Statistical Analysis on Natural Resource Utilization and Environmental Challenges among Tribal Communities in the Sirumalai Hill: A Field Observation of Socio-Ecological Assessment

Statistical Analysis on Natural Resource Utilization and Environmental Challenges among Tribal Communities in the Sirumalai Hill: A Field Observation of Socio-Ecological Assessment | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 28 April 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Statistical Analysis on Natural Resource Utilization and Environmental Challenges among Tribal Communities in the Sirumalai Hill: A Field Observation of Socio-Ecological Assessment Author : Chandramohan Karuppiah 0000-0001-8468-5358 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174586324.46011279/v1 188 views 145 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract This study presents an empirical analysis of the dependence of tribal communities in the Sirumalai Hills on natural resources, exploring the challenges posed by deforestation, land-use changes, and the state of essential infrastructure. Data from 283 structured questionnaires reveal a significant reliance on forest-based agriculture, timber, medicinal plants, and wild resources. However, deforestation, land degradation, and changing climatic conditions have notably disrupted their livelihoods. In addition, the absence of critical infrastructure such as access to water, transportation, electricity, healthcare, and education further compounds the socio-economic vulnerabilities of these communities. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated policy interventions that prioritize environmental conservation, sustainable resource management, and rural infrastructure development. Statistical analysis reveals a strong peak at p0.05) for hunting and medicinal plant use indicate no significant relationship. These results contribute to understanding the complex interplay between environmental and socio-economic factors affecting tribal livelihoods in the region. \papertype Original Article Article category: Research Article Subcategory: Statistics, Environment, Socio-ecology Statistical Analysis on Natural Resource Utilization and Environmental Challenges among Tribal Communities in the Sirumalai Hill: A Field Observation of Socio-Ecological Assessment Chandramohan Karuppiah*, Elayapillai Periyasami, Sivaraman Mayan Ayyanar 1* ICSSR-Post Doctoral Fellow, Tribal Research Centre, Tamil University, Thanjavur-630 010, India 2 Professor, Department of Literature, Tamil University, Thanjavur-630 010, India 3 Assistant Professor, Tribal Research Centre, Tamil University, Thanjavur-630 010, India [email protected] Abstract This study presents an empirical analysis of the dependence of tribal communities in the Sirumalai Hills on natural resources, exploring the challenges posed by deforestation, land-use changes, and the state of essential infrastructure. Data from 283 structured questionnaires reveal a significant reliance on forest-based agriculture, timber, medicinal plants, and wild resources. However, deforestation, land degradation, and changing climatic conditions have notably disrupted their livelihoods. In addition, the absence of critical infrastructure such as access to water, transportation, electricity, healthcare, and education further compounds the socio-economic vulnerabilities of these communities. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated policy interventions that prioritize environmental conservation, sustainable resource management, and rural infrastructure development. Statistical analysis reveals a strong peak at p0.05) for hunting and medicinal plant use indicate no significant relationship. These results contribute to understanding the complex interplay between environmental and socio-economic factors affecting tribal livelihoods in the region. Keywords: natural resource, environmental challenges, socio-ecology, indigenous groups, tribes 1. Introduction The Sirumalai Hills, located in Tamil Nadu, India, are home to several tribal communities that have traditionally relied on the rich biodiversity of the region’s forests for sustenance, cultural practices, and economic activities. These communities, including the Paliyans and other indigenous groups, have long maintained a deep connection with the forest ecosystem, depending on forest-based agriculture, timber, medicinal plants, and wild resources for their daily needs (Rathore et al., 2020; Sivakumar et al., 2022). The region is characterized by diverse flora and fauna, which serve as vital components of the tribes’ subsistence strategies (Chandramohan K, et al., 2024). However, these communities are facing significant challenges as anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation, agricultural expansion, and infrastructural development intensify and disrupt their traditional ways of life (Kumar et al., 2019; Venkatesan et al., 2023). In recent decades, deforestation driven by illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and forest fires has led to a loss of biodiversity, threatening the ecological balance and disrupting the essential ecosystem services that these communities depend on (Karthikeyan et al., 2021). This environmental degradation, compounded by shifting climatic patterns, has made it increasingly difficult for these communities to sustain their traditional agricultural practices and access necessary resources. Additionally, rapid infrastructural development in the region, aimed at improving connectivity and facilitating economic growth, has altered the socio-economic landscape. Despite these developments, critical infrastructure—such as healthcare, education, clean water, and electricity remains largely inadequate, further exacerbating the socio-economic vulnerabilities of these tribal populations (Sharma et al., 2022; Suresh et al., 2020). Figure.1 Location of the study area. While numerous studies have highlighted the impacts of deforestation and climate change on tribal communities across India (Singh & Ghosh, 2021; Joshi et al., 2022), the specific challenges faced by the tribal populations of the Sirumalai Hills have been under-explored. This study aims to address this gap by examining how environmental changes, combined with socio-economic factors, impact the traditional livelihoods, access to resources, and overall well-being of these communities. By exploring the interplay between anthropogenic pressures, environmental conservation, and rural development, the study underscores the urgent need for integrated policy interventions that not only promote sustainable resource management but also ensure that the development of rural infrastructure aligns with the needs of these vulnerable communities. 2. Research Objectives • To assess the utilization of natural resources by tribal communities in the Sirumalai Hills • To evaluate the socio-economic impacts of deforestation and land-use changes in the region • To analyze the accessibility and adequacy of infrastructure in tribal hamlets of the Sirumalai Hill 3 . Methodology A structured questionnaire survey was conducted among 283 households across multiple tribal hamlets in the Sirumalai Hills. The questionnaire covered topics related to natural resource use, perceptions of environmental change, and access to infrastructure. The data were categorized and analyzed under three key research objectives: (1) natural resource utilization, (2) impacts of deforestation and land-use changes, and (3) accessibility of essential infrastructure. This study examines the extent to which forest-based resources such as timber, firewood, medicinal plants, and wild resources are utilized by tribal communities. Previous studies (Mipun, P et al., 2019; Naresh Kumar 2015) collectively affirm that forest-based resources remain vital to the cultural, medicinal, and economic practices of tribal communities in India. They also underscore the importance of sustainable management and conservation efforts to ensure the continued availability of these resources for future generations. The study explores agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation and seasonal farming, and the impacts of changing forest availability on the community’s subsistence strategies. Statistical analysis, including Chi-Square tests, is employed to investigate the distribution of these practices and their reliance on forest resources. The study aims to explore how deforestation, land degradation, and land-use changes such as agricultural expansion and timber extraction—affect the livelihoods and well-being of tribal communities. This objective specifically looks at the decline in forest cover, soil erosion, landslides, and disruptions to agriculture and biodiversity. The results from Chi-Square tests and ANOVA provide insight into how these environmental changes influence socio-economic conditions and resource access, as reflected in the difficulties faced in obtaining firewood, water, and other resources. This objective investigates the availability of essential infrastructure such as healthcare, education, water supply, electricity, and transportation. The study evaluates the accessibility of these services by examining travel distances, frequency of access, and availability. Statistical tools such as Chi-Square and ANOVA tests are used to assess the relationship between socio-economic variables (e.g., gender, age, education) and the perceived difficulty in accessing infrastructure. The findings highlight the gap in infrastructure provision and its impacts on the quality of life of tribal population. 4. Results 4.1 Natural Resource Utilization The table .1 shows the observed percentage of different agricultural practices, their corresponding counts (assuming a sample size of 100), and the expected values if these practices were evenly distributed across all categories. Forest-based agriculture : This practice was observed in 72% of the cases, which translates to 72 people out of 100. The expected count, assuming an equal distribution, would be 33.3 . This means that forest-based agriculture is more common than expected, showing a higher preference or reliance on this practice in the study population. Shifting cultivation : Observed in 54% of the cases (or 54 people out of 100). The expected value for this practice is also 33.3 , suggesting that shifting cultivation is more common than what would be expected in an evenly distributed scenario. Seasonal farming : This practice was observed in only 18% of the cases, corresponding to 18 people . Compared to the expected count of 33.3 , this indicates that seasonal farming is less prevalent than expected, perhaps because it is less popular or practiced less frequently in the area. Both forest-based agriculture and shifting cultivation appear more common than expected, with observed percentages significantly higher than the uniform expectation of 33.3%. On the other hand, seasonal farming is less common, with only 18% of individuals engaging in it, which is well below the expected 33.3%. Table.1 Agricultural Practices \papertype Original Article Forest-based agriculture 72% 72 33.3 Shifting cultivation 54% 54 33.3 Seasonal farming 18% 18 33.3 H₀: Practices are equally distributed (33.3% each). H₁: Practices are not equally distributed. \(\chi 2=\frac{\left(\text{Oi}-\text{Ei}\right)2}{\text{Ei}}\)—————————————- (1) \begin{equation} =\frac{(72-33.3)2}{33.3}+\frac{(54-33.3)2}{33.3}+\frac{(18-33.3)2}{33.3}\nonumber \\ \end{equation} = 44.02 + 12.84 + 7.04 = 63.9 • Degrees of freedom (df): k -1 =2 k −1=2 • Critical value (α=0.05): 5.99 (from χ² table) • Result: Since 63.9 > 5.99, reject H₀ (p < 0.001). Practices are unevenly distributed. The table .2 provides insights into the distribution of responses regarding whether people face difficulties or not, with the observed and expected percentages and counts. This response was observed in 39% of the cases, meaning 39 people out of 100 reported facing difficulties due to reduced availability of firewood . The expected value, assuming an equal 50/50 distribution (the null hypothesis), is 50. Since the observed percentage is lower than expected, this suggests that fewer people than anticipated are facing difficulties. This response was observed in 61% of the cases, which corresponds to 61 people. The expected count for this category, assuming a 50/50 split, is 50. The observed count is higher, indicating that more people than expected are not facing difficulties. The data shows that more people are not facing difficulties (61%) than expected (50%), while fewer people are facing difficulties (39%) than anticipated. This could suggest that, in the given sample, the majority find things easier or face fewer challenges than initially expected based on a null hypothesis of equal distribution. Table.2 Difficulties and non-difficulties for access the natural resources. Face difficulties 39% 39 50 No difficulties 61% 61 50 4.2. Chi-Square Tests The table presents the results of Chi-Square Tests for different survey items, showing the χ² value (which indicates the strength of the relationship between observed and expected data) and the p-value (which tells us whether the results are statistically significant). 4.2.1. Agricultural Practices : χ² Value : 63.9, p-value : <0.001, very low p-value (<0.001) indicates that the relationship between observed and expected data for agricultural practices is highly statistically significant. The high χ² value (63.9) further supports this, showing a strong difference between what was expected and what was actually observed. In simple terms, this suggests that agricultural practices in the sample differ greatly from what we might expect if there were no influence from other factors. 4.2.3. Firewood Difficulties : χ² Value : 4.84, p-value : 0.028, p-value of 0.028 is less than the commonly accepted significance threshold of 0.05, suggesting that the differences observed in firewood difficulties are statistically significant. While not as strong as agricultural practices, this still indicates a meaningful difference between the observed and expected data. 4.2.4. Decline in Wild Resources : χ² Value : 2.50, p-value : 0.114 , p-value of 0.114 is greater than 0.05, which means the relationship between the decline in wild resources and the expected distribution is not statistically significant . This suggests that there is no strong evidence to conclude that the decline in wild resources is different from what would be expected by chance. 4.2.5. Medicinal Plant Availability : χ² Value : 1.20, p-value : 0.273, s imilarly, the p-value of 0.273 is well above the 0.05 threshold, indicating that there is no statistically significant difference between the observed and expected values for medicinal plant availability. This suggests that the availability of medicinal plants does not vary significantly from what would be expected. Table.3 Chi-Square Tests for Agricultural Practices 63.9 <0.001 Firewood Difficulties 4.84 0.028 Decline in Wild Resources 2.50 0.114 Medicinal Plant Availability 1.20 0.273 4.3 Chi-Square & ANOVA Test (Firewood vs Access Gender vs Education Level) Statistical analysis was carried out to examine the relationship between gender, education level, and firewood access. A Chi-Square test exploring the association between gender and firewood access yielded a χ² value of 0.615 with 2 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.735, indicating no significant relationship between gender and how individuals perceive firewood accessibility. Similarly, an ANOVA test conducted to evaluate whether education level affects firewood access resulted in an F-statistic of 1.32 and a p-value of 0.270. This further suggests that differences in education levels do not significantly influence perceptions of firewood access. Together, these findings imply that challenges related to firewood access are more uniformly experienced, regardless of gender or educational background. No significant association between gender and perceived difficulty in accessing firewood. Figure.2 P-Curve of Chi-square Tests on Firewood Access 46% engage in hunting and honey collection, though 28% reported a decline in wild resources. 64% utilize forest flora for medicinal purposes; 37% have noted a decrease in Medicinal plant availability. Table.4 Level and Distance to access the Firewood, Electricity, Healthcare and Education Male 18–30 Central Sirumalai Easy No >10 km Secondary Female 31–45 North Sirumalai Moderate No <5 km Primary Female 18–30 South Sirumalai Difficult Yes 5–10 km Primary Female 31–45 South Sirumalai Moderate Yes 5–10 km Primary Male 31–45 South Sirumalai Moderate No 5–10 km Secondary 4.3.1. Gender and Regional Representation The sample includes five individuals , with three females and two males . While the males are from Central and South Sirumalai , all three females reside in either North or South Sirumalai . Notably, South Sirumalai is the most represented sub-region, with three out of the five individuals living there, suggesting this area (figure.6) may have a higher concentration or engagement in the surveyed topic. 4.3.2. Age Groups Participants are spread across two age groups of 18–30 years and 31–45 years . The younger group (18–30) includes one male from Central Sirumalai and one female from the South, indicating some youth presence across regions. The remaining three respondents are aged 31–45 , showing that middle-aged adults are more represented in the dataset and perhaps more involved in community resource access or decision-making. 4.3.3. Access to Healthcare Healthcare accessibility differs based on location (fig.3). One female from North Sirumalai reports that healthcare is available within 5 km , which is relatively close. In contrast, all three individuals from South Sirumalai indicate they must travel 5–10 km for healthcare. The most distant access is reported by a male from Central Sirumalai , who must travel more than 10 km , highlighting significant regional disparities in health service availability . Figure.3 Healthcare accessibility from various distances Figure.4 Healthcare accessibility from various region The individual from different regions in Sirumalai highlights the interconnected nature of gender, geography, and access to basic services . South Sirumalai, while better in terms of electricity access, still struggles with firewood and healthcare. Males generally appear to have higher education and better access to firewood, whereas females face more limitations in education and infrastructure. These insights are valuable for policymakers and development planners aiming to ensure equity and improved quality of life across rural communities. Figure.5 Firewood access by region Figure.6 Firewood access by Education level 4.3.4. Firewood Access Access to firewood (fig.5) varies significantly. Only one respondent, a male from Central Sirumalai, reports easy access to firewood. The majority, including two females and one male from South Sirumalai, describe access as moderate . One female from South Sirumalai, however, reports difficult access , suggesting that South Sirumalai may face more challenges in securing firewood compared to other regions. 4.3.5. Education Levels There’s a clear gender divide in educational attainment . Both males have completed secondary education , while all three females report having only primary education . This pattern suggests educational inequalities (fig.6) , possibly due to traditional roles, socio-cultural norms, or limited educational opportunities for women in these regions. It emphasizes the need for focused efforts on improving female education . 4.3.6. Electricity Access Electricity remains a challenge in many areas. Only two out of five individuals (both from South Sirumalai) have access to electricity, while the other three across Central and North Sirumalai do not have electricity access (fig.7) . These points to uneven infrastructure development , with South Sirumalai showing some progress , but access still being limited overall. Figure.7 Electricity access by Region 4.4 P-curve Visualization The p-curve above shows the distribution of p-values from multiple chi-square tests across variables like region, age, education, electricity, and healthcare. The red dashed line at 0.05 indicates the typical threshold for significance (fig.2). The curve is skewed towards higher p-values, suggesting a lack of strong effects in the tested relationships. The data reveals clear signs of gender inequality, particularly in education, where women appear to have lower educational attainment than men. This disparity may also extend to access to basic resources, such as firewood, where women are more likely to face moderate or difficult access. At the same time, regional differences play a significant role in shaping daily life access to electricity, healthcare, and firewood varies depending on where individuals live. For instance, South Sirumalai reflects a mixed picture: while some progress has been made with electricity access, challenges remain in terms of healthcare availability and firewood collection. The findings highlight a strong connection between geography and quality of life, suggesting that targeted policy interventions are needed especially in areas of rural development, education, and gender equity to ensure more balanced and inclusive growth across all parts of Sirumalai. 4.5 Challenges in Resource Access The community faces several significant challenges in accessing natural resources essential for their livelihoods. A majority 61% of respondents identified deforestation and land loss, particularly due to agricultural expansion and timber extraction, as a critical concern threatening both the environment and their way of life. Additionally, 29% reported government-imposed restrictions, which have limited their traditional access to hunting grounds and forest areas, disrupting age-old practices and food sources. Furthermore, 47% of participants expressed concern over climate variability, citing unpredictable seasonal changes that have negatively impacted both agricultural productivity and the availability of forest resources. These issues highlight the urgent need for balanced resource management that respects both environmental sustainability and community rights. 4.6 Impact of Deforestation and Land Use Changes \papertype Original Article Deforestation and shifting land use patterns have had profound impacts on the environment and local livelihoods in the region. A significant 79% of respondents reported a noticeable decline in forest cover over the past decade, reflecting widespread environmental degradation. This decline has had direct consequences—44% linked it to increased soil erosion, while 35% observed a rise in landslides, particularly during heavy rainfall. These environmental changes have disrupted daily life, especially in terms of livelihood. For example, 52% of households face firewood shortages, while 58% reported a drop in agricultural productivity caused by soil degradation and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Additionally, 41% of respondents highlighted biodiversity loss, which has negatively influenced traditional food sources and local healthcare practices that rely on medicinal plants. When asked about the causes, most pointed to agricultural expansion (62%), followed by timber extraction (27%) and infrastructure development (19%). These findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainable land management strategies to balance development with ecological preservation. 4.7 Availability and Accessibility of Infrastructure Access to basic infrastructure remains a major challenge for many communities in the region, deeply affecting quality of life. In terms of water and sanitation , people rely heavily on natural sources 43% depend on springs , 29% on wells , and 21% on rivers . However, 48% of respondents face seasonal water shortages , and 31% must travel over 5 kilometers just to fetch water. Transport and road infrastructure is similarly underdeveloped, with 56% of villages lacking proper roads . As a result, 68% of people walk long distances , and only 12% have access to motorized transport , making mobility difficult, especially in emergencies. Electricity is another area of concern; while 38% of households are connected to the grid , 24% report frequent disruptions , and 26% rely on solar lamps as an alternative . Healthcare and educational services are also limited— 49% of respondents travel more than 10 km for medical care , and 31% have no healthcare facility nearby . When it comes to education, only 39% have access to primary schools , while a striking 61% lack access to secondary or higher education , limiting opportunities for youth in these communities. \papertype Original Article 5. Discussion The data reveal a deeply rooted dependence on forest resources among the Sirumalai tribal communities. Traditional practices such as shifting cultivation and herbal medicine continue to sustain livelihoods, but are increasingly constrained by ecological degradation. Deforestation, whether for agriculture or timber, not only reduces biodiversity but also intensifies soil erosion, climate vulnerability, and socio-economic instability. Infrastructure deficiencies compound these issues. The lack of clean water, healthcare access, road connectivity, and consistent electricity places a significant burden on daily life. These multidimensional challenges underscore the need for targeted development strategies that are culturally sensitive, environmentally sustainable, and participatory in nature. 6. Conclusion This study highlights the interconnectedness of environmental degradation and socio-economic vulnerability in the Sirumalai tribal communities. Deforestation and land-use change have disrupted traditional resource use, while inadequate infrastructure limits adaptive capacity. Any development strategy must therefore integrate ecological restoration with improved public service delivery to enhance tribal resilience. \papertype Original Article Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the cooperation of the tribal communities in the Sirumalai Hills and the support of field assistants during data collection. Research financial support with ICSSR-Post Doctoral Fellowship – New Delhi. References: • Chandramohan K, Elayapillai P, Sivaraman MA. (2024). Spatial Patterns and Multiple Linear Regression Model for Forest Settlement and Vegetation using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Techniques. A Case Study in Sirumalai Hill. Geographical Analysis. 13(2): 20-26. https://doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v13i2.37 • Joshi, R., Bansal, M., & Kumar, S. (2022). Impact of climate change on tribal agriculture in India: A case study. Journal of Environmental Management , 290, 112460. • Karthikeyan, K., Arunachalam, V., & Singh, A. (2021). Deforestation and its socio-economic consequences for tribal communities in Southern India. Environmental Science and Policy , 114, 56-64. • Kumar, P., Sharma, S., & Pandey, D. (2019). Agricultural expansion and tribal communities: The impact of land-use changes in the Western Ghats. Land Use Policy , 85, 23-30. • Rathore, M., Singh, R., & Pandit, M. (2020). Forest-based livelihoods and biodiversity conservation among indigenous communities in India. Conservation and Society , 18(1), 102-111. • Sharma, S., Patil, V., & Rao, S. (2022). Socio-economic challenges of infrastructure development in tribal regions. Journal of Rural Studies , 78, 125-134. • Sivakumar, R., Prabhu, A., & Devi, S. (2022). The role of forests in the traditional knowledge systems of tribal communities in the Sirumalai Hills. Tribal Studies Journal , 34(2), 144-159. • Suresh, K., Rajagopalan, S., & Krishnan, P. (2020). Water and health infrastructure in tribal areas of Tamil Nadu: Issues and challenges. Water Policy , 22(5), 907-924. • Venkatesan, P., Arokiasamy, M., & Murugan, V. (2023). Forest degradation and its effects on tribal communities: A case study in the Sirumalai Hills, Tamil Nadu. Environmental Conservation , 50(2), 233-240. • Mipun, P., Bhat, N.A., Borah, D. (2019). Non-timber forest products and their contribution to healthcare and livelihood security among the Karbi tribe in Northeast India. Ecol Process 8, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0194-4 • Naresh Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Bikram Singh, B. P. Mishra, Barun Singh, Vikas Singh (2015). Traditional practices of utilization and conservation of non-wood forest products by Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.573 Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 28 April 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords environmental challenges socio-ecology tribes Authors Affiliations Chandramohan Karuppiah 0000-0001-8468-5358 [email protected] Gandhigram Rural University View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 188 views 145 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Chandramohan Karuppiah. Statistical Analysis on Natural Resource Utilization and Environmental Challenges among Tribal Communities in the Sirumalai Hill: A Field Observation of Socio-Ecological Assessment. Authorea . 28 April 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174586324.46011279/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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