Temperature rise in surrounding tissues during warm vertical compaction in c-shaped root canal systems: a finite element study

Temperature rise in surrounding tissues during warm vertical compaction in c-shaped root canal systems: a finite element study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temperature rise in surrounding tissues during warm vertical compaction in c-shaped root canal systems: a finite element study Turgut Yağmur Yalçın, Alper Kabakçı, Sıtkı Selçuk Gökyay This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Temperatures above 47°C can cause irreversible damage to the periodontal ligament and surrounding tissues. This study investigated whether a 10°C temperature rise, potentially harmful to the vascular structure of the periodontal ligament, occurs during the continuous wave compaction technique. It also assessed the effects of C-shaped root canal anatomy and device temperature settings on thermal transmission. Methods: Finite element analysis was used to simulate C-shaped mandibular molars, including periodontal ligament tissues with assumed perfusion rates equal to those in human gingiva. Temperature changes were recorded during warm vertical compaction and backfill phases. The temperature at the periodontal ligament adjacent to the root surface was continuously monitored, and the highest values and their timing were documented. Results: High-temperature settings (250°C for down-pack, 200°C for backfill) led to peak periodontal ligament temperatures of 66.67°C and 53.31°C, respectively. In contrast, lower settings (90°C and 100°C) kept periodontal ligament temperatures below the critical threshold, with maximum values of 44.37°C and 43.12°C. The greatest temperature rise occurred during the early seconds of the down-pack phase. Conclusions: Excessive heat generated during warm obturation techniques can elevate periodontal ligament temperature beyond safe limits, especially in anatomically complex roots. Lower temperature settings are recommended to minimize the risk of thermal injury to periradicular tissues. Root Canal Treatment C-shaped Root Canal Warm Vertical Compaction Finite Element Analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 18 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 11 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8186012","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":603185626,"identity":"1bda9033-5742-431a-b7d5-cb5c63016230","order_by":0,"name":"Turgut Yağmur Yalçın","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Turgut","middleName":"Yağmur","lastName":"Yalçın","suffix":""},{"id":603185630,"identity":"58d6b8be-0418-479e-8ff9-e80d32436118","order_by":1,"name":"Alper Kabakçı","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Private Practice","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alper","middleName":"","lastName":"Kabakçı","suffix":""},{"id":603185632,"identity":"c97a70cb-10ab-40f4-a18b-b82c2397cd61","order_by":2,"name":"Sıtkı Selçuk Gökyay","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sıtkı","middleName":"Selçuk","lastName":"Gökyay","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-23 14:23:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104780247,"identity":"230142cf-4bbf-44be-a8ba-47fe02fc5548","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:51:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":654808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript07.12.2025.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8186012/v1_covered_b3c9fa91-4e31-4a66-bcc6-87f7fe9d50eb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Temperature rise in surrounding tissues during warm vertical compaction in c-shaped root canal systems: a finite element study","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Root Canal Treatment, C-shaped Root Canal, Warm Vertical Compaction, Finite Element Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperatures above 47\u0026deg;C can cause irreversible damage to the periodontal ligament and surrounding tissues. This study investigated whether a 10\u0026deg;C temperature rise, potentially harmful to the vascular structure of the periodontal ligament, occurs during the continuous wave compaction technique. It also assessed the effects of C-shaped root canal anatomy and device temperature settings on thermal transmission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite element analysis was used to simulate C-shaped mandibular molars, including periodontal ligament tissues with assumed perfusion rates equal to those in human gingiva. Temperature changes were recorded during warm vertical compaction and backfill phases. The temperature at the periodontal ligament adjacent to the root surface was continuously monitored, and the highest values and their timing were documented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh-temperature settings (250\u0026deg;C for down-pack, 200\u0026deg;C for backfill) led to peak periodontal ligament temperatures of 66.67\u0026deg;C and 53.31\u0026deg;C, respectively. In contrast, lower settings (90\u0026deg;C and 100\u0026deg;C) kept periodontal ligament temperatures below the critical threshold, with maximum values of 44.37\u0026deg;C and 43.12\u0026deg;C. The greatest temperature rise occurred during the early seconds of the down-pack phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcessive heat generated during warm obturation techniques can elevate periodontal ligament temperature beyond safe limits, especially in anatomically complex roots. Lower temperature settings are recommended to minimize the risk of thermal injury to periradicular tissues.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Temperature rise in surrounding tissues during warm vertical compaction in c-shaped root canal systems: a finite element study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-11 18:09:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8186012/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T21:22:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"49857009768841865392266889524787884020","date":"2026-03-06T19:05:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162517128860634719164874685114844775600","date":"2026-03-06T18:45:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T09:40:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-11T10:57:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T09:43:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-07T13:18:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2025-12-07T13:10:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"25691ab9-5eac-47f8-bd5e-c268d8d954eb","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-11T18:09:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-11 18:09:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8186012","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8186012","identity":"rs-8186012","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}