ChatGPT is not an author, but then, who is eligible for authorship?

On January 26, 2023, Science issued an editorial announcing that its journal policy would be changed to restrict artificial intelligences (AIs), such as ChatGPT, from being used to write papers, in addition to disallowing authorship of AIs. Indeed, AIs are not eligible for authorship because they do not have free will and they cannot make decisions to be an author. However, several observations have been made that researchers can use ChatGPT as an English proofreader, rather than a writer of first drafts. Therefore, we discussed the usage of AIs and the way of authorship, particularly, in terms of English proofreading. Then, we wrote an eLetter for that editorial, but its eLetter section suddenly disappeared, so we released the eLetter as a preprint with additional discussion. Although AIs are a double-edged sword and they could exacerbate scholarly publishing and science, they also have potentialities to remove language barriers and improve science all over the world. The present article claimed the importance of continuous discussion about the use of AIs and the language barriers.