Financial literacy among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Financial literacy among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Financial literacy among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis Harshil Sharma, Dr. Shipra Agarwal, Dr. Amar Johri This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9389489/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The significance of financial literacy among women has gained increasing attention as a field of study due to its crucial importance in terms of economic welfare, empowerment, and economic independence. Herein, we present a dedicated bibliometric study on academic articles concerning women's economic literacy covering the period from 2015 to 2025 by employing data from the Scopus database. In this analysis, 1278 academic papers will be considered based on methodologies, such as Bibliometric (R package), VOS viewer, etc., in order to explore trends in the number of publications, primary researchers, affiliations of institutions, and global contributions. As per the co-occurrence analysis, there is strong correlation found in words like "financial literacy," "empowerment," "inclusion," and "retirement planning," suggesting that new research clusters are developing in these areas, addressing both policy and behavioural issues. The four major themes that have been identified through the current research include the inconsistency around the world regarding financial literacy and the necessity of proper schooling on the same, gender difference in the inclusion of finance and practices involved in personal finances, importance of financial literacy for empowerment of victims of domestic violence, and difficulties faced by women in retirement planning and preparation. Through the study, several conceptual relationships and research fronts in the topic have been identified. The study provides essential insights into the current gaps especially in digital finance, rural access, and implementation of policies that are needed for promoting financial literacy for women by adopting gender-responsive approaches. Women’s financial literacy bibliometric analysis gender and finance financial inclusion retirement planning empowerment financial education financial capability digital financial literacy Scopus VOS viewer Biblioshiny thematic mapping policy implications Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of Study: Financial literacy has been conceptualized in several ways by researchers and theorists, resulting in the lack of a general definition. The concepts "financial awareness," "financial comprehension," and "financial capability" are often regarded as interchangeable. According to the literature review stated above, economic literacy consists of various components, such as money management, economic planning, saving, investment, and budgeting. Financial literacy is described as the capacity to identify the usage of currency in daily dealings. Financial literacy can be understood as the fusion of numeracy and skill, which allows an individual to make efficient decisions related to his/her financial resources. Financial literacy has a deep connection with individual and social well-being since it helps individuals deal with their monetary matters, such as saving, investing, taxation, and retirement planning, while also improving their understanding of how to produce and use money more effectively and efficiently. Financial literacy can be defined in either a narrow or broad sense. Almeida et al., ( 2010 ) said that monetary literacy, in its limited extent, focuses on "essential money management units such as saving, budgeting, coverage, and making an investment." Financial literacy can be broadly defined as the understanding of economics and the impact of economic situations on household decision-making Worthington, ( 2006 ) . The constrained perspective of economic literacy is viewed as a factor that influences a person's financial affairs. Economic stability in a green economy is contingent upon financial literacy and inclusion. In India, financial inclusion is an important topic. As an outcome, the government has started a number of awareness campaigns and creates new plans on a regular basis. Financial inclusion refers to quantitative features, whereas monetary literacy is concerned with qualitative dimensions. To achieve monetary inclusion, more emphasis is being placed on establishing additional zero-balance financial institution bills to provide basic banking services to all citizens of the country. Financial literacy focuses on improving knowledge of money-related topics in order to attain long-term financial success. A financially literate person can examine and evaluate economic products, make sound financial decisions, and effectively understand and manage risks. Visa published the results of a survey on financial literacy that involved 25,500 people from 28 countries in April 2012. It was revealed that fifty. Four percent of the Brazilian population is financially literate, the highest score among the 28 countries surveyed. Mexico has a monetary literacy score of 47.8%, followed by Australia at 46. Three percent, with the United States at forty-four percent. According to the Visa International Financial Literacy Survey of 2012, India placed twenty-third, with 35% of its people financially informed. India is the world's second most populous nation, with women accounting for 48.5% of the total population (Socio-Economic Caste Census, 2011) . According to Global Employment Trends, the pressure on participation declined from 37% in 2004–2005 to 28% in 2016, indicating a considerable drop in labor engagement over that time. The McKinsey Global Institute identified girls as a significant accelerator for the kingdom's economic progress. Women's financial empowerment and financial well-being are critical to a nation's economic development. Financial literacy is widely regarded as an important factor in improving women's financial security. Previous studies suggest that despite the fact that women have started to go into the workforce at an extended pace, they continue to be overwhelmingly reliant on their husbands for decision-making related to finance ( Lusardi & Tufano, 2015 ) . Women's lack of financial literacy limits their ability to capitalize on economic markets, preventing them from providing stability, Retirement savings and long-term financial security. Improving people's money management skills is currently a major concern for both developing and developed countries. For many people, the concept of financial literacy appears weird, and many see it as beyond their comprehension. Financial illiteracy places a strain on the nation, resulting in higher fees for economic safety and declining prosperity. Financial illiteracy results in full-size charges. Customers who do not understand hobby compounding pay more purchase fees, accumulate significant quantities of debt, and face higher loan interest rates ( Farrell et al., 2015 ). Individuals with financial literacy may perceive the economic situation and Women should make wise choices that enhance their financial security., such as smart budgeting, prudent investment, and avoiding high-interest loans. The government and politicians have acknowledged the paramount significance of monetary literacy, prompting the implementation of several projects geared toward its enhancement and advertising through financial schooling. There are various projects that have been undertaken by different governmental departments and financial organizations for improving the degree of financial literacy among the people of India. The various organizations that have contributed to the advancement of the financial literacy level among the people of India are the Ministry of Finance, the Financial Stability and Development Council, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development., Reserve Bank of India, SEBI, NABARD, and IRDA (Ministry of Finance, n.d.). The Reserve Bank of India prioritizes education related to finance and financial inclusion as two essential components. To accomplish this goal, the RBI has produced a vast frame of fact, which has been uploaded to its internet site in 13 languages, geared toward raising cognizance approximately monetary products and services, diverse monetary practices, and client safety. The RBI has issued a pamphlet titled “FAME” (Financial Awareness Messages), which conveys essential economic literacy principles, including the significance of budgeting, saving, borrowing, and investing; the documentation essential for commencing a bank account; and the processes for filing proceedings with a financial institution. The RBI published an e-book titled "Raju," which teaches fundamental banking principles and encourages users to save (Reserve Bank of India, n.d.). The RBI has released another brochure named "Money Kumar," which details the functions and operations of India's critical bank. The RBI's monetary literacy guidebook covers topics such as digital fund transfers, Kisan credit score cards, savings bills, and fixed deposits, among others. SEBI implemented multiple nationwide programs to enhance financial education through a variety of packages, campaigns, and events. SEBI maintains a pool of assistance personnel throughout India who provide training on a wide range of financial concerns, including economic planning, savings, investments, banking, insurance, and retirement planning (SEBI, n.d.). These packages were specifically designed for students in schools and universities, self-help groups, retirees, the business class, and women. The organization runs a website that focuses on investor education and a toll-free helpline in 14 languages, where investors may get information for complaint resolution and advise on a variety of financial matters. SEBI has established a buyer's association called "Sanchayan," which holds numerous monetary literacy workshops for investors. The IRDA has carried out numerous awareness campaigns about policyholders' rights and obligations, as well as avenues for dispute resolution, and has distributed exceptional publications and comedic materials about coverage, including educational materials aimed at raising policyholder awareness of their rights and responsibilities. The IRDA has established "policyholder handbooks" for buyers, as well as child-friendly materials. The IRDA routinely holds seminars to protect traders' interests, with a focus on teaching them about their rights and obligations as policyholders and providing information on how to navigate disputes. The company has a website that promotes customer rights and educates traders. The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority has posted a comprehensive protection message gadget on its homepage, which includes frequently asked questions to aid people in dealing with pension-related concerns. The group has launched a number of campaigns to increase public knowledge of pension plans. The PFRDA established the National Pension Scheme to provide retirement benefits, as rising life expectancy and changing family configurations demand more effective retirement planning. In addition to financial inclusion has been greatly facilitated by the efforts of RBI and banks such as commercial, private, and multinational banks through economic literacy. The Bank of India launched the "ABHAY" initiative in preparation for nationwide FLCCs. Canara Bank launched a mobile van program named "Canara Gramin Vikas Vahini," Dena Bank developed an app called "Dena Mitra," and Allahabad Bank launched "Samadhan South India Bank has established the "KIOSK Banking Model" as a monetary inclusion initiative in collaboration Akshaya e-centres in Kerala. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have also begun economic literacy initiatives as part of their Self-Help Group development programs. Mangalore Institutions, which are affiliated with the "Jnana Jyothi Financial Literacy and Credit Counselling Trust" software program, were implemented by Vijaya Bank and Syndicate Bank. There are three organizations: PEDO, the DHAN Foundation, The Centre for Community Economics and Development Consultants Society. Among various unique facilities nationwide are those dedicated to providing economic literacy to excluded people, with a particular emphasis on the poor and girls. The check stresses the need for guidelines and applications to help women gain financial literacy. It promotes long-term wealth management and women-specific well-being programs. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Methodology: This section describes the bibliometric and content analytic approaches employed in the study, as well as the resources and criteria for data gathering and analysis. Overview and analysis: The study describes its findings, the bibliometric analysis, the themes that developed, and the research gaps discovered. In addition, there are precisely documented instructions for future study. To summarize, the report emphasizes the necessity of enhancing welfare through financial literacy, examines women's primary results, and makes recommendations for practice and policy. 2. Literature review As far as financial literacy among women is concerned, there has been abundant research focusing on the need to be financially literate in order to achieve financial independence and plan for one’s retirement. From literature review, it has become clear that financial literacy is “an umbrella term for financial knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavior” ( OECD, 2020 ) . Women are likely to be less financially literate because to cultural differences and gaps in society, whereby they have little financial knowledge and access to money due to stereotypical roles within society ( Postmus et al., 2012 ). ( Lusardi & Mitchell, 2008 ), ( Lusardi & Mitchell, 2011 ) gives insight into the gender issues concerning financial literacy that affect savings and financial planning ( Lusardi & Mitchell, 2008 ) . The studies that follow in this field enrich this debate by investigating such factors as financial self-efficacy ( Farrell et al., 2015 ), digital financial literacy, and the impact of financial education initiatives. The most important point to consider in this regard is that the significance of financial literacy in preventing economic abuse and empowering domestic violence survivors has been recognized ( Postmus et al., 2012 ); ( Sanders, 2006 ). The international nature of the research on developed and developing nations highlights that there is an inequitable provision of financial services among women, exacerbated by digital disparities and the lack of governmental policies ( Brixiová et al., 2020 ); ( Sekita, 2011 ). Bibliometric analysis utilizing software like Bibliophagy and VOS viewer has highlighted clusters of themes within the fields of inclusion, empowerment, retirement preparedness, and financial behaviors ( Worthington, 2006 ) . In summary, the literature calls for financial education interventions that are culturally responsive and sensitive to gender. In terms of financial literacy for women, the literature emphasizes the importance of such literacy for achieving economic autonomy and adequate preparation for retirement ( Yeh, 2022 ) . Financial literacy refers to an individual's level of financial capability which includes knowledge, skills, attitude, and financial behavior ( OECD, 2020 ) . Women have low levels of financial literacy because of deeply rooted sociocultural factors and systematic discrimination ( Potrich et al., 2018 ); ( Cupák et al., 2018 ). As mentioned by ( Nathan et al., 2022 ), Significant contributions have laid the foundation for the understanding of the financial knowledge gender gap and have brought to light how it negatively affects savings and financial planning in the long term. Later researches added value to the discussion through analyzing aspects like financial efficacy ( León et al., 2024 ) or digital financial literacy ( Opoku-Asuming et al., 2019 ), and its effect on financial literacy initiatives ( Ozdemir et al., 2019 ),It is necessary to highlight that the significance of financial literacy has been highlighted by scholars due to protection from economic abuse in intimate partner violence cases ( Cupák et al., 2018 ); (Lusardi & de Bassa Scheresberg, 2013). The global dimension of the issue is shown by the fact that women in developed and developing countries face difficulties with accessing financial products and services ( Swamy, 2014 ); ( Visa, 2012 ) . In various empirical studies conducted recently, financial literacy, whether traditional or digital, has been found to play a pivotal role in influencing decisions related to finance, adoption of technology, and sustainable outcomes for people and organization ( Cwynar, 2022 ). According to ( Basar et al., 2024 ), the use of conventional financial literacy and digital financial literacy positively impacts the usage of FinTech in Bumiputera SMEs of Selangor, Malaysia. Using survey data and SEM, the authors confirm that digitally mediated financial knowledge strengthens entrepreneurs’ capacity to make sound financial decisions, though the study’s geographic and ethnic focus limits generalizability. (Kurniasari et al., 2023) draws similar conclusions, conclusion that financial literacy has a positive influence on SMEs' access to finance and risk management in Indonesian traditional markets. However, their cross-sectional SEM approach restricts causal interpretation, emphasizing the necessity of longitudinal or experimental designs to examine sustainability outcomes over time. On an individual level, various researches focus on the behavioural factors connecting literacy with financial wellness. As mentioned by ( Bai, 2023 ) , making decisions about investments is a key mediator between cognitive characteristics like self-discipline, mental budgeting, and financial literacy, which influence the financial well-being of Chinese university students. The behavioural approach is expanded in ( Bateman et al., 2023 ), where the authors demonstrate how financial literacy, personal values, intention to leave assets, and dependents' demands affect the purchase of life insurance products; however, due to the cross-sectional study design, the researchers cannot gain much insight into behavioural change over time ( Garba et al., 2022 ). Finally, ( Johri et al., 2023 ) and (Guetlein & Schleich, 2023) stress the importance of financial literacy and technical skills in adoption behavior for digital investments and cryptocurrencies. Financial literacy has also been increasingly associated with socially responsible investments and sustainable investment choices. According to (Cucinelli & Soana, 2023) , financially literate individuals align with their sustainable investment preferences and have low dependency on intermediaries, while ( Kumari et al., 2023 ) argues that financial knowledge and trust in institutions strongly affect citizen engagement in renewable energy communities in Europe. It appears that financial literacy has not only benefits for the individual financial wellbeing but contributes to sustainability transitions as well; however, studies conducted in this area mostly have local coverage and concentrate on a particular asset class ( Castellanos-Alvarenga et al., 2022 ). Financial literacy is influenced by demographic, cultural, and situational determinants. The findings presented in ( Medina-Vidal et al., 2023 ) indicate that religiosity acts as a play the role of the mediator in terms of the retirement savings behavior of Indonesian Muslims. Age, situational, and socio-economic inclusiveness factors contribute to effect of financial literacy on the, according to the findings of ( Stewart et al., 2023 ) and ( Pachiyappan et al., 2023 ). (Yangzi et al., 2023) and ( Menikou et al., 2023 ) show that there is a tendency for financial literacy to decrease with age, which has detrimental impacts on well-being among older people, underscoring the need for intervention throughout the life cycle. From an educational perspective and an institutional perspective, it becomes even more clear how vital financial literacy is from a developmental standpoint. (Zheng et al., 2023) and ( Lin et al., 2023 ) state that entrepreneurial skills and early financial education contribute to the formation of economic resiliency in the future, despite being qualitative or case studies and thus not making generalized claims. Household and sociological perspectives, such as those seen in ( Mawad et al., 2022 ) and ( Yin et al., 2022 ), emphasize family education, family finances, and gender relations. On the other hand, research in the realm of crisis and vulnerability contexts such as (Bayer-Oglesby et al., 2022) and (Pandey et al., 2022) emphasizes the importance of financial literacy as an instrument that would protect individuals from shocks, over-risk, and herd behavior ( Ghadwan et al., 2022 ) . Literature based on bibliometric analysis using techniques such as Biblioshiny and VOS viewer shows clusters of themes related to inclusion, empowerment, retirement preparation, and financial behaviors, among others, which can help identify research needs and interventions. 3. Research Methodology In this research, a bibliometric studies approach was applied to analyze the scientific space around financial literacy among ladies. Bibliometric assessment is a powerful tool that can be applied in analyzing the structure, dynamics, and trends in medical literature ( Donthu et al., 2021 ). Data were gathered from the Scopus database, which is one of the largest databases containing the highest-rated peer-reviewed clinical articles. The search process was conducted using key terms like "women," "financial literacy," "gender," and "financial education. "The last dataset was obtained in the form of an Excel file which provided bibliographic information, such as the publication year, names of authors, titles of sources, types of documents, affiliations of authors, number of citations, and keywords. The next step was the cleaning of the data and sorting them out by means of software packages, such as Microsoft Excel, VOS viewer, and Bibliometric (R). The main attention was paid to the analysis of some major dimensions, including the dynamics of publications, productive authors, organizations, and countries, cooperation of authors, thematic clusters of keywords in order to determine research hot spots, and citation analysis. This methodology allows for assessing the field from an objective perspective. “There are 1,278 papers financial literacy among women using Scopus database for the period from 2015 to 2025. The presence of 1,250 different authors in these papers illustrates a broad spectrum of interests among scholars. High-ranking journals include the Journal of Risk and Financial Management (55 articles), Sustainability (Switzerland), and Cogent Economics and Finance (25 papers) include this research topic. It can be observed that the license under which the Scopus database is available is open access, which suggests a tendency toward open access publishing. In terms of scientific influence, its effect on academia is considered moderate with 14.88 citations per publication. This assessment is based on the following research questions : RQ1 What are the publication trends who are the leading authors, and whose documents and academic sources have had the greatest impact on the increasing academic interest regarding women's financial literacy? RQ2 Which institutions and nations provide the most significant contributions to research on women's financial literacy, and what does this say about the geographic and institutional distribution of scholarly work in this field? RQ3 What themes run through the literature on women's financial literacy, and which conceptual clusters and main study topics characterise the scholarly conversation? RQ4 What are the potential future study directions suggested by content analysis and bibliographic coupling, and how can these findings be utilized in guiding policy development and strategic actions to increase women's financial capabilities and well-being around the world? 3.2 Extracting data, criteria for inclusion and exclusion: The data collection process started in January 2023 with the use of Web of Science Core Collection only for maximum academic rigor. This first search used such as financial literacy, financial inclusion, financial education, and financial capability, that appear in the abstract, title, or keyword sections of the articles, producing a total number of 6946 academic articles. The number of publications in the pool was reduced by filtering out those whose subject matter included “Women.” The number of articles was thus reduced to 670 articles. In order to keep on track with the theme of this research paper, as well as remain in tune with the subject matter of each publication, a citation topic search was used to narrow down the pool using categories such as “Economics,” “Gender & Sexuality Studies,” and “Management.” Only 402 publications remained in the pool. The articles had to be written in the English language and be published between 1998 and 2022. This helped filter out articles that were not peer-reviewed, articles that were not written in the English language, and articles that did not belong to the designated areas of interest. Articles that belonged only to the categories “Article” and “Early Access” were selected, leading to 312 scholarly articles in total. 3.3 Data analysis: The bibliometric analysis was performed using Biblioshiny (an extension of Bibliometric R package) and VOS viewer in order to gain information from scientific publications related to financial literacy among women. Biblioshiny helped perform the descriptive analysis which included analyzing trends in the publication process, finding the most productive authors and institutions, and also assessing the level of collaboration. It turned out that there was an increasing number of scholars working in this area, with a considerable peak in recent years. The bibliographic coupling technique identified many thematic clusters using the clustering functions of VOS viewer. These clusters are: Gender differences in financial inclusion and personal finance management; Financial jurisdiction as a tool against intimate partner violence; Women’s retirement plan and readiness; and Disparities in financial literacy in general. The keyword co-occurrence analysis technique further supported these clusters, where the common terms used included "empowerment," "retirement," and "financial inclusion." This study created a complete picture of the scholarly discourse, outlining what has been achieved and where the research has yet to be done, especially regarding digital financial literacy. 4. Findings and Discussions 4.1 Main Information: This dataset covers an interval of time between 10–12 months ranging from 2015 to 2025 with an overlapping total of 1,278 documents deposited across 512 exceptional resources (including Journals, Books, and much more). Guide behavior shows a good yearly growth in cost at 15.95%. The average age of files is 3. 16 years, and each article has received a normal of 14. 88 citation counts. A total of 60, 482 referrals had been cited in these documents. In terms of content, there are 903 Key Terms Plus (ID) and a noticeably larger number of 2, 972 Author's Key terms (DE), which suggests a wide range of topics covered. Out of the 3, 260 authors who contributed to these files, 156 are single-authored. There was a definite collaboration behavior, considering the average number of co-authors for each document of 3. 09 and 169 solitary-authored files. Presence of international co-authors can also be found in 24. 57% of all papers. Majority of files have been research papers (1, 232), while evaluations are only 46. Table 1 Main Information. Source: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny) Description Results MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT DATA Timespan 2015:2025 Sources (Journals, Books, etc) 512 Documents 1278 Annual Growth Rate % 15.95 Document Average Age 3.16 Average citations per doc 14.88 References 60482 DOCUMENT CONTENTS Keywords Plus (ID) 903 Author's Keywords (DE) 2972 AUTHORS Authors 3260 Authors of single-authored docs 156 AUTHORS COLLABORATION Single-authored docs 169 Co-Authors per Doc 3.09 International co-authorships % 24.57 DOCUMENT TYPES article 1232 review 46 4.2 Annual Total Citation: There was a significant rise in the number of papers published each year; from 85 articles published in 2019 to 291 articles in 2024 and finally down to 101 in 2025, resulting in a considerable increase between 2019 and 2025. Even though there is an increase in the volume of publications, the Mean TC per article (Mean TC per Art) has gradually fallen from 19.52 in 2019 to merely 0.78 in 2025. Likewise, the Mean Citations in accordance with Year (Mean TC per Year) fell from 2.79 in 2019 to 0.78 in 2025, implying that the newer courses did not get adequate time to accumulate citations. These observations are further substantiated by the decrease in Citable Years from 7 years in 2019 to merely one year in 2025, consequently restricting the number of citations accumulated for maximum new papers. Table 2 Annual Total Citation per Year. Source: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny) Year MeanTCperArt N MeanTCperYear Citable Years 2015 48.65 23 10.13 11 2016 56.14 21 16.80 10 2017 44.55 47 8.01 9 2018 42.05 43 9.29 8 2019 19.52 85 11.86 7 2020 22.65 108 9.13 6 2021 22.88 136 7.78 5 2022 14.26 207 6.54 4 2023 8.23 216 4.71 3 2024 2.73 291 2.59 2 2025 0.78 101 2.15 1 4.3 Annual Production: Annual production of the papers has seen an incremental increase from 2015 to 2024. In 2015, a mere 23 papers were published, whereas there was a small decrease in 2016, resulting in 21 papers being published that year. After 2017, a consistent increase occurred, starting from 47 in 2017, rising to 85 in 2019 and 136 in 2021. The maximum increase in terms of numbers occurred from 2021 to 2024, ending with a high of 291 publications in 2024. On the other hand, in 2025, there has been a fall in the number of publications to 101 because of the ongoing process and data gathering. Table 3 Annual Production. Source: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny) Year Articles 2015 23 2016 21 2017 47 2018 43 2019 85 2020 108 2021 136 2022 207 2023 216 2024 291 2025 101 4.4 Most Relevant Sources The graph above represents the highest-ranking journals in terms of publications available within the data set. The highest number of publications is found in "Sustainability (Switzerland)", which comprises 62 papers. This is followed by the "Journal of Risk and Financial Management", with 55 publications. Other leading journals include "Cogent Economics and Finance", having 25 papers; "Investment Management and Financial Innovations", with 24 papers; and "Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Finance", containing 22 papers. Some other journals which have significantly contributed to the field include "Cogent Business and Management" (19 publications); "Financial Planning Review" (18 publications); "International Journal of Financial Studies" (18 publications); "SAGE Open" (18 publications); and "Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization" (16 publications). 4.5 Sources’ Production Over Time The graph entitled "Production of Sources Over Time" presents the cumulative frequency of appearances for five different academic sources between the years 2015 to 2025. Over time, all sources have demonstrated an increasing trend, implying that there is a growing output of publications or citations. Specifically: Sustainability (Switzerland) demonstrates the greatest growth with steady trends, exceeding a total of 60 by 2025. Secondly, the Journal of Risk and Financial Management has also recorded considerable growth starting from 2020 with over 50 cumulative frequencies by 2025. The third, fourth, and fifth sources include the Journal of behavioural and Experimental Finance, Investment Management and Financial Innovations, and Cogent Economics and Finance, respectively, with lower but similar trends, having reached a total of about 20 to 25 by 2025. 4.6 Most Relevant Affiliations The graph labeled "Most Relevant Affiliations" shows the contribution of different universities in terms of their publications. The highest number of articles comes from Hiroshima University, which has published 52 articles, followed by Linköping University, which has published 34 articles. Additionally, there are other universities like Multimedia University, which has produced 24 articles. Furthermore, some other universities have contributed between 15 to 17 articles each, such as Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, and the University of Georgia. Some other universities like Saudi Electronic University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, and University of Minnesota have each published 15 articles. 4.7 Affiliations’ Production Over Time The chart labelled “Production of Affiliations through Time” shows the number of papers produced every year from 2015 through 2025 in six leading universities. Hiroshima University is the university that displays a great increase in terms of production, especially after the year 2020, where the production goes beyond 50. Linköping University has shown gradual growth in the number of papers produced from 2016 until 2022, remaining steady at around 35 after the year 2023. Multimedia University displays an increase in the production of papers starting from the year 2020, producing approximately 25 papers in 2025. 4.8 Corresponding Author’s Countries The diagram labelled "Countries of Corresponding Authors" is about the number of research papers that authors from respective countries have published, broken down into types of collaboration: USA takes first place with the greatest number of papers and with most of them being SCP (Single Country Publication), which means less international collaboration. Next come Indonesia, Malaysia, and United Kingdom, where there are almost equal numbers of MCP (Multiple Country Publication) and SCP. Then comes India, Germany, China, and South Africa, countries with relatively many publications, and many of them have some level of international collaboration. Towards the bottom of the list are countries like Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia, and Belgium with relatively few numbers of publications, but showing both types of collaborations. 4.9 Country Production Over Time The chart titled “Country Production over Time” presents the production of research papers each year from 2015 to 2025 from five countries. The USA demonstrates the highest and constant increase, producing over 500 articles by 2025 and remaining the leading producer all the time. The country which demonstrates the rapid increase of productivity is Indonesia. It has significantly increased the number of articles since 2021 and almost equaled the USA by the end of the observed period producing more than 450 articles by 2025. Another country that produced quite a few articles but demonstrated rapid development is Malaysia. By 2025 it had produced almost 275 articles. The United Kingdom showed stable development producing slightly less than 200 articles. India started the period with a low level of productivity and then rapidly grew producing about 175 articles by 2025. 4.10 Most Global Cited Documents In the graph "Most Global Cited Documents," there is a ranking of the top 10 most globally cited research articles that have been published. The paper having the highest number of citations is Grohmann A., 2018 (World Development), which received 358 citations, reflecting its importance. In second place is Yue P., 2022 (Financial Research Letters) with 298 citations even though the article is quite new. The third position is taken by the work of Strömbäck C., 2017 (J. Behav. Exp. Finance) with 263 citations. Farrell L., 2016 (J. Econ. Psychol.) comes in fourth with 258 citations while Altenberg J., 2015 (Econ. Lett.) ranks fifth with 255 citations. Other papers in the chart have between 253 and 205 citations. 4.10 Three Field Plot This figure is a Sankey plot with three fields depicting the relationship between cited references (CR), authors (AU), and key words (KW_Merged) in economic literacy research field. On the left side, seminal publications, especially by Lusardi, A., and Mitchell, O.S., are frequently cited, signalling their importance in economic literacy research literature. In the middle field, some authors such as Khan, Mostafa Saidur Rahim; Kadoya, Yoshihiko; and Mitchell, Olivia S. are the major contributors and frequently cite those seminal articles. The right side shows that some key words such as financial literacy, literacy, financial education, financial well-being, and financial knowledge are prevalent in the literature. In general, this visualization reveals the intellectual structure of the research area, showing how leading researchers build connected literature to examine prevailing concepts including monetary behavior, inclusion, and planning. 4.11 Bradford’s Law Bibliometric In the above table, there are data on the top 10 sources (journals) based on the number of times they have been cited (most cited). The zones show that all the journals belong to Zone 1, meaning that they are the sources that are cited most frequently in the data set. The first source, Sustainability (Switzerland), appears first in the list because it has been cited 62 times, making it the most cited journal. The second source is the Journal of Risk and Financial Management with 55 citations, followed by Cogent Economics and Finance with 25 citations. Other sources include Investment Management and Financial Innovations (24 citations), Journal of behavioural and Experimental Finance (22), and Cogent Business and Management (19). These sources' cumulative frequencies total up to 277, showing their high dominance in the data set. Table 4 Bradford_Law_bibliometrixSource: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny) SO Rank Freq cumFreq Zone SUSTAINABILITY (SWITZERLAND) 1 62 62 Zone 1 JOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 2 55 117 Zone 1 COGENT ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 3 25 142 Zone 1 INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS 4 24 166 Zone 1 JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FINANCE 5 22 188 Zone 1 COGENT BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT 6 19 207 Zone 1 FINANCIAL PLANNING REVIEW 7 18 225 Zone 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL STUDIES 8 18 243 Zone 1 SAGE OPEN 9 18 261 Zone 1 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATION 10 16 277 Zone 1 4.12 Most Relevant Words "Most Relevant Words" presents keyword frequency analysis about financial literacy research that can be seen from the bibliometric tool. Based on this, it can be said that the most frequent word or term used is "financial literacy", which comes up 905 times, proving its dominance. Next to this is the term "financial well-being", which is used 124 times. This is followed by "financial education" that is used 118 times, and "financial knowledge", which is used 99 times. From this, there is a clear indication that much attention was paid to the educational and well-being benefits from being financially literate. Another keyword that has high frequency of use is "literacy", which is used 97 times; "finance" (87 times); "financial behavior" (84 times); and "financial planning" (80 times). Here, it shows that there is much discussion of this research, from its conceptualization up to implementation. It also shows that much concern about financial inclusion was given since the word "financial inclusion" was used 111 times. Lastly, the term "education" was used 46 times. 4.13 Bibliographic-coupling: The Bibliographic-coupling analysis reveals the dominant themes and research focus area of study concerning women's financial literacy. Frequently occurring keywords include: “ Financial literacy”; “Financial education”; “Financial well-being”; “financial knowledge”; “financial inclusion”; “financial education”; “Financial knowledge”; “financial planning”; “financial behavior”; indicating a strong emphasis on topics such as financial inclusion, empowerment, retirement planning, education, and gender differences in financial behavior. These recurring terms underscore the multidisciplinary and policy-relevant nature of ongoing research, suggesting that scholars are increasingly concerned with not only economic literacy but also its intersection with social equity and development. Based on the bibliographic coupling analysis in the Heliyon paper and the image referenced, here’s a detailed explanation of each cluster identified in the study. These clusters represent dominant thematic areas in women’s financial literacy research, each formed by grouping articles with similar citation patterns. Green Cluster: Global Financial Literacy : Green cluster makes a speciality of pass-countrywide and demographic disparities in economic literacy and emphasizes the function of training in bridging those gaps. It consists of research that examine financial literacy ranges across nations and among special populace organizations. Countries like Canada and Germany show higher average financial literacy than others. Women, older adults, and low-income individuals consistently demonstrate lower financial literacy. Education programs tailored to specific demographics (e.g., gender, age, income) are more effective than generic ones. Red Cluster: Disparity between the sexes in terms of financial inclusion and behavior : Red cluster explores how gender disparities affect women’s get right of entry to financial services and their non-public finance behavior. It highlights the barriers ladies face in accomplishing monetary inclusion and the way financial literacy can help overcome these demanding situations. Gender inequality in access to banking, credit, and financial tools. Behavioural finance differences between men and women. Influence of schooling, profits, and agree with on financial inclusion. Digital economic literacy and its role in bridging gaps. This cluster emphasises how crucial it is to empower women through financial literacy in order to enhance financial outcomes, eliminate the gender gap in financial inclusion, and empower women overall. Blue Cluster: Empowerment through Financial Literacy : Blue cluster focuses on how financial literacy empowers women, particularly those affected by interpersonal relationship violence (IPV) and financial abuse. Finding one's own financial footing, being self-sufficient, and escaping abusive relationships are all goals that can be advanced by financial education. This cluster underscores the transformative power of financial literacy in helping women reclaim control over their lives, especially in contexts of abuse and vulnerability. Yellow Cluster: Women’s Retirement Planning and Preparedness : Yellow cluster focuses on the unique challenges women face in retirement planning, including lower lifetime profits, caregiving duties, and longer existence expectancy. It emphasizes economic literacy can improve ladies' retirement preparedness and long-time period economic safety. This cluster highlights the importance of empowering women through financial education to ensure a secure and fulfilling retirement. 4.14 Discussion: Bibliometric analysis of literature about women's economic literacy shows an expanding but divided set of studies, which belong to various fields such as economics, education, behavioural finance, and gender studies. The paper emphasizes rising academic attention to the problem of investigating the importance of financial literacy for the economic empowerment of women. The key areas highlighted by the body of literature in regard to financial inclusion are the role of digital financial technology, the influence of social cultural standards on financial behavior, and the ongoing gender disparity concerning access to financial education. Geographically speaking, most research efforts are geared toward those areas where financial inclusion is a key area requiring further development. Certain research collaboration projects have been initiated by academic bodies based in the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. Further, the present body of literature emphasizes that financial literacy must be tailored to address issues unique to women such as work in informal sectors, caregiver duties, and poor control over household finances. The map further helps in finding out gaps in methodology, such as those that arise from the use of cross-sectional surveys without any longitudinal or experimental analysis. It would be beneficial for future studies to adopt an interdisciplinary approach while studying the influence of monetary literacy programs on women and their effects in the long run. In addition, including new aspects such as digital literacy and financial technologies will enhance our knowledge about women's monetary health. 4.15 Conclusions: This bibliometric examination provides a scientific evaluation of the evolving academic discourse on women's financial literacy, uncovering key themes, influential authors, collaborative networks, and research gaps. The findings suggest that while interest in women's financial literacy is steadily increasing, the literature remains unevenly distributed across regions and disciplines. Most studies emphasize the critical involvement of financial education in fostering female economic independence, financial inclusion, and well-informed decision-making. However, significant gaps remain in addressing contextual nuances, especially across different cultural, socio-economic, and digital environments. Moreover, one of the implications of this research concerns the limitation in the methodology that is related to the dominance of quantitative cross-sectional research designs. In the future, researchers and policymakers should focus on localized and gender-sensitive approaches to financial education and examine the relationship between financial literacy and such concepts as digital technology, entrepreneurship, and sustainable development. The aims and objectives of further research will be based on the findings of this study. 5. Future research directions Further research may investigate collaboration across regional authors to reduce the information gap among high-production and low-representation regions, such as the developing world. The emerging areas include digital financial literacy, fintech adoption, and women’s financial resilience, all of which may be addressed by historical analyses of the relevant keywords. It is suggested that researchers identify journals with an overrepresentation of papers on gender, education, and technology issues. Citation analysis can reveal seminal works, trace the history of financial literacy research, and highlight some of the overlooked theories and applications. The importance of financial literacy for enhancing the capacity of vulnerable populations, including rural women, indigenous communities, and migrants, should be examined through culturally competent perspectives. The use of bibliometric analysis should also involve the inclusion of other forms of evaluation for measuring the social and alternative impacts that can be generated through research activities on policy and practice. This can be accomplished by using new methodological approaches, including the use of machine learning for topic modeling and dynamic mapping of co-citation networks. Scholars need to integrate their bibliometric results with national financial education programs. Declarations Competing interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Conflict of Interest: There is no Conflict of Interest. Funding: No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. Author Contribution H.S wrote the main mauscript and S.A and A.J review the manuscript. Data availability: The data used in this review paper were obtained from the Scopus database. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Background of Study:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial literacy has been conceptualized in several ways by researchers and theorists, resulting in the lack of a general definition. The concepts \"financial awareness,\" \"financial comprehension,\" and \"financial capability\" are often regarded as interchangeable. According to the literature review stated above, economic literacy consists of various components, such as money management, economic planning, saving, investment, and budgeting. Financial literacy is described as the capacity to identify the usage of currency in daily dealings. Financial literacy can be understood as the fusion of numeracy and skill, which allows an individual to make efficient decisions related to his/her financial resources. Financial literacy has a deep connection with individual and social well-being since it helps individuals deal with their monetary matters, such as saving, investing, taxation, and retirement planning, while also improving their understanding of how to produce and use money more effectively and efficiently. Financial literacy can be defined in either a narrow or broad sense. Almeida et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) said that monetary literacy, in its limited extent, focuses on \"essential money management units such as saving, budgeting, coverage, and making an investment.\" Financial literacy can be broadly defined as the understanding of economics and the impact of economic situations on household decision-making Worthington, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The constrained perspective of economic literacy is viewed as a factor that influences a person's financial affairs. Economic stability in a green economy is contingent upon financial literacy and inclusion. In India, financial inclusion is an important topic. As an outcome, the government has started a number of awareness campaigns and creates new plans on a regular basis. Financial inclusion refers to quantitative features, whereas monetary literacy is concerned with qualitative dimensions. To achieve monetary inclusion, more emphasis is being placed on establishing additional zero-balance financial institution bills to provide basic banking services to all citizens of the country. Financial literacy focuses on improving knowledge of money-related topics in order to attain long-term financial success. A financially literate person can examine and evaluate economic products, make sound financial decisions, and effectively understand and manage risks. Visa published the results of a survey on financial literacy that involved 25,500 people from 28 countries in April 2012. It was revealed that fifty. Four percent of the Brazilian population is financially literate, the highest score among the 28 countries surveyed. Mexico has a monetary literacy score of 47.8%, followed by Australia at 46. Three percent, with the United States at forty-four percent. According to the Visa International Financial Literacy Survey of 2012, India placed twenty-third, with 35% of its people financially informed. India is the world's second most populous nation, with women accounting for 48.5% of the total population \u003cb\u003e(Socio-Economic Caste Census, 2011)\u003c/b\u003e. According to Global Employment Trends, the pressure on participation declined from 37% in 2004\u0026ndash;2005 to 28% in 2016, indicating a considerable drop in labor engagement over that time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe McKinsey Global Institute identified girls as a significant accelerator for the kingdom's economic progress. Women's financial empowerment and financial well-being are critical to a nation's economic development. Financial literacy is widely regarded as an important factor in improving women's financial security. Previous studies suggest that despite the fact that women have started to go into the workforce at an extended pace, they continue to be overwhelmingly reliant on their husbands for decision-making related to finance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLusardi \u0026amp; Tufano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Women's lack of financial literacy limits their ability to capitalize on economic markets, preventing them from providing stability, Retirement savings and long-term financial security. Improving people's money management skills is currently a major concern for both developing and developed countries. For many people, the concept of financial literacy appears weird, and many see it as beyond their comprehension. Financial illiteracy places a strain on the nation, resulting in higher fees for economic safety and declining prosperity. Financial illiteracy results in full-size charges. Customers who do not understand hobby compounding pay more purchase fees, accumulate significant quantities of debt, and face higher loan interest rates \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFarrell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals with financial literacy may perceive the economic situation and Women should make wise choices that enhance their financial security., such as smart budgeting, prudent investment, and avoiding high-interest loans. The government and politicians have acknowledged the paramount significance of monetary literacy, prompting the implementation of several projects geared toward its enhancement and advertising through financial schooling. There are various projects that have been undertaken by different governmental departments and financial organizations for improving the degree of financial literacy among the people of India. The various organizations that have contributed to the advancement of the financial literacy level among the people of India are the Ministry of Finance, the Financial Stability and Development Council, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development., Reserve Bank of India, SEBI, NABARD, and IRDA \u003cb\u003e(Ministry of Finance, n.d.).\u003c/b\u003e The Reserve Bank of India prioritizes education related to finance and financial inclusion as two essential components. To accomplish this goal, the RBI has produced a vast frame of fact, which has been uploaded to its internet site in 13 languages, geared toward raising cognizance approximately monetary products and services, diverse monetary practices, and client safety. The RBI has issued a pamphlet titled \u0026ldquo;FAME\u0026rdquo; (Financial Awareness Messages), which conveys essential economic literacy principles, including the significance of budgeting, saving, borrowing, and investing; the documentation essential for commencing a bank account; and the processes for filing proceedings with a financial institution. The RBI published an e-book titled \"Raju,\" which teaches fundamental banking principles and encourages users to save \u003cb\u003e(Reserve Bank of India, n.d.).\u003c/b\u003e The RBI has released another brochure named \"Money Kumar,\" which details the functions and operations of India's critical bank. The RBI's monetary literacy guidebook covers topics such as digital fund transfers, Kisan credit score cards, savings bills, and fixed deposits, among others. SEBI implemented multiple nationwide programs to enhance financial education through a variety of packages, campaigns, and events. SEBI maintains a pool of assistance personnel throughout India who provide training on a wide range of financial concerns, including economic planning, savings, investments, banking, insurance, and retirement planning \u003cb\u003e(SEBI, n.d.).\u003c/b\u003e These packages were specifically designed for students in schools and universities, self-help groups, retirees, the business class, and women. The organization runs a website that focuses on investor education and a toll-free helpline in 14 languages, where investors may get information for complaint resolution and advise on a variety of financial matters. SEBI has established a buyer's association called \"Sanchayan,\" which holds numerous monetary literacy workshops for investors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe IRDA has carried out numerous awareness campaigns about policyholders' rights and obligations, as well as avenues for dispute resolution, and has distributed exceptional publications and comedic materials about coverage, including educational materials aimed at raising policyholder awareness of their rights and responsibilities. The IRDA has established \"policyholder handbooks\" for buyers, as well as child-friendly materials. The IRDA routinely holds seminars to protect traders' interests, with a focus on teaching them about their rights and obligations as policyholders and providing information on how to navigate disputes. The company has a website that promotes customer rights and educates traders. The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority has posted a comprehensive protection message gadget on its homepage, which includes frequently asked questions to aid people in dealing with pension-related concerns. The group has launched a number of campaigns to increase public knowledge of pension plans. The PFRDA established the National Pension Scheme to provide retirement benefits, as rising life expectancy and changing family configurations demand more effective retirement planning. In addition to financial inclusion has been greatly facilitated by the efforts of RBI and banks such as commercial, private, and multinational banks through economic literacy. The Bank of India launched the \"ABHAY\" initiative in preparation for nationwide FLCCs. Canara Bank launched a mobile van program named \"Canara Gramin Vikas Vahini,\" Dena Bank developed an app called \"Dena Mitra,\" and Allahabad Bank launched \"Samadhan South India Bank has established the \"KIOSK Banking Model\" as a monetary inclusion initiative in collaboration Akshaya e-centres in Kerala. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have also begun economic literacy initiatives as part of their Self-Help Group development programs. Mangalore Institutions, which are affiliated with the \"Jnana Jyothi Financial Literacy and Credit Counselling Trust\" software program, were implemented by Vijaya Bank and Syndicate Bank. There are three organizations: PEDO, the DHAN Foundation, The Centre for Community Economics and Development Consultants Society. Among various unique facilities nationwide are those dedicated to providing economic literacy to excluded people, with a particular emphasis on the poor and girls. The check stresses the need for guidelines and applications to help women gain financial literacy. It promotes long-term wealth management and women-specific well-being programs. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Methodology: This section describes the bibliometric and content analytic approaches employed in the study, as well as the resources and criteria for data gathering and analysis. Overview and analysis: The study describes its findings, the bibliometric analysis, the themes that developed, and the research gaps discovered. In addition, there are precisely documented instructions for future study. To summarize, the report emphasizes the necessity of enhancing welfare through financial literacy, examines women's primary results, and makes recommendations for practice and policy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs far as financial literacy among women is concerned, there has been abundant research focusing on the need to be financially literate in order to achieve financial independence and plan for one\u0026rsquo;s retirement. From literature review, it has become clear that financial literacy is \u0026ldquo;an umbrella term for financial knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavior\u0026rdquo; \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOECD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Women are likely to be less financially literate because to cultural differences and gaps in society, whereby they have little financial knowledge and access to money due to stereotypical roles within society \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ePostmus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLusardi \u0026amp; Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e), (\u003c/b\u003eLusardi \u0026amp; Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e gives insight into the gender issues concerning financial literacy that affect savings and financial planning \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLusardi \u0026amp; Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The studies that follow in this field enrich this debate by investigating such factors as financial self-efficacy \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFarrell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), digital financial literacy, and the impact of financial education initiatives. The most important point to consider in this regard is that the significance of financial literacy in preventing economic abuse and empowering domestic violence survivors has been recognized \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ePostmus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSanders, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e The international nature of the research on developed and developing nations highlights that there is an inequitable provision of financial services among women, exacerbated by digital disparities and the lack of governmental policies \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBrixiov\u0026aacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSekita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Bibliometric analysis utilizing software like Bibliophagy and VOS viewer has highlighted clusters of themes within the fields of inclusion, empowerment, retirement preparedness, and financial behaviors \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eWorthington, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In summary, the literature calls for financial education interventions that are culturally responsive and sensitive to gender. In terms of financial literacy for women, the literature emphasizes the importance of such literacy for achieving economic autonomy and adequate preparation for retirement \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eYeh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Financial literacy refers to an individual's level of financial capability which includes knowledge, skills, attitude, and financial behavior \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOECD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Women have low levels of financial literacy because of deeply rooted sociocultural factors and systematic discrimination \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ePotrich et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCup\u0026aacute;k et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). As mentioned by \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eNathan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Significant contributions have laid the foundation for the understanding of the financial knowledge gender gap and have brought to light how it negatively affects savings and financial planning in the long term. Later researches added value to the discussion through analyzing aspects like financial efficacy \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLe\u0026oacute;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) or digital financial literacy \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOpoku-Asuming et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and its effect on financial literacy initiatives \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOzdemir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e),It is necessary to highlight that the significance of financial literacy has been highlighted by scholars due to protection from economic abuse in intimate partner violence cases \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCup\u0026aacute;k et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cb\u003e(Lusardi \u0026amp; de Bassa Scheresberg, 2013).\u003c/b\u003eThe global dimension of the issue is shown by the fact that women in developed and developing countries face difficulties with accessing financial products and services \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSwamy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e); (\u003c/b\u003eVisa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In various empirical studies conducted recently, financial literacy, whether traditional or digital, has been found to play a pivotal role in influencing decisions related to finance, adoption of technology, and sustainable outcomes for people and organization \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCwynar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e According to \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBasar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), the use of conventional financial literacy and digital financial literacy positively impacts the usage of FinTech in Bumiputera SMEs of Selangor, Malaysia. Using survey data and SEM, the authors confirm that digitally mediated financial knowledge strengthens entrepreneurs\u0026rsquo; capacity to make sound financial decisions, though the study\u0026rsquo;s geographic and ethnic focus limits generalizability. \u003cb\u003e(Kurniasari et al., 2023)\u003c/b\u003e draws similar conclusions, conclusion that financial literacy has a positive influence on SMEs' access to finance and risk management in Indonesian traditional markets. However, their cross-sectional SEM approach restricts causal interpretation, emphasizing the necessity of longitudinal or experimental designs to examine sustainability outcomes over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn an individual level, various researches focus on the behavioural factors connecting literacy with financial wellness. As mentioned by \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, making decisions about investments is a key mediator between cognitive characteristics like self-discipline, mental budgeting, and financial literacy, which influence the financial well-being of Chinese university students. The behavioural approach is expanded in \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBateman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), where the authors demonstrate how financial literacy, personal values, intention to leave assets, and dependents' demands affect the purchase of life insurance products; however, due to the cross-sectional study design, the researchers cannot gain much insight into behavioural change over time \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGarba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eJohri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cb\u003e(Guetlein \u0026amp; Schleich, 2023)\u003c/b\u003e stress the importance of financial literacy and technical skills in adoption behavior for digital investments and cryptocurrencies. Financial literacy has also been increasingly associated with socially responsible investments and sustainable investment choices. According to \u003cb\u003e(Cucinelli \u0026amp; Soana, 2023)\u003c/b\u003e, financially literate individuals align with their sustainable investment preferences and have low dependency on intermediaries, while \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKumari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) argues that financial knowledge and trust in institutions strongly affect citizen engagement in renewable energy communities in Europe. It appears that financial literacy has not only benefits for the individual financial wellbeing but contributes to sustainability transitions as well; however, studies conducted in this area mostly have local coverage and concentrate on a particular asset class \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCastellanos-Alvarenga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Financial literacy is influenced by demographic, cultural, and situational determinants. The findings presented in \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMedina-Vidal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that religiosity acts as a play the role of the mediator in terms of the retirement savings behavior of Indonesian Muslims. Age, situational, and socio-economic inclusiveness factors contribute to effect of financial literacy on the, according to the findings of \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eStewart et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003ePachiyappan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cb\u003e(Yangzi et al., 2023)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMenikou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) show that there is a tendency for financial literacy to decrease with age, which has detrimental impacts on well-being among older people, underscoring the need for intervention throughout the life cycle. From an educational perspective and an institutional perspective, it becomes even more clear how vital financial literacy is from a developmental standpoint. \u003cb\u003e(Zheng et al., 2023)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) state that entrepreneurial skills and early financial education contribute to the formation of economic resiliency in the future, despite being qualitative or case studies and thus not making generalized claims. Household and sociological perspectives, such as those seen in \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMawad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eYin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), emphasize family education, family finances, and gender relations. On the other hand, research in the realm of crisis and vulnerability contexts such as \u003cb\u003e(Bayer-Oglesby et al., 2022)\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e(Pandey et al., 2022)\u003c/b\u003e emphasizes the importance of financial literacy as an instrument that would protect individuals from shocks, over-risk, and herd behavior \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGhadwan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Literature based on bibliometric analysis using techniques such as Biblioshiny and VOS viewer shows clusters of themes related to inclusion, empowerment, retirement preparation, and financial behaviors, among others, which can help identify research needs and interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Research Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, a bibliometric studies approach was applied to analyze the scientific space around financial literacy among ladies. Bibliometric assessment is a powerful tool that can be applied in analyzing the structure, dynamics, and trends in medical literature \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eDonthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Data were gathered from the Scopus database, which is one of the largest databases containing the highest-rated peer-reviewed clinical articles. The search process was conducted using key terms like \"women,\" \"financial literacy,\" \"gender,\" and \"financial education. \"The last dataset was obtained in the form of an Excel file which provided bibliographic information, such as the publication year, names of authors, titles of sources, types of documents, affiliations of authors, number of citations, and keywords. The next step was the cleaning of the data and sorting them out by means of software packages, such as Microsoft Excel, VOS viewer, and Bibliometric (R). The main attention was paid to the analysis of some major dimensions, including the dynamics of publications, productive authors, organizations, and countries, cooperation of authors, thematic clusters of keywords in order to determine research hot spots, and citation analysis. This methodology allows for assessing the field from an objective perspective. \u0026ldquo;There are 1,278 papers financial literacy among women using Scopus database for the period from 2015 to 2025. The presence of 1,250 different authors in these papers illustrates a broad spectrum of interests among scholars. High-ranking journals include the Journal of Risk and Financial Management (55 articles), Sustainability (Switzerland), and Cogent Economics and Finance (25 papers) include this research topic. It can be observed that the license under which the Scopus database is available is open access, which suggests a tendency toward open access publishing. In terms of scientific influence, its effect on academia is considered moderate with 14.88 citations per publication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThis assessment is based on the following research questions\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are the publication trends who are the leading authors, and whose documents and academic sources have had the greatest impact on the increasing academic interest regarding women's financial literacy?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich institutions and nations provide the most significant contributions to research on women's financial literacy, and what does this say about the geographic and institutional distribution of scholarly work in this field?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat themes run through the literature on women's financial literacy, and which conceptual clusters and main study topics characterise the scholarly conversation?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ4\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are the potential future study directions suggested by content analysis and bibliographic coupling, and how can these findings be utilized in guiding policy development and strategic actions to increase women's financial capabilities and well-being around the world?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Extracting data, criteria for inclusion and exclusion:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection process started in January 2023 with the use of Web of Science Core Collection only for maximum academic rigor. This first search used such as financial literacy, financial inclusion, financial education, and financial capability, that appear in the abstract, title, or keyword sections of the articles, producing a total number of 6946 academic articles. The number of publications in the pool was reduced by filtering out those whose subject matter included \u0026ldquo;Women.\u0026rdquo; The number of articles was thus reduced to 670 articles. In order to keep on track with the theme of this research paper, as well as remain in tune with the subject matter of each publication, a citation topic search was used to narrow down the pool using categories such as \u0026ldquo;Economics,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Gender \u0026amp; Sexuality Studies,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Management.\u0026rdquo; Only 402 publications remained in the pool. The articles had to be written in the English language and be published between 1998 and 2022. This helped filter out articles that were not peer-reviewed, articles that were not written in the English language, and articles that did not belong to the designated areas of interest. Articles that belonged only to the categories \u0026ldquo;Article\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Early Access\u0026rdquo; were selected, leading to 312 scholarly articles in total.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Data analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bibliometric analysis was performed using Biblioshiny (an extension of Bibliometric R package) and VOS viewer in order to gain information from scientific publications related to financial literacy among women. Biblioshiny helped perform the descriptive analysis which included analyzing trends in the publication process, finding the most productive authors and institutions, and also assessing the level of collaboration. It turned out that there was an increasing number of scholars working in this area, with a considerable peak in recent years. The bibliographic coupling technique identified many thematic clusters using the clustering functions of VOS viewer. These clusters are: Gender differences in financial inclusion and personal finance management; Financial jurisdiction as a tool against intimate partner violence; Women\u0026rsquo;s retirement plan and readiness; and Disparities in financial literacy in general. The keyword co-occurrence analysis technique further supported these clusters, where the common terms used included \"empowerment,\" \"retirement,\" and \"financial inclusion.\" This study created a complete picture of the scholarly discourse, outlining what has been achieved and where the research has yet to be done, especially regarding digital financial literacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Findings and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Main Information:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis dataset covers an interval of time between 10\u0026ndash;12 months ranging from 2015 to 2025 with an overlapping total of 1,278 documents deposited across 512 exceptional resources (including Journals, Books, and much more). Guide behavior shows a good yearly growth in cost at 15.95%. The average age of files is 3. 16 years, and each article has received a normal of 14. 88 citation counts. A total of 60, 482 referrals had been cited in these documents. In terms of content, there are 903 Key Terms Plus (ID) and a noticeably larger number of 2, 972 Author's Key terms (DE), which suggests a wide range of topics covered. Out of the 3, 260 authors who contributed to these files, 156 are single-authored. There was a definite collaboration behavior, considering the average number of co-authors for each document of 3. 09 and 169 solitary-authored files. Presence of international co-authors can also be found in 24. 57% of all papers. Majority of files have been research papers (1, 232), while evaluations are only 46.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain Information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAIN INFORMATION ABOUT DATA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimespan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015:2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources (Journals, Books, etc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Growth Rate %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocument Average Age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage citations per doc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDOCUMENT CONTENTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords Plus (ID)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor's Keywords (DE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUTHORS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors of single-authored docs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUTHORS COLLABORATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-authored docs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-Authors per Doc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational co-authorships %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDOCUMENT TYPES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003earticle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ereview\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Annual Total Citation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant rise in the number of papers published each year; from 85 articles published in 2019 to 291 articles in 2024 and finally down to 101 in 2025, resulting in a considerable increase between 2019 and 2025. Even though there is an increase in the volume of publications, the Mean TC per article (Mean TC per Art) has gradually fallen from 19.52 in 2019 to merely 0.78 in 2025. Likewise, the Mean Citations in accordance with Year (Mean TC per Year) fell from 2.79 in 2019 to 0.78 in 2025, implying that the newer courses did not get adequate time to accumulate citations. These observations are further substantiated by the decrease in Citable Years from 7 years in 2019 to merely one year in 2025, consequently restricting the number of citations accumulated for maximum new papers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Total Citation per Year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanTCperArt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanTCperYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitable Years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Annual Production:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual production of the papers has seen an incremental increase from 2015 to 2024. In 2015, a mere 23 papers were published, whereas there was a small decrease in 2016, resulting in 21 papers being published that year. After 2017, a consistent increase occurred, starting from 47 in 2017, rising to 85 in 2019 and 136 in 2021. The maximum increase in terms of numbers occurred from 2021 to 2024, ending with a high of 291 publications in 2024. On the other hand, in 2025, there has been a fall in the number of publications to 101 because of the ongoing process and data gathering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Most Relevant Sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graph above represents the highest-ranking journals in terms of publications available within the data set. The highest number of publications is found in \"Sustainability (Switzerland)\", which comprises 62 papers. This is followed by the \"Journal of Risk and Financial Management\", with 55 publications. Other leading journals include \"Cogent Economics and Finance\", having 25 papers; \"Investment Management and Financial Innovations\", with 24 papers; and \"Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Finance\", containing 22 papers. Some other journals which have significantly contributed to the field include \"Cogent Business and Management\" (19 publications); \"Financial Planning Review\" (18 publications); \"International Journal of Financial Studies\" (18 publications); \"SAGE Open\" (18 publications); and \"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization\" (16 publications).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Sources\u0026rsquo; Production Over Time\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graph entitled \"Production of Sources Over Time\" presents the cumulative frequency of appearances for five different academic sources between the years 2015 to 2025. Over time, all sources have demonstrated an increasing trend, implying that there is a growing output of publications or citations. Specifically: Sustainability (Switzerland) demonstrates the greatest growth with steady trends, exceeding a total of 60 by 2025. Secondly, the Journal of Risk and Financial Management has also recorded considerable growth starting from 2020 with over 50 cumulative frequencies by 2025. The third, fourth, and fifth sources include the Journal of behavioural and Experimental Finance, Investment Management and Financial Innovations, and Cogent Economics and Finance, respectively, with lower but similar trends, having reached a total of about 20 to 25 by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6 Most Relevant Affiliations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graph labeled \"Most Relevant Affiliations\" shows the contribution of different universities in terms of their publications. The highest number of articles comes from Hiroshima University, which has published 52 articles, followed by Link\u0026ouml;ping University, which has published 34 articles. Additionally, there are other universities like Multimedia University, which has produced 24 articles. Furthermore, some other universities have contributed between 15 to 17 articles each, such as Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, and the University of Georgia. Some other universities like Saudi Electronic University, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, and University of Minnesota have each published 15 articles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.7 Affiliations\u0026rsquo; Production Over Time\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chart labelled \u0026ldquo;Production of Affiliations through Time\u0026rdquo; shows the number of papers produced every year from 2015 through 2025 in six leading universities. Hiroshima University is the university that displays a great increase in terms of production, especially after the year 2020, where the production goes beyond 50. Link\u0026ouml;ping University has shown gradual growth in the number of papers produced from 2016 until 2022, remaining steady at around 35 after the year 2023. Multimedia University displays an increase in the production of papers starting from the year 2020, producing approximately 25 papers in 2025.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.8 Corresponding Author\u0026rsquo;s Countries\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diagram labelled \"Countries of Corresponding Authors\" is about the number of research papers that authors from respective countries have published, broken down into types of collaboration: USA takes first place with the greatest number of papers and with most of them being SCP (Single Country Publication), which means less international collaboration. Next come Indonesia, Malaysia, and United Kingdom, where there are almost equal numbers of MCP (Multiple Country Publication) and SCP. Then comes India, Germany, China, and South Africa, countries with relatively many publications, and many of them have some level of international collaboration. Towards the bottom of the list are countries like Portugal, Poland, Saudi Arabia, and Belgium with relatively few numbers of publications, but showing both types of collaborations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.9 Country Production Over Time\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chart titled \u0026ldquo;Country Production over Time\u0026rdquo; presents the production of research papers each year from 2015 to 2025 from five countries. The USA demonstrates the highest and constant increase, producing over 500 articles by 2025 and remaining the leading producer all the time. The country which demonstrates the rapid increase of productivity is Indonesia. It has significantly increased the number of articles since 2021 and almost equaled the USA by the end of the observed period producing more than 450 articles by 2025. Another country that produced quite a few articles but demonstrated rapid development is Malaysia. By 2025 it had produced almost 275 articles. The United Kingdom showed stable development producing slightly less than 200 articles. India started the period with a low level of productivity and then rapidly grew producing about 175 articles by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.10 Most Global Cited Documents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the graph \"Most Global Cited Documents,\" there is a ranking of the top 10 most globally cited research articles that have been published. The paper having the highest number of citations is Grohmann A., 2018 (World Development), which received 358 citations, reflecting its importance. In second place is Yue P., 2022 (Financial Research Letters) with 298 citations even though the article is quite new. The third position is taken by the work of Str\u0026ouml;mb\u0026auml;ck C., 2017 (J. Behav. Exp. Finance) with 263 citations. Farrell L., 2016 (J. Econ. Psychol.) comes in fourth with 258 citations while Altenberg J., 2015 (Econ. Lett.) ranks fifth with 255 citations. Other papers in the chart have between 253 and 205 citations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.10 Three Field Plot\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis figure is a Sankey plot with three fields depicting the relationship between cited references (CR), authors (AU), and key words (KW_Merged) in economic literacy research field. On the left side, seminal publications, especially by Lusardi, A., and Mitchell, O.S., are frequently cited, signalling their importance in economic literacy research literature. In the middle field, some authors such as Khan, Mostafa Saidur Rahim; Kadoya, Yoshihiko; and Mitchell, Olivia S. are the major contributors and frequently cite those seminal articles. The right side shows that some key words such as financial literacy, literacy, financial education, financial well-being, and financial knowledge are prevalent in the literature. In general, this visualization reveals the intellectual structure of the research area, showing how leading researchers build connected literature to examine prevailing concepts including monetary behavior, inclusion, and planning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.11 Bradford\u0026rsquo;s Law Bibliometric\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the above table, there are data on the top 10 sources (journals) based on the number of times they have been cited (most cited). The zones show that all the journals belong to Zone 1, meaning that they are the sources that are cited most frequently in the data set. The first source, Sustainability (Switzerland), appears first in the list because it has been cited 62 times, making it the most cited journal. The second source is the Journal of Risk and Financial Management with 55 citations, followed by Cogent Economics and Finance with 25 citations. Other sources include Investment Management and Financial Innovations (24 citations), Journal of behavioural and Experimental Finance (22), and Cogent Business and Management (19). These sources' cumulative frequencies total up to 277, showing their high dominance in the data set.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBradford_Law_bibliometrixSource: Bibliometric Analysis (Biblioshiny)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecumFreq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSUSTAINABILITY (SWITZERLAND)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF RISK AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOGENT ECONOMICS AND FINANCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FINANCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOGENT BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFINANCIAL PLANNING REVIEW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL STUDIES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSAGE OPEN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.12 Most Relevant Words\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Most Relevant Words\" presents keyword frequency analysis about financial literacy research that can be seen from the bibliometric tool. Based on this, it can be said that the most frequent word or term used is \"financial literacy\", which comes up 905 times, proving its dominance. Next to this is the term \"financial well-being\", which is used 124 times. This is followed by \"financial education\" that is used 118 times, and \"financial knowledge\", which is used 99 times. From this, there is a clear indication that much attention was paid to the educational and well-being benefits from being financially literate. Another keyword that has high frequency of use is \"literacy\", which is used 97 times; \"finance\" (87 times); \"financial behavior\" (84 times); and \"financial planning\" (80 times). Here, it shows that there is much discussion of this research, from its conceptualization up to implementation. It also shows that much concern about financial inclusion was given since the word \"financial inclusion\" was used 111 times. Lastly, the term \"education\" was used 46 times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.13 Bibliographic-coupling:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bibliographic-coupling analysis reveals the dominant themes and research focus area of study concerning women's financial literacy. Frequently occurring keywords include: \u0026ldquo;\u003cb\u003eFinancial literacy\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;Financial education\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;Financial well-being\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;financial knowledge\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;financial inclusion\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;financial education\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;Financial knowledge\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;financial planning\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;financial behavior\u0026rdquo;;\u003c/b\u003e indicating a strong emphasis on topics such as financial inclusion, empowerment, retirement planning, education, and gender differences in financial behavior. These recurring terms underscore the multidisciplinary and policy-relevant nature of ongoing research, suggesting that scholars are increasingly concerned with not only economic literacy but also its intersection with social equity and development. Based on the bibliographic coupling analysis in the Heliyon paper and the image referenced, here\u0026rsquo;s a detailed explanation of each cluster identified in the study. These clusters represent dominant thematic areas in women\u0026rsquo;s financial literacy research, each formed by grouping articles with similar citation patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGreen Cluster: Global Financial Literacy\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen cluster makes a speciality of pass-countrywide and demographic disparities in economic literacy and emphasizes the function of training in bridging those gaps. It consists of research that examine financial literacy ranges across nations and among special populace organizations. Countries like Canada and Germany show higher average financial literacy than others. Women, older adults, and low-income individuals consistently demonstrate lower financial literacy. Education programs tailored to specific demographics \u003cb\u003e(e.g., gender, age, income)\u003c/b\u003e are more effective than generic ones.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRed Cluster: Disparity between the sexes in terms of financial inclusion and behavior\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed cluster explores how gender disparities affect women\u0026rsquo;s get right of entry to financial services and their non-public finance behavior. It highlights the barriers ladies face in accomplishing monetary inclusion and the way financial literacy can help overcome these demanding situations. Gender inequality in access to banking, credit, and financial tools. Behavioural finance differences between men and women. Influence of schooling, profits, and agree with on financial inclusion. Digital economic literacy and its role in bridging gaps. This cluster emphasises how crucial it is to empower women through financial literacy in order to enhance financial outcomes, eliminate the gender gap in financial inclusion, and empower women overall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBlue Cluster: Empowerment through Financial Literacy\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue cluster focuses on how financial literacy empowers women, particularly those affected by interpersonal relationship violence \u003cb\u003e(IPV)\u003c/b\u003e and financial abuse. Finding one's own financial footing, being self-sufficient, and escaping abusive relationships are all goals that can be advanced by financial education. This cluster underscores the transformative power of financial literacy in helping women reclaim control over their lives, especially in contexts of abuse and vulnerability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eYellow Cluster: Women\u0026rsquo;s Retirement Planning and Preparedness\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow cluster focuses on the unique challenges women face in retirement planning, including lower lifetime profits, caregiving duties, and longer existence expectancy. It emphasizes economic literacy can improve ladies' retirement preparedness and long-time period economic safety. This cluster highlights the importance of empowering women through financial education to ensure a secure and fulfilling retirement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.14 Discussion:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis of literature about women's economic literacy shows an expanding but divided set of studies, which belong to various fields such as economics, education, behavioural finance, and gender studies. The paper emphasizes rising academic attention to the problem of investigating the importance of financial literacy for the economic empowerment of women. The key areas highlighted by the body of literature in regard to financial inclusion are the role of digital financial technology, the influence of social cultural standards on financial behavior, and the ongoing gender disparity concerning access to financial education. Geographically speaking, most research efforts are geared toward those areas where financial inclusion is a key area requiring further development. Certain research collaboration projects have been initiated by academic bodies based in the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. Further, the present body of literature emphasizes that financial literacy must be tailored to address issues unique to women such as work in informal sectors, caregiver duties, and poor control over household finances. The map further helps in finding out gaps in methodology, such as those that arise from the use of cross-sectional surveys without any longitudinal or experimental analysis. It would be beneficial for future studies to adopt an interdisciplinary approach while studying the influence of monetary literacy programs on women and their effects in the long run. In addition, including new aspects such as digital literacy and financial technologies will enhance our knowledge about women's monetary health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.15 Conclusions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric examination provides a scientific evaluation of the evolving academic discourse on women's financial literacy, uncovering key themes, influential authors, collaborative networks, and research gaps. The findings suggest that while interest in women's financial literacy is steadily increasing, the literature remains unevenly distributed across regions and disciplines. Most studies emphasize the critical involvement of financial education in fostering female economic independence, financial inclusion, and well-informed decision-making. However, significant gaps remain in addressing contextual nuances, especially across different cultural, socio-economic, and digital environments. Moreover, one of the implications of this research concerns the limitation in the methodology that is related to the dominance of quantitative cross-sectional research designs. In the future, researchers and policymakers should focus on localized and gender-sensitive approaches to financial education and examine the relationship between financial literacy and such concepts as digital technology, entrepreneurship, and sustainable development. The aims and objectives of further research will be based on the findings of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Future research directions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther research may investigate collaboration across regional authors to reduce the information gap among high-production and low-representation regions, such as the developing world. The emerging areas include digital financial literacy, fintech adoption, and women\u0026rsquo;s financial resilience, all of which may be addressed by historical analyses of the relevant keywords. It is suggested that researchers identify journals with an overrepresentation of papers on gender, education, and technology issues. Citation analysis can reveal seminal works, trace the history of financial literacy research, and highlight some of the overlooked theories and applications. The importance of financial literacy for enhancing the capacity of vulnerable populations, including rural women, indigenous communities, and migrants, should be examined through culturally competent perspectives. The use of bibliometric analysis should also involve the inclusion of other forms of evaluation for measuring the social and alternative impacts that can be generated through research activities on policy and practice. This can be accomplished by using new methodological approaches, including the use of machine learning for topic modeling and dynamic mapping of co-citation networks. Scholars need to integrate their bibliometric results with national financial education programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no Conflict of Interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.S wrote the main mauscript and S.A and A.J review the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data used in this review paper were obtained from the Scopus database. Access to Scopus was provided through the institutional subscription of Graphic Era Deemed to be University.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlmeida N, Newton C, Chrisann T (2010) Financial literacy: Implications for retirement security and the financial marketplace. Pension Research Council\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCup\u0026aacute;k A, Fessler P, Schneebaum A, Silgoner M (2018) Decomposing gender gaps in 49financial literacy: New international evidence. 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J Bus Res 133:285\u0026ndash;296\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Women’s financial literacy, bibliometric analysis, gender and finance, financial inclusion, retirement planning empowerment, financial education, financial capability, digital financial literacy, Scopus, VOS viewer, Biblioshiny, thematic mapping, policy implications","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9389489/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9389489/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe significance of financial literacy among women has gained increasing attention as a field of study due to its crucial importance in terms of economic welfare, empowerment, and economic independence. Herein, we present a dedicated bibliometric study on academic articles concerning women's economic literacy covering the period from 2015 to 2025 by employing data from the Scopus database. In this analysis, 1278 academic papers will be considered based on methodologies, such as Bibliometric (R package), VOS viewer, etc., in order to explore trends in the number of publications, primary researchers, affiliations of institutions, and global contributions. As per the co-occurrence analysis, there is strong correlation found in words like \"financial literacy,\" \"empowerment,\" \"inclusion,\" and \"retirement planning,\" suggesting that new research clusters are developing in these areas, addressing both policy and behavioural issues. The four major themes that have been identified through the current research include the inconsistency around the world regarding financial literacy and the necessity of proper schooling on the same, gender difference in the inclusion of finance and practices involved in personal finances, importance of financial literacy for empowerment of victims of domestic violence, and difficulties faced by women in retirement planning and preparation. Through the study, several conceptual relationships and research fronts in the topic have been identified. The study provides essential insights into the current gaps especially in digital finance, rural access, and implementation of policies that are needed for promoting financial literacy for women by adopting gender-responsive approaches.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Financial literacy among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-21 12:50:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9389489/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"38625519-6390-41ea-8664-05f728e56788","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-21T12:50:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-21 12:50:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9389489","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9389489","identity":"rs-9389489","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}