Prevalence of Brucella Infections among Students of Amran University, Yemen

Prevalence of Brucella Infections among Students of Amran University, Yemen | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of Brucella Infections among Students of Amran University, Yemen Ali Ahmed Al-Hadheq, Anas Al-Mahbashi, Talal Al-Wajeeh, Asia Al-Haj, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5249822/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and Aim : Brucella infection in animals is considered a significant problem in most countries around the world and is regarded as one of the important pathogenic zoonotic infections affecting humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Brucella infections among students at Amran University, Yemen . Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out among 247 students between January 2023 and November 2023. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using immunochromatographic technology. Results: Out of 247 human samples, 2 (1.75%) were positive among males, and 15 (12.5%) were positive among females. Additionally, 49 (19.8%) of the positive cases were from Amran city, while 198 (80.2%) were from rural areas, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The risk factors for Brucella infection included ranching, consuming unpasteurized milk, and direct contact with livestock. Conclusion : The prevalence of brucellosis was low among the study participants; however, it could become a serious problem that threatens the healthcare system in Yemen. General Microbiology Prevalence Brucellosis Students Risk factors Amran University Figures Figure 1 Introduction Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic infection caused by Brucella spp., Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogens, often leading to abortion or reproductive disorders in domestic and wild mammals [ 1 – 2 ]. The genus Brucella includes several species that were classified with respect to phenotypic characteristics, pathogenicity, and host preference, including Brucella melitensis (goats and sheep), Brucella abortus (cattle), Brucella canis (dog), Brucella ovis (sheep), Brucella neotomae (desert woodrat), and Brucella suis (swine) [ 3 – 4 ]. Its distribution is worldwide, apart from the few countries where it has been eradicated from the animal reservoir. Although brucellosis commonly presents as an acute febrile illness, its clinical manifestations vary widely, and definitive signs indicative of the diagnosis may be lacking. Thus, the clinical diagnosis usually must be supported by the results of bacteriologic and/or serologic tests [ 2 ]. Consuming unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected sheep or goats is the primary source of the majority [ 5 – 8 ]. Every year, more than 500,000 new instances of the illness are recorded [ 9 – 14 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) asserts, however, that this number has been exaggerated [ 15 ]. Brucella infection is a risk for people of all ages. However, some research revealed that men were more likely than women to contract Brucella, and it was determined that this was probably because they worked as butchers and slaughterhouse employees [ 16 ]. Yemen is one of the emerging nations lacking policies and plans in place to manage or stop the spread of harmful microbes among their populace [17–18]. Information on the frequency of Brucella infection among Amran University students is scarce. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to ascertain the incidence of Brucella infection among students at Amran University, Yemen. Materials and Methods Study area and period This is a cross-sectional study conducted among students of Amran University located in Amran Governorate during the period from January 2023 to November 2023. Data collection Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which was given to each healthy participant who was subjected to the current study. The questionnaire composed questions related to demographic clinical data and some other information, including age, marital status on brucellosis. Also, information on potential risk factors. Sample collection and Examination A total 5 mL of whole blood was collected aseptically by a venipuncture from each student and serum was separated by centrifugation after clotting. The sera samples were kept at − 20°C until tested. All separated serum samples screened for Brucella antigen by using cassette test (Evan Care, China). The samples were transported to central Laboratories in Amran University for analysis. Laboratory test The brucella antigen rapid test cassete is a qualitative lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the detection of brucella antigen in human whole blood, serum, or plasma specimens. Positive in addition to the control band, a distinct colored band also appears on the test region (T). Negative only one colored band appears in the control region (C), no apparent band on the test region (C). Statistical analysis The data were analyzed using the SPSS program (version 22.0). Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages in tables and figures. Results The study results included 247 students: the majority of specimens were collected from males (127, 51.4%), individuals in the age group of 24–30 years (198, 80.2%), single individuals (158, 63.9%), and those from rural areas (198, 80.2%), as listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Socio-demographic parameters of study subjects Variables Frequency Rate (%) Gender Male 127 51.4 Female 120 48.6 Age group 18–23 49 19.8 24–30 198 80.2 Marital status Single 158 63.9 Married 89 36.8 Residence Urban 49 19.8 Rural 198 80.2 The study showed that the 17 (6.9%) specimens were recorded as positive for the Brucella antigen test, while the rest 230 (93.1%) were negative for the Brucella antigen test (Fig. 1 ). The study revealed that Brucella infections were significantly higher among females (12.5%) compared to males (1.57%). Additionally, the age group of 24–30 years had a higher rate of Brucella infections (57.9%) than the age group of 18–23 years (12.4%), with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a high rate of Brucella antigen was observed among single participants (22.6%) and individuals from rural areas (57.9%), also showing significant differences (P < 0.05), as shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Distribution of Brucella infections based on socio-demographic parameters of study subjects Variables Frequency Infected No.(%) Non-infected No. (%) χ 2 CI 95% P-value Gender Male 127 (51.4) 2 (1.57) 125 (98.4) 0.198 1.443–1.569 0.656 Female 120 (48.6) 15 (12.5) 105 (87.5) Age group 18–23 49 (19.8) 6 (12.4) 43 (87.7) 89.88 1.75–1.85 0.000 24–30 198 (80.2) 11 (57.9) 187 (94.4) Marital status Single 158 (63.9) 7 (22.6) 151 (95.6) 19.275 1.899–1.963 0.000 Married 89 (36.8) 10 (11.2) 79 (88.8) Residence Urban 49 (19.8) 6 (12.4) 43 (87.7) 89.883 1.75–1.85 0.000 Rural 198 (80.2) 11 (57.9) 187 (94.4) χ 2 = Chi-square test; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval; Significant statistics at p -value < 0.05. A high rate of Brucella infection was reported among individuals with a family medical history (30.0%), those involved in ranching (22.2%), individuals with direct contact with livestock (10.5%), people drinking unpasteurized water (8.9%), and those who wash their hands before eating (7.7%). The statistical results indicated a significant difference in Brucella prevalence related to study risk factors, including ranching, direct contact with livestock, and family medical history, as detailed in Table 3 . If you need further revisions or assistance, feel free to ask! Table 3 The major risk factors of Brucella infection Variables Frequency Infected No. (%) Non-infected No. (%) P-value Washing hands Yes 130 10 (7.7) 120 (92.3) 0.598 No 117 7 (6.0) 110 (94.0) Ranching Yes 40 9 (22.5) 31 (77.5) 0.000 No 207 8 (4.0) 199 (96.0) Drink milk without pasteurization Yes 124 11 (8.9) 113 (91.1) 0.217 No 123 6 (4.9) 117 (95.1) Direct contact with livestock Yes 87 10 (10.5) 77 (88.5) 0.035 No 160 7 (4.4) 153 (95.6) Family medical history Yes 64 14 (30.0) 50 (70.0) 0.000 No 183 3 (1.6) 180 (98.4) Significant statistics at p -value < 0.05 Discussion Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted directly or indirectly to humans from infected animals, predominantly domesticated ruminants and swine. The disease is known colloquially as undulant fever because of its remittent characteristics [ 19 ]. The prevalence of brucellosis were (6.9%), the prevalence for this study was lower than study that studies in Yemen (7.9–29%), [ 20 – 21 ], Saudi Arabia (23%) [ 22 ], Ethiopia (31.5%) [ 23 ], India (22.5%, 29.4%) [ 24 , 25 ], Pakistan (10.1%) [ 26 ], south-western Uganda (14.9%) [ 27 ], and Nigeria (14.9%) [ 28 ]. In contrast, the current result was higher than that reported in Yemen (6.7%) [ 29 ] and Bangladesh (2.0%) [ 30 ]. The discrepancy in the prevalence rate of Brucella infection could be attributed to a variety of factors, including geographical location, survey duration, study subject characteristics, diagnostic approach, sample size, use of control and prevention measures. In the current study, the proportion of Brucella antibodies among females was 12.5%, while this rate in males was 1.57% lower than in females. Similar results were also recorded in Iraq [ 31 ]. In contrast, this result differs from previous studies in Yemen and India, where the incidence among males is higher [ 24 – 25 , 32 ]. Current data indicate that most females were housewives and exposed to brucellosis risk factors as they directly handled milk or meat or looked after animals [ 32 ]. The results showed 49 (19.8%) from Amran city, while 198 (80.2%) were from rural areas, and the prevalence of Brucellosis was higher among students in the age group of 24-to-30 years. This is in contrast to the higher risks for the 20-year-old group, which were found in Egypt (62%) [ 33 ], Ethiopia (48.1%) [ 23 ], and northern Tanzania (46%) [ 34 ]. Currently, there is a clear need for doctors in Yemen to be made aware of the frequency of this infection and the means available for clinical and laboratory diagnosis and effective treatment, and the health authorities should recognize these efforts by researchers and be prepared to help them with more studies in infectious diseases, particularly brucellosis, in the future. There are various explanations behind Yemen's high prevalence of infections, particularly in Amran governorate. These challenges encompass living situations, economic and environmental factors, a lack of public health awareness, a lack of sanitary facilities and infrastructure, a lack pasteurization of milk, and a lack of access to safe drinking water [ 35 – 40 ] Limitations of the study The sample size in this study was small, the tests were serological using rapid tests, and the lack of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is a highly accurate and reliable test, is due to limited resources. Conclusion These findings revealed a low prevalence of human brucellosis among students of Amran University in Amran governorate; however, it could become a serious problem threatening the healthcare system in Yemen. Therefore, awareness programs should be developed for students and the general population about Brucella infection and its risk factors. Increasing awareness of brucellosis transmission routes can guide the community and help prevent further infections. Declarations The ethical statement of the study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Amran University, Yemen. The administrator of the education office also gave permission to start data collection. Before data and specimen collection began, participants were informed about the study objectives and procedures. Informed consent was then obtained from each participant. This study was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations and the Declaration of Helsink. Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments "The authors would like to thank the investigative team, including Afaf A. Al-Dali, Zayed H. Al-Jaara, Iman M. Al-Qahali, Fouad M. Al-Haiti, Bakil S. Hajj, Ibrahim Al-Jathim, Tayseer M. Naji, Hassan A. Al-Kabsh, Loza Q. Al-Shayba, Widad Y. Al-Zaarour, Hussain H. Al-Jahali, and Sadam H. Al-Hamdi, for their generous assistance in collecting data and specimens. All authors express their heartfelt gratitude to the students of Amran University, as well as to the teachers and doctors, for their contributions and support throughout various aspects of the study. Author Contributions Al-Hadheq and Al-Mahbashi Conceived and designed the experiments. Al-Hadheq performed the experiments: Al-Hadheq and Al-Wajeeh analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Al-Haj contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Al-Hadheq and Edrees agree with the manuscript results and conclusions. All authors have read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.Here’s a revised version of your text: References W.G. Miller, L.G. Adams, T.A. Ficht, et al . Brucella-induced abortions and infection in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Zoo Wildl Med , 30 (1),100-110 (1999). J.C., Rhyan, T. Gidlewski, D.R. Ewalt, et al . 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Detection of intestinal parasites of some fresh vegetables and their consumers in Sana'a City, Yemen. Al-Razi Univ J Med Sci . 5 (2):19–25 (2021). Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5249822","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":365175816,"identity":"3b64715f-efa5-479e-997f-17d6200f18d9","order_by":0,"name":"Ali Ahmed 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leading to abortion or reproductive disorders in domestic and wild mammals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genus Brucella includes several species that were classified with respect to phenotypic characteristics, pathogenicity, and host preference, including \u003cem\u003eBrucella melitensis\u003c/em\u003e (goats and sheep), \u003cem\u003eBrucella abortus\u003c/em\u003e (cattle), \u003cem\u003eBrucella canis\u003c/em\u003e (dog), \u003cem\u003eBrucella ovis\u003c/em\u003e (sheep), \u003cem\u003eBrucella neotomae\u003c/em\u003e (desert woodrat), and \u003cem\u003eBrucella suis\u003c/em\u003e (swine) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Its distribution is worldwide, apart from the few countries where it has been eradicated from the animal reservoir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough brucellosis commonly presents as an acute febrile illness, its clinical manifestations vary widely, and definitive signs indicative of the diagnosis may be lacking. Thus, the clinical diagnosis usually must be supported by the results of bacteriologic and/or serologic tests [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsuming unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected sheep or goats is the primary source of the majority [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Every year, more than 500,000 new instances of the illness are recorded [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization (WHO) asserts, however, that this number has been exaggerated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Brucella infection is a risk for people of all ages. However, some research revealed that men were more likely than women to contract Brucella, and it was determined that this was probably because they worked as butchers and slaughterhouse employees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYemen is one of the emerging nations lacking policies and plans in place to manage or stop the spread of harmful microbes among their populace [17\u0026ndash;18]. Information on the frequency of Brucella infection among Amran University students is scarce. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to ascertain the incidence of Brucella infection among students at Amran University, Yemen.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a cross-sectional study conducted among students of Amran University located in Amran Governorate during the period from January 2023 to November 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was collected using a structured questionnaire, which was given to each healthy participant who was subjected to the current study. The questionnaire composed questions related to demographic clinical data and some other information, including age, marital status on brucellosis. Also, information on potential risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample collection and Examination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total 5 mL of whole blood was collected aseptically by a venipuncture from each student and serum was separated by centrifugation after clotting. The sera samples were kept at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until tested. All separated serum samples screened for Brucella antigen by using cassette test (Evan Care, China). The samples were transported to central Laboratories in Amran University for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLaboratory test\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe brucella antigen rapid test cassete is a qualitative lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the detection of brucella antigen in human whole blood, serum, or plasma specimens. Positive in addition to the control band, a distinct colored band also appears on the test region (T). Negative only one colored band appears in the control region (C), no apparent band on the test region (C).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using the SPSS program (version 22.0). Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages in tables and figures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study results included 247 students: the majority of specimens were collected from males (127, 51.4%), individuals in the age group of 24\u0026ndash;30 years (198, 80.2%), single individuals (158, 63.9%), and those from rural areas (198, 80.2%), as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic parameters of study subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u0026ndash;23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u0026ndash;30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSingle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarried\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrban\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRural\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study showed that the 17 (6.9%) specimens were recorded as positive for the Brucella antigen test, while the rest 230 (93.1%) were negative for the Brucella antigen test (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that Brucella infections were significantly higher among females (12.5%) compared to males (1.57%). Additionally, the age group of 24\u0026ndash;30 years had a higher rate of Brucella infections (57.9%) than the age group of 18\u0026ndash;23 years (12.4%), with a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Furthermore, a high rate of Brucella antigen was observed among single participants (22.6%) and individuals from rural areas (57.9%), also showing significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Brucella infections based on socio-demographic parameters of study subjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfected No.(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-infected No. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI 95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (98.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.443\u0026ndash;1.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u0026ndash;23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (12.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (87.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026ndash;1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u0026ndash;30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (80.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187 (94.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSingle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (63.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (95.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.899\u0026ndash;1.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarried\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (88.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrban\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (12.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (87.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026ndash;1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRural\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (80.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187 (94.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chi-square test; \u003cb\u003e95% CI\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95% Confidence Interval; Significant statistics at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA high rate of Brucella infection was reported among individuals with a family medical history (30.0%), those involved in ranching (22.2%), individuals with direct contact with livestock (10.5%), people drinking unpasteurized water (8.9%), and those who wash their hands before eating (7.7%). The statistical results indicated a significant difference in Brucella prevalence related to study risk factors, including ranching, direct contact with livestock, and family medical history, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf you need further revisions or assistance, feel free to ask!\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major risk factors of Brucella infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfected\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-infected No. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWashing hands\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (92.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (94.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRanching\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (96.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrink milk without pasteurization\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (91.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (95.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDirect contact with livestock\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (95.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily medical history\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (98.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSignificant statistics at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBrucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted directly or indirectly to humans from infected animals, predominantly domesticated ruminants and swine. The disease is known colloquially as undulant fever because of its remittent characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of brucellosis were (6.9%), the prevalence for this study was lower than study that studies in Yemen (7.9\u0026ndash;29%), [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], Saudi Arabia (23%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia (31.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], India (22.5%, 29.4%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], Pakistan (10.1%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], south-western Uganda (14.9%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and Nigeria (14.9%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the current result was higher than that reported in Yemen (6.7%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] and Bangladesh (2.0%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The discrepancy in the prevalence rate of Brucella infection could be attributed to a variety of factors, including geographical location, survey duration, study subject characteristics, diagnostic approach, sample size, use of control and prevention measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the proportion of Brucella antibodies among females was 12.5%, while this rate in males was 1.57% lower than in females. Similar results were also recorded in Iraq [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, this result differs from previous studies in Yemen and India, where the incidence among males is higher [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent data indicate that most females were housewives and exposed to brucellosis risk factors as they directly handled milk or meat or looked after animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The results showed 49 (19.8%) from Amran city, while 198 (80.2%) were from rural areas, and the prevalence of Brucellosis was higher among students in the age group of 24-to-30 years. This is in contrast to the higher risks for the 20-year-old group, which were found in Egypt (62%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia (48.1%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], and northern Tanzania (46%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, there is a clear need for doctors in Yemen to be made aware of the frequency of this infection and the means available for clinical and laboratory diagnosis and effective treatment, and the health authorities should recognize these efforts by researchers and be prepared to help them with more studies in infectious diseases, particularly brucellosis, in the future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are various explanations behind Yemen's high prevalence of infections, particularly in Amran governorate. These challenges encompass living situations, economic and environmental factors, a lack of public health awareness, a lack of sanitary facilities and infrastructure, a lack pasteurization of milk, and a lack of access to safe drinking water [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36 CR37 CR38 CR39\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size in this study was small, the tests were serological using rapid tests, and the lack of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is a highly accurate and reliable test, is due to limited resources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThese findings revealed a low prevalence of human brucellosis among students of Amran University in Amran governorate; however, it could become a serious problem threatening the healthcare system in Yemen. Therefore, awareness programs should be developed for students and the general population about Brucella infection and its risk factors. Increasing awareness of brucellosis transmission routes can guide the community and help prevent further infections.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ethical statement of the study was approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Amran University, Yemen. The administrator of the education office also gave permission to start data collection. Before data and specimen collection began, participants were informed about the study objectives and procedures. Informed consent was then obtained from each participant. This study was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations and the Declaration of Helsink.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\"The authors would like to thank the investigative team, including Afaf A. Al-Dali, Zayed H. Al-Jaara, Iman M. Al-Qahali, Fouad M. Al-Haiti, Bakil S. Hajj, Ibrahim Al-Jathim, Tayseer M. Naji, Hassan A. Al-Kabsh, Loza Q. Al-Shayba, Widad Y. Al-Zaarour, Hussain H. Al-Jahali, and Sadam H. Al-Hamdi, for their generous assistance in collecting data and specimens. All authors express their heartfelt gratitude to the students of Amran University, as well as to the teachers and doctors, for their contributions and support throughout various aspects of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAl-Hadheq and Al-Mahbashi Conceived and designed the experiments. Al-Hadheq performed the experiments: Al-Hadheq and Al-Wajeeh analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Al-Haj contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Al-Hadheq and Edrees agree with the manuscript results and conclusions. All authors have read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.Here’s a revised version of your text:\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eW.G. Miller, L.G. Adams, T.A. Ficht, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 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Distribution and risk factors for \u003cem\u003eGiardia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elamblia\u003c/em\u003e among children at Amran governorate, Yemen. \u003cem\u003eUniversal J Pharm Res\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(3):34-37 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. A. Alshahethi, W. H. Edrees, N. M. Mogalli, and A. A. Al-Halani. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eEntamoeba\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehistolytica\u003c/em\u003e among children attending healthcare centres at Amran governorate, Yemen. \u003cem\u003ePSM Biol Res\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(3): 98\u0026ndash;105 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB. A. Al-Ofairi, W. H. Edrees, A. A.Al-Hadheq, A. S. Al-Jendy, L. M. Alrahabi, A. M. Al-Ruwaisis, K. N. Obad, \u0026ldquo;GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN SOME CLINICAL SPECIMENS AND THEIR ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE PROFILES, SANA\u0026rsquo;A, YEMEN\u0026rdquo;, Electron. J. Univ. Aden Basic Appl. Sci. 5(1): 86-94 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eW. H. Edrees, M. A. Alshahethi, A. Reem, and \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. Detection of intestinal parasites of some fresh vegetables and their consumers in Sana\u0026apos;a City, Yemen. \u003cem\u003eAl-Razi Univ J Med Sci\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(2):19\u0026ndash;25 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Amran University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Prevalence, Brucellosis, Students, Risk factors, Amran University, ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5249822/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5249822/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground and Aim\u003c/strong\u003e: Brucella infection in animals is considered a significant problem in most countries around the world and is regarded as one of the important pathogenic zoonotic infections affecting humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Brucella infections among students at Amran University, Yemen\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a cross-sectional study carried out among 247 students between January 2023 and November 2023. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using immunochromatographic technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eOut of 247 human samples, 2 (1.75%) were positive among males, and 15 (12.5%) were positive among females. Additionally, 49 (19.8%) of the positive cases were from Amran city, while 198 (80.2%) were from rural areas, with significant differences (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The risk factors for Brucella infection included ranching, consuming unpasteurized milk, and direct contact with livestock.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The prevalence of brucellosis was low among the study participants; however, it could become a serious problem that threatens the healthcare system in Yemen.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Brucella Infections among Students of Amran University, Yemen","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-17 04:04:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5249822/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7783bc49-34fe-48cd-8791-02d923c6a0f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":38859098,"name":"General Microbiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-17T04:04:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-17 04:04:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5249822","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5249822","identity":"rs-5249822","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}