Design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied net-metering solar photovoltaic power plant utilizing half-cut monocrystalline-PERC Si modules with elevated rooftop structure

Design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied net-metering solar photovoltaic power plant utilizing half-cut monocrystalline-PERC Si modules with elevated rooftop structure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied net-metering solar photovoltaic power plant utilizing half-cut monocrystalline-PERC Si modules with elevated rooftop structure Shravan Kumar Singh, Abhishek Sinha, Nikhil Chander This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The declining cost of photovoltaic (PV) power generation makes on-grid PV plants suitable for residential and commercial applications. The elevated rooftop PV plant installation is an example of a solar plant that generates electricity without disturbing the terrace area. The paper presents the techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp on-grid power plant placed on the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital with a net-metering scheme located at Durg, Chhattisgarh, India (21°11' N, 81°17' E). The plant rests on an elevated galvanized iron (GI) structure, using half-cut monocrystalline-passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cell-based PV modules. The plant's performance parameter and the system losses were calculated using PVsyst simulation software using PVGIS meteorological data. The annual plane of array (POA) irradiation is approximately 2230 kWh/m² at the plant location. The PV energy generation of the plant is 27727 kWh/year, and 27271 kWh/year of energy is injected into the grid. The annual performance ratio of the plant is 81.7%. The research article also focuses on plant design, electricity consumption, and the net electricity bill of the premises for three consecutive years before and after plant installation. The installation of the plant will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is 461 tonnes. The payback period for an elevated structured on-grid PV plant is around six years. On-grid Solar Plant Net-Metering Scheme PVsyst Utility Bill Payback Period Performance Analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1 Introduction Energy is essential for economic and social development of a nation, and improved quality of life of the people. India is endowed with abundant solar radiation for the generation of electrical energy, and about 5000 trillion kWh per year of solar radiation is received (4–7 kWh per sq. m. per day) by India, which is much more than its total annual energy generation of 1624 billion kWh [ 1 , 2 ]. India has set a target to reduce carbon emission intensity of the nation’s economy by 45% by 2030 from 2005 level, achieve 50 percent cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from renewables, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. India aims for 500 GW of renewable energy installed capacity by 2030 [ 3 ]. India's cumulative module manufacturing nameplate capacity doubled from 18 GW in March 2022 to 38 GW in March 2023. India’s cumulative residential rooftop solar capacity will reach 3.2 GW by the end of the current fiscal year FY 2022-23, nearly a 60% increase from 2 GW as of FY 2021-22 — according to a new report by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) and JMK Research & Analytics [ 4 ]. Solar projects in India use various solar mounting technologies and designs, like rooftop solar, ground-based solar, carports, elevated rooftop PV, and sun tracker mounting structure solutions. The elevated rooftop PV plant installation is an example of a solar plant that generates electricity without disturbing the terrace area, and one can use the terrace area for other residential or commercial purposes. Elevated rooftop structures provide an attractive energy solution to residential and commercial consumers. The design, installation & commissioning, the techno economic analysis is one of the major aspects of in view with the payback period for the consumers throughout the life time of the plant. The plant design considers the tilt angle, the row spacing and the PV module facing towards the sun to grasp the maximum incident sun radiations. The proper choice of tilt angle and inter-row spacing for the installation site are two essential parameters for capturing maximum incident radiation falling over the surface of the PV module to maximize the energy yield [ 5 ]. Shah et al. [ 6 ] compared the varying output from two 100 MW solar PV power plants located in close vicinity of each other in the Bahawalpur desert region of Pakistan. It evaluates the reasons for the mismatch in energy generation. It presents area-specific recommendations for designers to cater to the ground cover ratio (GCR), tilt angles, and sun charts in designing their PV systems optimally. The plant's outdoor performance also depends on the lifetime expectancy of the PV modules. The Mid-life degradation evaluation of polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic modules in a 100 kWp grid-tied system in east-central India investigates and shows the various types of visible degradation and their effective degradation rate [ 7 ]. The performance comparison of monocrystalline and polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic (SPV) modules under tropical wet and dry climatic conditions in east-central is given [ 8 ]. The grid-connected solar PV system is more economical than the standalone PV system and grid-connected solar PV with battery storage due to the enormous initial storage cost. The effective design method of solar PV power plants investigated and proposes a reliable backup system for uninterrupted power supply with storage batteries in the base unit in parallel with the existing grid to maintain supply stability and reliability [ 9 ]. Another study investigated the performance and operational challenges of six functional PV-based mini-grids of capacity 15 kW to 19 kW in the Indian state of Jharkhand [ 10 ]. The outdoor performance of a 2.25 kWp pilot grid-tied solar power plant in the southern region of Algeria was also investigated by researchers. The plant has been operating for seven years in the harsh desert climate of North Africa. The PV plant uses micromorph thin-film solar modules (a-Si/µc-Si) technology [ 11 ]. Mudgil et al. [ 12 ] analyzed a 12 kWp grid-connected PV plant installed on a rooftop under the net metering regulation of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission in Delhi, India. The plant's total annual energy generation and capacity utilization factor is 1147 kWh/kWp and 13.1%, respectively. Kalke et al. present the complete financial analysis of a 10 kWp grid-tied rooftop solar photovoltaic system employing a net-metering scheme [ 13 ]. They also compared the results of the economic study of 10 kWp system using the Capital expenditures (CAPEX) model for the residential sector and renewable energy service company (RESCO) model for commercial users. Al-Zoubi et al. present a feasibility study of utilizing an on-grid photovoltaic (PV) system for the electrification of Cedars Hotel located in Amman in, Jordan as a case study [ 14 ]. They calculate the payback period, the annual life cycle savings, and the levelized energy cost for the plant. The various authors have written research articles that provide information on performance studies and the plant simulation design using PV simulation tools of on-grid solar PV power plants. There is a lagging study by the authors on the on-grid plant design requirements, installation, and commissioning with a net-metering scheme to the local distribution company. This paper presents a detailed design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied solar PV plant at Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21°11' N, 81°17' E). The load profile of the premises, the consumption before and after the on-grid plant installation is presented. The simulation results using PVsyst the details of the installation of on-grid power plant with a net-metering scheme are also included. The premises presented a unique problem, in which the consumer did not want any wastage of the rooftop area as it was being used for terrace gardening. We used an elevated structure to fix the PV array and thus saved the entire rooftop area for gardening or for other purposes as usual. The height of the elevated structure was also properly designed by considering the shading effect to ensure that sufficient sunlight was incident on the plants. Additionally, the paper also presents the payback period and the CO 2 emission mitigation of the plant. This research article provides useful data and guidelines for decision-makers, engineers, system integrators and industries in this region (East-Central India) to install and commission such kind of on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme. The study also provides an opportunity to analyze the performance of half-cut mono-PERC PV modules which have been recently introduced in the Indian market. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Installed Plant Overview / System Design with BoS The 15 kW on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme has been installed at the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21°11' N, 81°17' E) using an elevated structure. The half-cut passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) monocrystalline mono-facial photovoltaic (PV) modules technology is used to design the plant. The pictorial representation of the typical on-grid solar power plant design, the actual look of the power plant resting on an elevated structure, the plant side-view, and the Google satellite image, which rests on the building of Vardhman Hospital, is shown in Fig. 1 . Thirty-four (34) PV modules (mono-facial monocrystalline half-cut PERC, make Vikram Solar, 445 Wp) are connected in two strings with seventeen modules in series. The balance of system components of the plant includes inverters, wires (AC/DC), DC distribution box (DCDB), AC distribution box (ACDB), the generation meter, and the net meter. The electrical parameters of the PV module given by the manufacturer at standard test conditions (STC) and the three-phase on-grid inverter are shown in Table 1 . The PV string DC cable size of 4 sq. mm bears up to 32 A of current helps connect the DC side of the plant to the DCDB (2-IN-1-OUT). A 16A ACDB connects the inverter output to the local grid. Table 1 Specifications of PV module (at STC*) and BoS of on-grid power plant Table 1 (a) Specifications of PV Module Design Parameters Value Make VIKRAM SOLAR Technology M6 HALF-CUT PERC Peak Power Pmax (W p ) 445 Number of cells in Module (N s ) 144 Maximum Voltage V m (V) 41.5 Maximum Current I m (A) 10.72 Open Circuit Voltage V OC (V) 48.9 Short Circuit Current I SC (A) 11.67 Module Efficiency η (%) 20.01 Tc of Open Circuit Voltage (β) − 0.28%/°C Tc of Short Circuit Current (α) 0.057%/°C Tc of Power (γ) -0.39%/°C Table 1 (b) Specifications of On-grid Inverter Input (DC)/Output (AC)/ Efficiency Value Model/Make KSY15KW/KSOLARE Max. DC Power (KW) 17.5 Max. DC Voltage (Vdc) 1000V DC Max. MPPT I/P Current(A) 20 A MPPT Short Circuit Current(A) 26 Amps. MPPT Tracking Voltage (Vdc) 200-1000V Min. Start/Shut down (V) 250VDC/150VDC(Low) & 1000VDC(High) Number of MPPT Tracker 2 strings per MPPT Trackers 2 Nominal Output Power (KW) 15 Max. Output Power (KW) 16.5 Nominal Grid Voltage(V)/Range(V) 320-470V User Defined Nominal Grid Freq/Range (Hz) 47–55 HZ Auto Selected Max. Output Current (A) 22 AC Connection (with PE) 3P + N + E THD (%) 99.99% (User Defined from 0.85 to 0.99) Max. Efficiency (%) 99 * 1000 W/m 2 of full solar noon sunshine (irradiance) when the panel and cells are at a temperature of 25 o C with a sea level air mass (AM) of 1.5 (1 sun). The plant location's meteorological data* are presented in Fig. 2 . The average May temperature is 35.2°C, with a high recorded 41.4°C. The difference in precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 382 mm. In June, July, August, and September, there is an average of 293.5 mm of rainfall. The months with the highest and lowest relative humidity are August (83.64%) and April (27.32%), respectively. April and May have the highest average sun hours. The data for sun hours and others were obtained from publicly available databases [ 16 ]. 2.2 Methodology There is a 15 kWp on-grid solar power plant installed at Vardhman hospital under net-metering scheme with the help of local distribution company's (DISCOM). Figure 3 illustrates a complete methodology for this research article step by step. It covers the load estimation, PVsyst simulation of the plant, on-grid power plant design installation and commissioning, the energy consumption and net electricity bill, comparison of electricity bill before and after the solar plant installation, the CO 2 mitigation, and techno-economic analysis of the plant. 2.3 Load Estimation The approximate load analysis and the energy requirements of the commercial premises (Vardhman Hospital) are in Table 2 . As mentioned in the table, the operating hours of electrical appliances in a day vary and depend upon the number of admitting and discharging patients. Some of the loads' consumption hours are fixed, and others are as per the requirements. So, here we prepare and calculate the average energy consumption of electrical appliances per day after asking the hospital manager. Table 2 The load estimation of the commercial premises (Vardhman Hospital) Appliance Power Rating(W) Quantity Total Wattage (W) No. of hours operated/day LED Bulb 10 10 100 6 (fixed) LED Bulb 10 140 1400 As per requirements Tube-light 20 4 80 4 (fixed) Ceiling Fan 80 4 320 12 (fixed) Ceiling Fan 80 21 1680 As per requirements Exhaust fan 30 5 150 As per requirements Exhaust fan 250 1 250 12 (fixed) Room Heater 350 3 1050 As per requirements Water Heater 700 1 700 As per requirements Desktop Computer 150 3 450 12 (fixed) Laptop 100 2 200 As per requirements Air conditioner 1000 4 4000 6 (fixed) Air conditioner 1000 10 10000 As per requirements X-Ray (1.5- Tesla) 3000 1 3000 As per requirements Mobile Charging Point 10 10 100 As per requirements Printer 100 2 200 As per requirements LED TV 250 2 500 8 (fixed) Wi-Fi modem 40 1 40 24 (fixed) CCTV + Monitor 80 6 480 24 (fixed) Miscellaneous 1000 1 1000 As per requirements 2.4 PV plant performance The performance of a PV plant is evaluated by calculating various performance parameters given by the IEC 61724 standard guidelines (1998). The authors summarized and tabulated the performance parameter [ 12 ]. The following formulas have been used for solving these parameters for the PV plant is in Table 3 . Table 3 The description of on-grid plant performance parameters Performance Characteristics / Months Definition Remarks Reference Yield (Y R ) \(\:{Y}_{R}=\frac{{G}_{POA}}{{G}_{R}}\) It is the ratio of plane of array irradiance to the reference irradiance PV Array Yield (Y A ) \(\:{Y}_{A}=\frac{{E}_{DC}}{{P}_{R}}\) Ratio of actual array output to the rated capacity of the array PV Final Yield (Y F ) \(\:{Y}_{F}=\frac{{E}_{AC}}{{P}_{R}}\) Defined as the actual output ac energy to rated capacity of the array Array Capture Loss (L C ) L A = Y R −Y A Difference between reference yield and PV array yield System Loss (L S ) L S = Y A −Y F PV array yield minus PV final yield Performance Ratio (PR) \(\:PR=\frac{{Y}_{F}}{{Y}_{R}}\) Ratio of PV final yield to PV reference yield Where, G POA = is derived plane of array insolation in Wh/m 2 G R = is reference irradiance at STC (1000 W/m 2 ) Y R = reference yield in terms of measured parameters E DC = is Actual array output energy in kWh. P R = is rated capacity of the array in kW. E AC = is Actual AC output energy in kWh. Y F = PV final yield in terms of measured parameters 3 PVsyst simulation A variety of solar PV simulation tools are developed by different organizations for optimal designing of solar power plants and to estimate the energy yielded. The PVsyst simulation software is use in this research article to find the performance analysis of the plant using various parameters explained below. We have chosen photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS) for a typical meteorological year (TMY) at our geographical location to collect weather data. The monthly irradiance, temperature, PV array energy, grid injected energy and the performance ratio detailed in Table 4 . The plane of array (POA) irradiance in a year is approximately 2230 kWh/m² falling over the surface of the PV array. The PV array energy generation in a year is 27727 kWh/year and the 27271 kWh/year of energy injected into the grid. The basic performance parameters and the system losses are in Table 5 . The average annual performance ratio of the plant is 82.3%. Table 4 PVsyst simulation balances and main results Parameters / Months Global Horizontal Irradiance (kWh/m²) Diffused Horizontal Irradiance (kWh/m²) Ambient Temperature (°C) POA (kWh/m²) GlobEff (kWh/m²) PV Array Energy (kWh) Grid Energy (kWh) Performance Ratio (PR) Jan 152.4 47.62 20.56 201 198 2572 2532 0.842 Feb 156.4 45.33 22.31 191.2 188 2404 2368 0.828 Mar 202.6 56.92 28.61 221.4 217.6 2688 2647 0.799 Apr 224.1 60.73 33.28 221.3 217 2620 2579 0.779 May 217.9 74.43 36.69 199.8 195.5 2368 2328 0.779 Jun 195.9 80.75 34.31 174.6 170.7 2117 2080 0.796 Jul 111.7 75.83 26.22 102 99.4 1317 1287 0.843 Aug 149.1 87.47 26.69 143.3 140.2 1834 1798 0.839 Sep 158.6 74.64 26.57 165.2 162.2 2089 2052 0.83 Oct 173.8 59.44 26.16 201.6 198.4 2517 2476 0.821 Nov 159.9 42.68 21.82 207.9 205.1 2629 2590 0.833 Dec 147.8 43.35 20.53 201 198.2 2572 2534 0.843 Year 2050.1 749.2 26.99 2230.4 2190.3 27727 27271 0.817 The monthly global horizontal irradiance, the diffuse horizontal irradiance and the plane of array (POA) irradiance throughout the year at our location is in Fig. 4 . The POA is lowest in the month of July and the maximum in the months of March, April and May with comparison to the other months respectively. The monthly generation of the plant and the exported energy to the grid is shown in Fig. 5 the lowest energy generation in the month of July is around 1300 kWh and 2700 kWh in the month of March. The various normalized performance coefficients of on-grid power plant are tabulated in Table 5 . The average annual performance ratio of the plant is 0.823. Table 5 Normalized performance parameters of on-grid power plant using PVsyst software Performance Characteristics / Months Reference Yield (Y R ) PV Array Yield (Y A ) PV Final Yield (Y F ) Array Capture Loss (L C ) System Loss (L S ) Performance Ratio (PR) Jan 6.34 5.44 5.36 0.9 0.08 0.844 Feb 6.82 5.7 5.62 1.12 0.09 0.824 Mar 6.78 5.62 5.54 1.16 0.09 0.817 Apr 7.41 5.92 5.82 1.5 0.09 0.785 May 6.45 5.16 5.07 1.3 0.09 0.785 Jun 5.77 4.72 4.63 1.06 0.08 0.803 Jul 3.22 2.79 2.73 0.42 0.06 0.848 Aug 3.97 3.43 3.36 1.54 0.07 0.847 Sep 5.52 4.68 4.6 0.84 0.08 0.833 Oct 6.66 5.61 5.52 1.05 0.09 0.829 Nov 6.9 5.87 5.79 1.03 0.09 0.838 Dec 6.46 5.56 5.48 0.9 0.08 0.848 Year (Avg.) 6.02 5.03 4.95 0.98 0.08 0.823 Figure 6 demonstrates PVsyst software's predicted loss diagram for the entire year. As we can see, the highest losses have happened due to temperature (-12.30%), inverter loss during operation, efficiency (-1.63%), and PV loss due to wires (-1.26%). Most of the losses in production power occur in the PV array, as it is influenced by several parameters such as sun exposure, ambient temperature, ohmic wiring, and manufacturing mismatch. The total PV array losses are 17.69%, resulting in a power drop of 32673 kWh to 27343 kWh. The expected life cycle of the PV module is around 30 years claimed by manufacturers. Figure 7 provides an explanation and illustration of the CO 2 emissions that the plant mitigates during its 30-years of life cycle. Approximately 600 tonnes of CO 2 are mitigated throughout the plant's lifespan, and in five years, 100 tonnes of CO 2 . 4 Plant design installation & commissioning Once the simulation study over plant design initiated. This plant is a self-owned system with upfront investment and no subsidy by any of the India's state or central government agency. The actual size of the on-grid power plant is 15.13 kWp, operating since June 2022. The detailed plant design is shown in Fig. 8 . The PV module and the inverter technical specifications are given in Table 1 . A total of 34 PV modules in the plant are divided into two strings, each of 17 PV modules connected parallel to the 2-MPPT of inverter through DCDB, inside DCDB 16A connector with SPD attached. The output of the inverter is connected to ACDB with a 16A connector with SPD. ACDB output goes to the grid via a generation meter, and the CSPDCL synchronizes the net meter. The net-metering scheme of the state DISCOM is the unit-by-unit reduction of consumed electricity every month. Suppose the energy generation by the solar PV plant is higher than the consumed electricity for a month. In that case, it will be carried forward and adjusted for a whole financial year in the forthcoming month by existing policy CG government. And for the next financial year, this will be repeated in the same manner as before. 4.1 Inter-row spacing of PV module A significant task in the PV plant installation is determining how much distance you should keep between neighboring rows of PV modules (the pitch). If the pitch is high, the required area will increase; if the pitch is low, there will be significant losses due to inter-row PV module shading. The variation of the sun's path throughout the year at plant location is given in Fig. 9 . The sun chart diagram shows the sun's daily, monthly, and yearly path. In our case, the PV array rests on elevated structure around 12 feet from the rooftop and 42 feet from the ground is adequately spaced, and the values of the parameters mentioned clearly in Fig. 10 . To find the pitch distance, we calculate sun angle and sun azimuth for maximum working hours of solar system at our location. This can be picked from sun path diagram Fig. 9 and assume the maximum exposure for solar panel is for 9:00 am to 3:10 pm. Where, PV module tilt angle, α = 23 0 Solar Elevation, β = Changing from morning to evening Length of the PV module, L = 212 cm Lower height of the PV Module from surface, h = 15 cm Upper height of the PV Module from surface, H = 92 cm Sun angle (According to start time) = 27 0 Sun Azimuth (According to start time) = 48 0 d = sin (α) * panel-length * cos (sun azimuth) / tan (sun angle) ………. (1) Distance between pitch (two rows), d = 113.6 cm Total horizontal space occupied by two rows of PV modules, D = d + L*cos(α) * 2 = 503.89 cm ………. (2) 4.2 Electricity consumption & solar PV plant generation The net electricity consumption (kWh) and energy charge (electricity bill) of the premises from April 2021 to March 2024 is given in Table 6 . The solar PV plant installation happens in June 2022. The monthly comparison of energy consumption before and after plant installation shows a clear difference in the energy charges paid by consumer. Table 6 The utility electricity bill from April 2021 to March 2024 showing the consumption and the net electricity bill Bill Month Consumption (in kWh) Energy Charge in ₹ ( $ ) Electricity Cost (per kWh) in ₹ ( $ ) Fixed Charge in ₹ ( $ ) Net Bill in ₹ ( $ ) Mar-24 870 6568 (79.13) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600(67.23) Feb-24 540 4077 (48.94) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600(67.23) Jan-24 630 4756.5 (57.10) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600 (67.23) Dec-23 540 4077 (48.94) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5670 (68.07) Nov-23 642 4847.1 (58.19) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600 (67.23) Oct-23 1029 7768.95 (93.26) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600 (67.23) Sep-23 828 6251.4 (75.05) 7.55 (0.09) 5600(67.23) 5600 (67.23) Aug-23 711 5368.05 (64.44) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 5870 (70.47) Jul-23 900 6795 (81.57) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 8350 (100.24) Jun-23 1110 8380.5 (100.61) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 8640 (103.72) May-23 1860 14043 (168.58) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 8500 (102.04) Apr-23 1050 7927.5 (95.17) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 5600 (67.23) Mar-23 690 5209.5 (62.54) 7.55 (0.09) 5600 (67.23) 5400 (64.83) Feb-23 630 4756.5 (57.10) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 9100 (109.24) Jan-23 480 3624 (43.51) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 19390 (232.77) Dec-22 660 4983 (59.82) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 10140 (121.73) Nov-22 720 5436 (65.26) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 9960 (119.57) Oct-22 720 5436 (65.26) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 10070 (120.89) Sep-22 1050 7927.5 (95.17) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 10450 (125.45) Aug-22 1110 8380.5 (100.61) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 11930 (143.22) Jul-22 1170 8833.5 (106.04) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 14250 (171.07) Jun-22 3419 25813.45 (309.89) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 39090 (469.27) May-22 3277 24741.35 (297.02) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 35460 (425.69) Apr-22 3020 22801 (273.72) 7.55 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 35310 (423.89) Mar-22 1440 10656 (127.92) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 20540 (246.58) Feb-22 981 7259.4 (87.15) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 16750 (201.08) Jan-22 1051 7777.4 (93.37) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 17360 (208.40) Dec-21 1010 7474 (89.72) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 17090 (205.16) Nov-21 1023 7570.2 (90.88) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 42390 (508.88) Oct-21 1907 14111.8 (169.41) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 24820 (297.96) Sep-21 1882 13926.8 (167.19) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 24610 (295.44) Aug-21 1915 14171 (170.12) 7.40 (0.09) 9000 (108.04) 24720 (296.76) Jul-21 1760 12760 (153.18) 7.25 (0.09) 7560 (90.76) 21490 (257.98) Jun-21 2054 14891.5 (178.77) 7.25 (0.09) 7560 (90.76) 24130 (289.68) May-21 2492 18067 (216.89) 7.25 (0.09) 7560 (90.76) 21640 (259.78) Apr-21 5014 36351.5 (436.39) 7.25 (0.09) 7560 (90.76) 72380 (868.91) *The values in brackets are in USD as per the Rupee-Dollar exchange rates on 06 April 2024 The plant installation and commissioning happen in the month of June 2022. The average net electricity bill in the month of July 2022 and onwards is around Rs. 8425 only. 4.3 Energy demand and net electricity bill In our case, one of the major advantages of installing the PV plant to the owner is that, they can reduce their maximum demand load as per requirements as well as there is a reduction of fixed charge by reducing the sanctioned load of CSPDCL for the premises. The maximum demand load by the consumer up to 33 kW but just after installation of the PV plant the maximum demand load by the consumer is reduced and varying between 6 kW to 15 kW. The maximum demand load is reduced more than 50% that we can say the customer dependency to the local DISCOM is minimized by 50%. Earlier the sanctioned load of the premises was 56 kW, but after the solar installation, sanctioned load is reduced to 33kW.The customer has to pay 80% of the sanctioned load as fixed charge with a rate of Rs.200 per kW as per electricity board norms for the commercial utility. Earlier the customer used to pay Rs. 9000 on fixed charge and now he does 5600 on fixed charge i.e. the fixed charge of the customer has been reduced by approximately 40%, if we compare with earlier. The detail of electricity bill for the consecutive three years from April 2021 to March 2024 with and without solar PV plant is given in Fig. 11 . One can also have the observation from the figure, in the year 2022 -23 and onwards, the energy charge has been suddenly reduced as compared with 2021–2022. 5 Techno-economic analysis 5.1 Solar PV Plant Payback Period There are many economic performance metrics [ 17 ] out of which paper uses simple payback period. The time required to recover the funds expended in a PV plant as an investment calls it a payback period. The actual size of the installed on-grid power plant is 15.13 kWp, and the cost is around ₹ 900000. The solar PV plant's energy in the first year is around 20226 units (kWh). The operation and maintenance of the plant is only for cleaning the PV modules; no other part involved is around ₹ 16000. The electricity bill per unit CSPDCL costs around ₹ 9, including all charges. The consumer indirect benefit tax relief is 40% on depreciation acceleration (Under section 32 of the Income Tax Act., GoI). This installation will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is 461 tonnes (Data from IISc) [ 2 ]. Total plant costs in a very first year = Actual plant cost (₹ 900000) + operation & Maintenance Cost (₹ 16000) Total plant costs in a very first year = ₹ 916000 The cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the very first year = Energy generated by the solar PV plant in a year (20226 units) * CSPDCL Rate (₹ 7.55) The cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the first year = ₹ 152706. Hence, the payback period is around (~ 916000/152706) 5.9 years for the proposed 15kWp on-grid elevated solar power plant. 6 Conclusions This paper presents a detailed analysis of the load profile of premises, the consumption before and after the on-grid plant with a net-metering scheme installed at the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21°11' N, 81°17' E) using elevated structure and the analysis of PVsyst simulation results. According to the objective of this research article, the on-grid plant design, installation, and commissioning was discussed. The energy consumption bill presented by Distribution Company before and after the net-metering scheme to the on-grid solar PV power plant is discussed. From last four months the consumer only pays the fixed charge of ₹5600/- to the local DISCOM Company. The detailed PVsyst simulation result of the plant is discussed. The plane of array (POA) irradiance in a year is approximately 2230kWh/m² falling over the surface of the PV array. The PV array energy generation in a year is 27727 kWh/year and the 27271 kWh/year of energy injected into the grid. The cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the first year is approximately ₹ 182034 /-. The payback period for the proposed 15 kWp on-grid elevated solar power plant is around 5.03 years. The PV plant installation will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is around 461 tons. This research article is more beneficial and useful guidelines for decision-makers, engineers, system integrators and industrial companies in this region to install and commission such kind of on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme. 7 Recommendations Some of the influential factors which will consider by the PV engineer or system integrator (SI) before the plant design, installation and commissioning for maximum energy yield and reduce payback period of the plant are given below: Type of PV module A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts the sunlight into usable energy. Commercially half cut mono PERC (M10) PV modules are available with 21% efficiency with latest technology. It is better to use the latest technology PV modules with higher efficiency. Pitch of PV row A significant task in the PV plant installation is determining how much distance you should keep between neighboring rows of PV modules (the pitch). If the pitch is high, the required area will increase; if the pitch is low, there will be significant losses due to inter-row PV module shading. Tilt of PV modules The tilt of the PV array is important at the point of energy generation, and the tilt angle of the PV array approximately the latitude of the site where you want to install your plant. Array Design and Balance of system (BoS) losses The on-grid power plant design is totally dependent on the inverter technical datasheet. Proper system design leads to overall very low losses. Cleaning frequency of PV modules The cleaning frequency of the PV plant depends on the location of the plant site. In general, the PV modules are cleaned at least once every fifteen days. Use water and a soft sponge or cloth for cleaning, do not use detergent or any abrasive material for panel cleaning. At last, the visible inspection is required to clean the PV module with respect to intensity of dust deposition over the surface of the PV modules. Declarations Author Contribution SKS contributed to methodology, design, installation, data analysis, writing, original draft preparation, and software simulation. NC contributed to supervision, methodology, and writing—reviewing and editing. AS contributed to the supervision and power plant access to collect the data. Acknowledgement The authors thank Dr. Prafulla Jain (Director), Mr. Sachin Jain for his support in accessing the solar PV plant at Vardhman Hospital, Durg. Authors also thank to Mr. Nitish Sinha (Technical Staff, AEPL), Mr. Thandoolal (Technical Staff, TYadoba Solutions Pvt. Ltd.) for their immance support. References MNRE. (2024). Solar Overview. https://mnre.gov.in/solar-overview/ MNRE. (2023). National Portal for Rooftop Solar. https://solarrooftop.gov.in/rooftop_calculator# INVEST INDIA. (2024). Renewable energy. https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/renewable-energy#:~ :text= India%20aims%20for%20500%20GW,have%20been%20approved%20in%20India. IEEFA and JMK Research & Analytics. (2023). India could become the world’s second-largest solar photovoltaic manufacturer by 2026. https://ieefa.org/articles/india-could-become-worlds-second-largest-solar-photovoltaic-manufacturer-2026 . Yadav, A. K., & Chandel, S. S. (2013). Tilt angle optimization to maximize incident solar radiation: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 503–513. Shah, S. F. A., Khan, I. A., & Khan, H. A. (2019). Performance evaluation of two similar 100MW solar PV plants located in environmentally homogeneous conditions. IEEE Access, 7, 161697–161707. Singh, S. K., & Chander, N. (2022). Mid-life degradation evaluation of polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic modules in a 100 kWp grid-tied system in east-central India. Renewable Energy, 199, 351–367. Baghel, N. S., & Chander, N. (2022). Performance comparison of mono and polycrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules under tropical wet and dry climatic conditions in east-central India. Clean Energy, 6(1), 165–177. Konde, A. L., Kusaf, M., & Dagbasi, M. (2022). An effective design method for grid-connected solar PV power plants for power supply reliability. Energy for Sustainable Development, 70, 301–313. Boruah, D., & Chandel, S. S. (2023). Challenges in the operational performance of six 15-19kWp photovoltaic mini-grid power plants in the Jharkhand State of India. Energy for Sustainable Development, 73, 326–339. Zaghba, L., Khennane, M., Mekhilef, S., Fezzani, A., & Borni, A. (2023). Long-term outdoor performance of grid-connected photovoltaic power plant in a desert climate. Energy for Sustainable Development, 74, 430–453. Mudgil, K., Yadav, R. K., & Tiwari, G. N. (2022). Performance evaluation of 12 kWP rooftop grid-connected photovoltaic plant installed under net metering in Delhi, India. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 788–794. Kalke, D., Kokkonda, K., & Kulkarni, P. (2018, June). Financial Analysis of Grid-tied Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System employing Net-Metering. In 2018 International Conference on Smart Electric Drives and Power System (ICSEDPS) (pp. 87–92). IEEE. Al-Zoubi, H., Al-Khasawneh, Y., & Omar, W. (2021). Design and feasibility study of an on-grid photovoltaic system for green electrification of hotels: a case study of Cedars hotel in Jordan. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 12(4), 611–626. Aktas, Ilter Sahin, and Salih Ozenc. "A case study of techno-economic and environmental analysis of college rooftop for grid-connected PV power generation: Net zero 2050 pathway." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering (2024): 104272. https://en. climate-data.org/asia/india/chhattisgarh/durg-6282/ Drury, E., Denholm, P., & Margolis, R. (2011). Impact of different economic performance metrics on the perceived value of solar photovoltaics (No. NREL/TP-6A20-52197). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5296779","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":368394186,"identity":"67090c0f-d524-4ad3-b2b7-442eafe21468","order_by":0,"name":"Shravan Kumar Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSjNz8zYAEQSMgzMKOJ4tEg2MzY2A7XwEK/F4AADI1ALAw9Bd8nP7n34mafmjr3xceb2x4U7LHj42xkYP/xgsMjDpcXgznFjaZ5jzxK3HQY6bOYZCR6JwwzMkj0MEsU4tUikMUjOYDucYAbSwtsG9MthBgZpoIMTG3A5bEYa888Z/w7bGzdDtcgDbfmNTwvDjTQ2iY9thxk3MEO1GBxmYMNriwFQi8XHvsOJM4AOmz0TqMXwMGObZY8BfofdSPh22J6///iDz4VtdXJy5w8fvvGjog63w7AAYOwwGJCgfhSMglEwCkYBBgAA10JQk+7PcZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shravan","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":368394187,"identity":"8b000b24-cc89-4a1c-ae56-0a1a5fdc637b","order_by":1,"name":"Abhishek Sinha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abhiyantri Enterprises Private Limited","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abhishek","middleName":"","lastName":"Sinha","suffix":""},{"id":368394188,"identity":"ec6529ef-5ebe-4222-9fb9-3925583772db","order_by":2,"name":"Nikhil Chander","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nikhil","middleName":"","lastName":"Chander","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-20 04:53:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67924683,"identity":"e70c3c87-43ff-4534-96ee-aabd02b9835a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":501305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Pictorial representation of on-grid solar power plant design, (b) The actual look of the power plant resting on elevated structure which saves the rooftop area, (c) The plant side view and their Google satellite image\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/222d2ef0682f0bb570d9d957.png"},{"id":67925045,"identity":"a026a58f-1d80-4250-85c3-9e673c32ec9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe meteorological data at site location.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Data: 1991 - 2021 Min. Temperature (°C), Max. Temperature (°C), Precipitation / Rainfall (mm), Humidity (%), Rainy days. Data: 1999 - 2019: avg. Sun hours\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/d9709bdc2cf8eddfbb5aec49.png"},{"id":67924685,"identity":"fc4c1de9-30cc-430c-87c2-796b3953e14c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlock diagram representing the methodology and the studied parameters.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/86a2c7b72759a6a671cb9fa5.png"},{"id":67924686,"identity":"92a51a26-0e24-454c-bc9b-01afa3cbe744","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe monthly global irradiance at Plant location obtained from PVsyst\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/e97ae7a75cf7e5003295b1b7.png"},{"id":67926259,"identity":"f9bbe331-0b59-4511-a0bb-dd3cfdd5a529","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 09:00:59","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe monthly PV array energy and the exported grid energy of the PV plant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/df2db0e54a45cd110963563c.png"},{"id":67925050,"identity":"42fd3f8a-da6b-4fbb-972b-7645d95235ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePVsyst Loss diagram of 15 kWp on-grid power plant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/78055b61a66f5c0dee7a1545.png"},{"id":67925046,"identity":"64924353-aa30-4a02-9f77-e6a1d1c7fdfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSaved CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emission vs. time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/6f5ecc46ebb8f1516177f69e.png"},{"id":67925049,"identity":"1acf4f22-6d96-495b-a1f1-1496762b817d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:52:59","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":568508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotos of the plant installed at Vardhman Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/3c58207f217cc2cb3ee9efc1.png"},{"id":67924688,"identity":"7112fa19-28ec-4c4a-8625-53d3d091121d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSolar paths for a year at plant location at Vardhman Hospital (Lat. 21.2101° N, Long. 81.1942° E, Alt. 292 m) using PVsyst\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/28121bd5524e30d7a87ddb01.png"},{"id":67926258,"identity":"4fd8dc3b-e3c4-4b04-b43f-6239ac8415ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 09:00:59","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePictorial representation of inter row spacing of PV array (strings).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/0979c24fa2b4091a1bcfc12a.png"},{"id":67924691,"identity":"1dacf30b-d8f1-41b0-84ce-94a8e5f4599b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-31 08:44:59","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43252,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe CSPDCL electricity bill from April 2021 to March 2024 with and without solar PV plant generation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/3cb85f578f5371b4ecf195ed.png"},{"id":70063442,"identity":"59162edb-2d70-4da3-aa17-d47799cdcd08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-28 03:32:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2839911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5296779/v1/e16966b0-a9fb-449b-aa30-4993b28a5bb6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied net-metering solar photovoltaic power plant utilizing half-cut monocrystalline-PERC Si modules with elevated rooftop structure","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnergy is essential for economic and social development of a nation, and improved quality of life of the people. India is endowed with abundant solar radiation for the generation of electrical energy, and about 5000 trillion kWh per year of solar radiation is received (4\u0026ndash;7 kWh per sq. m. per day) by India, which is much more than its total annual energy generation of 1624\u0026nbsp;billion kWh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. India has set a target to reduce carbon emission intensity of the nation\u0026rsquo;s economy by 45% by 2030 from 2005 level, achieve 50 percent cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from renewables, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. India aims for 500 GW of renewable energy installed capacity by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. India's cumulative module manufacturing nameplate capacity doubled from 18 GW in March 2022 to 38 GW in March 2023. India\u0026rsquo;s cumulative residential rooftop solar capacity will reach 3.2 GW by the end of the current fiscal year FY 2022-23, nearly a 60% increase from 2 GW as of FY 2021-22 \u0026mdash; according to a new report by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) and JMK Research \u0026amp; Analytics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar projects in India use various solar mounting technologies and designs, like rooftop solar, ground-based solar, carports, elevated rooftop PV, and sun tracker mounting structure solutions. The elevated rooftop PV plant installation is an example of a solar plant that generates electricity without disturbing the terrace area, and one can use the terrace area for other residential or commercial purposes. Elevated rooftop structures provide an attractive energy solution to residential and commercial consumers. The design, installation \u0026amp; commissioning, the techno economic analysis is one of the major aspects of in view with the payback period for the consumers throughout the life time of the plant. The plant design considers the tilt angle, the row spacing and the PV module facing towards the sun to grasp the maximum incident sun radiations. The proper choice of tilt angle and inter-row spacing for the installation site are two essential parameters for capturing maximum incident radiation falling over the surface of the PV module to maximize the energy yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Shah et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] compared the varying output from two 100 MW solar PV power plants located in close vicinity of each other in the Bahawalpur desert region of Pakistan. It evaluates the reasons for the mismatch in energy generation. It presents area-specific recommendations for designers to cater to the ground cover ratio (GCR), tilt angles, and sun charts in designing their PV systems optimally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant's outdoor performance also depends on the lifetime expectancy of the PV modules. The Mid-life degradation evaluation of polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic modules in a 100 kWp grid-tied system in east-central India investigates and shows the various types of visible degradation and their effective degradation rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The performance comparison of monocrystalline and polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic (SPV) modules under tropical wet and dry climatic conditions in east-central is given [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The grid-connected solar PV system is more economical than the standalone PV system and grid-connected solar PV with battery storage due to the enormous initial storage cost. The effective design method of solar PV power plants investigated and proposes a reliable backup system for uninterrupted power supply with storage batteries in the base unit in parallel with the existing grid to maintain supply stability and reliability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study investigated the performance and operational challenges of six functional PV-based mini-grids of capacity 15 kW to 19 kW in the Indian state of Jharkhand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outdoor performance of a 2.25 kWp pilot grid-tied solar power plant in the southern region of Algeria was also investigated by researchers. The plant has been operating for seven years in the harsh desert climate of North Africa. The PV plant uses micromorph thin-film solar modules (a-Si/\u0026micro;c-Si) technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Mudgil et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed a 12 kWp grid-connected PV plant installed on a rooftop under the net metering regulation of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission in Delhi, India. The plant's total annual energy generation and capacity utilization factor is 1147 kWh/kWp and 13.1%, respectively. Kalke et al. present the complete financial analysis of a 10 kWp grid-tied rooftop solar photovoltaic system employing a net-metering scheme [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. They also compared the results of the economic study of 10 kWp system using the Capital expenditures (CAPEX) model for the residential sector and renewable energy service company (RESCO) model for commercial users. Al-Zoubi et al. present a feasibility study of utilizing an on-grid photovoltaic (PV) system for the electrification of Cedars Hotel located in Amman in, Jordan as a case study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. They calculate the payback period, the annual life cycle savings, and the levelized energy cost for the plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe various authors have written research articles that provide information on performance studies and the plant simulation design using PV simulation tools of on-grid solar PV power plants. There is a lagging study by the authors on the on-grid plant design requirements, installation, and commissioning with a net-metering scheme to the local distribution company. This paper presents a detailed design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied solar PV plant at Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21\u0026deg;11' N, 81\u0026deg;17' E). The load profile of the premises, the consumption before and after the on-grid plant installation is presented. The simulation results using PVsyst the details of the installation of on-grid power plant with a net-metering scheme are also included. The premises presented a unique problem, in which the consumer did not want any wastage of the rooftop area as it was being used for terrace gardening. We used an elevated structure to fix the PV array and thus saved the entire rooftop area for gardening or for other purposes as usual. The height of the elevated structure was also properly designed by considering the shading effect to ensure that sufficient sunlight was incident on the plants. Additionally, the paper also presents the payback period and the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emission mitigation of the plant. This research article provides useful data and guidelines for decision-makers, engineers, system integrators and industries in this region (East-Central India) to install and commission such kind of on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme. The study also provides an opportunity to analyze the performance of half-cut mono-PERC PV modules which have been recently introduced in the Indian market.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Installed Plant Overview / System Design with BoS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 15 kW on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme has been installed at the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21\u0026deg;11' N, 81\u0026deg;17' E) using an elevated structure. The half-cut passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) monocrystalline mono-facial photovoltaic (PV) modules technology is used to design the plant. The pictorial representation of the typical on-grid solar power plant design, the actual look of the power plant resting on an elevated structure, the plant side-view, and the Google satellite image, which rests on the building of Vardhman Hospital, is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirty-four (34) PV modules (mono-facial monocrystalline half-cut PERC, make Vikram Solar, 445 Wp) are connected in two strings with seventeen modules in series. The balance of system components of the plant includes inverters, wires (AC/DC), DC distribution box (DCDB), AC distribution box (ACDB), the generation meter, and the net meter. The electrical parameters of the PV module given by the manufacturer at standard test conditions (STC) and the three-phase on-grid inverter are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The PV string DC cable size of 4 sq. mm bears up to 32 A of current helps connect the DC side of the plant to the DCDB (2-IN-1-OUT). A 16A ACDB connects the inverter output to the local grid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e Specifications of PV module (at STC*) and BoS of on-grid power plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(a)\u003c/b\u003e Specifications of PV Module\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIKRAM SOLAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM6 HALF-CUT PERC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Power Pmax (W\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cells in Module (N\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Voltage V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Current I\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen Circuit Voltage V\u003csub\u003eOC\u003c/sub\u003e (V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort Circuit Current I\u003csub\u003eSC\u003c/sub\u003e (A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModule Efficiency \u003cb\u003eη\u003c/b\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTc of Open Circuit Voltage (β)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.28%/\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTc of Short Circuit Current (α)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057%/\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTc of Power (γ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.39%/\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(b)\u003c/b\u003e Specifications of On-grid Inverter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput (DC)/Output (AC)/ Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel/Make\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKSY15KW/KSOLARE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. DC Power (KW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. DC Voltage (Vdc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000V DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. MPPT I/P Current(A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPPT Short Circuit Current(A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 Amps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPPT Tracking Voltage (Vdc)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200-1000V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin. Start/Shut down (V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250VDC/150VDC(Low) \u0026amp; 1000VDC(High)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of MPPT Tracker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estrings per MPPT Trackers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNominal Output Power (KW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. Output Power (KW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNominal Grid Voltage(V)/Range(V)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320-470V User Defined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNominal Grid Freq/Range (Hz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u0026ndash;55 HZ Auto Selected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. Output Current (A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC Connection (with PE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;N\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHD (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Factor (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99.99% (User Defined from 0.85 to 0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax. Efficiency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* 1000 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of full solar noon sunshine (irradiance) when the panel and cells are at a temperature of 25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC with a sea level air mass (AM) of 1.5 (1 sun).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant location's meteorological data* are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The average May temperature is 35.2\u0026deg;C, with a high recorded 41.4\u0026deg;C. The difference in precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 382 mm. In June, July, August, and September, there is an average of 293.5 mm of rainfall. The months with the highest and lowest relative humidity are August (83.64%) and April (27.32%), respectively. April and May have the highest average sun hours. The data for sun hours and others were obtained from publicly available databases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a 15 kWp on-grid solar power plant installed at Vardhman hospital under net-metering scheme with the help of local distribution company's (DISCOM). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates a complete methodology for this research article step by step. It covers the load estimation, PVsyst simulation of the plant, on-grid power plant design installation and commissioning, the energy consumption and net electricity bill, comparison of electricity bill before and after the solar plant installation, the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mitigation, and techno-economic analysis of the plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Load Estimation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe approximate load analysis and the energy requirements of the commercial premises (Vardhman Hospital) are in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. As mentioned in the table, the operating hours of electrical appliances in a day vary and depend upon the number of admitting and discharging patients. Some of the loads' consumption hours are fixed, and others are as per the requirements. So, here we prepare and calculate the average energy consumption of electrical appliances per day after asking the hospital manager.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe load estimation of the commercial premises (Vardhman Hospital)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppliance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Rating(W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Wattage (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of hours operated/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLED Bulb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLED Bulb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTube-light\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeiling Fan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeiling Fan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaust fan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaust fan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoom Heater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Heater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesktop Computer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaptop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir conditioner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir conditioner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX-Ray (1.5- Tesla)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Charging Point\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLED TV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWi-Fi modem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCTV\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Monitor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (fixed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per requirements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 PV plant performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe performance of a PV plant is evaluated by calculating various performance parameters given by the IEC 61724 standard guidelines (1998). The authors summarized and tabulated the performance parameter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The following formulas have been used for solving these parameters for the PV plant is in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe description of on-grid plant performance parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Characteristics / Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemarks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Y}_{R}=\\frac{{G}_{POA}}{{G}_{R}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is the ratio of plane of array irradiance to the reference irradiance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Array Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Y}_{A}=\\frac{{E}_{DC}}{{P}_{R}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of actual array output to the rated capacity of the array\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Final Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Y}_{F}=\\frac{{E}_{AC}}{{P}_{R}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefined as the actual output ac energy to rated capacity of the array\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArray Capture Loss (L\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e= Y\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus;Y\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference between reference yield and PV array yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Loss (L\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e = Y\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026minus;Y \u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV array yield minus PV final yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Ratio (PR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:PR=\\frac{{Y}_{F}}{{Y}_{R}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of PV final yield to PV reference yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003ePOA\u003c/sub\u003e = is derived plane of array insolation in Wh/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e = is reference irradiance at STC (1000 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e = reference yield in terms of measured parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eDC\u003c/sub\u003e = is Actual array output energy in kWh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e = is rated capacity of the array in kW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eAC\u003c/sub\u003e = is Actual AC output energy in kWh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e = PV final yield in terms of measured parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 PVsyst simulation","content":"\u003cp\u003eA variety of solar PV simulation tools are developed by different organizations for optimal designing of solar power plants and to estimate the energy yielded. The PVsyst simulation software is use in this research article to find the performance analysis of the plant using various parameters explained below. We have chosen photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS) for a typical meteorological year (TMY) at our geographical location to collect weather data. The monthly irradiance, temperature, PV array energy, grid injected energy and the performance ratio detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The plane of array (POA) irradiance in a year is approximately 2230 kWh/m\u0026sup2; falling over the surface of the PV array. The PV array energy generation in a year is 27727 kWh/year and the 27271 kWh/year of energy injected into the grid. The basic performance parameters and the system losses are in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The average annual performance ratio of the plant is 82.3%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVsyst simulation balances and main results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters / Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Horizontal Irradiance (kWh/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiffused Horizontal Irradiance (kWh/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmbient Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOA (kWh/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobEff (kWh/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Array Energy (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrid Energy (kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Ratio (PR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJul\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2629\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2050.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e749.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2230.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2190.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe monthly global horizontal irradiance, the diffuse horizontal irradiance and the plane of array (POA) irradiance throughout the year at our location is in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The POA is lowest in the month of July and the maximum in the months of March, April and May with comparison to the other months respectively. The monthly generation of the plant and the exported energy to the grid is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e the lowest energy generation in the month of July is around 1300 kWh and 2700 kWh in the month of March. The various normalized performance coefficients of on-grid power plant are tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The average annual performance ratio of the plant is 0.823.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalized performance parameters of on-grid power plant using PVsyst software\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Characteristics / Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Array Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV Final Yield (Y\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArray Capture Loss (L\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Loss (L\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Ratio (PR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJul\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear (Avg.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates PVsyst software's predicted loss diagram for the entire year. As we can see, the highest losses have happened due to temperature (-12.30%), inverter loss during operation, efficiency (-1.63%), and PV loss due to wires (-1.26%). Most of the losses in production power occur in the PV array, as it is influenced by several parameters such as sun exposure, ambient temperature, ohmic wiring, and manufacturing mismatch. The total PV array losses are 17.69%, resulting in a power drop of 32673 kWh to 27343 kWh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe expected life cycle of the PV module is around 30 years claimed by manufacturers. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e provides an explanation and illustration of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions that the plant mitigates during its 30-years of life cycle. Approximately 600 tonnes of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are mitigated throughout the plant's lifespan, and in five years, 100 tonnes of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Plant design installation \u0026 commissioning","content":"\u003cp\u003eOnce the simulation study over plant design initiated. This plant is a self-owned system with upfront investment and no subsidy by any of the India's state or central government agency. The actual size of the on-grid power plant is 15.13 kWp, operating since June 2022. The detailed plant design is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The PV module and the inverter technical specifications are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A total of 34 PV modules in the plant are divided into two strings, each of 17 PV modules connected parallel to the 2-MPPT of inverter through DCDB, inside DCDB 16A connector with SPD attached. The output of the inverter is connected to ACDB with a 16A connector with SPD. ACDB output goes to the grid via a generation meter, and the CSPDCL synchronizes the net meter. The net-metering scheme of the state DISCOM is the unit-by-unit reduction of consumed electricity every month. Suppose the energy generation by the solar PV plant is higher than the consumed electricity for a month. In that case, it will be carried forward and adjusted for a whole financial year in the forthcoming month by existing policy CG government. And for the next financial year, this will be repeated in the same manner as before.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Inter-row spacing of PV module\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant task in the PV plant installation is determining how much distance you should keep between neighboring rows of PV modules (the pitch). If the pitch is high, the required area will increase; if the pitch is low, there will be significant losses due to inter-row PV module shading. The variation of the sun's path throughout the year at plant location is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The sun chart diagram shows the sun's daily, monthly, and yearly path. In our case, the PV array rests on elevated structure around 12 feet from the rooftop and 42 feet from the ground is adequately spaced, and the values of the parameters mentioned clearly in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find the pitch distance, we calculate sun angle and sun azimuth for maximum working hours of solar system at our location. This can be picked from sun path diagram Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e and assume the maximum exposure for solar panel is for 9:00 am to 3:10 pm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePV module tilt angle, α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Elevation, β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Changing from morning to evening\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of the PV module, L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;212 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower height of the PV Module from surface, h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper height of the PV Module from surface, H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSun angle (According to start time)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSun Azimuth (According to start time)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sin (α) * panel-length * cos (sun azimuth) / tan (sun angle) \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance between pitch (two rows), d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113.6 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal horizontal space occupied by two rows of PV modules, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;d\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;L*cos(α) * 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;503.89 cm \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Electricity consumption \u0026amp; solar PV plant generation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe net electricity consumption (kWh) and energy charge (electricity bill) of the premises from April 2021 to March 2024 is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The solar PV plant installation happens in June 2022. The monthly comparison of energy consumption before and after plant installation shows a clear difference in the energy charges paid by consumer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe utility electricity bill from April 2021 to March 2024 showing the consumption and the net electricity bill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBill Month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption (in kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Charge in ₹ (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectricity Cost (per kWh) in ₹ (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed Charge in ₹ (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Bill in ₹ (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMar-24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6568 (79.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeb-24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4077 (48.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJan-24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4756.5 (57.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDec-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4077 (48.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5670 (68.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4847.1 (58.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOct-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7768.95 (93.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSep-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6251.4 (75.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600(67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAug-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5368.05 (64.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5870 (70.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJul-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6795 (81.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8350 (100.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJun-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8380.5 (100.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8640 (103.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14043 (168.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8500 (102.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApr-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7927.5 (95.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMar-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5209.5 (62.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5600 (67.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5400 (64.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeb-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4756.5 (57.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9100 (109.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJan-23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3624 (43.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19390 (232.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDec-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4983 (59.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10140 (121.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5436 (65.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9960 (119.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOct-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5436 (65.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10070 (120.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSep-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7927.5 (95.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10450 (125.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAug-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8380.5 (100.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11930 (143.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJul-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8833.5 (106.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14250 (171.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJun-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25813.45 (309.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39090 (469.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24741.35 (297.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35460 (425.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApr-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22801 (273.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35310 (423.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMar-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10656 (127.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20540 (246.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeb-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7259.4 (87.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16750 (201.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJan-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7777.4 (93.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17360 (208.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDec-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7474 (89.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17090 (205.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7570.2 (90.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42390 (508.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOct-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14111.8 (169.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24820 (297.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSep-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13926.8 (167.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24610 (295.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAug-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1915\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14171 (170.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9000 (108.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24720 (296.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJul-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12760 (153.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7560 (90.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21490 (257.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJun-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14891.5 (178.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7560 (90.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24130 (289.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18067 (216.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7560 (90.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21640 (259.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApr-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36351.5 (436.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25 (0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7560 (90.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72380 (868.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*The values in brackets are in USD as per the Rupee-Dollar exchange rates on 06 April 2024\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant installation and commissioning happen in the month of June 2022. The average net electricity bill in the month of July 2022 and onwards is around Rs. 8425 only.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Energy demand and net electricity bill\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our case, one of the major advantages of installing the PV plant to the owner is that, they can reduce their maximum demand load as per requirements as well as there is a reduction of fixed charge by reducing the sanctioned load of CSPDCL for the premises. The maximum demand load by the consumer up to 33 kW but just after installation of the PV plant the maximum demand load by the consumer is reduced and varying between 6 kW to 15 kW. The maximum demand load is reduced more than 50% that we can say the customer dependency to the local DISCOM is minimized by 50%. Earlier the sanctioned load of the premises was 56 kW, but after the solar installation, sanctioned load is reduced to 33kW.The customer has to pay 80% of the sanctioned load as fixed charge with a rate of Rs.200 per kW as per electricity board norms for the commercial utility. Earlier the customer used to pay Rs. 9000 on fixed charge and now he does 5600 on fixed charge i.e. the fixed charge of the customer has been reduced by approximately 40%, if we compare with earlier. The detail of electricity bill for the consecutive three years from April 2021 to March 2024 with and without solar PV plant is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. One can also have the observation from the figure, in the year 2022 -23 and onwards, the energy charge has been suddenly reduced as compared with 2021\u0026ndash;2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Techno-economic analysis","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 Solar PV Plant Payback Period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are many economic performance metrics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] out of which paper uses simple payback period. The time required to recover the funds expended in a PV plant as an investment calls it a payback period. The actual size of the installed on-grid power plant is 15.13 kWp, and the cost is around ₹ 900000. The solar PV plant's energy in the first year is around 20226 units (kWh). The operation and maintenance of the plant is only for cleaning the PV modules; no other part involved is around ₹ 16000. The electricity bill per unit CSPDCL costs around ₹ 9, including all charges. The consumer indirect benefit tax relief is 40% on depreciation acceleration (Under section 32 of the Income Tax Act., GoI). This installation will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is 461 tonnes (Data from IISc) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal plant costs in a very first year\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Actual plant cost (₹ 900000)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;operation \u0026amp; Maintenance Cost (₹ 16000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal plant costs in a very first year = ₹ 916000\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the very first year\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Energy generated by the solar PV plant in a year (20226 units) * CSPDCL Rate (₹ 7.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the first year = ₹ 152706.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence, the payback period is around (~\u0026thinsp;916000/152706) 5.9 years for the proposed 15kWp on-grid elevated solar power plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents a detailed analysis of the load profile of premises, the consumption before and after the on-grid plant with a net-metering scheme installed at the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh (21\u0026deg;11' N, 81\u0026deg;17' E) using elevated structure and the analysis of PVsyst simulation results. According to the objective of this research article, the on-grid plant design, installation, and commissioning was discussed. The energy consumption bill presented by Distribution Company before and after the net-metering scheme to the on-grid solar PV power plant is discussed. From last four months the consumer only pays the fixed charge of ₹5600/- to the local DISCOM Company. The detailed PVsyst simulation result of the plant is discussed. The plane of array (POA) irradiance in a year is approximately 2230kWh/m\u0026sup2; falling over the surface of the PV array. The PV array energy generation in a year is 27727 kWh/year and the 27271 kWh/year of energy injected into the grid. The cost of energy generated by the solar PV plant in the first year is approximately ₹ 182034 /-. The payback period for the proposed 15 kWp on-grid elevated solar power plant is around 5.03 years. The PV plant installation will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is around 461 tons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research article is more beneficial and useful guidelines for decision-makers, engineers, system integrators and industrial companies in this region to install and commission such kind of on-grid solar power plant with a net-metering scheme.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7 Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSome of the influential factors which will consider by the PV engineer or system integrator (SI) before the plant design, installation and commissioning for maximum energy yield and reduce payback period of the plant are given below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eType of PV module\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts the sunlight into usable energy. Commercially half cut mono PERC (M10) PV modules are available with 21% efficiency with latest technology. It is better to use the latest technology PV modules with higher efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePitch of PV row\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant task in the PV plant installation is determining how much distance you should keep between neighboring rows of PV modules (the pitch). If the pitch is high, the required area will increase; if the pitch is low, there will be significant losses due to inter-row PV module shading.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTilt of PV modules\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tilt of the PV array is important at the point of energy generation, and the tilt angle of the PV array approximately the latitude of the site where you want to install your plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eArray Design and Balance of system (BoS) losses\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe on-grid power plant design is totally dependent on the inverter technical datasheet. Proper system design leads to overall very low losses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCleaning frequency of PV modules\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cleaning frequency of the PV plant depends on the location of the plant site. In general, the PV modules are cleaned at least once every fifteen days. Use water and a soft sponge or cloth for cleaning, do not use detergent or any abrasive material for panel cleaning. At last, the visible inspection is required to clean the PV module with respect to intensity of dust deposition over the surface of the PV modules.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSKS contributed to methodology, design, installation, data analysis, writing, original draft preparation, and software simulation. NC contributed to supervision, methodology, and writing\u0026mdash;reviewing and editing. AS contributed to the supervision and power plant access to collect the data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Dr. Prafulla Jain (Director), Mr. Sachin Jain for his support in accessing the solar PV plant at Vardhman Hospital, Durg. Authors also thank to Mr. Nitish Sinha (Technical Staff, AEPL), Mr. Thandoolal (Technical Staff, TYadoba Solutions Pvt. Ltd.) for their immance support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMNRE. (2024). Solar Overview. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://mnre.gov.in/solar-overview/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://mnre.gov.in/solar-overview/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMNRE. (2023). National Portal for Rooftop Solar. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://solarrooftop.gov.in/rooftop_calculator#\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://solarrooftop.gov.in/rooftop_calculator#\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eINVEST INDIA. (2024). Renewable energy. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/renewable-energy#:~\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/renewable-energy#:~\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e:text= India%20aims%20for%20500%20GW,have%20been%20approved%20in%20India.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIEEFA and JMK Research \u0026amp; Analytics. (2023). 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Energy for Sustainable Development, 70, 301\u0026ndash;313.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoruah, D., \u0026amp; Chandel, S. S. (2023). Challenges in the operational performance of six 15-19kWp photovoltaic mini-grid power plants in the Jharkhand State of India. Energy for Sustainable Development, 73, 326\u0026ndash;339.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZaghba, L., Khennane, M., Mekhilef, S., Fezzani, A., \u0026amp; Borni, A. (2023). Long-term outdoor performance of grid-connected photovoltaic power plant in a desert climate. Energy for Sustainable Development, 74, 430\u0026ndash;453.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMudgil, K., Yadav, R. K., \u0026amp; Tiwari, G. N. (2022). Performance evaluation of 12 kWP rooftop grid-connected photovoltaic plant installed under net metering in Delhi, India. 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International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 12(4), 611\u0026ndash;626.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAktas, Ilter Sahin, and Salih Ozenc. \"A case study of techno-economic and environmental analysis of college rooftop for grid-connected PV power generation: Net zero 2050 pathway.\" Case Studies in Thermal Engineering (2024): 104272.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps://en.\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eclimate-data.org/asia/india/chhattisgarh/durg-6282/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://climate-data.org/asia/india/chhattisgarh/durg-6282/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrury, E., Denholm, P., \u0026amp; Margolis, R. (2011). \u003cem\u003eImpact of different economic performance metrics on the perceived value of solar photovoltaics\u003c/em\u003e (No. NREL/TP-6A20-52197). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"On-grid Solar Plant, Net-Metering Scheme, PVsyst, Utility Bill, Payback Period, Performance Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe declining cost of photovoltaic (PV) power generation makes on-grid PV plants suitable for residential and commercial applications. The elevated rooftop PV plant installation is an example of a solar plant that generates electricity without disturbing the terrace area. The paper presents the techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp on-grid power plant placed on the rooftop of Vardhman Hospital with a net-metering scheme located at Durg, Chhattisgarh, India (21\u0026deg;11' N, 81\u0026deg;17' E). The plant rests on an elevated galvanized iron (GI) structure, using half-cut monocrystalline-passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cell-based PV modules. The plant's performance parameter and the system losses were calculated using PVsyst simulation software using PVGIS meteorological data. The annual plane of array (POA) irradiation is approximately 2230 kWh/m\u0026sup2; at the plant location. The PV energy generation of the plant is 27727 kWh/year, and 27271 kWh/year of energy is injected into the grid. The annual performance ratio of the plant is 81.7%. The research article also focuses on plant design, electricity consumption, and the net electricity bill of the premises for three consecutive years before and after plant installation. The installation of the plant will be equivalent to planting 738 Teak trees over the lifetime, and carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is 461 tonnes. The payback period for an elevated structured on-grid PV plant is around six years.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design and techno-economic analysis of a 15 kWp grid-tied net-metering solar photovoltaic power plant utilizing half-cut monocrystalline-PERC Si modules with elevated rooftop structure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-31 08:44:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5296779/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"586420b7-38c1-4a5a-b769-44ffebc7a3d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-28T03:23:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-31 08:44:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5296779","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5296779","identity":"rs-5296779","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}