Investigation of Material Removal Mechanisms for DZ125 Nickel-Based Alloy Using Fiber-Reinforced Fluid in Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Abstract：

Investigation of Material Removal Mechanisms for DZ125 Nickel-Based Alloy Using Fiber-Reinforced Fluid in Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Abstract： | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigation of Material Removal Mechanisms for DZ125 Nickel-Based Alloy Using Fiber-Reinforced Fluid in Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Abstract： Xingke Li, Zongfu Guo, Jing Ni, Zhen Zhang, Zuji Li, Gujian Sun, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract DZ125 nickel-based alloy is a critical material for manufacturing turbine rotor blade tenons in aero-engines. However, its grinding surfaces are prone to various defects. Removing surface defects through polishing is crucial for enhancing the service performance and lifespan of components. To achieve high-efficiency and high-quality polishing, this study investigates the effect of adding fibers to polishing fluid to alter its rheological properties during grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing of DZ125 nickel-based alloys. First, finite element simulations were employed to analyze how changes in the rheological properties of the polishing fluid influence the magnitude and distribution of surface pressure and shear stress during the process. The results indicate that increased polishing fluid viscosity significantly enhances shear stress while minimally affecting dynamic pressure. Experimental observations revealed that, at the same mass fraction, wooden fibers modify the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid more rapidly than other fibers. Polishing experiments demonstrated that under identical process parameters, the addition of wooden fibers yielded superior surface quality, achieving a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.338µm ± 0.013µm (The initial surface roughness is Ra1.142µm ± 0.011µm.). In contrast, surfaces polished without fibers exhibited an Ra of 0.445µm ± 0.016µm, representing a 24% reduction in Ra(The polishing time is reduced by 30%.). Furthermore, as the wooden fiber concentration increased from 1–3%, the rate of surface roughness improvement accelerated, and polishing efficiency progressively increased. However, when the fiber concentration exceeded 3%, dispersed fibers rapidly agglomerated, leading to diminished polishing efficiency and surface quality. This study contributes to advancing efficient, eco-friendly, and high-quality polishing of nickel-based alloys. Physical sciences/Engineering/Aerospace engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Nickel-Based Alloy Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Fiber-Reinforced Fluid Wood Fiber Carbon Fiber Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction DZ125 nickel-based alloy is widely used in turbine rotor blade tenons of aero-engines due to its excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance [1–3] . However, grinding surfaces of this alloy often exhibit defects such as work hardening, surface burns, surface/subsurface cracks, and microstructural alterations [4,5] , which degrade the fatigue performance and service life of components [6] . Therefore, removing the damaged layer on ground surfaces via polishing is critical for enhancing component performance and longevity [7] . Grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing (GDJP) is a non-contact processing technique that employs a grinding wheel as the polishing tool. A controlled gap is maintained between the wheel and the workpiece surface, and polishing fluid is injected into this gap [8] . Driven by the drag force of the high-speed rotating wheel, the polishing fluid impacts the workpiece surface to remove the damaged layer and improve surface microtopography. By replacing grinding fluid with polishing fluid, this technique enables seamless transition from grinding to polishing, eliminating the need for additional polishing equipment and avoiding positioning errors and auxiliary time caused by repeated workpiece clamping [9] . Researchers globally have developed hydrodynamic polishing technologies utilizing fluid dynamic pressure effects, including hydrodynamic suspension polishing, abrasive waterjet polishing, abrasive flow polishing, and elastic emission polishing [10–12] . Zhong Xie [13] designed a polishing roller with microstructures to replace the grinding wheel and optimized the influence of structural parameters on polishing fluid pressure during linear hydrodynamic polishing using CFD simulations, orthogonal experiments, and nlinfit fitting. Existing studies primarily focus on the effects of polishing wheel types, surface microstructures, and process parameters on surface quality and efficiency, with limited attention to the rheological properties of polishing fluids. KUBOTA et al. [14] demonstrated that higher shear stress in the hydrodynamic lubrication film enhances material removal rates in elastic emission machining. MI et al. [15] found that using non-Newtonian fluids in float polishing amplifies shear stress via shear-thickening effects, significantly improving material removal rates. These findings highlight the critical role of fluid shear stress in polishing quality and efficiency. To enhance shear stress in GDJP, increasing polishing fluid viscosity is a viable strategy. Rheological properties can be adjusted by modifying base fluid types, dispersant concentrations, or adding thickeners. However, conventional metal polishing fluids formulated with these components are often highly corrosive, posing risks to human health, equipment, and the environment [16] . Additionally, mist generated by high-speed fluid impingement degrades working conditions and threatens ecological safety [17] . Inspired by small-tool polishing and lap polishing, where fibrous damping pads guide polishing particles into contact zones to achieve ultra-smooth surfaces, this study proposes adding fibers to polishing fluids. This approach offers dual benefits: improving viscosity in an eco-friendly manner and potentially enhancing polishing efficiency and surface quality. Regarding the influence of fibers on fluid rheology, Asoodeh [18] investigated glass fiber-reinforced composites and observed that increased fiber concentration and aspect ratio elevate dynamic viscosity under specific shear rates. Khan [19] studied nylon fiber suspensions and revealed that the size ratio and volume fraction of fibers in bimodal systems critically govern rheological behavior. Mohammad [20] explored multifunctional shear-thickening fluids (M-STFs) with carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and hybrid fibers, finding that initial viscosity rises with fiber concentration and peaks at high concentrations and low temperatures. Keshtkar [21] experimentally demonstrated that fiber flexibility and concentration significantly affect steady-state viscosity, with greater flexibility and semi-concentrated fiber regimes amplifying viscosity due to enhanced inter-fiber interactions. Rajabian [22] further confirmed via simulations that fiber flexibility markedly increases viscosity at high aspect ratios and concentrations. Fibers, as free additives, are widely used in drilling and completion fluids to address engineering challenges, improve efficiency, and reduce reservoir damage. Jiang [24] showed that low-concentration polymer solutions with fibers exhibit superior solid-carrying capacity compared to high-concentration fiber-free solutions. Elgaddafi [25] and Ahmed [26] demonstrated that uniformly dispersed fibers retard particle sedimentation and enhance solid transport efficiency. In summary, integrating fibers into polishing fluids to modulate viscosity represents a novel, eco-friendly approach for improving polishing efficiency. This study investigates the effects of fiber type and concentration on the rheological properties of polishing fluids and validates their impact on surface quality and efficiency during GDJP of DZ125 nickel-based alloy. The findings contribute to advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-quality polishing of nickel-based alloys. 2.Theoretical Analysis and Simulation Study 2.1 Material Removal Mechanism Under Drag-Driven Hydrodynamic Polishing In grinding wheel drag-driven hydrodynamic polishing, the forces acting on the workpiece surface can be resolved into two components: the hydrodynamic pressure P in the Y-direction and the viscous shear stress τ in the X-direction, as illustrated in Figure 1. Based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory [27], the hydrodynamic pressure P generated within the gap drives abrasive particles in the polishing fluid to impact and collide with surface asperities of the work piece, promoting material relaxation and reducing bonding strength. Simultaneously, the high-speed rotating grinding wheel induces a significant fluid velocity gradient across the work piece surface. According to the Newtonian viscous friction law, this velocity gradient generates substantial viscous shear stress τ, which acts on surface asperities through impact and sliding to overcome material bonding forces, thereby achieving material removal. 2.2 Study on Fiber Thickening Mechanism The presence and motion of fibers influence the properties of fluids, while the fibers themselves undergo continuous displacement and rotation under fluid forces. Consequently, fiber suspension flows constitute a complex hydrodynamic system. Their flow characteristics vary significantly with fiber concentration, morphology, flow velocity, and other factors, ranging from water-like fluidity to complete loss of mobility. This phenomenon occurs because flexible fibers tend to entangle within the polishing fluid, forming network structures that increase the fluid’s viscosity. As fiber concentration rises, the distance between fibers decreases, enhancing the likelihood of contact and entanglement. This promotes the formation of additional network frameworks, amplifies cohesive forces generated by elastic fiber bending, and strengthens the liquid-bridge bonding forces between fibers as their proximity increases (Figure 2). These effects collectively impose greater resistance to fiber movement, manifesting as a higher viscosity of the polishing fluid. Disrupting such network structures requires larger shear forces to induce fiber flow. Therefore, increasing fiber concentration elevates both the yield stress and plastic viscosity of fiber suspensions [28]. These network structures enhance the polishing fluid’s capacity to carry abrasive particles [29]. In grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing processes, material removal is achieved through abrasive particle impacts on the workpiece surface. The addition of fibers to polishing fluids improves the entrainment efficiency of abrasive particles, increasing the number of particles impacting the workpiece surface during processing. This enhances the material removal rate under drag jet action. 2.3 Fluid Simulation of Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing The material removal mechanism in grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing processes is primarily governed by hydrodynamic pressure P and viscous shear stress τ, where P arises from hydrodynamic effects and τ originates from fluid viscosity. The magnitude and distribution uniformity of these two factors directly influence the microscopic morphology of the work piece surface. This study employs ANSYS FLUENT to investigate the variations in polishing pressure and shear stress under different fluid viscosities. The simulation results provide parametric guidance for optimizing fiber application in drag jet polishing. 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Model of Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing In this study, the polishing fluid is a homogeneous mixture of base liquid, dispersant, abrasive particles, and fibers. The solid-liquid two-phase abrasive flow forms a high-speed turbulent field within the microscale polishing gap. To analyze the flow field distribution on the workpiece surface, the Mixture multiphase model is adopted for numerical simulation. Given the turbulent flow regime with rotational and boundary layer effects in GDJP, the Realizable kk-ϵϵ turbulence model is selected to enhance simulation accuracy for high-speed turbulent flows. The grinding wheel used in the simulation is disk-shaped, with a diameter of 40 mm and a width of 10 mm. A 3D model was created in SOLIDWORKS and imported into ANSYS. The geometric model and simulated flow field are illustrated in Figure 3. To mitigate mesh distortion caused by complex fluid dynamics in the polishing gap, an unstructured mesh with adaptive refinement is applied. Boundary Conditions. Based on actual GDJP conditions, the boundary settings are configured as follows: Grinding Wheel Wall: Defined as a moving wall with rotational motion about a fixed axis. The rotation center aligns with the wheel axis (vector coordinate: (0,0,1)(0,0,1)), and angular velocity is set according to operational parameters. Other Walls: Default wall settings are retained. Outlet Boundary: Assigned as a pressure outlet with standard atmospheric pressure. Solver Configuration: A double-precision, pressure-based solver is selected for three-dimensional incompressible flow. Transient Simulation: Enabled to account for time-dependent flow variations induced by wheel rotation. Multiphase Model: The Mixture model is utilized. The fluid comprises a dispersed phase (water and dispersant mixture) and abrasive particles (10% volume fraction, 6 µm diameter). Material properties, including density and viscosity, are defined accordingly. Turbulence Model: The Realizable k-ϵ equations are solved using a coupled solver (Coupled) for enhanced convergence. 2.3.2 Simulation Results and Discussion This simulation investigated the influence of fluid viscosity on the dynamic pressure and shear stress distribution across the workpiece surface under fixed parameters of a wheel linear speed of 39 m/s and a spacing of 100 µm. Figure 4(a) illustrates the dynamic pressure distribution on the workpiece surface, where similar pressure profiles were observed across varying viscosities, albeit with distinct magnitudes. The dynamic pressure was predominantly concentrated within the projection area of the grinding wheel on the workpiece surface, reaching its maximum value in the narrow spacing zone. Due to geometric constraints of the gap and viscous resistance at the workpiece surface, the dynamic pressure rapidly attained its peak within the gap region, accompanied by significant pressure gradient variations, followed by an abrupt pressure drop at the gap exit. Along the wheel width direction, the dynamic pressure exhibited minimal variation except at the edges, where fluid leakage occurred. To quantitatively analyze the dynamic pressure variation with viscosity, pressure values were extracted along a designated monitoring line on the workpiece surface, as indicated in Fig. 4(a). As shown in Fig. 4(b), the dynamic pressure increased with higher fluid viscosity. Compared to the baseline viscosity of 0.05Pa·s, the dynamic pressure at viscosities of 0.10Pa·s, 0.15Pa·s, and 0.20Pa·s showed increments of 3.2kPa, 8.4kPa, and 10.1kPa, respectively. Notably, the pressure growth stagnated when the viscosity increased from 0.15Pa·s to 0.20Pa·s. The dynamic pressure serves as a critical indicator for evaluating fluid mass transfer processes and the interaction between abrasive particles and the workpiece surface. These results suggest that a moderate increase in polishing fluid viscosity can enhance the hydrodynamic pressure within the polishing gap, thereby improving the material removal efficiency in GDJP processes. Figure 5(a) illustrates the shear stress distribution on the workpiece surface under varying fluid viscosities. While the overall distribution profiles remain similar across viscosities, their magnitudes differ significantly. The viscous shear stress is predominantly concentrated within the projection area of the grinding wheel on the workpiece surface, reaching its maximum value in the narrow spacing zone. A symmetrically decreasing trend from the center toward both sides is observed, exhibiting characteristics analogous to the dynamic pressure distribution shown in Figure 4(a). Along the wheel width direction, the shear stress remains relatively uniform except near the edges, where rapid stress reduction occurs due to fluid leakage. To quantify the influence of viscosity on shear stress, values were extracted along a designated monitoring line on the workpiece surface, as depicted in Figure 5(a). Figure 5(b) clearly demonstrates that the shear stress increases linearly with higher fluid viscosity. The shear stress serves as a critical indicator for evaluating fluid mass transfer processes and the material removal efficiency induced by abrasive particles. These results indicate that increasing the viscosity of the polishing fluid significantly enhances the hydrodynamic shear stress within the polishing gap, thereby improving the material removal efficiency in GDJP processes. 3. Experimental Setup The GDJP setup, as illustrated in Figure 6, was implemented on a precision CNC engraving machine. The workpiece was secured onto a fixture, with the gap distance and circumferential speed controlled by adjusting the spindle position and rotational speed. The experimental platform was constructed based on the principle of external mixing and circulation. During processing, the prepared fiber-thickened polishing fluid was loaded into a mixing chamber, where a magnetic stirrer was employed to continuously agitate the fluid to prevent abrasive sedimentation. The homogenized polishing fluid was then injected into the gap between the grinding wheel and workpiece via a self-priming pump. After processing, the polishing fluid was collected through a drainage outlet into the mixing chamber for recycling. The kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid was measured at room temperature using a SYD-265B-I viscometer (Shanghai Jingxi Instrument Co., Ltd.). The surface morphology of the workpiece before and after processing was characterized using a high-depth-of-field optical microscope. Surface roughness of the nickel-based superalloy DZ125 was evaluated before and after polishing via a Sensofar S neox white-light interferometer. Material removal rates were determined by measuring the mass difference of the workpiece before and after processing using a precision balance (HC2004), with five repeated measurements averaged to ensure accuracy. During polishing, the grinding wheel’s linear speed (39 m/s) and the gap distance to the workpiece (100 µm) were held constant. The concentrations of alumina abrasives and dispersants in the polishing fluid were also maintained unchanged. Experimental conditions are summarized in Table 1, and fiber parameters are listed in Table 2. This study investigated the effects of two distinct fiber types and their concentrations on the polishing fluid’s viscosity, polishing efficacy, and material removal efficiency. Table1 Experimental parameters Processing conditions Parameters Abrasive particle Al2O3 Abrasive concentration (wt%) 10% Abrasive particle diameter (Aver-age) 5µm Liquid medium Water Dispersing agent sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) Stir time 45min Ultrasonic dispersion time 15min polishing rotation speed（m/s） 39 polishing gap（µm） 40 fiber concentration 1%、2%、3% Polishing time 60min Table 2 Fiber parameter Types Length Diameter Tensile strength Young's modulus Lignocellulose 500µm 20µm 30-100mpa 5-30Gpa Carbon fiber 500µm 7µm ≥3500Gpa 230-270Gpa 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Effect of Different Fibers and their concentrations on the Viscosity of Polishing Fluid Figure 7 presents the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid at room temperature under varying concentrations of wood fibers and carbon fibers. Regardless of the fiber type, the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid increased with higher fiber concentrations. However, the rates of viscosity variation differed between the two fibers. The polishing fluid containing softer wood fibers exhibited a more rapid rise in kinematic viscosity: as the fiber concentration increased from 0 to 3%, the kinematic viscosity surged from 1.4 mm²/s to 1.95 mm²/s. Similarly, the carbon fiber-containing slurry followed an analogous trend, though the stiffer carbon fibers had a lesser impact on the kinematic viscosity compared to the softer wood fibers. 4.2 Effect of Different Fibers on Polishing Performance Wood fiber- and carbon fiber-thickened polishing fluids were prepared by adding 3wt.% fibers to the base polishing fluid. The grinding wheel linear speed was set to 39m/s, and the polishing gap was maintained at 40μm. The surface roughness evolution, surface morphology, and material removal rate (MRR) of the workpiece were measured at four polishing durations: 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min. A control group using the base polishing fluid without fibers was included for comparison. Figure 8 illustrates the trends in surface roughness and MRR for the fiber-free, wood fiber-containing, and carbon fiber-containing polishing fluids at different polishing times. As shown in Figure 8(a), the roughness evolution of the carbon fiber-containing fluid closely resembled that of the fiber-free fluid, while the wood fiber-containing fluid exhibited the fastest roughness reduction. After 60 min of polishing, the roughness values were 0.445μm ± 0.016μm (fiber-free), 0.405μm ± 0.011μm (carbon fiber), and 0.378μm ± 0.013μm (wood fiber). Notably, the wood fiber-containing fluid achieved its minimum roughness of 0.338μm ± 0.013μm at 45min, but roughness increased afterward due to over-polishing of the surface material. As demonstrated in Figures 4 and 5, the wood fiber-containing fluid exhibited higher viscosity, leading to greater dynamic pressure and shear 8 stress on the workpiece surface during polishing. Consequently, as shown in Figure 8(b), the wood fiber-containing fluid achieved the highest MRR, which explains its accelerated roughness evolution compared to the other groups.Wood fiber has better flexibility than carbon fiber, and can form a more stable network structure in the polishing solution, which can drive more abrasive particles to participate in the polishing process, so wood fiber has a greater material removal rate. Improve the efficiency of GDJP processing DZ125 nickel-based alloy. Figure 9 presents optical micrographs of initial and polished workpiece surfaces without fiber reinforcement, with wood fiber reinforcement, and with carbon fiber reinforcement at different processing durations. As shown in Figures 9(a)-(c), the initial workpiece surfaces exhibit distinct grooves caused by abrasive scratching during coarse grinding, demonstrating a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.064 µm ± 0.046 µm. After 15 minutes of processing, both the control group (without fiber) and carbon fiber-reinforced group still displayed observable grooves, whereas the wood fiber-reinforced surface showed no apparent grooves but contained minor pits. The control group maintained visible grooves even after 60 minutes of processing, while the carbon fiber-reinforced group exhibited no grooves but retained slight protrusions. As illustrated in Figure 8(b), the wood fiber-reinforced group achieved the highest material removal rate (MRR). Consequently, surface grooves were eliminated and pits were reduced after 30 minutes of processing. However, prolonged processing beyond this duration induced excessive material removal, leading to renewed pit formation that progressively increased with extended processing time. 4.3 Effect of Wood Fiber Concentration on Polishing Performance In the comparison between carbon fiber and wood fiber, wood fiber exhibits the fastest roughness variation rate and the lowest final roughness. To investigate the influence of wood fiber concentration on polishing, experiments were conducted with wood fiber mass fractions of 1%, 2%, 3%, and a control group without fiber. Process parameters were maintained constant, with a machining time of 60 min. Figure 10 presents optical micrographs of polished surfaces under different wood fiber concentrations. Figure 10(a) shows the control group surface, where grooves remain visible after 60 min of processing. In Figure 10(b) (1% wood fiber mass fraction), the surface is free of grooves but contains numerous pits, including several large ones. Figure 10(c) (2% wood fiber mass fraction) demonstrates a reduced number of pits as the concentration increases, with large pits nearly eliminated. Figure 10(d) (3% wood fiber mass fraction) reveals that the highest slurry viscosity at this concentration generates the greatest dynamic pressure and shear stress on the workpiece surface. Consequently, the material removal rate is maximized under identical processing time, leading to excessive material removal and deteriorated surface quality, characterized by the reappearance of larger pits. Figure 11 illustrates the roughness evolution trends and material removal rates under varying wood fiber concentrations. As shown in the figure, a wood fiber concentration of 1% yields a post-polishing surface roughness of 0.421 µm ±0.012 µm after 60 min of processing. At a concentration of 2%, the roughness decreases to 0.328 µm ±0.011 µm, representing the lowest value observed. Furthermore, as indicated in Figure 8(a), when the wood fiber concentration reaches 3%, the surface roughness initially decreases but subsequently increases during the 60-minute polishing process. This phenomenon suggests that adjustments to the processing time are critical when slurry viscosity changes, as excessive material removal under prolonged exposure can degrade surface quality. 5. Conclusion This study investigated the effects of adding wood fiber and carbon fiber to polishing slurries on the machining efficiency and surface quality during grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing of nickel-based superalloys. Based on simulation analyses and experimental investigations, the following conclusions were drawn: 1.Simulation data indicate that increasing the slurry viscosity from 0.05Pa·s to 0.20Pa·s resulted in a minor enhancement of dynamic pressure (10.1 kPa) but a significant rise in shear stress (from 24.3 kPa to 98.5 kPa) on the workpiece surface. This demonstrates that higher viscosity predominantly amplifies shear stress during polishing. 2.The softer wood fiber exhibited a more pronounced influence on the kinematic viscosity of the polishing slurry compared to the harder carbon fiber, leading to superior efficiency and surface quality in nickel-based alloy polishing. At a 3% fiber concentration, the wood fiber-enhanced slurry achieved the minimum surface roughness (0.338 µm ±0.013 µm) after 45 min of processing, beyond which roughness increased. In contrast, the carbon fiber-enhanced slurry required 60 min to attain its lowest roughness (0.405 µm ±0.011 µm), while the fiber-free slurry achieved a minimum roughness of 0.445 µm ±0.016 µm after 60 min. 3.The surface roughness of the polished surface processed by the wood fiber reinforced polishing slurry decreases with the increase of the fiber concentration at the same time.At mass fractions of 1%, 2%, and 3%, the final roughness values were 0.421µm ±0.012µm, 0.328µm ±0.011µm (lowest), and 0.378 µm ±0.013µm, respectively. The roughness of 3 % is greater than 2 %, because 3 % has reached the lowest at 45 min, and the subsequent 15 min processing leads to surface deterioration, so this phenomenon occurs.This trend confirms that higher wood fiber concentrations accelerate roughness stabilization, thereby enhancing machining efficiency. Declarations Funding: The authors would like to thank the financial support from Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project (No. LGG22E050030) Conflicts of interest/Competing interests ： The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Zongfu Guo; Data Curation, Xingke Li and Zuji Li; Formal Analysis, Jing Ni and Gujian Sun; Funding Acquisition, Zongfu Guo; Methodology, Zongfu Guo and Xingke Li; Resources, Zongfu Guo and Xiao Yang; Validation, Xingke Li; Roles/Writing-Original Draft, Zongfu Guo and Xingke Li; Writing-Review & Editing, Zongfu Guo and Zhen Zhang. References Sun, C., Li, W., Sun, R., Liu, G. & Sun, Z. Effect of Solution Aging Treatment on High and Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Nickel-Based Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion at 25°C and 650°C. Int. J. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6801271","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":474375392,"identity":"bd49f6f8-de03-4437-9889-2cf05891a9a0","order_by":0,"name":"Xingke Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xingke","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":474375394,"identity":"b080a701-e026-4c8e-b2dd-37cf61353568","order_by":1,"name":"Zongfu Guo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADfgb2HgYJIIOxgVgtkg08Z0jWIpFDpBb5iOTDHz7uqJUwuPn24G0eBhvZDQeYnz3Ap8XwRlqC4cwzxyUMbuclW/MwpBlvOMBmboBXy4wcg2TetmN1BrdzzKR5GA4nbjjAwyZBSMthoBagw86AtPwnrEVeIsewmbetRsLgBg9IywHCWgx4niUzzmw7ICF5JsfYco5BsvHMw2xm+G1pB4VYW50E3/EzhjfeVNjJ9h1vfobflgNg6jCMC8TM+NSDbGkAU3UElI2CUTAKRsGIBgDdpEjLKosHsgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zongfu","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":474375395,"identity":"d43c06b3-1fe2-4a8a-8934-a284ad1b1b96","order_by":2,"name":"Jing Ni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Ni","suffix":""},{"id":474375396,"identity":"88574ed2-e04d-40f2-8c1b-9f014211b157","order_by":3,"name":"Zhen Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhen","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":474375397,"identity":"fbfa2f5e-d4bf-4080-a359-538607a9d2c8","order_by":4,"name":"Zuji Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zuji","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":474375398,"identity":"b6eec894-73cd-4846-95e5-24bb791f39d0","order_by":5,"name":"Gujian Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gujian","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":474375399,"identity":"14e07e03-5dc6-46c3-9216-89ad69f3e2ab","order_by":6,"name":"Yang Xiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-02 10:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85196295,"identity":"58603b69-a8b5-47d3-bb8f-65e7a524c3d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHydrodynamic pressure (P) and viscous shear stress (τ) in grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing [27].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/9375f13e0ca57ee1c63815fc.png"},{"id":85196294,"identity":"839bffb9-e540-45e6-b10e-4d056752c72b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic Diagram of Fiber Entanglement and Interfiber Liquid Bridges\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/c44451ae0d70ed96fa5a9d35.png"},{"id":85196296,"identity":"c3dfd213-923d-4306-8f8e-7265b2ca0951","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic of the polishing process and simulation model.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/618e91a716e4f9a78a915c53.png"},{"id":85197457,"identity":"243171a9-98d8-4b03-ba9b-fde3406eb6c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:40:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":258203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Fluid Viscosity on Dynamic Pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a)Contour map of dynamic pressure distribution on the workpiece surface; (b)Variation curve of dynamic pressure along the detection line in the contact zone.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/66ab46b491c6ce98c63f8524.png"},{"id":85197455,"identity":"5cf8a606-e9b3-4e75-852b-418279d49e55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:40:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":299825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Fluid Viscosity on Shear Stress\u003cbr\u003e\n (a) Contour map of shear stress distribution on the workpiece surface; (b) Variation curve of shear stress along the detection line in the contact zone.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/48cd0b7829f4bd6c7e1b96a8.png"},{"id":85196303,"identity":"1beb10d5-39de-4807-a600-10c8eb841f44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":642174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the grinding wheel drag-induced jet polishing setup\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/0b9cb4582930b0b35bd87abd.png"},{"id":85197809,"identity":"7949a5cf-946e-4b06-a095-18fdd1b85e72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:48:49","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Different Fiber concentration on the Kinematic Viscosity of Polishing Fluid\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/a492bad49a2a50f95641083b.png"},{"id":85196306,"identity":"363830fa-86cc-4fdb-8486-35afe060a3de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003edemonstrates the effects of different fibers on polishing performance: (a) variation of surface roughness with polishing time; (b) variation of material removal rate with polishing time.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/df79b4f645b13e7a9f6f767c.png"},{"id":85196309,"identity":"5171a3c7-a766-406e-b13b-e0b66b3a0f99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:49","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":442442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolution of Workpiece Surface Micromorphology\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/50cee2a5b4939b87bcaf5fd6.png"},{"id":85196317,"identity":"cbdc5aa0-14ba-4cbc-9b30-1e537d03d400","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:50","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":337670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Wood Fiber Concentration on the Evolution of Polished Surface Micromorphology:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) 0% wood fiber concentration; (b) 1% wood fiber concentration; (c) 2% wood fiber concentration;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(d) 3% wood fiber concentration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/dff5eccb551c2337cca58fb8.png"},{"id":85196318,"identity":"a9328136-e455-48a4-b5dc-0c55a275f5f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:32:50","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Wood Fiber Concentration on Polished Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/9bd0884cdc874e62fccdf423.png"},{"id":85198623,"identity":"9633aba6-2d11-48af-a55f-8e4c55b54216","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 09:56:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3284655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6801271/v1/68d61a20-660c-4c0e-b0ab-aa6c64c36409.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of Material Removal Mechanisms for DZ125 Nickel-Based Alloy Using Fiber-Reinforced Fluid in Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Abstract：","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDZ125 nickel-based alloy is widely used in turbine rotor blade tenons of aero-engines due to its excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance\u003csup\u003e[1–3]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, grinding surfaces of this alloy often exhibit defects such as work hardening, surface burns, surface/subsurface cracks, and microstructural alterations \u003csup\u003e[4,5]\u003c/sup\u003e, which degrade the fatigue performance and service life of components \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, removing the damaged layer on ground surfaces via polishing is critical for enhancing component performance and longevity \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing (GDJP) is a non-contact processing technique that employs a grinding wheel as the polishing tool. A controlled gap is maintained between the wheel and the workpiece surface, and polishing fluid is injected into this gap \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e. Driven by the drag force of the high-speed rotating wheel, the polishing fluid impacts the workpiece surface to remove the damaged layer and improve surface microtopography. By replacing grinding fluid with polishing fluid, this technique enables seamless transition from grinding to polishing, eliminating the need for additional polishing equipment and avoiding positioning errors and auxiliary time caused by repeated workpiece clamping \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers globally have developed hydrodynamic polishing technologies utilizing fluid dynamic pressure effects, including hydrodynamic suspension polishing, abrasive waterjet polishing, abrasive flow polishing, and elastic emission polishing \u003csup\u003e[10–12]\u003c/sup\u003e. Zhong Xie \u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e designed a polishing roller with microstructures to replace the grinding wheel and optimized the influence of structural parameters on polishing fluid pressure during linear hydrodynamic polishing using CFD simulations, orthogonal experiments, and nlinfit fitting. Existing studies primarily focus on the effects of polishing wheel types, surface microstructures, and process parameters on surface quality and efficiency, with limited attention to the rheological properties of polishing fluids. KUBOTA et al. \u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that higher shear stress in the hydrodynamic lubrication film enhances material removal rates in elastic emission machining. MI et al. \u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e found that using non-Newtonian fluids in float polishing amplifies shear stress via shear-thickening effects, significantly improving material removal rates. These findings highlight the critical role of fluid shear stress in polishing quality and efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo enhance shear stress in GDJP, increasing polishing fluid viscosity is a viable strategy. Rheological properties can be adjusted by modifying base fluid types, dispersant concentrations, or adding thickeners. However, conventional metal polishing fluids formulated with these components are often highly corrosive, posing risks to human health, equipment, and the environment \u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, mist generated by high-speed fluid impingement degrades working conditions and threatens ecological safety\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[17]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInspired by small-tool polishing and lap polishing, where fibrous damping pads guide polishing particles into contact zones to achieve ultra-smooth surfaces, this study proposes adding fibers to polishing fluids. This approach offers dual benefits: improving viscosity in an eco-friendly manner and potentially enhancing polishing efficiency and surface quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the influence of fibers on fluid rheology, Asoodeh\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[18]\u003c/sup\u003e investigated glass fiber-reinforced composites and observed that increased fiber concentration and aspect ratio elevate dynamic viscosity under specific shear rates. Khan \u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e studied nylon fiber suspensions and revealed that the size ratio and volume fraction of fibers in bimodal systems critically govern rheological behavior. Mohammad \u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e explored multifunctional shear-thickening fluids (M-STFs) with carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and hybrid fibers, finding that initial viscosity rises with fiber concentration and peaks at high concentrations and low temperatures. Keshtkar \u003csup\u003e[21]\u003c/sup\u003e experimentally demonstrated that fiber flexibility and concentration significantly affect steady-state viscosity, with greater flexibility and semi-concentrated fiber regimes amplifying viscosity due to enhanced inter-fiber interactions. Rajabian \u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e further confirmed via simulations that fiber flexibility markedly increases viscosity at high aspect ratios and concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFibers, as free additives, are widely used in drilling and completion fluids to address engineering challenges, improve efficiency, and reduce reservoir damage. Jiang \u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e showed that low-concentration polymer solutions with fibers exhibit superior solid-carrying capacity compared to high-concentration fiber-free solutions. Elgaddafi \u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e and Ahmed \u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that uniformly dispersed fibers retard particle sedimentation and enhance solid transport efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, integrating fibers into polishing fluids to modulate viscosity represents a novel, eco-friendly approach for improving polishing efficiency. This study investigates the effects of fiber type and concentration on the rheological properties of polishing fluids and validates their impact on surface quality and efficiency during GDJP of DZ125 nickel-based alloy. The findings contribute to advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-quality polishing of nickel-based alloys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.Theoretical Analysis and Simulation Study","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Material Removal Mechanism Under Drag-Driven Hydrodynamic Polishing\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eIn grinding wheel drag-driven hydrodynamic polishing, the forces acting on the workpiece surface can be resolved into two components: the hydrodynamic pressure P in the Y-direction and the viscous shear stress \u0026tau; in the X-direction, as illustrated in Figure 1. Based on hydrodynamic lubrication theory [27], the hydrodynamic pressure P generated within the gap drives abrasive particles in the polishing fluid to impact and collide with surface asperities of the work piece, promoting material relaxation and reducing bonding strength. Simultaneously, the high-speed rotating grinding wheel induces a significant fluid velocity gradient across the work piece surface. According to the Newtonian viscous friction law, this velocity gradient generates substantial viscous shear stress \u0026tau;, which acts on surface asperities through impact and sliding to overcome material bonding forces, thereby achieving material removal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Study on Fiber Thickening Mechanism\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence and motion of fibers influence the properties of fluids, while the fibers themselves undergo continuous displacement and rotation under fluid forces. Consequently, fiber suspension flows constitute a complex hydrodynamic system. Their flow characteristics vary significantly with fiber concentration, morphology, flow velocity, and other factors, ranging from water-like fluidity to complete loss of mobility. This phenomenon occurs because flexible fibers tend to entangle within the polishing fluid, forming network structures that increase the fluid\u0026rsquo;s viscosity. As fiber concentration rises, the distance between fibers decreases, enhancing the likelihood of contact and entanglement. This promotes the formation of additional network frameworks, amplifies cohesive forces generated by elastic fiber bending, and strengthens the liquid-bridge bonding forces between fibers as their proximity increases (Figure 2). These effects collectively impose greater resistance to fiber movement, manifesting as a higher viscosity of the polishing fluid. Disrupting such network structures requires larger shear forces to induce fiber flow. Therefore, increasing fiber concentration elevates both the yield stress and plastic viscosity of fiber suspensions [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese network structures enhance the polishing fluid\u0026rsquo;s capacity to carry abrasive particles [29]. In grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing processes, material removal is achieved through abrasive particle impacts on the workpiece surface. The addition of fibers to polishing fluids improves the entrainment efficiency of abrasive particles, increasing the number of particles impacting the workpiece surface during processing. This enhances the material removal rate under drag jet action.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Fluid Simulation of Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe material removal mechanism in grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing processes is primarily governed by hydrodynamic pressure\u0026nbsp;P and viscous shear stress\u0026nbsp;\u0026tau;, where\u0026nbsp;P\u0026nbsp;arises from hydrodynamic effects and\u0026nbsp;\u0026tau;\u0026nbsp;originates from fluid viscosity. The magnitude and distribution uniformity of these two factors directly influence the microscopic morphology of the work piece surface. This study employs ANSYS FLUENT to investigate the variations in polishing pressure and shear stress under different fluid viscosities. The simulation results provide parametric guidance for optimizing fiber application in drag jet polishing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Model of Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the polishing fluid is a homogeneous mixture of base liquid, dispersant, abrasive particles, and fibers. The solid-liquid two-phase abrasive flow forms a high-speed turbulent field within the microscale polishing gap. To analyze the flow field distribution on the workpiece surface, the Mixture multiphase model is adopted for numerical simulation. Given the turbulent flow regime with rotational and boundary layer effects in GDJP, the Realizable\u0026nbsp;kk-ϵϵ\u0026nbsp;turbulence model is selected to enhance simulation accuracy for high-speed turbulent flows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe grinding wheel used in the simulation is disk-shaped, with a diameter of 40 mm and a width of 10 mm. A 3D model was created in SOLIDWORKS and imported into ANSYS. The geometric model and simulated flow field are illustrated in Figure 3. To mitigate mesh distortion caused by complex fluid dynamics in the polishing gap, an unstructured mesh with adaptive refinement is applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoundary Conditions. Based on actual GDJP conditions, the boundary settings are configured as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrinding Wheel Wall: Defined as a moving wall with rotational motion about a fixed axis. The rotation center aligns with the wheel axis (vector coordinate: (0,0,1)(0,0,1)), and angular velocity is set according to operational parameters. Other Walls: Default wall settings are retained. Outlet Boundary: Assigned as a pressure outlet with standard atmospheric pressure. Solver Configuration: A double-precision, pressure-based solver is selected for three-dimensional incompressible flow. Transient Simulation: Enabled to account for time-dependent flow variations induced by wheel rotation. Multiphase Model: The Mixture model is utilized. The fluid comprises a dispersed phase (water and dispersant mixture) and abrasive particles (10% volume fraction, 6 \u0026micro;m diameter). Material properties, including density and viscosity, are defined accordingly. Turbulence Model: The Realizable k-ϵ equations are solved using a coupled solver (Coupled) for enhanced convergence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.2 Simulation Results and Discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis simulation investigated the influence of fluid viscosity on the dynamic pressure and shear stress distribution across the workpiece surface under fixed parameters of a wheel linear speed of 39 m/s and a spacing of 100 \u0026micro;m. Figure 4(a) illustrates the dynamic pressure distribution on the workpiece surface, where similar pressure profiles were observed across varying viscosities, albeit with distinct magnitudes. The dynamic pressure was predominantly concentrated within the projection area of the grinding wheel on the workpiece surface, reaching its maximum value in the narrow spacing zone. Due to geometric constraints of the gap and viscous resistance at the workpiece surface, the dynamic pressure rapidly attained its peak within the gap region, accompanied by significant pressure gradient variations, followed by an abrupt pressure drop at the gap exit. Along the wheel width direction, the dynamic pressure exhibited minimal variation except at the edges, where fluid leakage occurred. To quantitatively analyze the dynamic pressure variation with viscosity, pressure values were extracted along a designated monitoring line on the workpiece surface, as indicated in Fig. 4(a). As shown in Fig. 4(b), the dynamic pressure increased with higher fluid viscosity. Compared to the baseline viscosity of 0.05Pa\u0026middot;s, the dynamic pressure at viscosities of 0.10Pa\u0026middot;s, 0.15Pa\u0026middot;s, and 0.20Pa\u0026middot;s showed increments of 3.2kPa, 8.4kPa, and 10.1kPa, respectively. Notably, the pressure growth stagnated when the viscosity increased from 0.15Pa\u0026middot;s to 0.20Pa\u0026middot;s. The dynamic pressure serves as a critical indicator for evaluating fluid mass transfer processes and the interaction between abrasive particles and the workpiece surface. These results suggest that a moderate increase in polishing fluid viscosity can enhance the hydrodynamic pressure within the polishing gap, thereby improving the material removal efficiency in GDJP processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 5(a) illustrates the shear stress distribution on the workpiece surface under varying fluid viscosities. While the overall distribution profiles remain similar across viscosities, their magnitudes differ significantly. The viscous shear stress is predominantly concentrated within the projection area of the grinding wheel on the workpiece surface, reaching its maximum value in the narrow spacing zone. A symmetrically decreasing trend from the center toward both sides is observed, exhibiting characteristics analogous to the dynamic pressure distribution shown in Figure 4(a). Along the wheel width direction, the shear stress remains relatively uniform except near the edges, where rapid stress reduction occurs due to fluid leakage. To quantify the influence of viscosity on shear stress, values were extracted along a designated monitoring line on the workpiece surface, as depicted in Figure 5(a). Figure 5(b) clearly demonstrates that the shear stress increases linearly with higher fluid viscosity. The shear stress serves as a critical indicator for evaluating fluid mass transfer processes and the material removal efficiency induced by abrasive particles. These results indicate that increasing the viscosity of the polishing fluid significantly enhances the hydrodynamic shear stress within the polishing gap, thereby improving the material removal efficiency in GDJP processes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental Setup","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe GDJP setup, as illustrated in Figure 6, was implemented on a precision CNC engraving machine. The workpiece was secured onto a fixture, with the gap distance and circumferential speed controlled by adjusting the spindle position and rotational speed. The experimental platform was constructed based on the principle of external mixing and circulation. During processing, the prepared fiber-thickened polishing fluid was loaded into a mixing chamber, where a magnetic stirrer was employed to continuously agitate the fluid to prevent abrasive sedimentation. The homogenized polishing fluid was then injected into the gap between the grinding wheel and workpiece via a self-priming pump. After processing, the polishing fluid was collected through a drainage outlet into the mixing chamber for recycling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid was measured at room temperature using a SYD-265B-I viscometer (Shanghai Jingxi Instrument Co., Ltd.). The surface morphology of the workpiece before and after processing was characterized using a high-depth-of-field optical microscope. Surface roughness of the nickel-based superalloy DZ125 was evaluated before and after polishing via a Sensofar S neox white-light interferometer. Material removal rates were determined by measuring the mass difference of the workpiece before and after processing using a precision balance (HC2004), with five repeated measurements averaged to ensure accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring polishing, the grinding wheel\u0026rsquo;s linear speed (39 m/s) and the gap distance to the workpiece (100 \u0026micro;m) were held constant. The concentrations of alumina abrasives and dispersants in the polishing fluid were also maintained unchanged. Experimental conditions are summarized in Table 1, and fiber parameters are listed in Table 2. This study investigated the effects of two distinct fiber types and their concentrations on the polishing fluid\u0026rsquo;s viscosity, polishing efficacy, and material removal efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable1 Experimental parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcessing conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbrasive particle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl2O3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbrasive concentration (wt%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbrasive particle diameter (Aver-age)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiquid medium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDispersing agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esodium polyacrylate (PAAS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStir time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUltrasonic dispersion time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epolishing rotation speed（m/s）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epolishing gap（\u0026micro;m）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efiber concentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1%、2%、3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolishing time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Fiber parameter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung\u0026apos;s modulus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLignocellulose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-100mpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-30Gpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;3500Gpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230-270Gpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Effect of Different Fibers and their concentrations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon the Viscosity of Polishing Fluid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7 presents the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid at room temperature under varying concentrations of wood fibers and carbon fibers. Regardless of the fiber type, the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid increased with higher fiber concentrations. However, the rates of viscosity variation differed between the two fibers. The polishing fluid containing softer wood fibers exhibited a more rapid rise in kinematic viscosity: as the fiber concentration increased from 0 to 3%, the kinematic viscosity surged from 1.4 mm\u0026sup2;/s to 1.95 mm\u0026sup2;/s. Similarly, the carbon fiber-containing slurry followed an analogous trend, though the stiffer carbon fibers had a lesser impact on the kinematic viscosity compared to the softer wood fibers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Effect of Different Fibers on Polishing Performance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWood fiber- and carbon fiber-thickened polishing fluids were prepared by adding 3wt.% fibers to the base polishing fluid. The grinding wheel linear speed was set to 39m/s, and the polishing gap was maintained at 40\u0026mu;m. The surface roughness evolution, surface morphology, and material removal rate (MRR) of the workpiece were measured at four polishing durations: 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min. A control group using the base polishing fluid without fibers was included for comparison.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 illustrates the trends in surface roughness and MRR for the fiber-free, wood fiber-containing, and carbon fiber-containing polishing fluids at different polishing times. As shown in Figure 8(a), the roughness evolution of the carbon fiber-containing fluid closely resembled that of the fiber-free fluid, while the wood fiber-containing fluid exhibited the fastest roughness reduction. After 60 min of polishing, the roughness values were 0.445\u0026mu;m \u0026plusmn; 0.016\u0026mu;m (fiber-free), 0.405\u0026mu;m \u0026plusmn; 0.011\u0026mu;m (carbon fiber), and 0.378\u0026mu;m \u0026plusmn; 0.013\u0026mu;m (wood fiber). Notably, the wood fiber-containing fluid achieved its minimum roughness of 0.338\u0026mu;m \u0026plusmn; 0.013\u0026mu;m at 45min, but roughness increased afterward due to over-polishing of the surface material. As demonstrated in Figures 4 and 5, the wood fiber-containing fluid exhibited higher viscosity, leading to greater dynamic pressure and shear \u003cins cite=\"mailto:训犬员\" datetime=\"2025-05-15T12:16\"\u003e8\u003c/ins\u003estress on the workpiece surface during polishing. Consequently, as shown in Figure 8(b), the wood fiber-containing fluid achieved the highest MRR, which explains its accelerated roughness evolution compared to the other groups.Wood fiber has better flexibility than carbon fiber, and can form a more stable network structure in the polishing solution, which can drive more abrasive particles to participate in the polishing process, so wood fiber has a greater material removal rate. Improve the efficiency of GDJP processing DZ125 nickel-based alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 9 presents optical micrographs of initial and polished workpiece surfaces without fiber reinforcement, with wood fiber reinforcement, and with carbon fiber reinforcement at different processing durations. As shown in Figures 9(a)-(c), the initial workpiece surfaces exhibit distinct grooves caused by abrasive scratching during coarse grinding, demonstrating a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.064 \u0026micro;m \u0026plusmn; 0.046 \u0026micro;m. After 15 minutes of processing, both the control group (without fiber) and carbon fiber-reinforced group still displayed observable grooves, whereas the wood fiber-reinforced surface showed no apparent grooves but contained minor pits. The control group maintained visible grooves even after 60 minutes of processing, while the carbon fiber-reinforced group exhibited no grooves but retained slight protrusions. As illustrated in Figure 8(b), the wood fiber-reinforced group achieved the highest material removal rate (MRR). Consequently, surface grooves were eliminated and pits were reduced after 30 minutes of processing. However, prolonged processing beyond this duration induced excessive material removal, leading to renewed pit formation that progressively increased with extended processing time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Effect of Wood Fiber Concentration on Polishing Performance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the comparison between carbon fiber and wood fiber, wood fiber exhibits the fastest roughness variation rate and the lowest final roughness. To investigate the influence of wood fiber concentration on polishing, experiments were conducted with wood fiber mass fractions of 1%, 2%, 3%, and a control group without fiber. Process parameters were maintained constant, with a machining time of 60 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 10 presents optical micrographs of polished surfaces under different wood fiber concentrations. Figure 10(a) shows the control group surface, where grooves remain visible after 60 min of processing. In Figure 10(b) (1% wood fiber mass fraction), the surface is free of grooves but contains numerous pits, including several large ones. Figure 10(c) (2% wood fiber mass fraction) demonstrates a reduced number of pits as the concentration increases, with large pits nearly eliminated. Figure 10(d) (3% wood fiber mass fraction) reveals that the highest slurry viscosity at this concentration generates the greatest dynamic pressure and shear stress on the workpiece surface. Consequently, the material removal rate is maximized under identical processing time, leading to excessive material removal and deteriorated surface quality, characterized by the reappearance of larger pits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 11 illustrates the roughness evolution trends and material removal rates under varying wood fiber concentrations. As shown in the figure, a wood fiber concentration of 1% yields a post-polishing surface roughness of 0.421 \u0026micro;m \u0026plusmn;0.012 \u0026micro;m after 60 min of processing. At a concentration of 2%, the roughness decreases to 0.328 \u0026micro;m \u0026plusmn;0.011 \u0026micro;m, representing the lowest value observed. Furthermore, as indicated in Figure 8(a), when the wood fiber concentration reaches 3%, the surface roughness initially decreases but subsequently increases during the 60-minute polishing process. This phenomenon suggests that adjustments to the processing time are critical when slurry viscosity changes, as excessive material removal under prolonged exposure can degrade surface quality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effects of adding wood fiber and carbon fiber to polishing slurries on the machining efficiency and surface quality during grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing of nickel-based superalloys. Based on simulation analyses and experimental investigations, the following conclusions were drawn:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.Simulation data indicate that increasing the slurry viscosity from 0.05Pa·s to 0.20Pa·s resulted in a minor enhancement of dynamic pressure (10.1 kPa) but a significant rise in shear stress (from 24.3 kPa to 98.5 kPa) on the workpiece surface. This demonstrates that higher viscosity predominantly amplifies shear stress during polishing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.The softer wood fiber exhibited a more pronounced influence on the kinematic viscosity of the polishing slurry compared to the harder carbon fiber, leading to superior efficiency and surface quality in nickel-based alloy polishing. At a 3% fiber concentration, the wood fiber-enhanced slurry achieved the minimum surface roughness (0.338 µm ±0.013 µm) after 45 min of processing, beyond which roughness increased. In contrast, the carbon fiber-enhanced slurry required 60 min to attain its lowest roughness (0.405 µm ±0.011 µm), while the fiber-free slurry achieved a minimum roughness of 0.445 µm ±0.016 µm after 60 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.The surface roughness of the polished surface processed by the wood fiber reinforced polishing slurry decreases with the increase of the fiber concentration at the same time.At mass fractions of 1%, 2%, and 3%, the final roughness values were 0.421µm ±0.012µm, 0.328µm ±0.011µm (lowest), and 0.378 µm ±0.013µm, respectively. The roughness of 3 % is greater than 2 %, because 3 % has reached the lowest at 45 min, and the subsequent 15 min processing leads to surface deterioration, so this phenomenon occurs.This trend confirms that higher wood fiber concentrations accelerate roughness stabilization, thereby enhancing machining efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank the financial support from Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project (No. LGG22E050030)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Zongfu Guo; Data Curation, Xingke Li and Zuji Li; Formal Analysis, Jing Ni and Gujian Sun; Funding Acquisition, Zongfu Guo; Methodology, Zongfu Guo and Xingke Li; Resources, Zongfu Guo and Xiao Yang; Validation, Xingke Li; Roles/Writing-Original Draft, Zongfu Guo and Xingke Li; Writing-Review \u0026amp; Editing, Zongfu Guo and Zhen Zhang.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun, C., Li, W., Sun, R., Liu, G. \u0026amp; Sun, Z. 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Eng.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e (11), 1306\u0026ndash;1314 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Dezhi. \u003cem\u003eStudy on rheological properties of plant fiber buffer material slurry[D]\u003c/em\u003e (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2009).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEffect of Fiber on Rheological Properties. and Flow Behavior ofPolymer Completion Fluids.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nickel-Based Alloy, Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing, Fiber-Reinforced Fluid, Wood Fiber, Carbon Fiber","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDZ125 nickel-based alloy is a critical material for manufacturing turbine rotor blade tenons in aero-engines. However, its grinding surfaces are prone to various defects. Removing surface defects through polishing is crucial for enhancing the service performance and lifespan of components. To achieve high-efficiency and high-quality polishing, this study investigates the effect of adding fibers to polishing fluid to alter its rheological properties during grinding wheel drag-driven jet polishing of DZ125 nickel-based alloys. First, finite element simulations were employed to analyze how changes in the rheological properties of the polishing fluid influence the magnitude and distribution of surface pressure and shear stress during the process. The results indicate that increased polishing fluid viscosity significantly enhances shear stress while minimally affecting dynamic pressure. Experimental observations revealed that, at the same mass fraction, wooden fibers modify the kinematic viscosity of the polishing fluid more rapidly than other fibers. Polishing experiments demonstrated that under identical process parameters, the addition of wooden fibers yielded superior surface quality, achieving a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.338µm ± 0.013µm (The initial surface roughness is Ra1.142µm ± 0.011µm.). In contrast, surfaces polished without fibers exhibited an Ra of 0.445µm ± 0.016µm, representing a 24% reduction in Ra(The polishing time is reduced by 30%.). Furthermore, as the wooden fiber concentration increased from 1–3%, the rate of surface roughness improvement accelerated, and polishing efficiency progressively increased. However, when the fiber concentration exceeded 3%, dispersed fibers rapidly agglomerated, leading to diminished polishing efficiency and surface quality. This study contributes to advancing efficient, eco-friendly, and high-quality polishing of nickel-based alloys.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of Material Removal Mechanisms for DZ125 Nickel-Based Alloy Using Fiber-Reinforced Fluid in Grinding Wheel Drag-Driven Jet Polishing Abstract：","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-23 09:32:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6801271/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-24T03:44:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-06T10:27:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"85708979439268668373630866847796975898","date":"2025-08-26T08:53:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-04T12:31:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-23T14:16:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"256202251953015646531208854359796103924","date":"2025-06-23T11:12:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261003362728822628973762659127676176230","date":"2025-06-19T06:12:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-19T05:59:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-19T05:52:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-11T08:33:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-11T05:33:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-06-02T10:23:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a77b6ef-1ead-4f68-ac76-5ca002dbde93","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":50380167,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Aerospace engineering"},{"id":50380168,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T05:24:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-23 09:32:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6801271","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6801271","identity":"rs-6801271","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}