2017;109–25. Shah KK, Modi B, Pandey HP, Subedi A, Aryal G, Pandey M, et al. Diversified Crop Rotation: An Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Production. Fahad S, editor. Adv Agric [Internet]. 2021;Vol. 2021:8924087. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8924087 Migliorini P, Wezel A. Converging and diverging principles and practices of organic agriculture regulations and agroecology. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2017;Vol. 37. Busari MA, Kukal SS, Kaur A, Bhatt R, Dulazi AA. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. Int Soil Water Conserv Res. 2015;Vol. 3:119–29. Peeters A, Wezel A. Agroecological Principles and Practices for Grass-based Farming Systems. Eur J Agron. 2014;Vol. 57:43–51. Haddaway NR, Hedlund K, Jackson LE, Kätterer T, Lugato E, Thomsen IK, et al. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review. Environ Evid 2017 61 [Internet]. 2017 Dec 18 [cited 2021 Nov 6];Vol. 6:1–48. Available from: https://environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9 Altieri MA, Nicholls CI, Henao A, Lana MA. Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. Agron Sustain Dev. 2015;35(3):869–90. Michéli E, Fuchs M, Hegymegi P, Stefanovits P. Classification of the Major Soils of Hungary and their Correlation with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Agrokémia és Talajt [Internet]. 2007 Jun 5 [cited 2024 Feb 24];55(1):19–28. Available from: https://akjournals.com/view/journals/0088/55/1/article-p19.xml Aranyos JT, Tomócsik A, Makádi M, Mészáros J, Blaskó L. Changes in physical properties of sandy soil after long-term compost treatment**. Int Agrophys. 2016;30:269–74. Civeira G. INFLUENCE OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PLANT REESTABLISHMENT IN PERI-URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. CHIL J AGR RES. 70. Birkás M. Environmentally-sound adaptable tillage. 2008 [cited 2024 Feb 24];354. Available from: http://opac.mtak.hu/F?func=direct &local_base=MTA01&doc_number=300841 Phylazonit technológia - Gazdálkodj eredményesebben, akár már holnaptól [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 24]. Available from: https://phylazonit.hu/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAxOauBhCaARIsAEbUSQR854vJ 1j0VKMMrfDUaugGH_SJbztHzAAt2pwVKk-shTxwmt3qjaf4aAjafEALw_wcB Resources - Soilguard [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https://soilguard-h2020.eu/resources DOBOS E, SZABÓ E, CSENKI S, MENGHIS TB, MOLNÁR F, DOBAI A, et al. DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING APPROACH TO ESTIMATE SOIL PLASTICITY USING GEOREFERENCED TECHNICAL DATA OF TRACTORS. Geosci Eng [Internet]. 2023 Oct 6 [cited 2024 Feb 25];11(1):59–70. Available from: https://ojs.uni-miskolc.hu/index.php/geosciences/article/view/2492 Mukhametov A, Shamekova M, Dautkanova D, Kazhymurat A, Ilyassova G. Seed potato production regulatory framework established in top potato producing countries: Comparison of the GOST (Russia) and UNECE S-1 certification systems. J Agric Food Res. 2023;11:100520. Potatoes Grades and Standards | Agricultural Marketing Service [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/potatoes-grades-and-standards Horvath DP, Clay SA, Swanton CJ, Anderson J V., Chao WS. Weed-induced crop yield loss: a new paradigm and new challenges. Trends Plant Sci. 2023;28(5):567–82. Saini I, Kaushik P, Al-Huqail AA, Khan F, Siddiqui MH. Effect of the diverse combinations of useful microbes and chemical fertilizers on important traits of potato. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(5):2641–8. Wang Q, Sheng J, Pan L, Cao H, Li C, Lambers H, et al. Soil property determines the ability of rhizobial inoculation to enhance nitrogen fixation and phosphorus acquisition in soybean. Appl Soil Ecol. 2022;171:104346. Yousef AF, Ali AM, Azab MAA, Lamlom SF, Al-Sayed HM. Improved plant yield of potato through exogenously applied potassium fertilizer sources and biofertilizer. AMB Express [Internet]. 2023 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];13(1):1–14. Available from: https://amb-express.springeropen.com/articles/ 10.1186/s13568-023-01627-7 Yang J, Kloepper JW, Ryu CM. Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends Plant Sci [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2024 Feb 25];14(1):1–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056309/ Dang YP, Dalal RC, Menzies NW. No-till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities. No-till Farming Syst Sustain Agric Challenges Oppor. 2020;1–647. Argaw A, Tsigie A. Indigenous rhizobia population influences the effectiveness of Rhizobium inoculation and need of inorganic N for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in eastern Ethiopia. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2015 Nov 4 [cited 2024 Feb 25];2(1):1–13. Available from: https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/ 10.1186/s40538-015-0047-z Oliveira IJ, Fontes JRA, Pereira BFF, Muniz AW. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasiliense increases maize yield. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];5(1):1–9. Available from: https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/ 10.1186/s40538-018-0118-z Thonar C, Lekfeldt JDS, Cozzolino V, Kundel D, Kulhánek M, Mosimann C, et al. Potential of three microbial bio-effectors to promote maize growth and nutrient acquisition from alternative phosphorous fertilizers in contrasting soils. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];4(1):1–16. Available from: https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/ 10.1186/s40538-017-0088-6 Pantigoso HA, He Y, Manter DK, Fonte SJ, Vivanco JM. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum enhance growth of modern potato varieties. Bull Natl Res Cent 2022 461 [Internet]. 2022 Jul 28 [cited 2024 Feb 25];46(1):1–10. Available from: https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/ 10.1186/s42269-022-00913-x Maas A, Fuller KB, Hatzenbuehler P, McIntosh C. An exploration of preferences for soil health practices in potato production. Farming Syst. 2023;1(3):100054. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files floatimage1.png Graphical Abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4237562","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":289296545,"identity":"2d6d33ca-afe1-4780-b1d9-69009bda8880","order_by":0,"name":"Jana Marjanović","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jana","middleName":"","lastName":"Marjanović","suffix":""},{"id":289296546,"identity":"64e7d4b1-3b94-4808-9883-cb9e4198a211","order_by":1,"name":"Abdulrahman Maina Zubairu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulrahman","middleName":"Maina","lastName":"Zubairu","suffix":""},{"id":289296547,"identity":"17270ac2-46fd-4680-b563-06cfa9737d79","order_by":2,"name":"Sandor Varga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agrova Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandor","middleName":"","lastName":"Varga","suffix":""},{"id":289296548,"identity":"b5ee98fb-7b61-4033-9e3c-b3613e594708","order_by":3,"name":"Maria Fernanda Ramos Diaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"Fernanda Ramos","lastName":"Diaz","suffix":""},{"id":289296549,"identity":"89effaed-679e-4aeb-a113-1e5af362651b","order_by":4,"name":"Apolka Ujj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Apolka","middleName":"","lastName":"Ujj","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-08 15:43:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54865697,"identity":"c0b62a5a-2588-47b3-bbae-02c13dc48a30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of the physical properties of potatoes with p-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/1091eadfb6b000954ea59a2b.png"},{"id":54865701,"identity":"dc5c6e8b-93ed-40c4-af68-06fac2024c6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":454176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of the chemical properties of potatoes with p-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/48cb3017a3fe79a06fc7efe4.jpeg"},{"id":54865699,"identity":"277c2413-3979-45be-b671-4e43afac66b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":425132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of the chemical properties of the soil with p-values, 1/3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/0e3fbc0bd1fc8c48c89c11d8.jpeg"},{"id":54865702,"identity":"12719559-27f1-4655-b52f-e140a8873057","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of the chemical properties of the soil with p-values, 2/3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/ed824d46ccf2006f448a3a0d.png"},{"id":54865700,"identity":"761c5893-d7e2-48b6-9330-d61ae9f92718","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":232694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of the chemical properties of the soil with p-values, 3/3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/f7898f62cc6e30f9b4a1b40c.jpeg"},{"id":54866600,"identity":"88dd646e-65ed-41d1-98ec-1db3d21be26d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 21:04:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1043090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/bbfebc31-bbe3-4e43-9c6e-65fb1b826028.pdf"},{"id":54865698,"identity":"274b5e44-0669-4132-9b44-d37d0e47bf4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 20:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":394268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical Abstract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4237562/v1/a10de32e77d4ea71a80f69a7.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable vegetable production in Hungary through agroecological practices combined with the application of specific bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. in potato production","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eImproving soil productivity stands as a fundamental goal within sustainable agriculture, where the conventional approach has involved the application of chemical fertilizers to augment nutrient levels (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, the escalating costs associated with these fertilizers have posed significant challenges to farmers. In response, alternative methods leveraging soil microorganisms, such as \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas spp.\u003c/em\u003e L. or \u003cem\u003eRhizobium spp.\u003c/em\u003e L, have gained traction. These microorganisms play pivotal roles in enhancing nutrient availability and facilitating root system expansion, all while offering more cost-effective and sustainable solutions compared to chemical fertilizers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe necessity for replacing fertilizers has emerged in response to the increasing demand for food driven by a growing global population, particularly in the cultivation of one of the world's most significant crops, the potato. In 2021, global potato production reached over 376\u0026nbsp;million metric tons, up from 333.6\u0026nbsp;million tons in 2010, as per FAO estimates (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Potatoes are vital for food security, endorsed by the United Nations, as they can thrive in various climates and require minimal resources compared to other crops. They have a shorter growth period, can be replanted using seed potatoes, and offer high energy and complex carbohydrates per unit of land (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Worldwide, approximately 16.5\u0026nbsp;million hectares were dedicated to potato cultivation in 2020 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, plant growth promoting microbes play an important role in regulating various processes such as organic matter decomposition and making nutrients like iron, magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus more available to plants (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). It is now well understood that microbial inoculants are a key part of integrated nutrient management strategies, helping to support sustainable agriculture and also enhance plant growth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). When used as part of a holistic approach, biofertilizers can improve soil health and fertilizer use efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil inoculation involves introducing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) into soils. PGPB can be directly applied to seeds, leaves, seedling roots, or soils, and after successfully colonizing the plant rhizosphere or tissues, can improve plant stress tolerance and growth by enhancing nutrient utilization, regulating phytohormones, and inducing systemic resistance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Using PGPB has potential to improve crop productivity, food quality and safety (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn many studies, and as an example, plant growth-promoting bacteria have shown a pivotal role in bolstering natural bioactive compounds, thereby amplifying plant growth and enhancing mineral availability in the soil (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Utilizing \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter chroococcumas\u003c/em\u003e L. as a plant growth-promoting agent alongside mild drought stress yielded significantly higher essential oil production, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and increased antioxidant activity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, many research is delving into the use of biostimulants to mitigate heat stress in potatoes, driven by climate change concerns (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Biostimulants are becoming popular in crop management to help plants handle stress, stay healthy, and keep yields stable as the climate changes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms that can promote plant growth and development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). They are a promising eco-friendly method for increasing crop productivity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, in a study conducted by Khalil et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), it was reported that the combination of \u003cem\u003eB. circulans\u003c/em\u003e L. and \u003cem\u003eA. chroococcum\u003c/em\u003e L., in the presence of various potassium sources, resulted in increased potato tuber yield, tuber content of carbohydrates and soluble sugars, soil biological activity, and soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These positive outcomes were observed in comparison to the sole use of potassium sources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother cornerstone practice in sustainable agriculture is crop rotation, which has garnered widespread recognition for its multifaceted benefits in enhancing soil quality and overall farm productivity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). By diversifying the range of crops cultivated over time, crop rotation fosters improvements in soil characteristics, such as enhanced water retention and increased populations of beneficial soil organisms. This practice not only bolsters long-term soil health but also confers resistance to diseases and enhances the physical and chemical properties of the soil, thereby ensuring its sustained quality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the adoption of conservation tillage practices, particularly no-tillage methods, represents a paradigm shift towards more environmentally friendly farming practices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). No-tillage practices offer substantial benefits by significantly reducing soil disturbance and erosion, thereby promoting the accumulation of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and improving soil physical and chemical properties over time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). These practices align closely with the principles of agroecology, emphasizing the importance of integrating ecological principles into agricultural systems to achieve sustainability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research area has been described as sandy loam soil. According to Mich\u0026eacute;li et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e), sandy areas in Hungary face limitations in soil formation due to factors such as low weathering rates, limited water holding capacity, and frequent erosion of the surface layer. In regions where vegetation is absent, shifting sands prevail, while stabilized vegetation areas can accumulate organic matter on the top horizon, forming humic sandy soils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAranyos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) reported that Hungary has over 1.4\u0026nbsp;million hectares covered by sandy soils, with the Ny\u0026iacute;rs\u0026eacute;g region alone comprising more than 400,000 hectares of sandy soils. The fertility of these soils is constrained by low mineral and organic colloid content, leading to unfavorable physical and water properties. Loose sandy particles are highly prone to compaction, diminishing pore space and impeding water and air flow (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). This compaction susceptibility hinders root growth, potentially causing significant yield losses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). It is emphasized that enhancing the structure of sandy soils and minimizing compaction susceptibility are crucial for achieving satisfactory crop yields (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn essence, these agroecological practices underscore the importance of adopting holistic and environmentally conscious approaches to farming and planting potatoes, not only to enhance agricultural productivity but also to safeguard the long-term health of the soil and mitigate the environmental impacts of conventional farming practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaterials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research integrated a variety of materials for both gardening and analytical purposes. Seed potatoes were utilized for planting, and soil bacteria (comprising nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing strains) were introduced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil and potato samples were carefully collected and analyzed at MATE University's accredited laboratory \u003cem\u003e(Mate Agr\u0026aacute;rtudom\u0026aacute;nyi Vizsg\u0026aacute;l\u0026oacute;laborat\u0026oacute;rium\u003c/em\u003e HUN.\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e employing a specific code-associated method for paid services. The laboratory provided a detailed list of the equipment they utilized for the analysis, presented in the following text. The results discussed herein pertain specifically to air-dried soil samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe soil sample analysis employed advanced equipment, including the Memmert UFE Ventilation Drying Oven, Retsch SK 100 Soil Grinder, Retsch AS 200 Sieve Shaker, Ohaus Adventurer Pro Analytical Balance, Ohaus Explorer Pro Analytical Balance, Thermo Scientific Orion 5 pH and Specific Conductivity Meter, Shimadzu UV-1800 Spectrophotometer, FOSS FlAstar 5000 Analyzer and JY Ultima 2 ICP-OES.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor potato sample analysis, equipment such as the Prescisa 180A analytical balance, Thermocenter TC40 drying oven, Scaltec SPB31 analytical balance, Foss Tecator Digestor Auto digestion block - Foss Tecator Scrubber, Foss Kjeltec 8400 Protein Analyzer, Memmert WNB 14 water bath, ATAGO AP300 Polarimeter and Shimadzu UFLC-HPLC was employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment used for field measurements during potato planting, growth and harvesting, included trowels, measuring tapes, leveling tools, weed extraction tools, buckets, harvesting tools, containers, bins, calipers, weighing scales, and broadfork for loosening of the soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo introduce a statistical perspective, it has been employed the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method with the R programming language. This facilitated the presentation of p-values and visual representations through box plots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research started by establishing an experimental trial in a garden to create a controlled environment. The methodology of the study encompasses three applied practices: soil inoculation, crop rotation, and reduced soil tillage, each serving a specific purpose. Inoculation was implemented to replace costly conventional fertilizers, while crop rotation was established to optimize plant selection for both ecological and economical purposes that are important in bio-intensive gardening.. The elimination of conventional soil tillage was substituted with a combination of soil loosening techniques. By combining these practices, the study aimed to model a comprehensive approach to sustainable farming that addresses both economic and environmental concerns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that the experiment was conducted within the SZIA Agroecological Garden, initiated in 2019 in G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő and relocated to the premises of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in 2021. This garden serves as a platform for providing learning and employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups. It hosts various educational activities, volunteer programs, school camps, and community events promoting environmentally conscious lifestyles and social inclusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough conducted on a small-plot scale, the experiment's outcomes hold potential for scalability. It was deliberately situated within a real market garden employing bio-intensive crop rotation practices, necessitated by the market-oriented production demands. This choice precluded the use of pot experiments, and instead, the soil loosening technique employed mirrored field conditions, enhancing the applicability of the results to broader agricultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparatory measures and planning for potato cultivation began in 2022 prior to the commencement of planting in early April 2023. The timeline for these preparations was meticulously outlined to ensure a smooth and efficient execution of the cultivation process. Harvesting took place in early August 2023. Following that, intentional improvement of soil conditions was carried out by applying soil inoculant, introducing beneficial microbes into the environment with planting. Subsequently, the research focused on planting and analyzing potatoes. In the next section, details are provided on how the collection of samples and measurement of their physical properties were conducted. The lab methods section explains the techniques used for a thorough examination of the chemical properties of potatoes. At the same time, soil samples were analyzed using specific procedures for sampling and lab examinations with different parameters. After collecting all the results, they were presented using box plot diagrams and analyzed statistically. The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method in the R programming language was specifically used to draw meaningful conclusions from the data. Each section is comprehensively explained in the following text.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Field Setup at SZIA Agroecological Garden, MATE, G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practical phase of this research was primarily conducted at the SZIA Agroecological Garden, MATE, located in G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő, Hungary (GPS coordinates: 47.5941\u0026deg; N, 19.3593\u0026deg; E).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn April 2023, the experimental setup involved the subdivision of the garden into 12 distinct plots, each carefully delineated to prevent any inadvertent mixing of microbial treatments. These plots were strategically positioned at a distance from one another, with separation ensured by the presence of beds between them. This arrangement aimed to maintain the integrity of the experimental design and minimize any potential interference between treatments. The overarching objective was to evaluate the impact of different tillage practices, specifically comparing no-tillage and loosening techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour distinct treatment groups were established, each replicated three times to enhance statistical robustness:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eA- (Loosening without Microbes)\u003c/em\u003e: In this treatment group, the soil was subjected to loosening practices without the introduction of microbial agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eA+ (Loosening with Microbes)\u003c/em\u003e: In this treatment group, it has been involved the application of loosening techniques accompanied by the incorporation of microbial agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eB- (No-Tillage without Microbes \u0026ndash; Control group)\u003c/em\u003e: In this treatment group, the focus was on maintaining the soil in a no-tillage condition, without the introduction of microbial agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eB+ (No-Tillage with Microbes)\u003c/em\u003e: In this treatment group, the soil underwent no-tillage practices, and microbial agents were introduced to assess their influence on the soil dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach of the 12 plots was created with specific dimensions, measuring 80 cm in width and extending over a length of 3 m. This standardized plot design facilitated accurate and consistent measurements across all treatment groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment commenced with the careful application of designated tillage practices within each plot according to their assigned treatment group. The specified treatments were applied to make sure everything was done in a consistent and precise way in the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMicroorganism Application in Potato Planting: Insights into the Use of Soil Inoculant\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this research, the application of \u003cem\u003ePhylazonit\u003c/em\u003e Soil Inoculant, comprising beneficial bacteria, has been central during the potato planting process. The objective has been to uncover its effects on nutrient release, potato plant growth, and the overall positive impact on soil quality. The bacteria within the inoculant have exerted numerous positive influences on the potato root surface, significantly affecting nutrient uptake and the overall health of the potato plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the guidelines in the \u003cem\u003ePhylazonit\u003c/em\u003e Catalogue (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), the application of \u003cem\u003ePhylazonit\u003c/em\u003e Soil Inoculant has been performed by incorporating it into the designated planting holes for potato crops. In the context of potato planting with row spacing, the inoculant has been methodically integrated into the soil within the designated planting holes during seedbed preparation, extending down to the depth of potato sowing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrucially, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the inoculant have played a pivotal role in converting elemental nitrogen from the soil air into forms readily accessible by potato plants. Simultaneously, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria have supplied essential nutrients to germinating potato plants. Through secondary metabolic processes, these bacteria have produced organic acids that stimulate vital plant-soil metabolic activities, creating a nutrient-rich environment for optimal potato growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the inoculant application, a mucus layer is promoted, and secreted by plant cells, root cells, and microorganisms, fostering an optimal environment for enhanced nutrient absorption by the potato plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 5-liter portion of the designated inoculating agent has been requested to be applied to the sprayer, followed by the addition of 5 liters of water. When it comes to the application of the soil bacteria, in this modest 2.4 m\u0026sup2; per trail plot, only 15 ml of the blended substance has been required per plot. Ensuring precision in the application process, this nuanced approach has optimized substance efficacy within the targeted garden environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inoculant has comprised bacterium strains \u003cem\u003e(Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e in an optimized ratio tailored for soil inoculation. Boasting a germ count of 10^9 per cm^3, the inoculant has been combined with a nutrient medium to enhance effectiveness during potato planting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile soil inoculation has been criticized for potentially disrupting the composition of the soil's native bacterial population, it's worth noting that the inoculant utilized in this study consisted of strains isolated directly from the Carpathian Basin. As such, these strains are indigenous to the region, mitigating concerns regarding the introduction of non-native species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSoil Sampling Procedure After Potato Harvest from 12 Plots\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn alignment with the objectives of the SOILGUARD project and following the provided Soil Sampling Guidelines (Grant Agreement no. 101000371) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), the soil sampling procedure is explained below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to sampling, equipment used for soil collection, including augers, buckets, bags, and labels, underwent thorough cleaning to prevent cross-contamination. The post-harvest soil sampling phase prioritized accessibility and stability within the field, with each of the designated 12 plots distinctly marked for systematic sampling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic approach was maintained through the implementation of a random pattern within each plot, employing a zigzag methodology for the sampling process. The determination of soil sampling depth, influenced by the potato root zone, facilitated the collection of samples at multiple points within each plot, effectively capturing spatial variability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-collection, samples were carefully transferred to clean buckets, undergoing homogenization and subdivision for subsequent analysis. Each subsample was labeled with plot details, and comprehensive record-keeping was maintained throughout the sampling process. Each of the 12 zip-bags contained 500 g -1000 g of soil, from each plot with different treatments. A sealing process was executed to ensure the integrity of the samples, followed by their prompt transportation to a laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe laboratory analysis involved a comprehensive investigation of various parameters, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The analysis methods were provided by the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of the analysis for soil samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. registration number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzed parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement uncertainty (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;R%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232270\u0026ndash;232281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH (H2O), pH (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.1. szakasz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,2 pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil plasticity according to Arany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ- 08- 0205:1978 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 KA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ-08-0452:1980 2.2. szakasz*, 2.3. szakasz, 3.1.2. szakas*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCO3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.2. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll water soluble salts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ-08-0206-2:1978 2.4. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2O5 (AL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2O (AL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(NO2 - + NO3-) - N (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.4.3. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa (AL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu (EDTA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn (EDTA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn (EDTA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO4 (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ 20135:1999 5.1. szakasz*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e*Szakasz HUN \u0026ndash; section ENG\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePotato Measurements During Growth and Sampling Procedure After Harvest from 12 Plots\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the potato growth phase, measurements were conducted outside the laboratory to assess key parameters. Each plot underwent evaluations for the number of plants, average plant height, weed abundance post the initial weeding at approximately two weeks, total potato harvest, and the average size of harvested potatoes. The data collection involved the use of specific equipment for accuracy and reliability in obtaining field measurements from each plot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the harvest of potatoes from 12 plots and randomly chosen places, a systematic sampling approach was employed using the zigzag methodology to enhance result accuracy. Each of the 12 zip-lock bags was filled with a quantity ranging from 500 g to 1000 g of potatoes. Some bags contained less due to variations in specific plots, but this discrepancy did not pose an issue for the subsequent stages of the study. To maintain the integrity of the samples, an accurate sealing process was implemented before promptly transporting them to the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpon reaching the laboratory, an extensive analysis of various parameters was carried out as per the details specified in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The laboratory utilized predefined analysis methods to ensure consistency and precision in assessing the sampled potatoes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of the analysis for potato samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. registration number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzed parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement uncertainty (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;R%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232282\u0026ndash;232293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ ISO 1442:2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSZ EN ISO 5983-2:2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6% (m/m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152/2009/EK III/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5% (m/m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSZDVL_MU_19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis: Comparing Plots and Methods: Box Plots and ANOVA in R\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results (in the next section of the paper) were presented using box plot diagrams and statistical analysis, specifically employing the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method in the R programming language. ANOVA in R was chosen for its ability to compare means across multiple plots simultaneously. The box plot diagrams visually illustrated the distribution of data within each plot, aiding in the identification of central tendencies and outliers. Utilizing R ensured efficient data manipulation and visualization during the analysis process. Additionally, the determination of a p-value through ANOVA in R served as a useful metric for assessing the statistical significance of observed plot and method differences, providing a quantitative measure of evidence against the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis posits no significant difference between treatments in the garden, specifically related to no-tillage and loosening using microbes or not. The level of significance (p-value), in this case, was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResults from physical properties of potatoes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. showcases comprehensive measurements from distinct plots, denoted as A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). The parameters assessed include the number of plants per plot, average plant height, weed abundance, harvest yield, and dimensions of potato plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of the physical properties of the potatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of plants in each plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage height cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount of weed g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvest g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension in cm (length x width)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 x 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 x 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 x 4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 x 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 x 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 x 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 x 6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 x 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 x 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 x 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 x 3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA summary of the physical properties of potatoes is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. incorporating box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis in the R statistical software. This analytical approach aims to determine the p-values associated with the various physical properties of potatoes under consideration, thereby providing a statistical assessment of the presented data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResults from chemical properties of potatoes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. showcases the comprehensive analysis of the chemical properties of potatoes, encompassing several key parameters: moisture content, protein content, starch content, and vitamin C content. These measurements are presented across four distinct categories: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). This categorization allows for a nuanced examination of how different cultivation and microbial conditions may impact the chemical composition of potatoes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab results from chemical properties of potatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture content %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein content %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch content %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin C content mg/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. provides a concise overview of the chemical properties of potatoes, featuring box plots derived from one-way ANOVA analysis conducted using the R statistical software. This analytical methodology seeks to ascertain the significance levels (p-values) associated with the diverse chemical attributes under examination within the dataset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResults from chemical properties of the soil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. provides an in-depth analysis of the chemical properties of soil, encompassing key parameters such as Soil plasticity according to Arany (described below), organic matter content, P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO concentration, CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content and pH (measured in KCl solution).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDobos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) describe Soil plasticity according to Arany as a closely linked to texture, is often assessed using a widely used parameter in Hungary known as the Arany plasticity number (Ka). This simple method involves adding ion-exchanged water to an air-dried soil sample while continuously stirring until it reaches the plastic stage. This is determined using the \"yarn test,\" where a stirring stick is used to pull the soil material upwards until it breaks away, resembling a dropped yarn. The amount of water added to reach this stage determines the Ka value. This straightforward measurement is widely understood and utilized by both farmers and soil specialists due to its simplicity and effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese measurements are categorized into four distinct groups for comparative examination: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). For enhanced clarity and comprehensiveness, the chemical properties of the soil will be presented in three distinct sections, comprising both tabular and graphical representations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab results from chemical properties of soil, 1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil plasticity according to Arany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic matter (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2O5 (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2O (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCO3 (m/m%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH (KCl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1269.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2142.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1461.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1434.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1629.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1687.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1363.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2097.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2185.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1517.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2169.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2444.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. offers a summary of the soil's chemical properties, showcasing box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis in the R statistical software. This analytical approach aims to determine the significance levels (p-values) linked with the various chemical attributes examined within the dataset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. provides a comprehensive examination of the chemical properties inherent to the soil, encompassing a range of critical parameters, including magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), combined nitrite and nitrate nitrogen ((NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e + NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) - N), and sodium (Na) concentrations. These categorized measurements are presented across four distinct conditions for thorough comparative analysis: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes). This structured presentation facilitates a nuanced understanding of how different cultivation practices and microbial interactions may influence the soil's chemical composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab results from chemical properties of soil, 2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(NO2 - + NO3-) - N (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. provides a comprehensive overview of the soil's chemical properties, presenting box plots generated through one-way ANOVA analysis conducted using the R statistical software. This analytical approach is instrumental in discerning the significance levels (p-values) associated with the diverse chemical attributes under scrutiny within the dataset, thereby offering valuable insights into the soil's composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. provides a comprehensive exploration of the soil's chemical properties, spanning crucial parameters such as SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, all water-soluble salts content, and pH (measured in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO solution). These categorized measurements are presented across four distinct conditions for rigorous comparative analysis: A- (loosening and no microbes), B- (no tillage and no microbes), A+ (loosening with microbes), and B+ (no tillage with microbes).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab results from chemical properties of soil, 3/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the plot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO4 (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll water-soluble salts (m/m%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH (H2O)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e., a comprehensive depiction of the soil's chemical properties is presented through box plots generated via one-way ANOVA analysis performed using the R statistical software. This analytical methodology serves as a crucial tool in uncovering the significance levels (p-values) linked with the varied chemical attributes under examination within the dataset. Such insights provide invaluable understanding into the composition of the soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to the number of plants in each plot, within the A- treatment group, Plot A-1 exhibited the highest plant count with 5 plants, followed closely by Plots A-2 and A-3, each containing 4 plants. Similarly, in the B- treatment group, Plot B-2 recorded the highest plant count with 6 plants, while Plots B-1 and B-3 had 4 and 5 plants respectively. These findings suggest that soil loosening may contribute to enhanced plant growth compared to no tillage practices. Conversely, plots without microbial presence generally displayed higher plant counts compared to their counterparts with microbial presence. On the other hand, in the A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;treatment group, Plot A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1 had the lowest plant count with 3 plants, followed by Plots A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 and A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 with 3 and 4 plants respectively. This suggests that microbial presence, when combined with soil management practices, may have a mitigating effect on plant growth, potentially due to the complex interactions between microbes and plant development processes. These results underscore the importance of considering both soil management practices and microbial presence in optimizing potato plant growth and yield. As provided in the research from Mukhametov et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), the cultivation of potatoes can be approached through a variety of agricultural technologies, each of which may yield differing outcomes in terms of crop productivity. While the consistent planting of 7 potatoes across the experiment ensures comparability, further investigation into factors such as watering during sprouting and seed quality could provide additional insights into optimizing potato cultivation practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the results from the average height of the plant, Plot A- exhibited an average height of 31.67 cm, while Plot B- showed a slightly lower average height of 28.33 cm. These results suggest that the presence of loosening in Plot A- may have contributed to slightly taller plants compared to those in Plot B-, where no tillage was employed. When considering the influence of microbes, Plot A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;demonstrated an average height of 31.67 cm, similar to Plot A-. In contrast, Plot B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;exhibited an average height of 28.33 cm, aligning closely with the average height of plants in Plot B-. Comparing plots with and without the presence of microbes, it is evident that the addition of microbes did not significantly impact the average height of plants in either category. This suggests that other factors such as soil composition, nutrient availability, or environmental conditions may have a more substantial influence on plant growth compared to the presence of microbes alone. According to the literature, the observed average height of the plants in all categories fall within the typical range expected for potato plants, which is approximately 45 cm to 90 cm when fully grown (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates that while agricultural practices and microbial presence may influence plant height to some extent, the plants still exhibit growth patterns consistent with their species' characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are variations in weed abundance among the different plots within each category. For instance, in category A-, the amount of weed ranged from 500g to 3,000g, showcasing a significant difference in weed suppression efficacy between individual plots despite employing the same weed management strategy. This discrepancy suggests that factors beyond the prescribed treatment may influence weed growth, such as soil composition, environmental conditions, or initial weed seed density. When comparing weed abundance across categories, patterns emerge. Plots within categories A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;consistently exhibited lower weed abundance compared to their counterparts in categories A- and B-. This trend suggests that the incorporation of microbes alongside loosening, or tillage practices may contribute to more effective weed suppression. However, further analysis is necessary to determine the specific impact of each factor (microbes, loosening, and no-tillage on weed abundance. According to the interesting research from Horvath et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), weeds affect crops early in the season, when there are usually plenty of nutrients from fertilizer and enough soil moisture. This hints that something other than directly competing for resources might be the main reason for weeds reducing crop yields, especially in well-maintained agricultural systems. Overall, the received data highlights the importance of considering multiple factors, including the presence of microbes, loosening, and no-tillage, in weed management strategies. While the incorporation of microbes alongside soil manipulation techniques shows promise in reducing weed abundance, further research is needed on the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and to optimize weed management practices for maximum efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the total harvest of potatoes, there are notable variations in potato harvest across plots within each category. In general, plots in categories with microbial presence generally show higher harvest weights compared to plots without microbial presence, suggesting that the presence of microbes, along with loosening or no tillage, may positively influence potato yield. There was an increase in yield observed in plants treated with plant growth-promoting microbes, in comparison to the control group. The cumulative total harvest across all plots is 8,690g, providing an overall measure of potato production under the different cultivation methods tested. The data suggests that the incorporation of microbes alongside soil management practices, such as loosening, may enhance potato yield. However, further investigation is needed to understand the specific mechanisms driving these differences in harvest outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average size of potatoes can vary depending on several factors, including the potato variety, growing conditions, and agricultural practices such as cultivation techniques, fertilization methods, and pest management strategies. However, according to various agricultural sources and studies, the average size of a potato typically ranges from 5 to 10 centimeters (length) and 4 to 6 centimeters (width) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). This range may differ slightly based on the specific variety being cultivated and regional growing conditions. Generally, plots with microbial presence (A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B+) yielded larger potatoes compared to those without microbial treatment (A- and B-), suggesting a potential positive impact of microbes on tuber size. The anticipated average potato size used in the study was representative of the general average size of potatoes. Therefore, understanding the expected size provides context to the significance of the results in terms of potato size variation. According to Saini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), the reason why potato tubers inoculated with microbes showed larger size and biomass compared to the control group is that microbial inoculation facilitates nutrient absorption compared to non-inoculated plants. While categories with microbial inoculation typically showed larger potato sizes, exceptions within each category indicated the influence of factors beyond microbial presence and soil management practices. Incorporating microbes alongside soil management practices, such as loosening, may contribute to larger potato size. Further investigation is required to understand the specific techniques driving these differences and optimize cultivation strategies for larger yields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the chemical properties of potatoes, there is variability in moisture content across the categories, with potatoes in category A- generally exhibiting higher moisture levels compared to those in categories A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B+. This suggests that microbial presence and soil management practices may impact potato moisture content. This parameter does not align with the research provided by Saini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), where they found that the moisture content was increased in the inoculation treatment. Protein content shows relatively minor variations across the categories, indicating that cultivation methods and microbial treatments may have limited effects on potato protein levels. Starch content varies across the categories, with potatoes in categories without microbial presence showing higher starch levels compared to those in categories with microbial presence. This finding contradicts the research by Saini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), which suggests that starch content should increase in the presence of microbes. This suggests potential effects of microbial presence and soil management practices on potato starch content. Coming back to the reference (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), improving the structure of sandy loam soils and reducing compaction risk are vital for achieving good crop yields. Sandy soils typically lack the ability to hold water and nutrients well, which can cause drought stress and nutrient deficiencies in potato plants. This often leads to lower yields and poorer quality tubers. Vitamin C content also demonstrates variability across the categories, with potatoes in category A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 exhibiting higher levels compared to others. This indicates that cultivation methods and microbial treatments may influence potato vitamin C levels. Overall, the data highlights the complex relationship between cultivation practices, microbial presence, and the chemical composition of potatoes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these observations and optimize cultivation strategies for desired chemical properties in potatoes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the chemical properties of the soil, across all management practices, soil plasticity according to Arany values range from 32 to 40. As per the research by Dobos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e), the soil's plasticity, as indicated by Arany's classification table, was identified as sandy loam with parameters ranging from 30 to 37. A- and B- soils, characterized by no tillage, exhibit slightly higher plasticity compared to A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soils, which involve loosening with or without microbial presence. This suggests that tillage and microbial activity may contribute to reducing soil plasticity. A key indicator of soil fertility and health, organic matter content varies between 3.09% and 5.67% across the different management practices. A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soils, which involve loosening with microbial presence, tend to have higher organic matter content compared to A- soils, indicating that microbial activity can enhance organic matter decomposition and soil fertility. For the nutrient content (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn), the concentrations of essential nutrients vary across different management practices. While there are fluctuations in nutrient levels, no clear trend emerges regarding the impact of tillage and microbial presence on nutrient content. Further analysis may be needed to understand the specific effects of management practices on nutrient availability. Soil pH levels play a crucial role in nutrient availability and microbial activity. The pH values range from slightly acidic to neutral across all management practices, with no significant differences observed. This suggests that tillage and microbial presence may have minimal impact on soil pH in the studied conditions. However, according to the literature review and research from Mukhametov et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), the ideal soil pH range for potatoes is 5.2\u0026ndash;5.7. In soils with pH above 7, essential trace elements become locked in insoluble compounds. In such alkaline conditions, potatoes struggle to absorb magnesium, phosphorus, boron, and zinc efficiently. The concentrations of soluble salts ((Na, SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)) remain consistently low across all management practices, indicating minimal salinity issues. This is crucial for maintaining optimal soil conditions for plant growth and minimizing the risk of salt-related stress on crops. Nitrogen availability, crucial for plant growth, varies among different management practices, as evidenced by fluctuating concentrations of Nitrogen (NO2- + NO3-) - N. A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soils, with microbial presence, tend to exhibit higher nitrogen levels compared to A- soils, suggesting that microbial activity may contribute to nitrogen cycling and availability. Studies suggest that soil inoculation can indeed increase nitrogen levels in the soil (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, there may be a correlation between nitrogen availability and microbial presence in the soil. The comparison of soil parameters across different management practices provides valuable insights into the effects of tillage and microbial presence on soil fertility and health. While certain trends emerge, such as higher organic matter content in soils with microbial presence, further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between management practices and soil characteristics. These findings can inform decision-making in agriculture, helping farmers optimize soil management strategies to enhance crop productivity and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere may be a positive correlation between organic matter content and the presence of microbes. Treatments with microbial presence tend to exhibit higher organic matter content compared to the treatments with absence of microbes. As described in the research from Saini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) and Yousef et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) soil inoculation often results in increased organic matter levels due to various mechanisms. Microbial inoculants can contain organisms that enhance the decomposition of organic matter, leading to its incorporation into the soil. This suggests that microbial activity contributes to organic matter decomposition and accumulation in the soil. A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;treatments, which involve microbial presence, tend to have slightly higher pH values compared to A- and B- treatments. As presented in the research from Yang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), microbial inoculants often contain strains of bacteria that produce alkaline compounds during their metabolic processes, such as ammonia (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) from nitrogen fixation or the breakdown of organic matter. These alkaline by-products can raise the pH of the soil over time. There appears to be a correlation between soil plasticity and management practices involving tillage and microbial presence. A- and B- treatments, characterized by no tillage and no microbial presence, tend to have higher soil plasticity compared to A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;and B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;treatments. No-tillage practices can increase soil plasticity for several reasons. Firstly, no-tillage systems help to maintain soil structure and organic matter content by reducing soil disturbance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). This preservation of soil structure enhances soil aggregation and stability, leading to increased plasticity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteractions between the number of plants in each plot and the amount of weed suggest a potential relationship wherein an increase in the number of plants correlates with a decrease in weed abundance. This relationship could be attributed to competition for resources among plants, leading to reduced weed growth in denser plant populations. Regarding the relationship between harvest yield and weed abundance, it appears that higher weed abundance tends to correlate with lower harvest yields. This finding aligns with the well-established understanding that weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight, thereby reducing the overall productivity of the plot. No matter the available resources, as research from Horvath et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) suggested, weeds indeed lower crop yields, depending on when they're controlled and how much there are, according to research on critical weed control periods, resource levels, and weed density.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a summary, microbial treatment may lead to enhanced plant growth, reduced weed abundance, and as many research suggest - ultimately higher harvest yields (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), due to potential beneficial effects on soil fertility and plant health. Key findings from the data include the potential benefits of microbial treatment in improving plant growth and productivity, as evidenced by higher harvest yields and possibly reduced weed abundance in treated plots compared to untreated ones. It's intriguing to note the potential implications of these findings for sustainable agriculture. Farmers have to develop soil health-promoting practices, such as cover crops, reduced fumigations, and biological fertilizers, amid the renewed focus on fostering healthy soils in agricultural production (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). Microbial treatments offer a promising avenue for enhancing crop productivity while minimizing reliance on synthetic inputs, thereby promoting environmentally friendly farming practices. More research could focus on understanding how microbial treatments affect plant growth and weed control. This could lead to targeted actions to improve agricultural sustainability and food security.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research revealed that while significant proven differences were not observed across various treatments for most parameters, exceptions in soil plasticity and pH (KCl) suggest potential impacts on soil characteristics. These findings, in conjunction with the sandy loam soil structure and absence of fertilizers, support the anticipated gradual improvements in soil quality through the combination of no tillage, microbial treatments, and loosening practices. Given that this study represents the initial year of the trial and aligns with expectations from the literature, it is reasonable to anticipate that noticeable disparities between treatments may manifest over several years. Continued monitoring and implementation of agroecological practices are paramount to assess the effectiveness of these treatments in enhancing soil quality. Additionally, the research highlights significant correlations between plant parameters, weed abundance, and microbial treatments within agricultural plots. The findings underscore the role of denser plant populations in weed suppression, the adverse impact of increased weed abundance on harvest yields and plant dimensions, and the potential of microbial treatments in enhancing crop productivity and reducing weed competition. The plots where microbes were introduced tended to produce larger harvests and tuber size compared to both the control group, which had neither tillage nor microbes, and plots lacking any microbial presence. While statistical differences may not be apparent across several parameters, notable trends emerge. These trends underscore the importance of integrating agroecological practices and prompt further investigation into the mechanisms underlying microbial influences on plant growth and weed suppression. This ongoing research is crucial for advancing agricultural sustainability and ensuring food security in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMATE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagyar Agr\u0026aacute;r- \u0026eacute;s \u0026Eacute;lettudom\u0026aacute;nyi Egyetem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. circulans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBacillus Circulans\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. chroococcum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAzotobacter Chroococcum\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarjanović spearheaded the research as part of her PhD thesis, overseeing all aspects of the study and actively working in the garden. Ramos Diaz contributed by assisting in the garden activities and aiding in sampling and measurements. Dr. Ujj provided invaluable review of the manuscript, as well as guidance and mentorship throughout the research process. Dr. Varga contributed by providing essential materials and offering consultation when needed. Zubairu played a crucial role by conducting literature reviews and contributing to the creation of the graphical abstract.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe extend our gratitude to all the authors who contributed to this article. Special recognition goes to Phylazonit Ltd. for providing the microbial samples, and to the dedicated staff of the SZIA Agroecological Garden, along with the invaluable assistance of all the volunteers involved in our garden activities. We also acknowledge the Department of Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences at MATE University for their support whenever needed, and express our appreciation to the MATE University\u0026apos;s laboratory (Mate Agr\u0026aacute;rtudom\u0026aacute;nyi Vizsg\u0026aacute;l\u0026oacute;laborat\u0026oacute;rium HUN.) for their contributions. Additionally, we are thankful to Pranchalee Pao for their assistance with R.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information (optional)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJana Marjanović, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u0026aacute;ter K\u0026aacute;roly u. 1, 2100 G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő, Hungary, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-8529-7058\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdulrahman Maina Zubairu, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u0026aacute;ter K\u0026aacute;roly u. 1, 2100 G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő, Hungary, [email protected], University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Department of Soil Science, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, [email protected] , ORCID: 0009-0001-5299-4831\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDr Sandor Varga, Chief Research Officer, Agrova Ltd. \u0026nbsp;Kossuth t\u0026eacute;r 6. I/2. 4400 Ny\u0026iacute;regyh\u0026aacute;za, Hungary, [email protected], ORCID: 0009-0006-0515-8861\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaria Fernanda Ramos Diaz, Doctoral School of Economics and Regional Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u0026aacute;ter K\u0026aacute;roly u. 1, 2100 G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő, Hungary, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-9684-8633\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDr Apolka Ujj, Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u0026aacute;ter K\u0026aacute;roly u. 1, 2100 G\u0026ouml;d\u0026ouml;llő, Hungary, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-8986-1215\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst author and Corresponding author: Jana Marjanović, email: [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence also goes to Dr Apolka Ujj, email: [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen J-H. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use THE COMBINED USE OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND/OR BIOFERTILIZER FOR CROP GROWTH AND SOIL FERTILITY. Int Work Sustain Manag Soil-rhizosph Syst Effic Crop Prod Fertil Use. 2006;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMadawala HMSP. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biofertilizers: Current trends, challenges, and future prospects. Biofertilizers. 2021;83\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlori ET, Glick BR, Babalola OO. Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential for use in sustainable agriculture. Front Microbiol. 2017;8(JUN):971.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePotato production worldwide 2022 | Statista [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.statista.com/statistics/382174/global-potato-production/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.statista.com/statistics/382174/global-potato-production/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLalitha S. Plant growth-promoting microbes: A boon for sustainable agriculture. Sustain Agric Towar Food Secur [Internet]. 2017 Nov 16 [cited 2024 Feb 22];125\u0026ndash;58. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/321131674_Plant_Growth-Promoting_Microbes_A_Boon_for_Sustainable_Agriculture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321131674_Plant_Growth-Promoting_Microbes_A_Boon_for_Sustainable_Agriculture\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKour D, Rana KL, Yadav AN, Yadav N, Kumar M, Kumar V, et al. Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];23. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/338218019_Microbial_biofertilizers_Bioresources_and_eco-friendly_technologies_for_agricultural_and_environmental_sustainability\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338218019_Microbial_biofertilizers_Bioresources_and_eco-friendly_technologies_for_agricultural_and_environmental_sustainability\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhoshru B, Mitra D, Khoshmanzar E, Myo EM, Uniyal N, Mahakur B, et al. Current scenario and future prospects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: an economic valuable resource for the agriculture revival under stressful conditions. J Plant Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jul 30 [cited 2024 Feb 22];43(20):3062\u0026ndash;92. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/342436824_Current_scenario_and_future_prospects_of_plant_growth-promoting_rhizobacteria_an_economic_valuable_resource_for_the_agriculture_revival_under_stressful_conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342436824_Current_scenario_and_future_prospects_of_plant_growth-promoting_rhizobacteria_an_economic_valuable_resource_for_the_agriculture_revival_under_stressful_conditions\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAsghari B, Khademian R, Sedaghati B. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) confer drought resistance and stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) under water shortage condition. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam). 2020;263:109132.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHashemi M, Behboodian B, Karimi E, Oskoueian E. Enhancing biosynthesis and bioactivity of Trachyspermum ammi seed essential oil in response to drought and Azotobacter chroococcum stimulation. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 22];9:26. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-022-00292-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40538-022-00292-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJayaweera DP, Dambire C, Angelopoulou D, Munn\u0026eacute;-Bosch S, Swarup R, Ray R V. RESEARCH Open Access Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Physiological, molecular, and genetic mechanism of action of the biostimulant Quantis \u003csup\u003eTM\u003c/sup\u003e for increased thermotolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Feb 22];11:9. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicati onwaiver\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomainDedicationwaiver\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMącik M, Gryta A, Frąc M. Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms. Adv Agron [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];162:31\u0026ndash;87. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/340380369_Biofertilizers_in_agriculture_An_overview_ on_ concepts_strategies_and_ effects_on_soil_microorganisms\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340380369_Biofertilizers_in_agriculture_An_overview_on _concepts_strategies_and_effects_on_soil_microorganisms\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalil A, Fetyan N, Hemeid N. EFFECT OF Bacillus Circulans AND Azotobacter Chroococcum INOCULATION ON POTATO RODUCTION IN PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT MINERAL POTASSIUM SOURCES. J Agric Chem Biotechnol [Internet]. 2010 Sep 1 [cited 2024 Feb 22];1(9):471\u0026ndash;83. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/341603250_EFFECT_OF_Bacillus_Circulans_AND_ Azotobacter_Chroococcum_ INOCULATION_ON_POTATO_RODUCTION_IN_PRESENCE_OF_DIFFERENT_MINERAL_ POTASSIUM_SOURCES\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341603250_EFFECT_OF_Bacillus_Circulans_AND_Azotobacter_Chroococcum_INOCULATION_ON_POTATO_ RODUCTION_IN_PRESENCE_OF_DIFFERENT_MINERAL_POTASSIUM_SOURCES\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArriaga FJ, Guzman J, Lowery B. Conventional Agricultural Production Systems and Soil Functions. Soil Heal Intensif Agroecosystems. 2017;109\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah KK, Modi B, Pandey HP, Subedi A, Aryal G, Pandey M, et al. Diversified Crop Rotation: An Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Production. Fahad S, editor. Adv Agric [Internet]. 2021;Vol. 2021:8924087. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8924087\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2021/8924087\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMigliorini P, Wezel A. Converging and diverging principles and practices of organic agriculture regulations and agroecology. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2017;Vol. 37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBusari MA, Kukal SS, Kaur A, Bhatt R, Dulazi AA. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. Int Soil Water Conserv Res. 2015;Vol. 3:119\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeeters A, Wezel A. Agroecological Principles and Practices for Grass-based Farming Systems. Eur J Agron. 2014;Vol. 57:43\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaddaway NR, Hedlund K, Jackson LE, K\u0026auml;tterer T, Lugato E, Thomsen IK, et al. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review. Environ Evid 2017 61 [Internet]. 2017 Dec 18 [cited 2021 Nov 6];Vol. 6:1\u0026ndash;48. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltieri MA, Nicholls CI, Henao A, Lana MA. Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. Agron Sustain Dev. 2015;35(3):869\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMich\u0026eacute;li E, Fuchs M, Hegymegi P, Stefanovits P. Classification of the Major Soils of Hungary and their Correlation with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Agrok\u0026eacute;mia \u0026eacute;s Talajt [Internet]. 2007 Jun 5 [cited 2024 Feb 24];55(1):19\u0026ndash;28. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://akjournals.com/view/journals/0088/55/1/article-p19.xml\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://akjournals.com/view/journals/0088/55/1/article-p19.xml\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAranyos JT, Tom\u0026oacute;csik A, Mak\u0026aacute;di M, M\u0026eacute;sz\u0026aacute;ros J, Blask\u0026oacute; L. Changes in physical properties of sandy soil after long-term compost treatment**. Int Agrophys. 2016;30:269\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCiveira G. INFLUENCE OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PLANT REESTABLISHMENT IN PERI-URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. CHIL J AGR RES. 70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBirk\u0026aacute;s M. Environmentally-sound adaptable tillage. 2008 [cited 2024 Feb 24];354. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://opac.mtak.hu/F?func=direct\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://opac.mtak.hu/F?func=direct\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;local_base=MTA01\u0026amp;doc_number=300841\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhylazonit technol\u0026oacute;gia - Gazd\u0026aacute;lkodj eredm\u0026eacute;nyesebben, ak\u0026aacute;r m\u0026aacute;r holnapt\u0026oacute;l [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 24]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://phylazonit.hu/?gad_source=1\u0026amp;gclid=Cj0KCQiAxOauBhCaARIsAEbUSQR854vJ\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://phylazonit.hu/?gad_source=1\u0026amp;gclid=Cj0KCQiAxOauBhCaARIsAEbUSQR854vJ\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e1j0VKMMrfDUaugGH_SJbztHzAAt2pwVKk-shTxwmt3qjaf4aAjafEALw_wcB\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eResources - Soilguard [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://soilguard-h2020.eu/resources\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://soilguard-h2020.eu/resources\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDOBOS E, SZAB\u0026Oacute; E, CSENKI S, MENGHIS TB, MOLN\u0026Aacute;R F, DOBAI A, et al. DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING APPROACH TO ESTIMATE SOIL PLASTICITY USING GEOREFERENCED TECHNICAL DATA OF TRACTORS. Geosci Eng [Internet]. 2023 Oct 6 [cited 2024 Feb 25];11(1):59\u0026ndash;70. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ojs.uni-miskolc.hu/index.php/geosciences/article/view/2492\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ojs.uni-miskolc.hu/index.php/geosciences/article/view/2492\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMukhametov A, Shamekova M, Dautkanova D, Kazhymurat A, Ilyassova G. Seed potato production regulatory framework established in top potato producing countries: Comparison of the GOST (Russia) and UNECE S-1 certification systems. J Agric Food Res. 2023;11:100520.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePotatoes Grades and Standards | Agricultural Marketing Service [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/potatoes-grades-and-standards\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/potatoes-grades-and-standards\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHorvath DP, Clay SA, Swanton CJ, Anderson J V., Chao WS. Weed-induced crop yield loss: a new paradigm and new challenges. Trends Plant Sci. 2023;28(5):567\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaini I, Kaushik P, Al-Huqail AA, Khan F, Siddiqui MH. Effect of the diverse combinations of useful microbes and chemical fertilizers on important traits of potato. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(5):2641\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Q, Sheng J, Pan L, Cao H, Li C, Lambers H, et al. Soil property determines the ability of rhizobial inoculation to enhance nitrogen fixation and phosphorus acquisition in soybean. Appl Soil Ecol. 2022;171:104346.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYousef AF, Ali AM, Azab MAA, Lamlom SF, Al-Sayed HM. Improved plant yield of potato through exogenously applied potassium fertilizer sources and biofertilizer. AMB Express [Internet]. 2023 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];13(1):1\u0026ndash;14. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://amb-express.springeropen.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://amb-express.springeropen.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s13568-023-01627-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s13568-023-01627-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang J, Kloepper JW, Ryu CM. Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends Plant Sci [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2024 Feb 25];14(1):1\u0026ndash;4. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056309/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056309/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDang YP, Dalal RC, Menzies NW. No-till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities. No-till Farming Syst Sustain Agric Challenges Oppor. 2020;1\u0026ndash;647.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArgaw A, Tsigie A. Indigenous rhizobia population influences the effectiveness of Rhizobium inoculation and need of inorganic N for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in eastern Ethiopia. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2015 Nov 4 [cited 2024 Feb 25];2(1):1\u0026ndash;13. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40538-015-0047-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40538-015-0047-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOliveira IJ, Fontes JRA, Pereira BFF, Muniz AW. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasiliense increases maize yield. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];5(1):1\u0026ndash;9. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40538-018-0118-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40538-018-0118-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThonar C, Lekfeldt JDS, Cozzolino V, Kundel D, Kulh\u0026aacute;nek M, Mosimann C, et al. Potential of three microbial bio-effectors to promote maize growth and nutrient acquisition from alternative phosphorous fertilizers in contrasting soils. Chem Biol Technol Agric [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 25];4(1):1\u0026ndash;16. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40538-017-0088-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40538-017-0088-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePantigoso HA, He Y, Manter DK, Fonte SJ, Vivanco JM. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum enhance growth of modern potato varieties. Bull Natl Res Cent 2022 461 [Internet]. 2022 Jul 28 [cited 2024 Feb 25];46(1):1\u0026ndash;10. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s42269-022-00913-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s42269-022-00913-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaas A, Fuller KB, Hatzenbuehler P, McIntosh C. An exploration of preferences for soil health practices in potato production. Farming Syst. 2023;1(3):100054.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"biofertilizer, bioinoculant, biostimulant, sustainable agriculture, microbial inoculants, agroecology, plant growth-promoting bacteria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates agroecological practices aimed at enhancing soil quality and crop yield in small-scale agricultural environments. Through soil inoculation, the primary focus lies on incorporating soil bacteria, prioritizing these microbial agents over conventional fertilizers. Additionally, the research integrates intensive crop rotation and various reduced tillage methods, including minimum tillage and no-tillage, to establish a comprehensive approach to fostering sustainable agricultural production. Conducted at the SZIA Agroecological Garden MATE in Gödöllő, Hungary, the investigation allocates 12 distinct plots to different tillage practices, encompassing loosening with and without soil microbes, as well as no-tillage with and without microbial intervention. The collaboration involved the application of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria to six designated plots. Commenced in 2022, the study centers on the cultivation of potatoes (\u003cem\u003eSolanum Tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e L.). Extensive chemical and physical analyses of soil and harvested potatoes were performed, accompanied by continuous monitoring of potato growth for physical attributes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis, utilizing One-way ANOVA in R, indicates p-values predominantly exceeding 0.05, suggesting no significant differences across most parameters. Exceptions include variations in parameters of soil plasticity according to Arany (parameter explained in the paper) and pH (KCl). Aligned with initial predictions and existing research, the outcomes imply that appreciable distinctions between treatments may require an extended observation period. Observed variations in soil plasticity and pH (KCl) hint at the potential for meaningful impacts over an extended timeframe, underscoring the dynamic nature of agroecological interventions. One of the most anticipated findings was that plots where microbes were introduced generally yielded higher harvest weights and tuber size compared to the control group (without tillage or microbes) and plots without any microbial presence at all. Additionally, noteworthy correlations have emerged between weed abundance and total harvest, as well as plant height. These findings suggest that the application of various agroecological practices holds promise for yielding positive impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis initial assessment shows the need for extended observation beyond the first year. It highlights that the positive impacts of integrated agroecological practices take time to show. Even though immediate results may not present major differences, the observed changes in soil characteristics suggest that these practices could have significant effects over a longer period. These findings set the groundwork for future research, stressing the importance of being patient in seeing real improvements in both soil health and crop quality from these innovative agroecological approaches. The study's significance extends to guiding sustainable agricultural practices and promoting a long-term approach to agroecological research and application.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A comprehensive approach to promoting sustainable vegetable production in Hungary through agroecological practices combined with the application of specific bacterial inoculants Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp. in potato production","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-17 20:48:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4237562/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6fd47cc2-182c-46de-94fa-eec0c8df19c0","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-18T17:14:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-17 20:48:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4237562","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4237562","identity":"rs-4237562","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}