Phosphorus availability in Oxisols as affected by soil water content and slow-release phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus availability in Oxisols as affected by soil water content and slow-release phosphate fertilizers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Phosphorus availability in Oxisols as affected by soil water content and slow-release phosphate fertilizers Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer, Paulo Roberto Rocha Junior, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Slow-release phosphate fertilizers may increase P availability in highly weathered soils by reducing P adsorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil P availability after the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers in different soils and periods to achieve the volumetric water content of -10 kPa. An experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme, with two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol), three fertilizers phosphates (conventional monoammonium phosphate - CONV; CONV coated with polymer - POL; and CONV pelletized with filter cake - ORG) and three periods to reach the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soils. Available P levels were determined using Mehlich-1. Slow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability in soil with lower P adsorption capacity (clayey Oxisol), where ORG provided higher levels of available P. Delaying water application increased P availability in soils treated with phosphate fertilizers. The results indicate that slow-release phosphate fertilizers may improve P availability in soils with lower P adsorption capacity, but it needs to be improved for soils with high P adsorption capacity. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences efficiency fertilizer technology monoammonium phosphate phosphorus adsorption Figures Figure 1 Introduction In highly weathered tropical soils, phosphorus (P) is one of the nutrients that most limit the productivity of agricultural crops (Volf et al., 2021 ). These soils, characterized by oxidized mineralogy, have high P adsorption capacity (Abdala et al., 2015 ), resulting in low P availability (Kruse et al., 2015 ). Consequently, phosphate fertilizer efficiency is low, necessitating the application of large amounts of fertilizers to ensure crop profitability (Withers et al., 2018 ). In addition to mineralogy, P adsorption is also influenced by soil water content (Rosolen et al., 2024), organic matter content (Yang et al., 2019 ), and the source of phosphate fertilizer used (Montalvo et al., 2015 ). Currently, most commercial phosphate fertilizers in Brazil are those with greater solubility (e.g. simple and triple superphosphates, monoammonium and diammonium phosphate), which have a higher P release rate. However, in tropical soils with high P adsorption capacity, soluble phosphate fertilizers are less efficient (Everaert et al., 2017 ), resulting in low P availability for plants. One strategy that has been studied to increase P availability in tropical soils is the use of slow-release phosphate fertilizers. Advanced phosphate fertilizers include formulations with fixation inhibitors and chemically modified, controlled-release, blended, multifunctional, and synergistic formulations (Guelfi et al., 2022 ). These include polymer-coated fertilizers, which are available with different chemical compositions and coating thicknesses. Polymer fertilizers are produced by coating conventional fertilizer granules with different materials to reduce their dissolution rate (Shaviv, 2001 ). Several materials have been tested, including biodegradable polymers (Jin et al., 2012), synthetic polymers (Bi et al., 2020 ; Xiang et al., 2023 ), and organic acids (Teixeira et al., 2016 ; Guelfi et al., 2022 ). The application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers has increased grain production in corn and soybean crops (Zanão et al., 2020 ). These authors attributed the increased efficiency of polymer-coated phosphate fertilizers to the gradual release of P throughout the crop cycle, resulting in greater productivity. Costa et al. ( 2024 ) reported that found a well-adjusted nutrition profile in plants with a continuous nutrient supply when mixing the different MAP-coated granules. Another alternative is the mixture of phosphate fertilizers with organic materials, such as poultry litter (Castro et al., 2015 ; Sá et al., 2017 ; Frazão et al., 2021 ) and filter cake (Stauffer et al, 2020 ). The organic material mixed with the mineral source promotes physical protection (by reducing direct contact between the fertilizer and the soil matrix) and chemical protection (through the presence of organic acids in the solution around the granule), thereby decreasing P adsorption. Organic acids may form bonds with Fe and Al in the soil solution and/or compete for adsorption sites in the soil matrix, thereby decreasing adsorption and precipitation intensity (Andrade et al., 2003 ) and affecting P availability. Despite these beneficial effects on P availability, the effectiveness of slow-release phosphate fertilizers is strongly influenced by agricultural practices and soil characteristics, such as pH, organic matter content, and soil moisture. Information on how these phosphate fertilizers affects P availability in Oxisols is important for improve their P use efficiency. To address this challenge, this study aimed to evaluate the P availability after the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers in different soils and at different times to reach the volumetric water content of -10 kPa. Results Clayey soil had higher available P (687.39 mg dm -3 ) than the very clayey Oxisol (571.04 mg dm -3 ) (Table 3 ). In clayey Oxisol, slow-release phosphate fertilizers (POL + ORG) resulted in higher available P than CONV (C1, Table 4 ). Available P for POL and ORG was, respectively, 10.2% and 16.4% higher than CONV (Table 3 ). These results indicate that slow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability compared to CONV (Tables 3 and 4 ). Table 3 Average levels of available P (mg dm -3 ) for the different phosphate fertilizers (Fert) considering the soils, the times to reach the volumetric water content and the distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule (Dist) Fert Dist (cm) clayey Oxisol very clayey Oxisol EP1 EP2 EP3 EP1 EP2 EP3 CONV 0,0–0,5 708,10 836,42 864,40 754,06 936,27 895,02 0,5 − 1,0 463,42 469,03 447,02 282,39 276,23 288,03 POL 0,0–0,5 906,37 923,24 954,74 791,39 900,06 959,21 0,5 − 1,0 470,82 450,55 467,60 281,36 269,31 284,77 ORG 0,0–0,5 999,90 1041,49 1122,33 781,88 857,74 1146,25 0,5 − 1,0 432,68 449,14 365,71 175,91 169,83 228,96 CONV = conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL = conventional polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG = conventional monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake; EP1 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached on the day of addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP2 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached three days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP3 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached six days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule. Table 4 Orthogonal contrasts (C) of available P content (mg dm -3 ) of phosphate fertilizers within soils independent of distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule and times of application of volumetric water content Soil C1 C2 clayey Oxisol -83,98 * -39,65 * very clayey Oxisol 1,45 ns 20,92 ns C1: CONV vs POL + ORG /Solos (2+, --); C2: POL vs ORG /Solos (+, -); ns not significant and * significant at 5% probability using the F Test. CONV = conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL = polymer coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG= pelletized monoammonium phosphate with filter cake. ORG resulted in higher available P than POL in the clayey Oxisol (C2, Table 4 ),, with average available P 5.7% higher than POL (Table 3 ). In the very clayey Oxisol, no differences were observed among fertilizers (C1 and C2, Table 4 ). In clayey Oxisol, delaying water application to reach − 10 kPa (periods 2 + 3) compared to period 1, resulted in higher available P for CONV and ORG at 0.0–0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule (C3, Table 5 ). For CONV, available P in periods 2 and 3 were 18.1% and 22.1% higher than in period 1, respectively. For ORG, available P in periods 2 and 3 was 4.2% and 12.2% higher than period 1 (Table 3 ), respectively. Table 5 Orthogonal contrasts (C) of available P contents (mg dm -3 ) considering soils, phosphate fertilizers and distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule for the times to reach the volumetric water content C CONV POL ORG 0,0–0,5 cm 0,5 − 1,0 cm 0,0–0,5 cm 0,5 − 1,0 cm 0,0–0,5 cm 0,5 − 1,0 cm clayey Oxisol C3 -142,30 * 5,39 ns -32,62 ns 11,74 ns -82,00 * 25,25 ns C4 -27,98 ns 22,01 ns -31,50 ns -17,05 ns -80,84 * 83,43 * very clayey Oxisol C3 -161,59 * 0,26 ns -138,25 * 4,32 ns -220,11 * -23,49 ns C4 41,25 ns -11,80 ns -59,16 ns -15,46 ns -288,51 * -59,14 ns C3: EP1 vs EP2 + EP3 /Fertilizers/Distances/Soils (2+, --); C4: EP2 vs EP3 /Fertilizers/Distances/Soils (+, -); * significant at 5% probability and ns not significant by the F Test. CONV = conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL = polymer coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG = monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake. EP1 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached on the day of addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP2 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached three days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP3 = the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached six days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule In the very clayey Oxisol, similar trends were observed for CONV, POL and ORG at 0.0- 0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule (C3, Table 5 ). For CONV, the average levels of available P in periods 2 and 3 were, respectively, 24.2 and 18.7% higher compared to period 1. In POL, the average levels of available P in periods 2 (13.7%) and 3 (21.2%) were higher than in period 1. The average levels of P available in the ORG in periods 2 and 3 were, respectively, 9.7 and 46.6% higher than period 1 (Table 3 ). At 0.5–1.0 cm from the fertilizer granule, no significant differences in available P were observed comparing periods 2 + 3 with period 1 in the phosphate fertilizers and soils studied (C4, Table 5 ). For both soils, period 3 resulted in higher available P than period 2 in the ORG at 0.0 to 0.5 cm from the phosphate fertilizer granule (C4, Table 5 ). In clayey Oxisol, at 0.5 to 1.0 cm from the phosphate fertilizer granule, period 2 presented higher levels of available P than period 3 for ORG (C4, Table 5 ). Discussion Very clayey Oxisol had lower P availability than the clayey Oxisol due to its higher CMAP, which is related to greater P adsorption with contact time (Andrade et al., 2003 ). Slow-release phosphate fertilizers may increase P availability compared to a soluble source such as CONV (Tables 3 and 4 ). The highest available P observed by slow-release phosphate fertilizers may be related to the coating technologies, which can delay the release of P into the soil solution increasing P availability (Teixeira et al., 2016 ). The greater efficiency of polymer-coated fertilizers, such as POL, may be attributed to the structure of the coated fertilizer granules, which reduces direct contact between P and soil colloids and thus decreases P adsorption (Pogorzelski et al., 2020 ; Zhao et al., 2023 ). Soluble phosphate fertilizers mixed with an organic source, such as ORG, may also provide physical protection by preventing direct P contact with the soil, avoiding adsorption losses (Erro et al., 2012 ). They may also provide related chemical protection to the presence of organic acids. Organic acids derived from organic material can compete for the adsorption sites in the soil matrix and/or form bonds with Fe and Al in the soil solution, thereby reducing the intensity of P adsorption and precipitation (Andrade et al., 2003 ; Souza et al., 2014 ; Borges et al., 2019 ). The results showed that coating material influences P release from the fertilizer and, consequently, P availability in soils with lower adsorption capacity, although adsorption remained high relative to soils with low contents of Fe and Al oxides. Differences in P released among fertilizers may be related to their distinct characteristics, such as manufacturing process, coating type, coating thickness and CEC. P release from polymer-coated fertilizers is influenced by physical and chemical properties, such as porosity (Tomaszewska and Jarosiewicz, 2004 ), coating thickness (Lubkowski, 2014 ) and chemical composition of the polymer (Han et al., 2009 ), which affect P released from the granule into the soil (Stauffer et al., 2019 ), as observed in this experiment (Tables 3 and 4 ). For soils with high P adsorption capacity (very clayey Oxisol), the results indicate that the efficiency of these fertilizers needs to be improved. In soils with lower CMAP (clayey Oxisol), these slow-release phosphate fertilizers (POL and ORG) resulted in greater P availability (Tables 3 and 4 ). Therefore, the gradual release of P from slow-release phosphate fertilizers in soils with greater P adsorption capacity may be insufficient to increase P availability, since the soil acts as strong P sink. The literature reports contrasting results on the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers (Pryia et al., 2024), indicating the need for further studies to improve the efficiency of these fertilizers with technologies in soils with low P availability. Chagas et al. (2016) reported greater agronomic efficiency for polymer-coated triple superphosphate than for uncoated triple superphosphate. However, Prudencio et al. ( 2023 ) found no significant differences between monoammonium phosphate (MAP) with and without polymer coating. The delay in water application to reach the desired soil water content (periods 2 + 3) and the highest levels of P available for CONV and ORG at 0.0 to 0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule in the soil with lower adsorption (clayey Oxisol) (C3, Table 5 ) suggest that delayed water application slowed P release, reduced contact time between P and soil colloids, and increased P availability. Higher soil moisture may favor water infiltration into the polymer coating, causing increased dissolution and P release (Sarkar et al., 2018 ). However, delaying the release of P from phosphate fertilizer granules can increase P availability (Lustosa Filho et al., 2019 ), especially in highly weathered soils with high P adsorption capacity (Abdala et al., 2015 ), since it may reduce the interaction of released P with Fe and Al oxides (Guedes et al., 2016 ). The effects of water application times on the soil in our experiment may be more evident under field conditions, after irrigation or rainfall followed by dry periods. Under these conditions, slow-release phosphate fertilizers may delay P release and reduce P adsorption intensity, since a large fraction of P from soluble fertilizers is adsorbed during the first days of contact with the soil (Teles et al., 2020 ; Mabagala et al., 2022). Because P is transported in soil mainly by diffusion over short distances, no significant differences in available P content were expected at a greater distances (0.5 to 1.0). The limited diffusion of P in soil is consistent with the higher levels of available P obtained close to the application of fertilizers (distance 0.0–0.5 cm), in agreement with Castro et al. ( 2015 ) and Lombi et al. ( 2004 ). Conclusion Phosphate fertilizers influenced P availability in the soils studied, with the greatest P availability observed for monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake in the soil with lower P adsorption capacity, followed by polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate and conventional monoammonium phosphate. Slow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability in the soil with lower P adsorption capacity. For the soil with higher P adsorption capacity there were no differences in P availability, indicating that the increase in P availability with the application of these fertilizers depends on soil type. The delay in water application increased P availability in soils treated with slow-release phosphate fertilizers. Material and Methods The experiment followed a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial scheme. The factors were: two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol; three phosphate fertilizers (conventional monoammonium phosphate - CONV; polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate - POL; and monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake - ORG), and three periods to reach the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil (period 1 = reached on the day of fertilizer application; period 2 = reached three days after fertilizer application and period 3 = reached six days after fertilizer application). The polymer-coated MAP (POL) was coated with Kimcoat P® polymer. The MAP pelletized with sugarcane filter cake (ORG) was produced by pelletization after mixing filter cake, monoammonium phosphate, and gum arabic. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions at 25 ºC (± 2). Subsurface soil samples (0.20–0.40 m) from two soils were used from two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol) were used. After collection, soil samples were air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve to obtain air-dried fine soil. The soils were then characterized for chemical and physical properties (Teixeira et al., 2017 ), remaining P (Teixeira et al., 2017 ) and maximum P adsorption capacity - CMAP (Olsen and Watanabe, 1957 ). Data are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Physical and chemical characterization of Oxisol (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol) collected at a depth of 0.20 to 0.40 m Soil characterization clayey Oxisol very clayey Oxisol Texture (g kg − 1 ) 1/ Clay 467 607 Silt 43 23 Coarse sand 304 263 Thin sand 186 107 Soil density (kg dm − 3 ) 2/ 1,16 1,17 Water retention (g kg − 1 ) 3/ -10 kPa 274 393 -100 kPa 203 250 -1500kPa 172 216 pH-H 2 O 4/ 5,14 4,86 P (mg dm − 3 ) 5/ 2,07 5,11 P-rem (mg L − 1 ) 6/ 27,1 8,9 MPAC (mg cm − 3 ) 7/ 0,67 1,00 COT (dag kg − 1 ) 8/ 1,35 0,63 1/ Pipette method; 2/ Test tube method; 3/ Porous plate extractor (Richards, 1949 ); 4/ Soil-water ratio 1:2.5; 5/ Mehlich-1 extractor; 6/ Remaining phosphorus; 7/ Maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity; 8/ Total organic carbon (Yeomans and Bremner, 1988 ). Based on the incubation curve with calcium carbonate (Alabi et al., 1986 ), the soil samples had their pH adjusted to 6.0. The soil samples were packaged, homogenized, and incubated in plastic bags with calcium carbonate for 30 days, while maintaining soil moisture at 75% of field capacity (-10 kPa). Subsequently, the soil samples were air-dried, crumbled, and passed through a 2 mm sieve for experiment set up. The chemical characterization of the phosphate fertilizers is presented in Table 2 . ORG was produced by pelletization process after mixing filter cake, monoammonium phosphate, and a biodegradable organic polymer. The filter cake was used after composting. Table 2 Chemical characterization of phosphate fertilizers Fertilizers N/1 P 2 O 5 /2 K 2 O/3 C/4 CEC /5 mmolc kg -1 ------------------------ % ------------------------ CONV 10,8 51,7 0 - - POL 8,9 46,8 0 - - ORG 6,1 30,3 0 7,9 80,2 1/ N total; 2/ P total; 3/ K = Water-soluble potassium; 4/ C = Total organic carbon; 5/ CTC = Cation Exchange Capacity. CONV = conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL = conventional polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG = conventional monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake. Source: Stauffer et al. ( 2020 ) The phosphate fertilizers were standardized to a particle size range of 2–3.35 mm. The dose of P applied was 20% of the MPAC of each soil, equivalent to 135.2 mg dm − 3 P in the clayey Oxisol and 200.8 mg dm − 3 P in the very clayey Oxisol. The experimental units consisted of Petri dishes (86 mm in diameter) (Fig. 1 ), to which 65 g of soil was added. The amount of water required to reach a matrix potential of -100 kPa was added. The Petri dishes were then incubated for 24 h to ensure uniform water distribution within each experimental unit. After this period, a phosphate fertilizer granule was placed at the center of each Petri dish (Fig. 1 ). Thereafter, the experimental units received the amount of water required to reach a matrix potential of -10 kPa, according to each soil and periods 1, 2 and 3. Soil moisture in Petri dishes was monitored by weighing, and deionized water was added when necessary. Forty-two days after fertilizer application, soil samples were collected as concentric rings at distances of 0.0–0.5 and 0.5–1.0 cm from the fertilizer granule (Fig. 1 ), starting from the center. The samples were dried at 40 ºC until constant mass, for subsequent determination of P concentration. Available P was extracted by Mehlich-1 and determined by colorimetry. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using R (R Core Team, 2018). Treatment means were compared using orthogonal contrasts and the F test at the 5% probability level. Declarations Funding statement Acknowledgments for financial support by CAPES ( Coordination of Improvement of Personal Higher Education ), CNPq ( National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development ) and FAPES ( Foundation for Research Support of the State of Espírito Santo ). Author contributions Conceptualization, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Eduardo de Sá Mendonça; methodology, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer; analysis, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior; validation, Felipe Vaz Andrade and Eduardo Stauffer; investigation, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Eduardo de Sá Mendonça; writing—original draft preparation, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer, Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior and Eduardo de Sá Mendonça; writing—review and editing, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer, Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior and Eduardo de Sá. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 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Manual de Métodos de Análise de Solo 3. edn (Embrapa, 2017). Teixeira, R. S., Silva, I. R., Sousa, R. N., Soares, E. M. B. & Mattiello. E. M. & Organic acid coated-slow- release phosphorus fertilizers improve P availability and maize growth in a tropical soil. J. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. 16 , 1097–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162016005000081 (2016). Teles, A. P. B., Rodrigues, M. & Pavinato, P. S. Solubility and Efficiency of Rock Phosphate Fertilizers Partially Acidulated with Zeolite and Pillared Clay as Additives. Agronomy 10 , 918. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070918 (2020). Tomaszewska, M. & Jarosiewicz, A. Polysulfone coating with starch addition in CRF formulation. Desalination 163 , 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(04)90196-8 (2004). Volf, M. R., Rosolem, C. A. & Soil, P. Diffusion and Availability Modified by Controlled-Release P Fertilizers. J. Soil Sci. Plant. Nutr. 21 , 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00350-7 (2021). Withers, P. J. A. et al. Transitions to sustainable management of phosphorus in Brazilian agriculture. Sci. Rep. 8 , 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20887-z (2018). Yang, X., Chen, X. & Yang, X. Effect of organic matter on phosphorus adsorption and desorption in a black soil from Northeast China. Soil. Till Res. 187 , 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.11.016 (2019). Yeomans, J. C. & Bremner, J. M. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 19, 1467 – 147, (1988). https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628809368027 Xiang, Y. et al. Preparation of Novel Biodegradable Polymer Slow-Release Fertilizers to Improve Nutrient Release Performance and Soil Phosphorus Availability. Polymers 15 , 2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15102242 (2023). Zanão, L., Arf, O., Reis, R. Jr, Pereira & & & Natalia. Phosphorus fertilization with enhanced efficiency in soybean and corn crops. Austr. J. Crop Sci. 14 , 78–84. 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1862 (2020). Zhao, C., Xu, J., Bi, H., Shang, Y. & Shao, Q. A slow-release fertilizer of urea prepared via biochar-coating with nano-SiO2-starch-polyvinyl alcohol: Formulation and release simulation. Environ. Technol. Innov. 32 , 103264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103264 (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 04 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 30 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 30 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 29 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9508737","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634331371,"identity":"c9901283-2eb3-4449-aeb9-d06545f31ef4","order_by":0,"name":"Felipe Vaz Andrade","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gbmhgMQZgIDAw+DDVCEgYEZnxaeA4woWtKAIkRoYUDScpgILeyNjYcLKhjkzdlzH354U3E+sYe9/QFz4R48WngONhyecYbBcGfPc2PJOWduJ/bwnDFgnvEMtxZ7icSGw7xtDIwbbqQxSPO23U7cL5HDwMxzAI8t8g+BWv4x2AO1MP/m/XcusUf++QP8WiQYgVoaGBKBWtikeRsOJPZIMBjg18IDdNiMYxLJG848Y7OccyzZuIcnx+DwDHxa2A8f/lxQY2O74Xga8403NXayPezHHz4uwKMFBICxIIEqQkADgYgbBaNgFIyCUcAAADzIVjWzrcZ7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Felipe","middleName":"Vaz","lastName":"Andrade","suffix":""},{"id":634331379,"identity":"1bc7f56b-2df8-4c00-997e-f6c83978d1dd","order_by":1,"name":"Eduardo Stauffer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"","lastName":"Stauffer","suffix":""},{"id":634331386,"identity":"4158344b-5ae7-4347-8faa-de228d80b5c7","order_by":2,"name":"Paulo Roberto Rocha Junior","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paulo","middleName":"Roberto Rocha","lastName":"Junior","suffix":""},{"id":634331393,"identity":"f1ee03bb-6f4f-4b0c-b491-200d0c311b1a","order_by":3,"name":"Eduardo Sá Mendonça","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"Sá","lastName":"Mendonça","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-23 15:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108812201,"identity":"8e36f6b1-a12d-4393-be58-6597433ec451","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 16:09:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1197194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePreparation, incubation, assembly, and soil sampling for the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9508737/v1/5a836143101c8e34ba5d33a9.png"},{"id":108817508,"identity":"2bc2f149-b92c-4a60-b27e-226d72b50ef8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 16:28:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1550635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9508737/v1/f1a89b1c-5d7a-489e-b8ca-aba3099c4ea8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phosphorus availability in Oxisols as affected by soil water content and slow-release phosphate fertilizers","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn highly weathered tropical soils, phosphorus (P) is one of the nutrients that most limit the productivity of agricultural crops (Volf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These soils, characterized by oxidized mineralogy, have high P adsorption capacity (Abdala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), resulting in low P availability (Kruse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, phosphate fertilizer efficiency is low, necessitating the application of large amounts of fertilizers to ensure crop profitability (Withers et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to mineralogy, P adsorption is also influenced by soil water content (Rosolen et al., 2024), organic matter content (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and the source of phosphate fertilizer used (Montalvo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, most commercial phosphate fertilizers in Brazil are those with greater solubility (e.g. simple and triple superphosphates, monoammonium and diammonium phosphate), which have a higher P release rate. However, in tropical soils with high P adsorption capacity, soluble phosphate fertilizers are less efficient (Everaert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), resulting in low P availability for plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne strategy that has been studied to increase P availability in tropical soils is the use of slow-release phosphate fertilizers. Advanced phosphate fertilizers include formulations with fixation inhibitors and chemically modified, controlled-release, blended, multifunctional, and synergistic formulations (Guelfi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These include polymer-coated fertilizers, which are available with different chemical compositions and coating thicknesses. Polymer fertilizers are produced by coating conventional fertilizer granules with different materials to reduce their dissolution rate (Shaviv, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Several materials have been tested, including biodegradable polymers (Jin et al., 2012), synthetic polymers (Bi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Xiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and organic acids (Teixeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Guelfi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers has increased grain production in corn and soybean crops (Zan\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These authors attributed the increased efficiency of polymer-coated phosphate fertilizers to the gradual release of P throughout the crop cycle, resulting in greater productivity. Costa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) reported that found a well-adjusted nutrition profile in plants with a continuous nutrient supply when mixing the different MAP-coated granules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother alternative is the mixture of phosphate fertilizers with organic materials, such as poultry litter (Castro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026aacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Fraz\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and filter cake (Stauffer et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The organic material mixed with the mineral source promotes physical protection (by reducing direct contact between the fertilizer and the soil matrix) and chemical protection (through the presence of organic acids in the solution around the granule), thereby decreasing P adsorption. Organic acids may form bonds with Fe and Al in the soil solution and/or compete for adsorption sites in the soil matrix, thereby decreasing adsorption and precipitation intensity (Andrade et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) and affecting P availability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these beneficial effects on P availability, the effectiveness of slow-release phosphate fertilizers is strongly influenced by agricultural practices and soil characteristics, such as pH, organic matter content, and soil moisture. Information on how these phosphate fertilizers affects P availability in Oxisols is important for improve their P use efficiency. To address this challenge, this study aimed to evaluate the P availability after the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers in different soils and at different times to reach the volumetric water content of -10 kPa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eClayey soil had higher available P (687.39 mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) than the very clayey Oxisol (571.04 mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In clayey Oxisol, slow-release phosphate fertilizers (POL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ORG) resulted in higher available P than CONV (C1, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Available P for POL and ORG was, respectively, 10.2% and 16.4% higher than CONV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). These results indicate that slow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability compared to CONV (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage levels of available P (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) for the different phosphate fertilizers (Fert) considering the soils, the times to reach the volumetric water content and the distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule (Dist)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFert\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDist (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003every clayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCONV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e708,10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e836,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e864,40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e754,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e936,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e895,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e469,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e447,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e906,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e923,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e954,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e791,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e959,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467,60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1041,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1122,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e781,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1146,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e432,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e449,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eCONV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake; EP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached on the day of addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached three days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached six days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthogonal contrasts (C) of available P content (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) of phosphate fertilizers within soils independent of distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule and times of application of volumetric water content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-83,98\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39,65\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003every clayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,45\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,92\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eC1: CONV vs POL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ORG /Solos (2+, --); C2: POL vs ORG /Solos (+, -); ns not significant and * significant at 5% probability using the F Test. CONV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;polymer coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG= pelletized monoammonium phosphate with filter cake.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eORG resulted in higher available P than POL in the clayey Oxisol (C2, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e),, with average available P 5.7% higher than POL (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the very clayey Oxisol, no differences were observed among fertilizers (C1 and C2, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn clayey Oxisol, delaying water application to reach\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10 kPa (periods 2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3) compared to period 1, resulted in higher available P for CONV and ORG at 0.0\u0026ndash;0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule (C3, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). For CONV, available P in periods 2 and 3 were 18.1% and 22.1% higher than in period 1, respectively. For ORG, available P in periods 2 and 3 was 4.2% and 12.2% higher than period 1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthogonal contrasts (C) of available P contents (mg dm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e) considering soils, phosphate fertilizers and distances from the phosphate fertilizer granule for the times to reach the volumetric water content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCONV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u0026ndash;0,5 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,0 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-142,30\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,39\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-32,62\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,74\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-82,00\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,25\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27,98\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,01\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31,50\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-17,05\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-80,84\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83,43\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003every clayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-161,59\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-138,25\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,32\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-220,11\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-23,49\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41,25\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11,80\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-59,16\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15,46\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-288,51\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-59,14\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eC3: EP1 vs EP2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;EP3 /Fertilizers/Distances/Soils (2+, --); C4: EP2 vs EP3 /Fertilizers/Distances/Soils (+, -); * significant at 5% probability and ns not significant by the F Test. CONV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;polymer coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake. EP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached on the day of addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached three days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule; EP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil was reached six days after the addition of the phosphate fertilizer granule\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the very clayey Oxisol, similar trends were observed for CONV, POL and ORG at 0.0- 0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule (C3, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). For CONV, the average levels of available P in periods 2 and 3 were, respectively, 24.2 and 18.7% higher compared to period 1. In POL, the average levels of available P in periods 2 (13.7%) and 3 (21.2%) were higher than in period 1. The average levels of P available in the ORG in periods 2 and 3 were, respectively, 9.7 and 46.6% higher than period 1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt 0.5\u0026ndash;1.0 cm from the fertilizer granule, no significant differences in available P were observed comparing periods 2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3 with period 1 in the phosphate fertilizers and soils studied (C4, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor both soils, period 3 resulted in higher available P than period 2 in the ORG at 0.0 to 0.5 cm from the phosphate fertilizer granule (C4, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In clayey Oxisol, at 0.5 to 1.0 cm from the phosphate fertilizer granule, period 2 presented higher levels of available P than period 3 for ORG (C4, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eVery clayey Oxisol had lower P availability than the clayey Oxisol due to its higher CMAP, which is related to greater P adsorption with contact time (Andrade et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlow-release phosphate fertilizers may increase P availability compared to a soluble source such as CONV (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The highest available P observed by slow-release phosphate fertilizers may be related to the coating technologies, which can delay the release of P into the soil solution increasing P availability (Teixeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The greater efficiency of polymer-coated fertilizers, such as POL, may be attributed to the structure of the coated fertilizer granules, which reduces direct contact between P and soil colloids and thus decreases P adsorption (Pogorzelski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble phosphate fertilizers mixed with an organic source, such as ORG, may also provide physical protection by preventing direct P contact with the soil, avoiding adsorption losses (Erro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). They may also provide related chemical protection to the presence of organic acids. Organic acids derived from organic material can compete for the adsorption sites in the soil matrix and/or form bonds with Fe and Al in the soil solution, thereby reducing the intensity of P adsorption and precipitation (Andrade et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Souza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Borges et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that coating material influences P release from the fertilizer and, consequently, P availability in soils with lower adsorption capacity, although adsorption remained high relative to soils with low contents of Fe and Al oxides. Differences in P released among fertilizers may be related to their distinct characteristics, such as manufacturing process, coating type, coating thickness and CEC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP release from polymer-coated fertilizers is influenced by physical and chemical properties, such as porosity (Tomaszewska and Jarosiewicz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), coating thickness (Lubkowski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and chemical composition of the polymer (Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), which affect P released from the granule into the soil (Stauffer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), as observed in this experiment (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor soils with high P adsorption capacity (very clayey Oxisol), the results indicate that the efficiency of these fertilizers needs to be improved. In soils with lower CMAP (clayey Oxisol), these slow-release phosphate fertilizers (POL and ORG) resulted in greater P availability (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the gradual release of P from slow-release phosphate fertilizers in soils with greater P adsorption capacity may be insufficient to increase P availability, since the soil acts as strong P sink. The literature reports contrasting results on the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers (Pryia et al., 2024), indicating the need for further studies to improve the efficiency of these fertilizers with technologies in soils with low P availability. Chagas et al. (2016) reported greater agronomic efficiency for polymer-coated triple superphosphate than for uncoated triple superphosphate. However, Prudencio et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) found no significant differences between monoammonium phosphate (MAP) with and without polymer coating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe delay in water application to reach the desired soil water content (periods 2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3) and the highest levels of P available for CONV and ORG at 0.0 to 0.5 cm from the fertilizer granule in the soil with lower adsorption (clayey Oxisol) (C3, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that delayed water application slowed P release, reduced contact time between P and soil colloids, and increased P availability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher soil moisture may favor water infiltration into the polymer coating, causing increased dissolution and P release (Sarkar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, delaying the release of P from phosphate fertilizer granules can increase P availability (Lustosa Filho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), especially in highly weathered soils with high P adsorption capacity (Abdala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), since it may reduce the interaction of released P with Fe and Al oxides (Guedes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of water application times on the soil in our experiment may be more evident under field conditions, after irrigation or rainfall followed by dry periods. Under these conditions, slow-release phosphate fertilizers may delay P release and reduce P adsorption intensity, since a large fraction of P from soluble fertilizers is adsorbed during the first days of contact with the soil (Teles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mabagala et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause P is transported in soil mainly by diffusion over short distances, no significant differences in available P content were expected at a greater distances (0.5 to 1.0). The limited diffusion of P in soil is consistent with the higher levels of available P obtained close to the application of fertilizers (distance 0.0\u0026ndash;0.5 cm), in agreement with Castro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and Lombi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhosphate fertilizers influenced P availability in the soils studied, with the greatest P availability observed for monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake in the soil with lower P adsorption capacity, followed by polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate and conventional monoammonium phosphate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability in the soil with lower P adsorption capacity. For the soil with higher P adsorption capacity there were no differences in P availability, indicating that the increase in P availability with the application of these fertilizers depends on soil type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe delay in water application increased P availability in soils treated with slow-release phosphate fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment followed a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 2 \u0026times; 3 \u0026times; 3 factorial scheme. The factors were: two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol; three phosphate fertilizers (conventional monoammonium phosphate - CONV; polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate - POL; and monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake - ORG), and three periods to reach the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soil (period 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reached on the day of fertilizer application; period 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reached three days after fertilizer application and period 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;reached six days after fertilizer application). The polymer-coated MAP (POL) was coated with Kimcoat P\u0026reg; polymer. The MAP pelletized with sugarcane filter cake (ORG) was produced by pelletization after mixing filter cake, monoammonium phosphate, and gum arabic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions at 25 \u0026ordm;C (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2). Subsurface soil samples (0.20\u0026ndash;0.40 m) from two soils were used from two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol) were used. After collection, soil samples were air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve to obtain air-dried fine soil. The soils were then characterized for chemical and physical properties (Teixeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), remaining P (Teixeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and maximum P adsorption capacity - CMAP (Olsen and Watanabe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). Data are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and chemical characterization of Oxisol (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol) collected at a depth of 0.20 to 0.40 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil characterization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003every clayey Oxisol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTexture (g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e1/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarse sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThin sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil density (kg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater retention (g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e3/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10 kPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-100 kPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1500kPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e4/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (mg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e5/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-rem (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e6/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPAC (mg cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e7/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOT (dag kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e8/\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1/\u003c/sup\u003e Pipette method; \u003csup\u003e2/\u003c/sup\u003e Test tube method; \u003csup\u003e3/\u003c/sup\u003e Porous plate extractor (Richards, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e); \u003csup\u003e4/\u003c/sup\u003e Soil-water ratio 1:2.5; \u003csup\u003e5/\u003c/sup\u003e Mehlich-1 extractor; \u003csup\u003e6/\u003c/sup\u003e Remaining phosphorus; \u003csup\u003e7/\u003c/sup\u003e Maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity; \u003csup\u003e8/\u003c/sup\u003eTotal organic carbon (Yeomans and Bremner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the incubation curve with calcium carbonate (Alabi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e), the soil samples had their pH adjusted to 6.0. The soil samples were packaged, homogenized, and incubated in plastic bags with calcium carbonate for 30 days, while maintaining soil moisture at 75% of field capacity (-10 kPa). Subsequently, the soil samples were air-dried, crumbled, and passed through a 2 mm sieve for experiment set up.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical characterization of the phosphate fertilizers is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. ORG was produced by pelletization process after mixing filter cake, monoammonium phosphate, and a biodegradable organic polymer. The filter cake was used after composting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical characterization of phosphate fertilizers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilizers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e/2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCEC\u003csup\u003e/5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emmolc kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------------------------ % ------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCONV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eORG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1/\u003c/sup\u003eN total; \u003csup\u003e2/\u003c/sup\u003eP total; \u003csup\u003e3/\u003c/sup\u003eK\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Water-soluble potassium; \u003csup\u003e4/\u003c/sup\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total organic carbon; \u003csup\u003e5/\u003c/sup\u003eCTC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cation Exchange Capacity. CONV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate; POL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate; ORG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conventional monoammonium phosphate pelletized with filter cake. Source: Stauffer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phosphate fertilizers were standardized to a particle size range of 2\u0026ndash;3.35 mm. The dose of P applied was 20% of the MPAC of each soil, equivalent to 135.2 mg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e P in the clayey Oxisol and 200.8 mg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e P in the very clayey Oxisol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental units consisted of Petri dishes (86 mm in diameter) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), to which 65 g of soil was added. The amount of water required to reach a matrix potential of -100 kPa was added. The Petri dishes were then incubated for 24 h to ensure uniform water distribution within each experimental unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter this period, a phosphate fertilizer granule was placed at the center of each Petri dish (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Thereafter, the experimental units received the amount of water required to reach a matrix potential of -10 kPa, according to each soil and periods 1, 2 and 3. Soil moisture in Petri dishes was monitored by weighing, and deionized water was added when necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty-two days after fertilizer application, soil samples were collected as concentric rings at distances of 0.0\u0026ndash;0.5 and 0.5\u0026ndash;1.0 cm from the fertilizer granule (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), starting from the center. The samples were dried at 40 \u0026ordm;C until constant mass, for subsequent determination of P concentration. Available P was extracted by Mehlich-1 and determined by colorimetry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were subjected to analysis of variance using R (R Core Team, 2018). Treatment means were compared using orthogonal contrasts and the F test at the 5% probability level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments for financial support by CAPES (\u003cem\u003eCoordination of Improvement of Personal Higher Education\u003c/em\u003e), CNPq (\u003cem\u003eNational Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development\u003c/em\u003e) and FAPES (\u003cem\u003eFoundation for Research Support of the State of Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Eduardo de S\u0026aacute; Mendon\u0026ccedil;a; methodology, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer; analysis, \u0026nbsp; Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior; validation, Felipe Vaz Andrade and Eduardo Stauffer; investigation, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer and Eduardo de S\u0026aacute; Mendon\u0026ccedil;a; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer, Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior and Eduardo de S\u0026aacute; Mendon\u0026ccedil;a; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, Felipe Vaz Andrade, Eduardo Stauffer, Paulo Roberto da Rocha Junior and Eduardo de S\u0026aacute;. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdala, D. B., Northrup, P. A., Arai, Y. \u0026amp; Sparks, D. L. Surface loading effects on orthophosphate surface complexation at the goethite/water interface as examined by extended X- ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. \u003cem\u003eJ. 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Innov.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e, 103264. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103264\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.eti.2023.103264\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"efficiency, fertilizer technology, monoammonium phosphate, phosphorus adsorption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSlow-release phosphate fertilizers may increase P availability in highly weathered soils by reducing P adsorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil P availability after the application of slow-release phosphate fertilizers in different soils and periods to achieve the volumetric water content of -10 kPa. An experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 2 \u0026times; 3 \u0026times; 3 factorial scheme, with two soils (clayey Oxisol and very clayey Oxisol), three fertilizers phosphates (conventional monoammonium phosphate - CONV; CONV coated with polymer - POL; and CONV pelletized with filter cake - ORG) and three periods to reach the matrix potential of -10 kPa in the soils. Available P levels were determined using Mehlich-1. Slow-release phosphate fertilizers increased P availability in soil with lower P adsorption capacity (clayey Oxisol), where ORG provided higher levels of available P. Delaying water application increased P availability in soils treated with phosphate fertilizers. The results indicate that slow-release phosphate fertilizers may improve P availability in soils with lower P adsorption capacity, but it needs to be improved for soils with high P adsorption capacity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phosphorus availability in Oxisols as affected by soil water content and slow-release phosphate fertilizers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-08 15:30:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9508737/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45097056333205266122516023114704964393","date":"2026-05-04T17:54:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T18:06:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"219547750359036152546978662973038302923","date":"2026-04-30T22:26:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T22:13:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T22:10:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:39:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T12:00:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-04-29T10:47:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"08be920b-2beb-4b4c-88d2-45bbbd4958f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45097056333205266122516023114704964393","date":"2026-05-04T17:54:55+00:00","index":30,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T18:06:35+00:00","index":28,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"219547750359036152546978662973038302923","date":"2026-04-30T22:26:08+00:00","index":27,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"6","date":"2026-04-30T22:13:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T22:10:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T11:39:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T12:00:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-04-29T10:47:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":67507947,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":67507948,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":67507949,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T15:30:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-08 15:30:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9508737","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9508737","identity":"rs-9508737","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}